Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver GranvilleMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	109,799	...	...
Population, 2016¹	103,456	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	55,422	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	52,210	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,902.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	22.40	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	109,800	51,810	57,990
0 to 14 years	12,125	6,325	5,800
0 to 4 years	4,185	2,160	2,030
5 to 9 years	4,005	2,100	1,905
10 to 14 years	3,930	2,065	1,865
15 to 64 years	78,415	37,150	41,265
15 to 19 years	4,305	2,245	2,065
20 to 24 years	6,750	3,190	3,565
25 to 29 years	11,240	5,330	5,910
30 to 34 years	11,330	5,505	5,825
35 to 39 years	9,255	4,550	4,710
40 to 44 years	7,370	3,505	3,865
45 to 49 years	6,885	3,130	3,760
50 to 54 years	7,705	3,490	4,210
55 to 59 years	7,280	3,395	3,885
60 to 64 years	6,285	2,820	3,460
65 years and over	19,260	8,330	10,930
65 to 69 years	5,680	2,560	3,115
70 to 74 years	5,225	2,270	2,955
75 to 79 years	3,150	1,390	1,760
80 to 84 years	2,240	930	1,310
85 years and over	2,970	1,175	1,795
85 to 89 years	1,675	705	970
90 to 94 years	925	365	560
95 to 99 years	315	95	220
100 years and over	60	10	50
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	11.0	12.2	10.0
15 to 64 years	71.4	71.7	71.2
65 years and over	17.5	16.1	18.8
85 years and over	2.7	2.3	3.1
Average age of the population	42.4	41.2	43.5
Median age of the population	40.0	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	52,210	...	...
Single-detached house	9,620	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,105	...	...
Row house	1,865	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,615	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	25,270	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	9,615	...	...
Other single-attached house	110	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	52,210	...	...
1 person	20,985	...	...
2 persons	17,595	...	...
3 persons	6,505	...	...
4 persons	4,735	...	...
5 or more persons	2,400	...	...
Number of persons in private households	108,155	51,100	57,060
Average household size	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	97,675	45,480	52,195
Married or living common-law	50,790	25,165	25,625
Married	39,515	19,445	20,075
Living common-law	11,275	5,720	5,555
Living common law - Never married	9,790	4,930	4,865
Living common law - Separated	165	100	65
Living common law - Divorced	1,240	655	585
Living common law - Widowed	75	35	40
Not married and not living common-law	46,885	20,315	26,565
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,615	16,795	17,825
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,095	775	1,325
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,175	2,010	4,165
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,995	740	3,255
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,335	...	...
2 persons	16,535	...	...
3 persons	6,085	...	...
4 persons	4,555	...	...
5 or more persons	1,155	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,330	...	...
Total couple families	24,115	...	...
Married couples	18,480	...	...
With children⁶	9,780	...	...
Without children	8,700	...	...
Common-law couples	5,635	...	...
With children⁶	785	...	...
Without children	4,850	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,215	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,515	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	700	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	108,155	51,100	57,060
Total - Persons in census families	75,580	37,040	38,540
Married spouses or common-law partners	48,230	24,240	23,995
Parents in one-parent families	4,215	700	3,515
Children⁶	23,135	12,100	11,035
In a two-parent family	17,425	9,085	8,345
In a one-parent family	5,705	3,015	2,685
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	32,580	14,055	18,520
Living alone	20,980	8,605	12,380
Living with other relatives⁷	2,810	1,040	1,775
Living with non-relatives only	8,780	4,415	4,360
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	52,210	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,030	...	...
Couple-family households	21,580	...	...
With children⁶	9,315	...	...
Without children	12,265	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,445	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	945	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	280	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,275	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,700	...	...
