Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Surrey--NewtonMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	122,264	...	...
Population, 2016¹	114,605	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	37,491	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	35,635	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,071.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	30.03	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	122,265	61,125	61,135
0 to 14 years	20,560	10,625	9,930
0 to 4 years	6,145	3,120	3,025
5 to 9 years	6,920	3,585	3,335
10 to 14 years	7,500	3,925	3,575
15 to 64 years	84,520	42,530	41,990
15 to 19 years	7,920	4,085	3,830
20 to 24 years	12,110	6,320	5,790
25 to 29 years	9,905	5,200	4,705
30 to 34 years	9,000	4,530	4,470
35 to 39 years	9,085	4,430	4,650
40 to 44 years	8,600	4,175	4,425
45 to 49 years	7,670	3,735	3,935
50 to 54 years	7,135	3,535	3,605
55 to 59 years	6,825	3,440	3,390
60 to 64 years	6,270	3,075	3,195
65 years and over	17,185	7,965	9,220
65 to 69 years	5,620	2,650	2,970
70 to 74 years	4,675	2,210	2,470
75 to 79 years	3,135	1,450	1,690
80 to 84 years	2,055	905	1,145
85 years and over	1,700	755	945
85 to 89 years	1,065	515	550
90 to 94 years	510	205	305
95 to 99 years	110	25	75
100 years and over	20	0	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.8	17.4	16.2
15 to 64 years	69.1	69.6	68.7
65 years and over	14.1	13.0	15.1
85 years and over	1.4	1.2	1.5
Average age of the population	38.0	37.2	38.8
Median age of the population	36.0	34.8	37.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	35,635	...	...
Single-detached house	7,955	...	...
Semi-detached house	500	...	...
Row house	6,485	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,335	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,520	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	125	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	675	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	35,635	...	...
1 person	5,685	...	...
2 persons	8,085	...	...
3 persons	6,240	...	...
4 persons	6,960	...	...
5 or more persons	8,660	...	...
Number of persons in private households	121,180	60,450	60,730
Average household size	3.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	101,705	50,500	51,205
Married or living common-law	58,450	29,245	29,205
Married	55,515	27,790	27,730
Living common-law	2,935	1,455	1,475
Living common law - Never married	1,945	975	975
Living common law - Separated	215	110	105
Living common law - Divorced	700	345	355
Living common law - Widowed	65	30	40
Not married and not living common-law	43,255	21,255	22,005
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,840	17,700	14,135
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,150	930	1,220
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,145	1,590	2,550
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,125	1,030	4,095
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,150	...	...
2 persons	12,385	...	...
3 persons	7,535	...	...
4 persons	8,690	...	...
5 or more persons	3,540	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,150	...	...
Total couple families	27,355	...	...
Married couples	25,890	...	...
With children⁶	17,160	...	...
Without children	8,725	...	...
Common-law couples	1,465	...	...
With children⁶	605	...	...
Without children	860	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,790	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,860	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	935	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	121,180	60,450	60,730
Total - Persons in census families	101,000	50,465	50,535
Married spouses or common-law partners	54,710	27,350	27,360
Parents in one-parent families	4,795	935	3,860
Children⁶	41,495	22,185	19,315
In a two-parent family	33,890	18,065	15,830
In a one-parent family	7,600	4,115	3,490
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	20,180	9,985	10,195
Living alone	5,685	2,735	2,955
Living with other relatives⁷	7,075	2,815	4,260
Living with non-relatives only	7,415	4,435	2,980
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	35,635	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	18,910	...	...
Couple-family households	16,020	...	...
With children⁶	10,930	...	...
Without children	5,090	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,885	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	5,250	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	895	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,310	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,590	...	...
One-person households	5,690	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	100,680	49,850	50,830
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	96,320	47,705	48,615
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,800	31,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	96,365	47,735	48,635
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,600	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,505	41,875	39,630
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,800	36,400	24,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,750	37,405	34,350
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	38,400	26,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,210	40,590	44,625
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	6,320	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,765	3,700	6,065
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,320	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,100	16,850	17,250
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	100,575	49,790	50,785
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,065	47,615	48,445
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,160	46,360	36,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,110	47,630	48,470
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,360	40,040	32,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,340	41,880	39,460
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,640	43,680	31,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,760	37,470	34,280
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,720	44,320	32,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,990	40,575	44,415
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,510	9,330	11,590
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,590	3,605	5,985
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,440	5,700	6,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,615	16,780	16,840
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,670	8,640	8,710
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	100,570	49,790	50,785
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,095	16,920	12,170
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600	57,600	49,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	58,700	63,150	52,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,535	14,800	15,735
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,600	22,800	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,480	30,600	22,620
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.4	82.8	70.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.2	75.2	64.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.6	17.2	29.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	0.9	2.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	9.2	8.0	10.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.4	6.6	8.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	100,680	49,850	50,830
Without total income	4,360	2,140	2,220
With total income	96,325	47,710	48,610
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,650	4,655	6,000
$10,000 to $19,999	14,040	6,145	7,890
$20,000 to $29,999	17,335	7,665	9,670
$30,000 to $39,999	13,610	6,130	7,475
$40,000 to $49,999	11,495	5,535	5,955
$50,000 to $59,999	9,025	4,675	4,355
$60,000 to $69,999	6,355	3,625	2,725
$70,000 to $79,999	4,395	2,820	1,575
$80,000 to $89,999	2,930	1,930	995
$90,000 to $99,999	2,045	1,335	710
$100,000 and over	4,445	3,190	1,250
$100,000 to $149,999	3,485	2,435	1,055
$150,000 and over	955	760	195
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	100,680	49,850	50,830
Without after-tax income	4,315	2,120	2,195
With after-tax income	96,365	47,730	48,635
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,825	4,725	6,100
$10,000 to $19,999	14,390	6,335	8,050
$20,000 to $29,999	19,450	8,665	10,785
$30,000 to $39,999	15,780	7,285	8,490
$40,000 to $49,999	12,930	6,520	6,415
$50,000 to $59,999	9,045	5,045	4,000
$60,000 to $69,999	5,480	3,415	2,065
$70,000 to $79,999	3,275	2,150	1,120
$80,000 to $89,999	2,185	1,410	775
$90,000 to $99,999	1,115	750	365
$100,000 and over	1,890	1,420	465
$100,000 to $124,999	1,165	860	305
$125,000 and over	725	565	160
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	100,680	49,850	50,830
Without employment income	28,925	12,445	16,480
With employment income	71,755	37,405	34,350
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,560	3,975	4,580
$5,000 to $9,999	6,565	2,915	3,645
$10,000 to $19,999	10,655	4,695	5,960
$20,000 to $29,999	8,375	3,880	4,495
$30,000 to $39,999	8,240	3,870	4,370
$40,000 to $49,999	7,465	3,960	3,510
$50,000 to $59,999	6,405	3,595	2,810
$60,000 to $69,999	4,780	3,060	1,720
$70,000 to $79,999	3,390	2,305	1,090
$80,000 to $89,999	2,265	1,550	710
$90,000 to $99,999	1,630	1,070	565
$100,000 and over	3,415	2,530	890
$100,000 to $124,999	1,980	1,385	595
$125,000 and over	1,440	1,145	295
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	100,680	49,850	50,830
