Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver CentreMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	126,995	...	...
Population, 2016¹	116,443	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	82,461	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	75,486	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	11,334.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	11.20	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	126,995	65,125	61,870
0 to 14 years	8,515	4,390	4,125
0 to 4 years	3,865	1,960	1,905
5 to 9 years	2,640	1,355	1,290
10 to 14 years	2,005	1,070	935
15 to 64 years	99,485	51,395	48,090
15 to 19 years	1,990	985	1,005
20 to 24 years	6,580	3,000	3,580
25 to 29 years	16,600	7,875	8,730
30 to 34 years	19,375	9,920	9,455
35 to 39 years	15,025	8,065	6,960
40 to 44 years	10,025	5,435	4,585
45 to 49 years	7,690	4,220	3,475
50 to 54 years	7,665	4,090	3,575
55 to 59 years	7,630	4,180	3,455
60 to 64 years	6,910	3,630	3,275
65 years and over	18,995	9,345	9,655
65 to 69 years	6,260	3,120	3,135
70 to 74 years	5,475	2,695	2,785
75 to 79 years	3,535	1,765	1,765
80 to 84 years	2,135	1,065	1,070
85 years and over	1,590	700	900
85 to 89 years	1,035	460	580
90 to 94 years	435	195	240
95 to 99 years	115	45	70
100 years and over	5	0	5
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	6.7	6.7	6.7
15 to 64 years	78.3	78.9	77.7
65 years and over	15.0	14.3	15.6
85 years and over	1.3	1.1	1.5
Average age of the population	42.2	42.4	42.0
Median age of the population	38.4	38.8	37.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	75,485	...	...
Single-detached house	185	...	...
Semi-detached house	325	...	...
Row house	1,385	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	175	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,525	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	62,845	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	75,485	...	...
1 person	39,550	...	...
2 persons	27,045	...	...
3 persons	5,680	...	...
4 persons	2,435	...	...
5 or more persons	770	...	...
Number of persons in private households	124,515	63,395	61,120
Average household size	1.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	118,480	60,740	57,745
Married or living common-law	57,470	30,070	27,400
Married	37,630	19,285	18,340
Living common-law	19,840	10,785	9,055
Living common law - Never married	17,430	9,490	7,940
Living common law - Separated	245	150	100
Living common law - Divorced	2,040	1,085	960
Living common law - Widowed	120	60	60
Not married and not living common-law	61,015	30,665	30,350
Not married and not living common law - Never married	45,720	24,775	20,950
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,930	1,420	1,515
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	9,315	3,760	5,550
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,045	705	2,335
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,645	...	...
2 persons	23,235	...	...
3 persons	4,740	...	...
4 persons	2,190	...	...
5 or more persons	475	...	...
Average size of census families	2.4	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.4	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,640	...	...
Total couple families	27,545	...	...
Married couples	17,630	...	...
With children⁶	5,950	...	...
Without children	11,680	...	...
Common-law couples	9,920	...	...
With children⁶	810	...	...
Without children	9,110	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,095	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,495	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	600	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	124,515	63,400	61,120
Total - Persons in census families	71,910	36,600	35,310
Married spouses or common-law partners	55,095	28,940	26,160
Parents in one-parent families	3,095	600	2,495
Children⁶	13,715	7,065	6,650
In a two-parent family	9,885	5,070	4,815
In a one-parent family	3,830	1,990	1,835
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	52,610	26,800	25,810
Living alone	39,550	19,985	19,565
Living with other relatives⁷	2,310	1,005	1,300
Living with non-relatives only	10,750	5,810	4,940
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	75,485	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	29,225	...	...
Couple-family households	26,410	...	...
With children⁶	6,415	...	...
Without children	19,990	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,815	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	300	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	110	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	740	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,565	...	...
One-person households	39,550	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	116,020	59,020	57,000
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,470	57,905	55,565
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,600	55,600	44,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,520	57,925	55,590
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	48,400	40,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,805	53,055	50,750
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,400	56,000	42,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,640	45,715	41,930
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,000	56,800	43,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,475	41,755	44,730
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,350	7,250	7,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,635	4,685	4,950
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,045	16,450	16,595
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	116,120	58,965	57,150
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	113,680	57,935	55,750
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	70,300	81,700	58,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	113,755	57,965	55,790
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,650	62,900	48,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,030	53,190	50,845
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	69,100	81,800	55,750
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,665	45,825	41,840
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,800	78,000	54,500
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,610	41,605	45,005
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,260	9,190	9,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,575	4,600	4,975
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,360	5,975	6,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,050	16,425	16,625
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,790	9,840	9,740
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	116,120	58,970	57,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	44,715	25,290	19,425
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	76,500	83,000	69,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	96,500	108,500	80,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	34,460	16,310	18,155
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,000	25,200	21,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	37,680	42,720	33,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.0	92.0	87.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.4	75.6	70.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	10.0	8.1	12.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.7	3.9	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.1	3.4	5.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	116,025	59,025	57,005
Without total income	2,555	1,120	1,430
With total income	113,465	57,900	55,570
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,205	4,610	5,600
$10,000 to $19,999	9,750	4,675	5,075
$20,000 to $29,999	14,460	6,740	7,725
$30,000 to $39,999	12,345	5,730	6,615
$40,000 to $49,999	10,535	4,825	5,710
$50,000 to $59,999	9,345	4,355	4,995
$60,000 to $69,999	7,950	3,860	4,085
$70,000 to $79,999	7,060	3,695	3,365
$80,000 to $89,999	5,760	3,040	2,720
$90,000 to $99,999	4,740	2,580	2,160
$100,000 and over	21,320	13,790	7,535
$100,000 to $149,999	12,085	7,360	4,720
$150,000 and over	9,235	6,430	2,810
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	116,025	59,025	57,005
Without after-tax income	2,505	1,095	1,410
With after-tax income	113,520	57,930	55,595
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,770	4,905	5,860
$10,000 to $19,999	10,165	4,875	5,290
$20,000 to $29,999	16,485	7,690	8,795
$30,000 to $39,999	14,330	6,645	7,680
$40,000 to $49,999	12,560	5,825	6,735
$50,000 to $59,999	10,740	5,170	5,570
$60,000 to $69,999	8,875	4,655	4,220
$70,000 to $79,999	6,995	3,800	3,195
$80,000 to $89,999	5,375	3,020	2,355
$90,000 to $99,999	3,835	2,305	1,530
$100,000 and over	13,390	9,030	4,360
$100,000 to $124,999	5,895	3,795	2,100
$125,000 and over	7,495	5,240	2,260
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	116,025	59,025	57,005
Without employment income	28,380	13,310	15,075
With employment income	87,640	45,710	41,925
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,165	4,405	4,760
$5,000 to $9,999	5,780	2,685	3,095
$10,000 to $19,999	9,165	4,180	4,985
$20,000 to $29,999	6,925	3,305	3,615
$30,000 to $39,999	6,215	2,920	3,295
$40,000 to $49,999	6,575	3,055	3,515
$50,000 to $59,999	6,855	3,220	3,635
$60,000 to $69,999	6,035	3,020	3,010
$70,000 to $79,999	5,425	2,925	2,500
$80,000 to $89,999	4,670	2,530	2,140
$90,000 to $99,999	3,955	2,210	1,745
$100,000 and over	16,880	11,255	5,625
$100,000 to $124,999	6,455	3,920	2,540
$125,000 and over	10,425	7,340	3,085
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	116,020	59,020	57,000
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,290	55,660	53,630
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	52,400	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,550	55,735	53,815