One-person households	20,980	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	96,045	44,775	51,265
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,225	43,405	49,820
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	49,600	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,270	43,430	49,845
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	44,000	38,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,175	40,070	46,105
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,800	38,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,665	33,040	35,625
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	49,600	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,150	32,000	41,155
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,750	6,200	7,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,755	2,930	3,825
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,365	11,930	13,430
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	96,325	45,030	51,295
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,385	43,660	49,730
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	71,400	83,700	60,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,420	43,670	49,750
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,450	63,100	48,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,655	40,485	46,170
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	69,400	83,300	57,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	69,100	33,345	35,750
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,000	78,200	54,650
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,000	32,075	40,925
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,990	8,750	9,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,630	2,840	3,790
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,410	5,560	7,050
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,970	12,085	12,885
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,290	9,250	9,340
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	96,325	45,030	51,295
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,805	17,190	15,620
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	79,000	69,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	99,100	114,800	81,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,925	12,475	15,455
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,800	22,400	19,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,880	42,680	35,800
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.2	92.4	87.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.4	71.4	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	9.8	7.7	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.2	3.6	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	3.1	4.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	96,045	44,775	51,270
Without total income	2,815	1,375	1,440
With total income	93,225	43,405	49,825
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,940	4,445	5,495
$10,000 to $19,999	9,180	4,115	5,070
$20,000 to $29,999	12,335	5,285	7,050
$30,000 to $39,999	10,050	4,240	5,810
$40,000 to $49,999	8,630	3,800	4,830
$50,000 to $59,999	7,215	3,020	4,200
$60,000 to $69,999	6,280	2,850	3,435
$70,000 to $79,999	5,290	2,495	2,795
$80,000 to $89,999	4,480	2,110	2,370
$90,000 to $99,999	3,590	1,780	1,810
$100,000 and over	16,220	9,265	6,960
$100,000 to $149,999	8,780	4,655	4,125
$150,000 and over	7,445	4,615	2,835
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	96,045	44,775	51,270
Without after-tax income	2,770	1,345	1,425
With after-tax income	93,275	43,430	49,840
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,505	4,705	5,805
$10,000 to $19,999	9,505	4,270	5,240
$20,000 to $29,999	13,815	5,945	7,875
$30,000 to $39,999	11,565	4,955	6,615
$40,000 to $49,999	10,085	4,345	5,740
$50,000 to $59,999	8,290	3,675	4,610
$60,000 to $69,999	6,700	3,170	3,530
$70,000 to $79,999	5,445	2,645	2,800
$80,000 to $89,999	3,975	1,925	2,045
$90,000 to $99,999	2,880	1,500	1,380
$100,000 and over	10,505	6,300	4,205
$100,000 to $124,999	4,160	2,360	1,795
$125,000 and over	6,350	3,935	2,410
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	96,045	44,775	51,270
Without employment income	27,380	11,740	15,640
With employment income	68,665	33,035	35,630
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,555	3,835	4,720
$5,000 to $9,999	5,295	2,305	2,985
$10,000 to $19,999	7,300	3,215	4,085
$20,000 to $29,999	5,640	2,510	3,125
$30,000 to $39,999	5,265	2,335	2,935
$40,000 to $49,999	5,335	2,405	2,930
$50,000 to $59,999	4,865	2,130	2,730
$60,000 to $69,999	4,540	2,185	2,350
$70,000 to $79,999	3,960	1,955	2,005
$80,000 to $89,999	3,495	1,680	1,820
$90,000 to $99,999	2,860	1,435	1,425
$100,000 and over	11,555	7,035	4,515
$100,000 to $124,999	4,325	2,385	1,935
$125,000 and over	7,230	4,645	2,580
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	96,045	44,775	51,265
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,290	41,835	48,460
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	48,400	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,465	41,880	48,585
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,810	39,295	45,520
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,800	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,365	33,025	36,340
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,400	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,000	23,730	33,270
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	870	1,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,650	1,490	2,155
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	4,760	7,050
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	96,325	45,030	51,295
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,520	42,175	48,345
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,200	84,500	57,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,675	42,240	48,440
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,200	64,800	46,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,170	39,780	45,390
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,600	86,300	56,850
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,610	33,460	36,150
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,000	76,700	52,250
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	56,880	23,860	33,025
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,980	5,500	6,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,600	1,415	2,185
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,730	5,670	9,070
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	96,325	45,030	51,295
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,205	16,840	15,365
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	72,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	92,000	108,100	74,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,200	11,740	14,460
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,200	29,400	25,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	45,720	52,000	40,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	94.6	96.4	92.6
Employment income (%)	70.0	72.0	67.6
Government transfers (%)	5.4	3.7	7.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.2	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	52,210	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	20,980	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,225	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	52,245	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	127,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	99,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	20,980	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	66,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,270	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	169,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	52,210	...	...
Under $5,000	1,280	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	565	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	705	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,260	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,110	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,640	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,745	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,805	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,730	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,915	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,625	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,485	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,190	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,905	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,610	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,640	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,150	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,820	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,995	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,670	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	52,210	...	...