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,145	45,495	46,650
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,000	35,600	25,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,295	45,530	46,765
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,000	32,400	24,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,825	40,945	38,880
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,200	36,800	25,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,440	37,150	34,290
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	37,600	26,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,745	29,525	38,220
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,000	1,130	5,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,900	2,345	4,550
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,240	4,920	5,440
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	100,575	49,790	50,785
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,005	45,515	46,485
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,360	42,960	31,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,175	45,555	46,620
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,640	36,920	28,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,615	40,955	38,665
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,400	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,340	37,280	34,060
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,720	43,320	31,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,670	29,505	38,165
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,010	6,035	7,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,855	2,325	4,530
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,850	5,935	7,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	100,570	49,790	50,785
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,670	16,625	12,045
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	49,200	53,600	44,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	53,650	58,550	46,880
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,310	13,825	14,490
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	26,800	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,720	34,600	25,080
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.2	90.8	80.0
Employment income (%)	78.4	82.6	72.8
Government transfers (%)	13.8	9.1	20.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	0.7	2.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	35,635	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	5,690	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,945	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	35,635	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	5,675	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,960	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	35,635	...	...
Under $5,000	270	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	120	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	185	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	460	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	945	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	770	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	855	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,125	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,030	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,015	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,300	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,385	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,375	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,265	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,260	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,275	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,950	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,855	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,770	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,705	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	35,635	...	...
Under $5,000	300	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	125	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	195	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	465	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	990	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	860	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	990	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,225	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,200	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,235	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,680	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,795	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,615	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,755	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,435	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,770	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,105	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,695	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,965	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,525	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	5,615	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,385	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,715	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	13,105	7,170	5,935
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,400	31,400	29,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,000	29,600	28,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,365	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,450	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,435	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,715	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	13,180	7,270	5,910
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,120	38,600	35,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,240	31,960
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	121,180	60,450	60,725
0 to 17 years	24,905	12,880	12,020
0 to 5 years	7,490	3,825	3,660
18 to 64 years	79,485	39,760	39,725
65 years and over	16,790	7,810	8,985
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,950	4,845	5,105
0 to 17 years	2,635	1,380	1,250
0 to 5 years	780	395	380
18 to 64 years	5,545	2,730	2,815
65 years and over	1,775	740	1,040
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.2	8.0	8.4
0 to 17 years (%)	10.6	10.7	10.4
0 to 5 years (%)	10.4	10.4	10.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.0	6.9	7.1
65 years and over (%)	10.6	9.4	11.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	121,180	60,455	60,730
0 to 17 years	24,905	12,885	12,020
0 to 5 years	7,485	3,830	3,660
18 to 64 years	79,480	39,760	39,725
65 years and over	16,790	7,805	8,980
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,560	3,985	3,575
0 to 17 years	1,270	665	600
0 to 5 years	360	185	180
18 to 64 years	5,670	3,050	2,620
65 years and over	620	270	350
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.6	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.1	5.2	5.0
0 to 5 years (%)	4.8	4.7	4.9
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	7.7	6.6
65 years and over (%)	3.7	3.4	3.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	121,175	60,450	60,725
In bottom half of the distribution	60,130	29,755	30,375
In bottom decile	11,060	5,630	5,435
In second decile	10,700	5,135	5,560
In third decile	11,795	5,780	6,015
In fourth decile	12,620	6,295	6,320
In fifth decile	13,960	6,915	7,045
In top half of the distribution	61,050	30,695	30,355
In sixth decile	14,115	7,055	7,065
In seventh decile	13,995	6,980	7,010
In eighth decile	13,205	6,640	6,565
In ninth decile	12,360	6,270	6,090
In top decile	7,375	3,750	3,625
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	121,180	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.264	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.367	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.241	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	121,605	60,650	60,955
English only	106,005	53,880	52,120
French only	45	30	15
English and French	3,330	1,545	1,785
Neither English nor French	12,225	5,185	7,040
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	121,605	60,650	60,955
English	108,410	54,995	53,420
French	480	250	235
English and French	650	300	350
Neither English nor French	12,055	5,100	6,955
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	121,605	60,650	60,955
Single responses	111,035	55,410	55,625
Official languages	35,075	17,930	17,145
English	34,660	17,715	16,945
French	415	215	205
Non-official languages	75,955	37,485	38,475
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	10
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	75,940	37,480	38,465
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,830	900	930
Berber languages	5	5	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	5	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	610	300	310
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	10	5
Somali	600	295	305
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,215	590	620
Amharic	100	45	55
Arabic	1,005	485	515
Aramaic languages	35	20	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	10	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	60	35	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	655	305	350
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	45	60
Vietnamese	550	260	290
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,385	1,515	1,875