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	45,200	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	101,335	51,715	49,625
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	54,400	41,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,350	44,785	41,565
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,000	54,800	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,285	30,600	34,690
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	970	870	1,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,360	2,060	2,300
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,960	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	116,120	58,965	57,150
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,350	55,580	53,770
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	68,500	80,500	56,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,565	55,625	53,945
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	61,700	45,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	101,265	51,660	49,605
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,400	83,300	56,850
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,460	44,840	41,620
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,600	76,400	51,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,455	30,575	34,875
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,630	5,490	5,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,345	2,045	2,295
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230	6,220	8,140
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	116,120	58,970	57,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,415	24,560	18,855
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	75,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	87,100	98,400	72,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,915	15,065	16,850
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,400	33,200	28,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	45,800	54,050	38,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	95.0	96.2	93.4
Employment income (%)	74.4	76.6	71.4
Government transfers (%)	4.9	3.8	6.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.3	0.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	75,490	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	39,550	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,940	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	75,515	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	105,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	39,495	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	70,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	36,020	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	75,490	...	...
Under $5,000	2,720	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	935	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,180	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,370	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,715	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,825	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,735	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,860	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,530	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,245	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,000	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,790	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,360	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,820	...	...
$100,000 and over	27,750	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,560	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,335	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,620	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,240	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	75,490	...	...
Under $5,000	2,960	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	955	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,210	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,505	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,975	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,250	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,160	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,330	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,080	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,250	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,395	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,905	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,380	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,595	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,945	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,590	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,310	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,895	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,385	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,270	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	20,320	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	6,780	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,005	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	50,300	25,790	24,510
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,400	50,800	46,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	44,800	41,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,295	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,400	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,685	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	175,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,060	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	50,450	25,775	24,670
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	65,800	71,600	59,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,650	56,100	49,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	124,515	63,395	61,120
0 to 17 years	9,570	4,945	4,625
0 to 5 years	4,520	2,305	2,210
18 to 64 years	96,670	49,555	47,115
65 years and over	18,280	8,900	9,380
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	20,190	10,040	10,150
0 to 17 years	1,500	805	690
0 to 5 years	590	325	275
18 to 64 years	14,825	7,420	7,400
65 years and over	3,860	1,805	2,055
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.2	15.8	16.6
0 to 17 years (%)	15.7	16.4	15.0
0 to 5 years (%)	13.2	14.0	12.3
18 to 64 years (%)	15.3	15.0	15.7
65 years and over (%)	21.1	20.3	21.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	124,515	63,395	61,120
0 to 17 years	9,565	4,940	4,625
0 to 5 years	4,515	2,310	2,210
18 to 64 years	96,670	49,550	47,115
65 years and over	18,280	8,905	9,375
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,250	7,815	7,440
0 to 17 years	980	535	445
0 to 5 years	375	210	170
18 to 64 years	12,535	6,430	6,105
65 years and over	1,740	850	885
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.3	12.3	12.2
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.8	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	9.0	7.6
18 to 64 years (%)	13.0	13.0	13.0
65 years and over (%)	9.5	9.6	9.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	124,515	63,395	61,120
In bottom half of the distribution	57,975	28,355	29,620
In bottom decile	19,565	9,860	9,705
In second decile	10,830	5,215	5,620
In third decile	9,775	4,675	5,100
In fourth decile	8,860	4,255	4,605
In fifth decile	8,945	4,355	4,590
In top half of the distribution	66,540	35,045	31,500
In sixth decile	9,260	4,525	4,740
In seventh decile	9,585	4,885	4,700
In eighth decile	10,965	5,665	5,300
In ninth decile	13,670	7,275	6,400
In top decile	23,060	12,695	10,365
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	124,515	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.443	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.518	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.392	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	6.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	125,880	64,400	61,480
English only	109,365	56,510	52,855
French only	90	40	50
English and French	14,070	6,895	7,170
Neither English nor French	2,350	950	1,400
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	125,880	64,400	61,480
English	119,300	61,270	58,025
French	3,245	1,775	1,475
English and French	1,030	430	605
Neither English nor French	2,300	930	1,375
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	125,880	64,400	61,480
Single responses	119,690	61,335	58,355
Official languages	72,640	39,585	33,060
English	69,500	37,840	31,660
French	3,135	1,740	1,400
Non-official languages	47,050	21,750	25,295
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	45	35
Algonquian languages	50	30	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	50	25	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	50	25	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	20	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	10	5	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	5	0	5
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	10	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	5	5	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,965	21,705	25,260
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,345	805	540
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	0	5	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	30	20	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	30	15	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,305	785	520
Amharic	65	30	35
Arabic	990	610	385
Aramaic languages	10	5	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	210	120	90
Maltese	5	5	5
Tigrigna	20	15	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	545	210	340
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	520	195	320