Bikol	15	10	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	40	40
Cebuano	135	65	70
Fijian	35	20	15
Hiligaynon	50	20	25
Ilocano	240	105	135
Indonesian	35	10	15
Kankanaey	15	0	10
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	20
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,705	1,205	1,500
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Creole languages	50	30	20
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	5
Morisyen	30	15	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	720	340	380
Kannada	15	10	10
Malayalam	315	155	160
Tamil	290	135	160
Telugu	90	45	45
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	66,145	32,975	33,170
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	20	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	655	310	350
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	655	310	350
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	5
Czech	30	15	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	195	90	105
Russian	205	105	100
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	120	55	60
Bosnian	20	10	10
Croatian	55	30	25
Serbian	40	20	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Slovak	20	10	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10
Ukrainian	55	20	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	425	180	240
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	280	125	160
German	270	120	155
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	95	40	60
Afrikaans	0	0	5
Dutch	85	30	50
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	45	20	25
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	5	10
Swedish	10	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	65	35	35
Indo-Iranian languages	63,125	31,515	31,605
Indo-Aryan languages	62,120	31,020	31,105
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	285	145	140
Gujarati	745	380	360
Hindi	4,810	2,330	2,480
Kacchi	25	15	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	10	15
Marathi	65	35	35
Nepali	110	50	55
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	53,405	26,740	26,660
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	55	25	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130	60	70
Urdu	2,360	1,165	1,195
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55
Iranian languages	995	500	500
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	55	30	25
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	315	165	155
Persian languages	625	305	320
Dari	460	215	240
Iranian Persian	95	50	45
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	40	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	1,840	920	925
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	160	90	65
Portuguese	225	100	125
Romanian	90	50	40
Spanish	1,370	675	690
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	155	50	105
Korean	175	60	110
Mongolian	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	260	120	140
Akan (Twi)	40	20	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	10
Shona	10	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	65	30	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	15	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	10
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,225	1,020	1,205
Chinese languages	2,185	1,000	1,185
Hakka	30	15	15
Mandarin	1,145	515	635
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	70	80
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	820	390	430
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	5	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	20	20
Burmese	30	15	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	5	5
S'gaw Karen	5	5	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	35
Lao	25	15	15
Thai	35	10	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	120	65	50
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	95	55	40
Uyghur	10	10	5
Uzbek	10	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	105	45	65
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	10	5	10
Hungarian	90	40	50
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Multiple responses	10,565	5,240	5,330
English and French	165	80	85
English and non-official language(s)	9,505	4,710	4,800
French and non-official language(s)	70	35	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45
Multiple non-official languages	740	370	370
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	121,605	60,650	60,955
English	34,910	17,650	17,265
French	95	50	50
Non-official language	33,135	16,305	16,835
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	10
Non-Indigenous	33,125	16,300	16,825
English and French	340	180	160
English and non-official language(s)	49,970	24,945	25,030
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	755	360	395
Multiple non-official languages	2,360	1,145	1,215
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	121,605	60,650	60,955
Single responses	107,935	53,915	54,025
Official languages	49,765	25,045	24,725
English	49,615	24,970	24,645
French	155	70	80
Non-official languages	58,170	28,870	29,300
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	10
Algonquian languages	5	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,160	28,870	29,290
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,205	555	650
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	375	170	210
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	365	165	200
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	830	385	445
Amharic	45	20	25
Arabic	720	335	380
Aramaic languages	25	15	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	30	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	420	200	220
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	25	20
Vietnamese	370	175	195
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,945	910	1,040
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Cebuano	90	50	45
Fijian	10	10	5
Hiligaynon	30	10	20
Ilocano	130	65	65
Indonesian	15	5	5
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,570	725	840
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Creole languages	25	15	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	10	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	500	230	270
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	200	95	105
Tamil	235	105	130
Telugu	55	25	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	51,880	25,965	25,915
Albanian	10	0	5
Armenian	5	5	0
Balto-Slavic languages	285	135	155
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	285	135	155
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	0
Czech	5	0	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	85	40	45
Russian	135	65	70
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	40	20	20
Bosnian	10	5	5
Croatian	10	5	5
Serbian	10	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	15	0	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	40	20	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	10	10
German	20	10	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	15	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	20	10	15
Indo-Iranian languages	50,565	25,305	25,260
Indo-Aryan languages	49,915	24,990	24,920
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	185	90	95
Gujarati	480	250	225
Hindi	2,925	1,405	1,515
Kacchi	10	5	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	35	20	20
Nepali	70	40	35
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	44,225	22,200	22,020
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	40	15	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	45	45
Urdu	1,790	880	910
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Iranian languages	650	310	335
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	50	25	30
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	225	115	105
Persian languages	375	170	200
Dari	285	130	155
Iranian Persian	60	25	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	950	485	460
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	30	10	15
Portuguese	80	30	50
Romanian	50	30	20
Spanish	790	410	375
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	65	25	40
Korean	140	55	90
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	115	50	60
Akan (Twi)	25	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	5
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	20	25
American Sign Language	35	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,690	780	910
Chinese languages	1,645	760	890
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	985	445	540
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	45	50
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	535	260	275
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	20	25
Burmese	25	15	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	20	10	10
S'gaw Karen	20	10	10
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	5	15
Lao	10	5	10
Thai	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	80	40	40
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	70	40	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	25	10	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	25	10	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	13,670	6,735	6,940
English and French	100	50	45
English and non-official language(s)	13,140	6,475	6,660
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	25	40
Multiple non-official languages	335	155	180
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	121,605	60,650	60,955
None	78,965	39,370	39,600
English	18,760	9,415	9,345
French	410	210	195
Non-official language	16,750	8,265	8,485
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	16,730	8,255	8,475
English and French	120	55	65
English and non-official language(s)	4,135	2,115	2,020
French and non-official language(s)	310	145	165
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	25	25
Multiple non-official languages	2,115	1,050	1,065
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	121,115	60,475	60,640
Official languages	108,830	55,235	53,595
English	108,780	55,205	53,570
French	3,415	1,595	1,820
Non-official languages	94,190	46,680	47,510
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	15
Algonquian languages	15	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	94,155	46,660	47,495
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,660	1,385	1,275
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	10
Hausa	10	0	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	725	345	380
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	40	25	15
Somali	690	320	365
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,960	1,060	900
Amharic	215	120	100
Arabic	1,605	850	760
Aramaic languages	35	20	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	45	40	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	135	85	50
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	875	390	480
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	50	45
Vietnamese	780	340	435
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,590	2,065	2,520
Bikol	30	15	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	145	75	65
Cebuano	225	120	105
Fijian	115	50	65
Hiligaynon	50	25	25
Ilocano	460	205	260
Indonesian	60	25	35
Kankanaey	20	10	15
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	145	65	75
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	75	40	35
Pangasinan	30	10	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,070	1,840	2,230
Waray-Waray	35	10	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	210	110	100
Creole languages	135	65	70
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	85	40	40
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
Dravidian languages	1,165	555	610
Kannada	100	40	55
Malayalam	465	255	210
Tamil	525	235	285
Telugu	145	65	85
Tulu	50	25	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	81,955	40,980	40,975
Albanian	55	15	35
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	725	355	370
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	725	355	370
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	55	20	35
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	155	75	85
Russian	315	175	140
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	115	60	55
Bosnian	15	15	0
Croatian	85	40	40
Serbian	20	0	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	40	15	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	15
Ukrainian	100	30	70
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	780	340	440
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	555	245	310
German	550	245	305
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	205	85	120
Afrikaans	25	15	0
Dutch	165	60	105
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	50	20	30
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	0	10
Swedish	15	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	150	65	80
Indo-Iranian languages	77,955	39,095	38,860
Indo-Aryan languages	76,895	38,600	38,300
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	315	135	185
Gujarati	990	525	465
Hindi	22,985	11,170	11,810
Kacchi	55	30	25
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	75	45	35
Marathi	165	90	75
Nepali	95	40	50
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	67,195	33,870	33,325
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	70	25	50
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	265	120	145
Urdu	4,750	2,435	2,315
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	200	115	80
Iranian languages	1,545	735	805
Baluchi	35	20	10
Kurdish	35	30	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	650	330	325
Persian languages	955	440	520
Dari	795	355	435
Iranian Persian	120	60	60
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,995	1,455	1,540
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	395	215	180
Portuguese	295	145	155
Romanian	175	100	70
Spanish	2,255	1,055	1,195
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Japanese	285	120	165
Korean	145	50	95
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	600	290	310
Akan (Twi)	95	55	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	30	25	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	15	15	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	35	15	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	10	35
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	0	20
Shona	25	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	325	155	170
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	60	30	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	50	70
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	185	80	100
American Sign Language	135	55	80
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,800	1,335	1,460
Chinese languages	2,715	1,295	1,425
Hakka	45	15	25
Mandarin	1,830	840	1,000
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	285	150	140
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	10
Yue (Cantonese)	1,220	615	615
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	25	35
Burmese	55	25	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	40	35
Lao	45	20	25
Thai	60	35	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	215	105	105
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	195	100	95
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Uralic languages	125	55	70
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	10	10
Hungarian	115	50	65
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	121,110	60,480	60,635
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,980	920	1,060
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,880	885	1,005
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,195	535	660
Métis	675	335	335
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	80	35	45
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	0	15
Non-Indigenous identity	119,135	59,560	59,580
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	121,110	60,480	60,635
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	780	340	440
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	120,335	60,140	60,195
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	35,635	...	...
Owner	23,655	...	...
Renter	11,980	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	35,635	...	...
Condominium	6,880	...	...
Not condominium	28,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	35,635	...	...
No bedrooms	265	...	...
1 bedroom	4,315	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,985	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,135	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,930	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	35,635	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	14,275	...	...
5 rooms	5,765	...	...
6 rooms	4,290	...	...
7 rooms	3,510	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,795	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	35,635	...	...
One person or fewer per room	30,815	...	...
More than one person per room	4,820	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	35,635	...	...
Suitable	28,755	...	...
Not suitable	6,880	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	35,635	...	...
1960 or before	880	...	...
1961 to 1980	5,265	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,765	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,730	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,295	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,385	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,190	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,115	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	35,635	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	34,370	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,265	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	35,635	...	...
One-maintainer household	13,935	...	...
Two-maintainer household	15,660	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,035	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	35,635	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,750	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,490	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,595	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,535	...	...
55 to 64 years	6,810	...	...
65 to 74 years	4,420	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,395	...	...
85 years and over	640	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	35,565	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	26,445	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,115	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,485	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	35,635	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,530	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,670	...	...
Not suitable only	5,510	...	...
Major repairs needed only	670	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,085	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	310	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	230	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...
Acceptable housing	20,105	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	34,930	...	...
In core need	5,560	...	...