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5
Austronesian languages	1,500	600	905
Bikol	10	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Cebuano	30	10	15
Fijian	5	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10
Ilocano	35	10	25
Indonesian	250	105	140
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Malay	20	15	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0
Pangasinan	5	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,110	435	670
Waray-Waray	5	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Creole languages	20	10	5
Haitian Creole	5	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	320	185	135
Kannada	40	25	20
Malayalam	65	35	25
Tamil	115	65	45
Telugu	95	55	40
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	25,930	12,965	12,970
Albanian	65	30	30
Armenian	80	40	35
Balto-Slavic languages	6,130	2,775	3,355
Baltic languages	100	35	65
Latvian	30	15	20
Lithuanian	65	15	45
Slavic languages	6,025	2,740	3,285
Belarusian	5	5	0
Bulgarian	185	75	115
Czech	400	205	195
Macedonian	30	15	20
Polish	765	350	410
Russian	2,385	1,040	1,345
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,590	760	825
Bosnian	130	55	75
Croatian	290	125	165
Serbian	1,115	555	560
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	25	25
Slovak	305	135	170
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20
Ukrainian	330	145	185
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	35	25	10
Irish	20	10	5
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0
Welsh	15	10	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,040	1,115	930
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	1,335	695	640
German	1,260	655	605
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	55	30	25
Yiddish	25	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	450	275	175
Afrikaans	100	55	40
Dutch	335	205	130
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	5
Scandinavian languages	245	140	105
Danish	85	50	30
Icelandic	5	5	0
Norwegian	40	20	15
Swedish	115	60	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	175	100	75
Indo-Iranian languages	8,990	4,475	4,515
Indo-Aryan languages	2,230	1,195	1,035
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	135	85	50
Gujarati	255	130	125
Hindi	710	385	320
Kacchi	75	30	45
Kashmiri	5	0	5
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	120	60	60
Nepali	20	15	10
Oriya languages	10	0	0
Odia	10	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	595	295	300
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	30	25
Urdu	235	145	85
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	6,760	3,280	3,480
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	140	75	65
Parsi	10	10	0
Pashto	20	5	15
Persian languages	6,585	3,185	3,405
Dari	120	60	65
Iranian Persian	5,825	2,810	3,015
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	645	320	325
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,425	4,400	4,030
Catalan	25	15	10
Italian	575	345	230
Portuguese	2,300	1,140	1,160
Romanian	470	220	250
Spanish	5,055	2,680	2,375
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	2,080	685	1,400
Korean	3,150	1,225	1,925
Mongolian	90	45	50
Niger-Congo languages	125	70	55
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	25	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	35	20	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	10	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	5	5
American Sign Language	10	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,440	4,235	6,205
Chinese languages	10,415	4,220	6,200
Hakka	35	10	25
Mandarin	6,095	2,395	3,695
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	320	130	195
Wu (Shanghainese)	120	45	75
Yue (Cantonese)	3,705	1,565	2,135
Chinese, n.o.s.	140	65	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	5
Burmese	15	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	255	80	170
Lao	10	5	5
Thai	240	80	165
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	760	410	355
Azerbaijani	95	50	45
Kazakh	15	10	5
Turkish	615	335	285
Uyghur	10	0	5
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Uralic languages	370	175	195
Estonian	20	15	10
Finnish	55	15	35
Hungarian	300	145	155
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Multiple responses	6,190	3,070	3,125
English and French	695	350	340
English and non-official language(s)	4,610	2,295	2,320
French and non-official language(s)	140	70	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	175	80	90
Multiple non-official languages	580	270	310
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	125,880	64,400	61,480
English	78,305	41,955	36,345
French	855	425	425
Non-official language	11,650	5,240	6,410
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous	11,640	5,235	6,410
English and French	2,075	1,070	1,005
English and non-official language(s)	30,905	14,755	16,150
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,235	615	625
Multiple non-official languages	805	315	490
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	125,880	64,400	61,480
Single responses	120,030	61,715	58,315
Official languages	96,800	51,085	45,715
English	95,495	50,440	45,050
French	1,310	640	665
Non-official languages	23,230	10,635	12,600
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	5	5
Blackfoot	5	5	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,225	10,630	12,600
Afro-Asiatic languages	475	260	215
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	5	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	465	250	210
Amharic	25	15	15
Arabic	335	185	155
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	95	55	40
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	5	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	85	95
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5
Vietnamese	165	75	90
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5
Austronesian languages	410	170	235
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Cebuano	15	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	60	30	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	325	140	190
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	5	0	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	110	55	50
Kannada	5	5	0
Malayalam	20	5	10
Tamil	40	25	20
Telugu	40	20	15
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	12,655	6,145	6,505
Albanian	15	10	10
Armenian	25	15	10
Balto-Slavic languages	2,815	1,320	1,505
Baltic languages	30	15	20
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	20	10	15
Slavic languages	2,790	1,305	1,480
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	90	35	55
Czech	120	60	60
Macedonian	15	10	5
Polish	230	110	115
Russian	1,265	575	690
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	805	385	415
Bosnian	60	25	35
Croatian	90	40	45
Serbian	645	315	325
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	130	65	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	5
Ukrainian	130	65	70
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	330	175	150
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	210	110	105
German	200	100	100
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	50	30
Afrikaans	30	20	10
Dutch	50	30	20
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	20
Danish	10	10	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	30	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	30	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages	5,050	2,385	2,660
Indo-Aryan languages	730	380	355
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	40	20	15
Gujarati	75	35	45
Hindi	320	170	150
Kacchi	25	15	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	50	25	25
Nepali	10	5	5
Oriya languages	5	0	0
Odia	5	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	100	50	50
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5
Urdu	80	40	35
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	4,315	2,010	2,310
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	90	40	50
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	5	10
Persian languages	4,220	1,965	2,250
Dari	50	25	25
Iranian Persian	3,830	1,780	2,050
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	335	160	180
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,380	2,230	2,150
Catalan	10	10	0
Italian	135	60	70
Portuguese	1,445	705	735
Romanian	165	80	90
Spanish	2,620	1,375	1,250
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,185	505	675
Korean	1,935	785	1,150
Mongolian	55	30	25
Niger-Congo languages	5	0	5
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	5
American Sign Language	10	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,695	2,330	3,370
Chinese languages	5,690	2,325	3,365
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	3,725	1,510	2,220
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	55	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	40
Yue (Cantonese)	1,705	695	1,005
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	90	40	45
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	85	40	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	340	170	170
Azerbaijani	50	25	30
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	285	145	140
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	75	35	40
Estonian	5	5	5
Finnish	10	0	0
Hungarian	60	30	30
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,845	2,685	3,165
English and French	415	220	200
English and non-official language(s)	5,200	2,365	2,840
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	55	40
Multiple non-official languages	115	40	75
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	125,880	64,400	61,480
None	95,625	49,820	45,810
English	10,020	4,705	5,310
French	1,460	750	705
Non-official language	14,690	7,085	7,610
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	20
Non-Indigenous	14,645	7,060	7,585
English and French	145	65	80
English and non-official language(s)	1,105	520	585
French and non-official language(s)	730	365	360
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	25	25
Multiple non-official languages	2,055	1,060	995
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	124,475	63,370	61,110
Official languages	122,150	62,420	59,725
English	122,050	62,375	59,675
French	13,890	6,840	7,050
Non-official languages	61,995	29,495	32,500
Indigenous languages³⁹	95	30	65
Algonquian languages	45	10	35
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	30	0	25
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	30	0	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	0	20
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	0	20
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	15	10	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	61,905	29,470	32,440
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,120	1,230	885
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	40	30	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	0	0
Somali	30	25	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,085	1,200	885
Amharic	35	20	10
Arabic	1,395	855	545
Aramaic languages	15	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	615	290	325
Maltese	10	10	0
Tigrigna	30	25	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	650	285	360
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	15	10
Vietnamese	625	270	350
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,345	940	1,405
Bikol	15	10	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	65	25	35
Fijian	25	15	10
Hiligaynon	30	15	15
Ilocano	40	10	35
Indonesian	325	155	170
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	190	105	90
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,780	665	1,115
Waray-Waray	25	0	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Creole languages	85	55	25
Haitian Creole	20	15	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	20	15	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	605	350	255
Kannada	110	60	50
Malayalam	135	65	70
Tamil	250	150	100
Telugu	170	105	65
Tulu	10	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	36,840	18,540	18,300
Albanian	75	35	45
Armenian	120	60	55
Balto-Slavic languages	7,620	3,565	4,055
Baltic languages	125	25	100
Latvian	55	10	50
Lithuanian	65	15	50
Slavic languages	7,525	3,550	3,970
Belarusian	30	10	20
Bulgarian	200	80	120
Czech	580	325	260
Macedonian	40	20	20
Polish	1,030	500	525
Russian	3,555	1,615	1,940
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,985	920	1,065
Bosnian	330	130	200
Croatian	695	275	415
Serbian	1,520	735	790
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Slovak	420	195	225
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	25
Ukrainian	875	395	480
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	405	195	210
Irish	355	165	190
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0
Welsh	30	15	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Germanic languages	4,670	2,420	2,250
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	3,385	1,725	1,660
German	3,275	1,665	1,605
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	110	65	45
Yiddish	75	35	40
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	900	535	365
Afrikaans	320	200	115
Dutch	560	320	240
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	20	10
Scandinavian languages	565	275	290
Danish	175	100	80
Icelandic	25	10	15
Norwegian	105	45	60
Swedish	290	140	150
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	325	200	130
Indo-Iranian languages	11,860	5,975	5,890
Indo-Aryan languages	4,270	2,220	2,050
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	185	115	70
Gujarati	565	245	315
Hindi	2,550	1,365	1,190
Kacchi	195	55	135
Kashmiri	15	10	0
Konkani	25	20	10
Marathi	335	195	135
Nepali	50	30	25
Oriya languages	10	10	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,205	600	605
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	0	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	35	30
Urdu	695	425	270
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30
Iranian languages	7,665	3,800	3,860
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	200	120	80
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	35	25	10
Persian languages	7,595	3,760	3,835
Dari	225	90	130
Iranian Persian	6,770	3,365	3,405
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	630	315	315
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Italic (Romance) languages	14,030	7,245	6,785
Catalan	80	40	40
Italian	1,740	910	830
Portuguese	2,830	1,410	1,425
Romanian	575	260	320
Spanish	10,340	5,415	4,920
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Japanese	3,345	1,390	1,950
Korean	3,755	1,505	2,250
Mongolian	80	30	50
Niger-Congo languages	340	190	150
Akan (Twi)	15	15	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	0	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	10	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0
Shona	35	15	25
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	160	90	70
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	40	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	100	35	65
American Sign Language	90	35	60
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,115	5,640	7,475
Chinese languages	13,090	5,620	7,470
Hakka	35	20	20
Mandarin	9,195	3,870	5,320
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	715	255	460
Wu (Shanghainese)	255	100	160
Yue (Cantonese)	5,655	2,510	3,145
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	45	75
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	20	0
Burmese	10	10	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	390	145	245
Lao	30	10	25
Thai	365	140	230
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,420	730	695
Azerbaijani	280	150	125
Kazakh	45	10	35
Turkish	1,265	650	615
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Uralic languages	395	210	180
Estonian	40	15	20
Finnish	35	25	15
Hungarian	325	175	145
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	124,475	63,370	61,105
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,615	1,385	1,230
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,455	1,305	1,150
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,440	745	695
Métis	995	560	435
Inuk (Inuit)	20	0	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	105	55	50
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	25	35
Non-Indigenous identity	121,865	61,980	59,875
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	124,475	63,370	61,105
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	970	510	460
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	123,505	62,860	60,650
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	75,515	...	...
Owner	24,485	...	...
Renter	51,030	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	75,515	...	...
Condominium	48,465	...	...
Not condominium	27,055	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	75,515	...	...
No bedrooms	5,470	...	...
1 bedroom	42,025	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,850	...	...
3 bedrooms	3,720	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	450	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	75,515	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	62,220	...	...
5 rooms	8,045	...	...
6 rooms	3,230	...	...
7 rooms	1,330	...	...
8 or more rooms	690	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	75,515	...	...
One person or fewer per room	73,595	...	...
More than one person per room	1,915	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	75,515	...	...
Suitable	69,350	...	...
Not suitable	6,170	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	75,515	...	...
1960 or before	7,930	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,775	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,745	...	...
1991 to 2000	13,575	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,180	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,155	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,620	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,540	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	75,515	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	71,340	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,180	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	75,515	...	...
One-maintainer household	48,855	...	...
Two-maintainer household	25,170	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,490	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	75,515	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,330	...	...
25 to 34 years	21,770	...	...
35 to 44 years	16,250	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,400	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,165	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,355	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,080	...	...
85 years and over	1,155	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	74,955	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	44,490	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	30,470	...	...
30% to less than 100%	23,890	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	75,515	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	36,740	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	26,735	...	...
Not suitable only	3,600	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,410	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,225	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,430	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	265	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...
Acceptable housing	38,775	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	68,375	...	...
In core need	14,660	...	...