Not in core need	29,365	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,655	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	72.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,980	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,062	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	950,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,012,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,980	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,261	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	121,115	60,475	60,635
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	760	355	400
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	730	350	380
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	595	270	330
Métis single ancestry	140	85	55
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	30	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,290	630	665
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,220	600	620
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	815	390	425
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	395	210	190
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	75	30	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	30	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	119,060	59,490	59,570
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	121,115	60,475	60,635
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	87,690	43,600	44,095
Canadian citizens aged under 18	22,050	11,350	10,695
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	65,645	32,250	33,395
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	33,425	16,880	16,545
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	121,115	60,475	60,635
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	48,220	24,665	23,550
Immigrants⁸¹	60,645	29,120	31,530
Before 1980	5,560	2,695	2,865
1980 to 1990	5,765	2,725	3,045
1991 to 2000	13,400	6,355	7,040
2001 to 2010	16,630	7,870	8,760
2011 to 2021⁸²	19,295	9,480	9,815
2011 to 2015	9,455	4,510	4,940
2016 to 2021	9,840	4,965	4,875
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,250	6,690	5,560
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	60,645	29,120	31,525
Under 5 years	3,515	1,835	1,675
5 to 14 years	7,330	3,765	3,565
15 to 24 years	15,965	6,775	9,195
25 to 44 years	23,700	12,160	11,540
45 years and over	10,140	4,580	5,555
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	60,645	29,120	31,525
Americas	1,985	955	1,025
Brazil	30	10	15
Colombia	120	45	75
El Salvador	360	185	180
Guyana	55	30	30
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	165	85	75
Mexico	165	85	75
Peru	70	35	40
Trinidad and Tobago	30	15	20
United States of America	525	265	260
Other places of birth in Americas	460	200	255
Europe	2,695	1,235	1,465
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	20	15
Croatia	25	0	15
France	40	30	15
Germany	200	90	115
Greece	40	25	15
Hungary	65	15	50
Italy	210	115	90
Netherlands	100	25	75
Poland	105	50	50
Portugal	95	50	45
Romania	130	80	55
Russian Federation	75	45	30
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	0
Ukraine	80	30	55
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,115	475	645
Other places of birth in Europe	360	165	200
Africa	1,875	915	960
Algeria	35	20	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	25	40
Egypt	70	35	30
Eritrea	60	30	25
Ethiopia	220	120	105
Morocco	15	0	10
Nigeria	100	60	40
Somalia	405	180	230
South Africa, Republic of	85	35	45
Other places of birth in Africa	830	410	420
Asia	51,180	24,765	26,420
Afghanistan	570	265	310
Iran⁸⁸	100	45	55
Iraq	160	100	65
Lebanon	145	70	75
Syria⁸⁹	275	140	135
Turkey	110	55	55
China⁹⁰	995	410	590
Hong Kong⁹¹	390	190	195
Korea, South⁹²	105	45	65
Taiwan	520	235	280
Philippines	4,285	1,980	2,300
Viet Nam	585	265	315
Bangladesh	205	105	105
India	38,545	18,775	19,775
Pakistan	2,415	1,220	1,200
Sri Lanka	310	155	160
Other places of birth in Asia	1,465	705	760
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	2,910	1,255	1,660
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,840	4,970	4,875
Americas	260	125	140
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	20	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	50	25	25
Mexico	30	15	15
United States of America	75	45	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	90	35	55
Europe	275	135	135
France	10	10	0
Germany	10	0	10
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0
Italy	125	70	55
Russian Federation	20	10	10
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	55	20	35
Other places of birth in Europe	50	20	30
Africa	340	180	165
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	30	15	15
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	20	10	10
Eritrea	20	10	0
Ethiopia	60	35	30
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	30	25	10
Somalia	20	10	10
South Africa, Republic of	30	15	15
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	95	45	55
Asia	8,925	4,510	4,415
Afghanistan	105	40	60
Bangladesh	55	30	25
China⁹⁰	100	30	70
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	10
India	7,075	3,620	3,455
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	25	15	10
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	30	15	15
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	10
Lebanon	30	15	15
Nepal	15	0	10
Pakistan	310	160	155
Philippines	575	305	275
Saudi Arabia	20	10	15
Sri Lanka	50	20	35
Syria⁸⁹	220	120	100
Turkey	30	20	15
United Arab Emirates	50	15	30
Viet Nam	75	20	55
Other places of birth in Asia	105	50	60
Oceania and other⁹³	45	20	25
Australia	25	10	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	10	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	121,115	60,475	60,640
First generation¹⁰⁰	73,705	36,170	37,535
Second generation¹⁰¹	33,075	17,050	16,020
Third generation or more¹⁰²	14,340	7,255	7,080
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	55,085	26,425	28,655
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	19,925	10,200	9,715
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,360	5,010	3,360
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,555	5,200	6,355
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	30,370	13,755	16,615
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,335	2,255	2,080
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	465	220	245
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	55,085	26,425	28,655
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,770	1,130	645
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,995	1,890	2,105
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	675	335	340
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,440	1,390	1,060
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	210	115	95
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	45,990	21,580	24,415
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	121,110	60,480	60,635
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	100,905	50,540	50,365
South Asian	80,820	40,780	40,040
Chinese	3,045	1,490	1,555
Black	2,780	1,355	1,425
Filipino	5,650	2,730	2,920
Arab	1,255	625	625
Latin American	1,505	735	770
Southeast Asian	1,440	695	750
West Asian	1,130	545	585
Korean	145	65	85
Japanese	405	180	230
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,370	670	705
Multiple visible minorities	1,355	675	680
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	20,210	9,940	10,270
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	121,115	60,475	60,640
Canadian	5,830	2,945	2,885
English	6,100	3,050	3,050
Irish	3,540	1,700	1,840
Scottish	4,430	2,005	2,420
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,980	950	1,025
German	3,235	1,550	1,680
Chinese	3,180	1,595	1,585
Italian	980	475	505
Indian (India)	43,395	21,570	21,820
Ukrainian	1,465	715	745
Dutch	1,005	445	555
Polish	835	410	430
Québécois	30	10	20
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,095	525	575
Filipino	5,385	2,615	2,770
French Canadian	365	170	200
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	705	330	370
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	675	325	355
Métis	635	325	310
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	605	310	295
Russian	720	385	335
Norwegian	845	410	435
Welsh	640	305	325
Portuguese	505	255	250
American	360	165	190
Spanish	950	440	510
Swedish	460	200	260
Hungarian	395	175	230
Acadian	55	25	30
Pakistani	3,435	1,705	1,735
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	415	190	230
Jewish	140	60	75