Not in core need	53,715	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	24,485	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,106	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,244,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	51,035	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	45.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,760	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,850	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	124,475	63,365	61,110
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	700	360	335
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	685	345	335
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	545	260	285
Métis single ancestry	130	75	50
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	15	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,380	1,215	1,165
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,290	1,175	1,115
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,720	905	815
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	560	265	295
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	90	40	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	40	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	121,395	61,795	59,605
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	124,480	63,365	61,110
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	95,170	48,905	46,270
Canadian citizens aged under 18	8,645	4,535	4,110
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	86,520	44,365	42,160
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	29,305	14,465	14,840
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	124,480	63,365	61,110
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	62,195	32,780	29,415
Immigrants⁸¹	49,420	24,095	25,320
Before 1980	6,495	3,290	3,205
1980 to 1990	4,450	2,175	2,270
1991 to 2000	10,020	4,760	5,260
2001 to 2010	10,570	5,055	5,520
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,885	8,820	9,070
2011 to 2015	5,940	2,955	2,980
2016 to 2021	11,950	5,865	6,085
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,860	6,490	6,370
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	49,420	24,095	25,320
Under 5 years	3,125	1,635	1,490
5 to 14 years	7,235	4,010	3,225
15 to 24 years	7,625	3,770	3,855
25 to 44 years	26,635	12,395	14,245
45 years and over	4,795	2,290	2,505
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	49,420	24,095	25,320
Americas	6,800	3,510	3,285
Brazil	1,160	555	600
Colombia	370	200	175
El Salvador	110	55	50
Guyana	45	10	40
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	105	60	40
Mexico	1,305	650	655
Peru	190	95	100
Trinidad and Tobago	100	50	50
United States of America	2,440	1,315	1,125
Other places of birth in Americas	960	515	445
Europe	13,460	7,010	6,455
Bosnia and Herzegovina	505	240	270
Croatia	220	95	130
France	625	355	270
Germany	800	390	410
Greece	80	55	25
Hungary	190	105	85
Italy	465	275	185
Netherlands	245	150	95
Poland	620	300	315
Portugal	65	35	35
Romania	465	195	265
Russian Federation	1,160	500	655
Serbia⁸⁶	615	280	330
Ukraine	810	375	435
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,480	1,980	1,495
Other places of birth in Europe	3,135	1,685	1,445
Africa	1,985	1,105	880
Algeria	20	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	15	10
Egypt	195	140	60
Eritrea	35	20	15
Ethiopia	55	20	35
Morocco	80	40	45
Nigeria	70	35	35
Somalia	15	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	605	360	240
Other places of birth in Africa	885	465	420
Asia	26,225	11,945	14,280
Afghanistan	150	70	80
Iran⁸⁸	5,745	2,910	2,835
Iraq	125	85	45
Lebanon	220	165	55
Syria⁸⁹	85	45	45
Turkey	450	245	205
China⁹⁰	5,115	1,945	3,170
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,175	1,000	1,180
Korea, South⁹²	2,365	980	1,380
Taiwan	1,495	680	815
Philippines	1,930	775	1,155
Viet Nam	380	175	205
Bangladesh	50	30	15
India	1,880	1,060	820
Pakistan	305	180	130
Sri Lanka	135	75	60
Other places of birth in Asia	3,630	1,525	2,110
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	945	525	420
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	11,950	5,865	6,085
Americas	2,490	1,220	1,265
Brazil	910	420	485
Colombia	120	65	55
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	455	235	225
United States of America	595	300	300
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	55	50
Other places of birth in Americas	300	145	160
Europe	3,510	1,945	1,570
France	345	215	135
Germany	160	85	80
Ireland⁹⁶	700	405	295
Italy	115	85	25
Russian Federation	340	145	190
Ukraine	280	105	175
United Kingdom⁸⁷	700	425	275
Other places of birth in Europe	870	470	395
Africa	315	195	120
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	35	30	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	10	0	0
Morocco	15	10	0
Nigeria	30	20	15
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	150	95	55
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	50	25	25
Asia	5,215	2,285	2,935
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	10	10	0
China⁹⁰	1,025	325	700
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	20	60
India	1,080	630	450
Iran⁸⁸	805	365	435
Iraq	30	20	0
Israel	95	55	45
Japan	320	90	230
Jordan	25	15	10
Korea, South⁹²	580	210	370
Lebanon	25	20	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	95	70	30
Philippines	170	65	110
Saudi Arabia	40	20	20
Sri Lanka	10	10	0
Syria⁸⁹	35	15	15
Turkey	185	110	70
United Arab Emirates	15	0	15
Viet Nam	100	35	65
Other places of birth in Asia	480	190	290
Oceania and other⁹³	420	220	200
Australia	315	180	140
Other places of birth⁹⁸	105	45	60
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	124,475	63,370	61,105
First generation¹⁰⁰	64,110	31,600	32,505
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,985	12,640	12,345
Third generation or more¹⁰²	35,385	19,125	16,260
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,925	20,805	22,120
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	30,775	15,505	15,270
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	15,660	9,055	6,605
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	15,115	6,450	8,665
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,365	3,235	5,135
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,290	1,830	1,460
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	495	240	255
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,925	20,805	22,120
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,345	745	600
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,275	4,365	3,910
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,910	860	1,050
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	5,615	2,485	3,135
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	90	40	50
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,685	12,320	13,365
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	124,475	63,370	61,105
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	51,190	24,185	27,005
South Asian	6,275	3,275	3,000
Chinese	15,165	6,720	8,440
Black	1,730	1,040	690
Filipino	2,525	1,070	1,455
Arab	1,190	735	450
Latin American	5,650	2,920	2,730
Southeast Asian	1,740	760	985
West Asian	7,265	3,575	3,695
Korean	3,815	1,560	2,260
Japanese	3,005	1,230	1,775
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	735	375	360
Multiple visible minorities	2,090	925	1,160
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	73,290	39,185	34,105
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	124,480	63,365	61,110
Canadian	6,490	3,525	2,970
English	18,835	10,080	8,755
Irish	15,445	8,065	7,375
Scottish	14,700	7,690	7,010
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,475	4,035	3,440
German	10,630	5,645	4,985
Chinese	14,395	6,325	8,075
Italian	5,025	2,555	2,480
Indian (India)	4,520	2,295	2,230
Ukrainian	5,615	2,930	2,685
Dutch	2,920	1,540	1,375
Polish	4,125	2,135	1,990
Québécois	250	155	100
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,095	2,790	2,310
Filipino	2,815	1,190	1,620
French Canadian	960	520	440
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,015	1,745	1,265
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,065	540	525
Métis	790	395	395
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,130	1,650	1,485
Russian	4,075	1,905	2,170
Norwegian	2,270	1,200	1,065
Welsh	2,115	935	1,185
Portuguese	1,305	595	705
American	1,820	1,025	795
Spanish	2,930	1,385	1,550
Swedish	1,715	895	820
Hungarian	1,265	665	595
Acadian	170	120	45
Pakistani	480	310	170
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	670	380	290
Jewish	2,210	1,090	1,120
Punjabi	515	250	260
Vietnamese	900	385	520
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	545	285	255
Greek	835	445	395
Jamaican	280	150	125
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,265	585	675
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	315	165	150
Korean	3,830	1,550	2,280
Romanian	990	460	530
Lebanese	620	340	280
Iranian	5,620	2,750	2,870
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	295	130	165
Danish	1,140	620	515
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	295	145	145
Sikh	165	70	95
Austrian	1,125	525	595
Belgian	510	250	260
Haitian	30	20	0
Hindu	365	220	140
Mexican	2,540	1,355	1,185
Mennonite	325	145	175
Swiss	685	395	285
Finnish	500	245	250
Sri Lankan	175	90	90
Croatian	895	475	420
Japanese	3,380	1,420	1,970
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	475	235	240
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	50	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	665	335	330
Muslim	235	140	100
Egyptian	335	200	130
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	920	490	430
Tamil	135	95	40
Icelandic	565	275	290
Colombian	595	285	305
Moroccan	145	85	60
Czech	765	395	370
Syrian	150	90	60
Guyanese	125	65	65
Afghan	190	90	95
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	170	110	60
Serbian	1,300	660	645
Ojibway	65	45	25
Newfoundlander	120	70	55
Hong Konger	805	400	405
Ontarian	70	40	30
Persian	2,065	1,020	1,045
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	225	130	95
Turkish	935	515	425
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	15	15
Bangladeshi	65	30	35
Algerian	40	15	25
Brazilian	1,475	710	765
Nigerian	100	45	55
Armenian	235	110	125
Slovak	620	270	350
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	420	180	240
Somali	35	30	0
Taiwanese	1,350	595	755
Iraqi	120	75	45
Salvadorean	160	80	80
African Caribbean	80	35	35
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	290	145	140
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	380	195	185
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	55	35	20
Algonquin	40	30	10
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	90	35	60
Lithuanian	330	155	175
South African	410	245	160
Australian	645	350	295
Palestinian	125	60	65
Chilean	285	155	130
Congolese	0	0	0
Nova Scotian	65	20	45
Ethiopian	50	20	30
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	325	150	170
Peruvian	275	155	120
Yoruba	35	25	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	20	30
Berber	70	50	20
Albanian	130	65	65
Maltese	80	45	30
Macedonian	100	40	65
Slovenian	180	90	85
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	190	90	105
New Brunswicker	20	10	10
Gujarati	125	65	60
Eritrean	65	30	30
African Canadian	50	35	15
Israeli	325	170	155
Mohawk	60	40	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	150	95	60
Bulgarian	245	100	140
Albertan	40	10	30
Ghanaian	100	55	45
Barbadian	35	35	10
African American	135	80	55
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	230	95	135
Tunisian	20	10	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	380	225	150
Cuban	75	35	35
Bosnian	255	110	145
Venezuelan	205	100	105
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	220	100	120
Bengali	55	40	10
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	40	15	20
Indonesian	265	115	150
Laotian	75	15	55
Ilocano	10	0	10
Northern Irish	190	75	110
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	255	130	125
British Columbian	200	90	110
Ecuadorian	80	45	35
Franco Ontarian	20	15	10
Argentinian	160	65	95
Estonian	115	55	60
Kurdish	230	110	115
Fijian	130	50	85
Jatt	10	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	30	10
Coptic	10	0	0
Thai	360	140	220
Dominican	80	35	50
Nepali	60	30	30
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	20	10	15
Igbo	15	0	0
Byelorussian	130	45	85
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	0	15
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	20	0
Abenaki	20	20	0
Moldovan	95	50	45
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	10	15
New Zealander	295	165	135
Sudanese	50	25	25
Breton	20	10	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	20	15
Malaysian	230	110	115
Plains Cree	25	10	15
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	65	45	20
Huron (Wendat)	20	0	15
Saskatchewanian	50	20	30
Buddhist	60	40	20
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	15	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	55	60
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	10	10	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	10	10
Burundian	15	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	20	15	0
Mauritian	40	30	10
Kenyan	100	40	55
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	40	30	10
Manitoban	40	20	25
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	40	30	10
Grenadian	20	15	0
Malayali	20	10	15
Chaldean	10	10	0
Sinhalese	40	20	20
Mayan	100	40	60
Honduran	45	10	35
Cherokee	40	10	25
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	15	10	0
Flemish	70	30	45
United Empire Loyalist	55	45	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	130	65	60
Sicilian	35	15	20
Pashtun	30	0	30
Malay	25	15	10
Goan	45	30	15
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	65	30	35
Burmese	45	20	25
Mongolian	115	50	65
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	40	10	30
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	45	0	35
Yemeni	20	15	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	80	50	30
Basque	40	20	25
Uruguayan	55	45	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	10	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	25	10
Igorot	10	0	10
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	10	10	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	10	0	10
Telugu	25	20	0
Roma	40	15	25
Costa Rican	40	15	25
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	20	0	15
Singaporean	155	65	95
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	20	20	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	15	10	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	124,475	63,370	61,105
Buddhist	2,370	945	1,425
Christian	35,040	16,790	18,245
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,550	3,595	3,955
Anabaptist	190	90	100
Anglican	2,620	1,250	1,370
Baptist	620	270	355
Catholic	15,980	7,905	8,085
Christian Orthodox	2,625	1,155	1,470
Jehovah's Witness	240	105	140
Latter Day Saints	125	70	55
Lutheran	650	330	315
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	115	60	50
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	305	120	180
Presbyterian	665	300	365
Reformed	55	35	20
United Church	1,935	810	1,130
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,365	700	670
Hindu	1,875	1,015	860
Jewish	2,225	1,090	1,135
Muslim	6,545	3,215	3,330
Sikh	895	380	515
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	95	55	35
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,860	850	1,005
No religion and secular perspectives	73,575	39,025	34,550
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	123,550	62,935	60,615
Non-movers	93,375	47,920	45,460
Movers	30,180	15,020	15,160
Non-migrants	19,120	9,485	9,630
Migrants	11,060	5,530	5,530
Internal migrants	6,715	3,300	3,420
Intraprovincial migrants	3,435	1,650	1,785
Interprovincial migrants	3,280	1,650	1,630
External migrants	4,345	2,235	2,115
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	120,620	61,345	59,270
Non-movers	50,825	26,145	24,680
Movers	69,790	35,200	34,595
Non-migrants	26,770	13,750	13,025
Migrants	43,020	21,450	21,570
Internal migrants	23,745	11,905	11,835
Intraprovincial migrants	14,135	7,010	7,125
Interprovincial migrants	9,615	4,895	4,715
External migrants	19,275	9,550	9,730
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,120	58,965	57,150
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,660	3,195	2,465
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	110,460	55,775	54,685
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,220	46,230	42,990
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,700	1,715	980
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,520	44,510	42,010
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,115	58,965	57,155
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,750	2,675	2,075
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,520	11,355	9,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	90,850	44,930	45,915
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,735	12,795	12,940
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,335	2,765	1,575
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,375	1,290	1,085
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,960	1,470	490
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,705	8,000	8,705
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,695	2,035	2,665
Bachelor's degree or higher	65,115	32,135	32,975
Bachelor's degree	39,690	19,290	20,400
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,150	2,045	2,105
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,965	1,070	895
Master's degree	16,545	8,185	8,365
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,755	1,545	1,210
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,220	46,230	42,995
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,075	1,335	735
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,765	7,845	4,920