Punjabi	20,640	10,650	9,990
Vietnamese	805	375	435
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	600	315	280
Greek	175	70	100
Jamaican	225	100	120
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,065	530	540
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	205	95	110
Korean	155	65	95
Romanian	250	130	120
Lebanese	165	75	90
Iranian	60	30	35
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	155	65	90
Danish	205	120	85
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	170	80	90
Sikh	15,100	7,660	7,440
Austrian	255	100	160
Belgian	90	70	25
Haitian	0	0	0
Hindu	2,390	1,185	1,205
Mexican	265	145	115
Mennonite	100	60	35
Swiss	140	45	95
Finnish	135	80	60
Sri Lankan	340	180	160
Croatian	150	75	75
Japanese	495	245	250
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,450	1,290	1,160
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	25	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	165	95	70
Muslim	1,015	440	575
Egyptian	80	35	40
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	240	125	110
Tamil	135	60	75
Icelandic	145	40	110
Colombian	160	75	90
Moroccan	25	0	20
Czech	125	60	65
Syrian	105	55	50
Guyanese	70	30	35
Afghan	900	430	470
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	120	45	75
Serbian	55	35	20
Ojibway	50	20	25
Newfoundlander	25	10	15
Hong Konger	175	75	100
Ontarian	20	10	10
Persian	175	100	75
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	70	35	30
Turkish	145	75	75
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	0
Bangladeshi	235	120	115
Algerian	35	25	15
Brazilian	110	40	70
Nigerian	95	55	40
Armenian	0	0	0
Slovak	105	45	55
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	35	10	25
Somali	790	375	410
Taiwanese	380	175	210
Iraqi	175	110	65
Salvadorean	365	190	175
African Caribbean	85	45	40
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	330	170	160
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	125	65	60
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	55	25	35
Algonquin	55	25	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	65	25	40
Lithuanian	30	0	30
South African	35	35	0
Australian	55	40	10
Palestinian	135	70	65
Chilean	60	30	30
Congolese	35	20	15
Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Ethiopian	235	120	115
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	145	65	80
Peruvian	45	30	15
Yoruba	40	20	20
Cambodian (Khmer)	135	60	75
Berber	30	25	10
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Slovenian	30	15	15
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	30	10	20
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	245	125	115
Eritrean	120	60	55
African Canadian	25	10	15
Israeli	35	30	0
Mohawk	40	20	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	60	30	25
Bulgarian	10	0	10
Albertan	20	0	15
Ghanaian	75	45	30
Barbadian	25	15	10
African American	95	45	55
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30	10	20
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	45	20	25
Cuban	20	15	10
Bosnian	35	20	15
Venezuelan	10	0	10
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	15	0	0
Bengali	70	15	55
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	160	60	90
Indonesian	70	45	25
Laotian	30	15	15
Ilocano	195	80	115
Northern Irish	20	10	10
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	15	0
British Columbian	200	95	105
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	40	25	10
Estonian	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	20	0
Fijian	2,095	970	1,120
Jatt	1,650	890	760
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	0	0	0
Coptic	30	20	10
Thai	60	30	30
Dominican	25	20	0
Nepali	45	20	20
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Byelorussian	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	15	10	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	20	10	10
Sudanese	35	15	20
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	110	45	70
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	10	0	10
Buddhist	80	50	30
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	30	25	10
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	95	45	45
Mauritian	65	40	20
Kenyan	150	75	75
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	30	20	10
Jordanian	35	20	15
Manitoban	25	15	10
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	40	10	25
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	20	15	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	110	50	55
Mayan	65	50	15
Honduran	70	30	40
Cherokee	10	10	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	15	10	10
Pashtun	165	80	80
Malay	110	65	45
Goan	40	25	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	0	0
Zimbabwean	50	15	30
Burmese	115	65	50
Mongolian	15	0	10
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	20	10	10
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	0	0
Igorot	50	15	30
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	25	10	10
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	90	35	50
Singaporean	55	20	25
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	100	55	45
Amhara	20	15	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	121,110	60,480	60,635
Buddhist	1,075	440	630
Christian	19,890	9,170	10,725
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,165	2,385	2,780
Anabaptist	185	70	115
Anglican	955	400	550
Baptist	655	330	330
Catholic	8,470	3,965	4,510
Christian Orthodox	670	345	325
Jehovah's Witness	245	100	145
Latter Day Saints	210	95	115
Lutheran	260	120	140
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	55	25	30
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	865	380	485
Presbyterian	260	110	155
Reformed	55	30	30
United Church	780	295	490
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,045	515	525
Hindu	9,845	5,020	4,825
Jewish	105	65	45
Muslim	10,535	5,320	5,215
Sikh	62,340	31,235	31,105
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	15	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	520	245	275
No religion and secular perspectives	16,780	8,970	7,810
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	119,820	59,830	59,990
Non-movers	101,985	50,835	51,150
Movers	17,835	8,990	8,840
Non-migrants	12,735	6,510	6,220
Migrants	5,105	2,480	2,625
Internal migrants	2,880	1,500	1,385
Intraprovincial migrants	2,225	1,145	1,080
Interprovincial migrants	660	355	300
External migrants	2,220	980	1,245
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	114,900	57,295	57,605
Non-movers	62,655	31,085	31,570
Movers	52,245	26,210	26,035
Non-migrants	26,475	13,135	13,345
Migrants	25,770	13,075	12,690
Internal migrants	9,245	4,550	4,695
Intraprovincial migrants	7,435	3,630	3,805
Interprovincial migrants	1,810	920	890
External migrants	16,525	8,525	7,995
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,570	49,795	50,785
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	21,415	10,055	11,365
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	79,160	39,735	39,420
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,015	31,665	32,350
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,695	4,890	4,805
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,320	26,775	27,545
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,575	49,790	50,785
No certificate, diploma or degree	20,440	9,475	10,960
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	34,720	18,605	16,115
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,415	21,705	23,710
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,430	11,515	10,915
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,600	3,415	1,185
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,345	1,550	795
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,255	1,865	390
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,090	5,815	7,275
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,745	2,295	2,450
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,985	10,190	12,795
Bachelor's degree	14,835	6,820	8,015
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,745	770	975
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	535	225	305
Master's degree	5,570	2,195	3,375
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	295	175	120
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,015	31,660	32,355
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,070	4,535	4,535
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,280	11,025	9,250
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	34,660	16,100	18,560