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	74,380	37,040	37,340
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,845	10,370	9,475
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,295	2,170	1,120
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,865	1,060	810
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,425	1,115	310
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,905	6,545	6,360
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,645	1,655	1,995
Bachelor's degree or higher	54,535	26,670	27,865
Bachelor's degree	33,350	16,245	17,105
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,390	1,620	1,775
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,585	825	765
Master's degree	14,200	6,940	7,255
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,010	1,040	970
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	116,120	58,965	57,155
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,270	14,035	11,235
Education	3,420	925	2,495
13. Education	3,420	925	2,495
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,180	3,895	4,275
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,310	920	385
50. Visual and performing arts	6,870	2,980	3,885
Humanities	6,050	2,010	4,040
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,035	180	855
23. English language and literature/letters	1,985	530	1,455
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,490	545	950
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	175	80	95
38. Philosophy and religious studies	310	160	155
39. Theology and religious vocations	190	120	65
54. History	645	340	310
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	210	55	155
Social and behavioural sciences and law	15,840	6,335	9,500
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	340	85	250
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,510	960	1,550
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	960	205	755
22. Legal professions and studies	2,875	1,220	1,655
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	390	130	260
42. Psychology	2,815	845	1,970
45. Social sciences	5,960	2,895	3,065
Business, management and public administration	21,345	10,440	10,910
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	880	260	620
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	20,460	10,175	10,285
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,440	2,400	2,040
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,025	920	1,110
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	890	470	425
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	120	45	75
40. Physical sciences	1,360	955	405
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	15	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,305	4,425	1,880
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,065	3,750	1,310
25. Library science	260	40	220
27. Mathematics and statistics	705	430	275
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	270	200	75
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,295	9,435	2,855
04. Architecture and related services	1,640	955	685
14. Engineering	7,125	5,310	1,815
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,630	1,340	285
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10
46. Construction trades	1,000	975	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	550	525	25
48. Precision production	340	330	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,095	535	560
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	570	240	325
03. Natural resources and conservation	525	295	235
Health and related fields	9,010	3,050	5,960
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	875	520	350
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,415	2,105	5,310
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	15	35
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	670	410	260
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,845	1,455	1,390
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,175	910	1,265
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	210	150	60
49. Transportation and materials moving	445	385	60
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	89,220	46,230	42,990
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	14,840	9,185	5,655
Education	2,185	625	1,560
13. Education	2,185	625	1,560
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,985	3,460	3,530
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,215	865	355
50. Visual and performing arts	5,770	2,595	3,175
Humanities	4,570	1,435	3,135
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	845	125	715
23. English language and literature/letters	1,455	360	1,095
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,230	435	795
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	105	35	70
38. Philosophy and religious studies	210	95	110
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	85	40
54. History	460	255	205
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	135	40	100
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,135	5,150	7,985
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	305	80	225
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,230	865	1,360
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	750	160	590
22. Legal professions and studies	2,365	935	1,435
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	325	130	195
42. Psychology	2,245	650	1,600
45. Social sciences	4,920	2,335	2,585
Business, management and public administration	17,970	8,805	9,160
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	625	205	425
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,330	8,600	8,735
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,590	1,905	1,680
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,645	740	900
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	730	380	350
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	40	65
40. Physical sciences	1,085	740	345
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	15	20
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,555	3,970	1,585
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,625	3,445	1,180
25. Library science	165	30	130
27. Mathematics and statistics	550	330	215
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	225	160	65
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,100	7,590	2,505
04. Architecture and related services	1,365	735	630
14. Engineering	5,960	4,370	1,585
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,320	1,085	235
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	790	775	15
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	410	395	15
48. Precision production	245	230	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	895	430	465
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	475	215	260
03. Natural resources and conservation	425	220	205
Health and related fields	7,155	2,490	4,665
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	745	465	275
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,860	1,710	4,150
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	0	35
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	520	310	210
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,225	1,165	1,060
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,710	755	955
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	180	120	60
49. Transportation and materials moving	320	285	40
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	89,220	46,230	42,990
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	14,840	9,185	5,655
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	74,385	37,045	37,340
Location of study inside Canada	46,150	23,470	22,685
Same as province or territory of residence	31,525	15,590	15,925
Different than province or territory of residence	14,630	7,875	6,755
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	28,230	13,575	14,655
Americas	8,140	4,175	3,965
United States of America	4,490	2,385	2,105
Mexico	1,295	645	645
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	1,445	670	770
Colombia	295	125	170
Peru	80	35	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	50	50
Other locations of study in Americas	440	265	180
Europe	9,475	4,955	4,525
Belgium	90	50	40
France	920	535	385
Germany	370	200	170
Netherlands	125	45	75
Switzerland	135	70	65
Hungary	70	35	35
Moldova¹⁸³	25	15	15
Poland	215	95	125
Romania	180	70	110
Russian Federation	650	300	350
Ukraine	455	165	295
Ireland⁹⁶	1,600	900	705
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,795	1,560	1,230
Bosnia and Herzegovina	120	50	65
Italy	260	150	110
Serbia⁸⁶	330	155	175
Other locations of study in Europe	1,120	565	555
Africa	450	290	165
Nigeria	20	15	0
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	10	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	80	60	25
South Africa, Republic of	280	170	105
Other locations of study in Africa	60	30	25
Asia	8,890	3,495	5,395
Iran⁸⁸	1,995	855	1,145
Iraq	20	10	10