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,430	7,755	7,670
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,115	2,310	805
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,570	1,025	540
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,545	1,285	260
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,430	4,020	5,415
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,880	1,430	1,450
Bachelor's degree or higher	19,235	8,345	10,895
Bachelor's degree	12,070	5,495	6,575
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,410	615	800
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	490	210	285
Master's degree	5,035	1,900	3,140
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	230	130	100
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100,575	49,790	50,785
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	55,160	28,085	27,075
Education	2,055	365	1,695
13. Education	2,055	365	1,695
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	970	435	540
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	120	35
50. Visual and performing arts	820	315	505
Humanities	5,980	2,685	3,300
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	430	105	320
23. English language and literature/letters	495	155	340
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,445	2,100	2,340
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	25	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	60	35	20
39. Theology and religious vocations	165	100	60
54. History	305	155	150
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	45	0	45
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,670	1,545	3,130
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	30	10	20
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	300	85	210
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	695	75	615
22. Legal professions and studies	730	250	480
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	60	30	30
42. Psychology	675	155	520
45. Social sciences	2,185	935	1,245
Business, management and public administration	10,100	4,645	5,455
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	295	85	210
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,790	4,560	5,235
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,305	1,025	1,275
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	695	280	415
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,145	485	655
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	15
40. Physical sciences	380	245	135
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	20	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,885	1,735	1,145
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,500	1,575	930
25. Library science	45	0	45
27. Mathematics and statistics	300	140	155
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,415	6,835	585
04. Architecture and related services	180	130	50
14. Engineering	2,405	2,070	330
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,345	1,220	125
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,555	1,530	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,340	1,305	35
48. Precision production	600	580	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	630	430	200
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	510	350	160
03. Natural resources and conservation	125	80	40
Health and related fields	6,730	1,215	5,515
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	310	150	160
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,340	1,025	5,315
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	65	35	35
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,655	785	870
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,065	315	755
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	270	195	75
49. Transportation and materials moving	300	260	40
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	64,015	31,665	32,350
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	29,350	15,565	13,785
Education	1,440	195	1,245
13. Education	1,440	195	1,245
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	710	310	405
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	105	80	20
50. Visual and performing arts	605	220	380
Humanities	4,260	1,745	2,515
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	370	85	285
23. English language and literature/letters	360	85	275
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,035	1,350	1,685
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	15	20
38. Philosophy and religious studies	45	30	15
39. Theology and religious vocations	120	75	45
54. History	240	100	140
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,675	1,190	2,480
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	25	10	15
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	225	70	155
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	545	45	500
22. Legal professions and studies	610	210	395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	45	25	20
42. Psychology	510	115	395
45. Social sciences	1,710	715	995
Business, management and public administration	7,700	3,525	4,175
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	220	50	165
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,470	3,465	4,000
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,600	725	875
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	485	190	295
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	745	330	415
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	15
40. Physical sciences	305	190	115
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	15	35
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,460	1,470	990
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,140	1,335	805
25. Library science	30	0	30
27. Mathematics and statistics	250	115	135
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,585	5,110	475
04. Architecture and related services	115	85	35
14. Engineering	2,010	1,725	285
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	990	895	100
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,145	1,130	15
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	930	905	20
48. Precision production	400	375	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	470	305	165
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	390	255	135
03. Natural resources and conservation	80	45	35
Health and related fields	5,550	985	4,570
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	225	110	115
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,260	840	4,415
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	55	25	30
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,200	535	660
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	780	215	565
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	180	115	65
49. Transportation and materials moving	230	200	35
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	64,015	31,665	32,350
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	29,350	15,565	13,785
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	34,665	16,100	18,565
Location of study inside Canada	17,665	8,070	9,595
Same as province or territory of residence	16,010	7,245	8,770
Different than province or territory of residence	1,650	825	825
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	17,000	8,030	8,970
Americas	715	360	355
United States of America	420	230	195
Mexico	70	30	35
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	25	15	10
Brazil	20	0	10
Colombia	20	0	20
Peru	15	0	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	10
Other locations of study in Americas	125	75	50
Europe	840	480	360
Belgium	0	0	0
France	20	15	0
Germany	30	20	15
Netherlands	15	10	0
Switzerland	20	15	10
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	25	20	0
Romania	55	25	35
Russian Federation	40	20	25
Ukraine	55	30	25
Ireland⁹⁶	30	30	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	430	225	200
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	50	35	15
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	60	35	25
Africa	300	165	140
Nigeria	35	15	15
Algeria	25	15	10
Morocco	10	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	25	10	15
South Africa, Republic of	30	15	10
Other locations of study in Africa	175	90	80
Asia	14,850	6,845	8,000
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	35	25	0
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	15	0	10
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	30	15	15
China⁹⁰	345	145	200
Taiwan	100	40	60
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	25	15
Japan	55	0	50
Korea, South⁹²	20	10	15
Philippines	1,675	705	970
Viet Nam	70	10	60
Bangladesh	50	20	30
Sri Lanka	65	40	30
India	11,395	5,395	6,005
Pakistan	680	275	405
Other locations of study in Asia	265	120	145
Oceania	290	175	120
Australia	125	90	40
New Zealand	65	45	20
Other locations of study in Oceania	105	45	60
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	100,575	49,790	50,785
In the labour force	66,905	35,685	31,220
Employed	60,845	32,895	27,945
Unemployed	6,060	2,790	3,275
Not in the labour force	33,670	14,105	19,565
Participation rate	66.5	71.7	61.5
Employment rate	60.5	66.1	55.0
Unemployment rate	9.1	7.8	10.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	100,575	49,790	50,785
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,070	16,485	21,585
Worked	62,505	33,305	29,195
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,040	17,540	12,500
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,470	15,765	16,700
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	41.4	39.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	66,910	35,685	31,225
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,730	745	985
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	65,170	34,940	30,235
Employee	56,155	28,030	28,125
Permanent position	46,595	23,640	22,960
Temporary position	9,565	4,390	5,165
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,425	1,765	1,660
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,135	2,630	3,505
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,020	6,905	2,115
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	66,910	35,685	31,225
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,730	745	985
All occupations¹⁹¹	65,170	34,940	30,235
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	210	150	55
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,105	3,095	6,010
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,880	2,315	565
3 Health occupations	4,220	605	3,615
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,930	1,165	3,770
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	970	535	440
6 Sales and service occupations	18,750	7,440	11,305
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	18,675	16,805	1,875
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,350	710	645
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,085	2,125	1,965
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	66,910	35,685	31,225
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,730	745	985
All industries¹⁹¹	65,170	34,940	30,235
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,315	595	720
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	55	35	25
22 Utilities	220	145	70
23 Construction	7,210	6,480	735
31-33 Manufacturing	5,265	3,220	2,045
41 Wholesale trade	2,140	1,355	785
44-45 Retail trade	8,195	3,495	4,700
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	9,820	7,845	1,975
51 Information and cultural industries	905	605	305
52 Finance and insurance	2,005	775	1,235
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	810	540	270
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,280	1,790	1,485
55 Management of companies and enterprises	85	30	55
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,285	2,495	1,795
61 Educational services	3,005	790	2,220
62 Health care and social assistance	7,000	870	6,135
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	660	380	285
72 Accommodation and food services	4,565	1,285	3,280
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,380	1,245	1,135
91 Public administration	1,950	960	990
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	70,800	37,450	33,345
English	54,435	27,905	26,525
French	35	10	25
Non-official language	4,115	2,450	1,665
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,115	2,450	1,665
English and French	185	65	115
English and non-official language(s)	11,840	6,900	4,940
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	25	15
Multiple non-official languages	140	80	60
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	70,800	37,450	33,345
Single responses	67,790	35,745	32,045
Official languages	60,670	31,445	29,225
English	60,595	31,420	29,170
French	75	25	50
Non-official languages	7,125	4,305	2,820
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,125	4,305	2,820
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55	10	45
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	55	10	45
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	30	20	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	20	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,675	4,125	2,555
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	6,550	4,065	2,490
Indo-Aryan languages	6,530	4,055	2,475
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	185	100	90
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,325	3,960	2,365
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	15	0	15
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	20	0	15
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	125	65	55
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	125	65	55
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	10	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	0
American Sign Language	15	10	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	305	125	180
Chinese languages	305	125	180
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	165	60	100
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	135	60	80
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,005	1,705	1,300
English and French	25	10	10
English and non-official language(s)	2,940	1,680	1,260
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	35	10	30
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	70,800	37,450	33,345
None	61,155	31,800	29,355
English	2,730	1,660	1,065
French	135	65	75
Non-official language	5,790	3,380	2,415
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,790	3,380	2,415
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	210	125	80
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	750	405	340
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	60,845	32,900	27,950
Worked at home	6,420	3,025	3,400
Worked outside Canada	200	155	50
No fixed workplace address	15,075	11,510	3,560
Usual place of work	39,145	18,205	20,940
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	39,145	18,205	20,940
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	18,200	7,865	10,335
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	20,360	9,970	10,390
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	510	335	175
Commute to a different province or territory	75	35	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	54,220	29,720	24,500
Car, truck or van	44,005	26,130	17,875
Car, truck or van - as a driver	38,495	23,490	15,005
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	5,510	2,640	2,865
Public transit	7,940	2,570	5,370
Walked	1,140	475	665
Bicycle	110	90	20
Other method	1,025	455	565
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	54,220	29,720	24,500
Less than 15 minutes	8,630	4,195	4,430
15 to 29 minutes	17,660	9,175	8,485
30 to 44 minutes	15,840	9,790	6,050
45 to 59 minutes	5,355	3,140	2,215
60 minutes and over	6,735	3,410	3,320
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	54,220	29,720	24,500
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,570	2,880	1,695
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,320	5,650	3,665
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,875	6,025	4,855
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,390	4,845	4,545
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,465	4,070	4,395
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	11,605	6,250	5,350
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	25,375	13,115	12,260
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,350	690	660
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	24,020	12,420	11,600
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	18,780	9,765	9,015
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,135	585	560
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	845	425	425
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	290	155	135
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,645	9,185	8,460

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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