Israel	160	90	75
Lebanon	55	30	25
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	20
Turkey	315	170	145
China⁹⁰	1,365	505	865
Taiwan	245	60	185
Hong Kong⁹¹	190	60	130
Japan	1,030	285	745
Korea, South⁹²	1,275	425	850
Philippines	555	195	360
Viet Nam	40	15	25
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	840	440	405
Pakistan	85	45	35
Other locations of study in Asia	670	295	375
Oceania	1,270	660	615
Australia	945	490	450
New Zealand	330	170	165
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	116,115	58,965	57,150
In the labour force	86,630	45,860	40,775
Employed	79,335	42,260	37,075
Unemployed	7,300	3,605	3,695
Not in the labour force	29,490	13,105	16,380
Participation rate	74.6	77.8	71.3
Employment rate	68.3	71.7	64.9
Unemployment rate	8.4	7.9	9.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	116,120	58,965	57,155
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,265	14,040	17,225
Worked	84,850	44,930	39,925
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	47,115	26,825	20,295
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	37,740	18,105	19,630
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.8	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	86,630	45,860	40,770
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	670	870
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	85,095	45,195	39,900
Employee	68,930	35,545	33,380
Permanent position	56,960	29,840	27,115
Temporary position	11,965	5,700	6,265
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,570	2,695	2,880
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,395	3,005	3,390
Self-employed¹⁹²	16,165	9,650	6,520
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	86,630	45,860	40,770
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	670	870
All occupations¹⁹¹	85,095	45,195	39,900
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,780	1,265	515
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	19,820	7,980	11,840
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	12,620	9,195	3,425
3 Health occupations	5,370	1,880	3,490
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,195	4,195	6,005
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,550	4,685	3,865
6 Sales and service occupations	19,245	9,590	9,660
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,425	5,605	825
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	405	340	70
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	680	460	220
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	86,630	45,860	40,770
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	670	870
All industries¹⁹¹	85,095	45,195	39,900
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	280	150	125
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	455	290	165
22 Utilities	400	220	175
23 Construction	3,895	3,245	655
31-33 Manufacturing	2,340	1,500	840
41 Wholesale trade	2,565	1,595	970
44-45 Retail trade	7,810	3,790	4,020
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,555	1,865	685
51 Information and cultural industries	6,700	4,295	2,400
52 Finance and insurance	5,185	2,855	2,330
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,065	1,665	1,400
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	16,920	9,650	7,270
55 Management of companies and enterprises	375	195	180
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,675	1,450	1,225
61 Educational services	6,145	2,485	3,660
62 Health care and social assistance	8,315	2,630	5,685
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,610	1,400	1,210
72 Accommodation and food services	6,405	3,245	3,160
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,945	1,015	1,925
91 Public administration	3,465	1,640	1,825
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	90,575	47,925	42,650
English	82,715	44,210	38,505
French	135	45	90
Non-official language	1,015	500	510
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,015	500	510
English and French	1,410	665	740
English and non-official language(s)	4,995	2,320	2,675
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	255	145	105
Multiple non-official languages	45	25	15
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	90,575	47,925	42,650
Single responses	89,565	47,435	42,130
Official languages	87,490	46,475	41,020
English	87,165	46,340	40,830
French	320	135	190
Non-official languages	2,075	965	1,110
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,075	965	1,110
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	20	10	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	0	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	20	0	15
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	730	395	335
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	55	20	30
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	45	20	25
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	0	0
Russian	20	0	15
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	10	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	0	10
German	10	0	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	300	170	130
Indo-Aryan languages	15	15	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	15	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	285	155	130
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	285	155	130
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	280	150	125
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	360	195	165
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	20	15	10
Portuguese	55	30	30
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	280	155	125
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	305	130	175
Korean	300	150	145
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	660	260	395
Chinese languages	660	260	395
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	535	180	350
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	115	75	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	0	20
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	25	0	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,010	490	525
English and French	165	75	85
English and non-official language(s)	805	380	425
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	25	25	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	90,575	47,925	42,650
None	84,750	45,180	39,570
English	1,140	505	635
French	1,095	520	575
Non-official language	2,855	1,335	1,520
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,855	1,335	1,520
English and French	10	0	10
English and non-official language(s)	75	35	35
French and non-official language(s)	205	120	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	445	225	220
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	79,335	42,255	37,075
Worked at home	34,480	18,470	16,010
Worked outside Canada	460	295	165
No fixed workplace address	6,745	4,590	2,160
Usual place of work	37,650	18,905	18,740
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	37,650	18,905	18,740
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,145	13,610	14,535
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,935	4,980	3,955
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	360	205	155
Commute to a different province or territory	205	110	95
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	44,395	23,495	20,905
Car, truck or van	17,580	10,575	7,005
Car, truck or van - as a driver	16,160	10,030	6,130
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,420	545	875
Public transit	8,590	3,935	4,655
Walked	14,540	6,880	7,660
Bicycle	2,165	1,285	885
Other method	1,525	825	700
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	44,395	23,495	20,905
Less than 15 minutes	11,205	5,845	5,365
15 to 29 minutes	17,650	9,125	8,530
30 to 44 minutes	9,845	5,265	4,580
45 to 59 minutes	3,305	1,860	1,450
60 minutes and over	2,380	1,395	985
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	44,395	23,495	20,905
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,435	990	450
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,275	3,350	1,920
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,730	5,050	4,680
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	12,240	6,070	6,170
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,320	5,065	5,255
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,400	2,975	2,420
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	9,695	5,020	4,670
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	910	460	450
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,780	4,560	4,225
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	5,585	2,935	2,650
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	565	285	280
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	365	180	185
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	200	105	95
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,020	2,650	2,370

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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