Under $5,000	1,530	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	590	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	725	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,305	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,255	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,885	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,015	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,085	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,285	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,175	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,310	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,970	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,490	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,065	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,640	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,875	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,110	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,770	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,995	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,415	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,705	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,590	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,970	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	29,760	13,020	16,745
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,400	43,200	45,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	39,200	40,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,385	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	173,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,615	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,680	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	225,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,960	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	29,935	13,165	16,770
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	58,750	59,050	58,550
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,120	48,520	47,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	108,155	51,095	57,055
0 to 17 years	14,690	7,645	7,045
0 to 5 years	4,985	2,555	2,425
18 to 64 years	75,550	35,655	39,895
65 years and over	17,910	7,795	10,120
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,970	6,870	8,100
0 to 17 years	2,200	1,150	1,045
0 to 5 years	630	335	290
18 to 64 years	10,010	4,575	5,440
65 years and over	2,755	1,145	1,615
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.8	13.4	14.2
0 to 17 years (%)	15.0	15.1	14.9
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6	13.2	11.9
18 to 64 years (%)	13.3	12.8	13.6
65 years and over (%)	15.4	14.7	15.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	108,155	51,100	57,060
0 to 17 years	14,695	7,650	7,045
0 to 5 years	4,985	2,560	2,425
18 to 64 years	75,555	35,655	39,900
65 years and over	17,910	7,790	10,115
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,755	5,615	6,140
0 to 17 years	1,595	845	750
0 to 5 years	400	220	175
18 to 64 years	8,820	4,180	4,640
65 years and over	1,340	585	750
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.9	11.0	10.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.9	11.1	10.6
0 to 5 years (%)	8.0	8.7	7.2
18 to 64 years (%)	11.7	11.7	11.6
65 years and over (%)	7.5	7.5	7.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	108,160	51,095	57,060
In bottom half of the distribution	48,045	22,110	25,935
In bottom decile	15,285	7,145	8,135
In second decile	9,170	4,140	5,035
In third decile	8,205	3,805	4,400
In fourth decile	7,610	3,480	4,125
In fifth decile	7,770	3,535	4,235
In top half of the distribution	60,115	28,985	31,125
In sixth decile	8,185	3,760	4,425
In seventh decile	8,545	4,025	4,520
In eighth decile	9,575	4,595	4,980
In ninth decile	11,710	5,645	6,065
In top decile	22,100	10,960	11,135
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	108,155	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.448	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.516	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.392	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,660	51,285	57,370
English only	92,540	44,470	48,070
French only	65	35	35
English and French	11,425	4,920	6,500
Neither English nor French	4,630	1,860	2,770
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,660	51,285	57,370
English	101,610	48,280	53,330
French	1,840	895	950
English and French	655	285	370
Neither English nor French	4,550	1,825	2,730
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,660	51,285	57,370
Single responses	103,220	48,805	54,415
Official languages	59,530	29,575	29,955
English	57,825	28,745	29,080
French	1,705	830	870
Non-official languages	43,685	19,225	24,460
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	43,670	19,220	24,455
Afro-Asiatic languages	950	525	420
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	5	5
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	940	520	420
Amharic	30	15	15
Arabic	490	285	205
Aramaic languages	25	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	355	190	165
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	30	10	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	515	200	320
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	5
Vietnamese	510	200	315
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,580	915	1,660
Bikol	15	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	5	20
Cebuano	75	20	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	75	25	50
Ilocano	155	60	95
Indonesian	215	90	125
Kankanaey	5	5	5
Kinaray-a	10	0	0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Malay	20	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	10	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,940	675	1,265
Waray-Waray	10	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Creole languages	15	5	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	355	200	160
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	75	45	30
Tamil	175	100	80
Telugu	75	40	35
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,925	5,270	5,655
Albanian	25	10	10
Armenian	60	30	35
Balto-Slavic languages	2,490	1,115	1,380
Baltic languages	45	20	30
Latvian	25	10	15
Lithuanian	25	5	15
Slavic languages	2,450	1,100	1,345
Belarusian	5	0	0
Bulgarian	100	45	50
Czech	145	75	75
Macedonian	15	10	5
Polish	400	185	215
Russian	945	420	525
Rusyn	5	0	5
Serbo-Croatian	560	245	315
Bosnian	70	35	35
Croatian	155	60	95
Serbian	330	145	175
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	80	30	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	180	75	100
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,270	570	705
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	870	370	500
German	800	340	465
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	10	20
Yiddish	40	20	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	255	130	125
Afrikaans	60	30	35
Dutch	180	95	85
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	5	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	140	65	70
Danish	55	30	25
Icelandic	5	5	0
Norwegian	20	10	10
Swedish	55	25	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	295	150	145
Indo-Iranian languages	3,055	1,605	1,450
Indo-Aryan languages	1,890	1,000	885
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	165	100	70
Gujarati	135	70	65
Hindi	515	295	220
Kacchi	30	15	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	10	5
Marathi	45	25	20
Nepali	20	10	5
Oriya languages	5	0	5
Odia	5	0	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	780	380	400
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	5
Urdu	155	80	70
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Iranian languages	1,165	600	560
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	65	35	30
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	5	5	0
Persian languages	1,085	555	530
Dari	55	30	30
Iranian Persian	925	470	450
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	60	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,715	1,785	1,930
Catalan	25	10	15
Italian	360	195	160
Portuguese	825	385	440
Romanian	240	110	130
Spanish	2,270	1,080	1,185
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,530	520	1,010
Korean	1,515	630	880
Mongolian	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	85	50	30
Akan (Twi)	10	10	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	5	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	10	5	5
American Sign Language	5	5	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	24,450	10,550	13,905
Chinese languages	24,430	10,540	13,890
Hakka	80	40	40
Mandarin	12,015	5,180	6,835
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	950	405	545
Wu (Shanghainese)	215	80	135
Yue (Cantonese)	11,010	4,780	6,235
Chinese, n.o.s.	140	50	90
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10
Burmese	10	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	35	95
Lao	10	5	0
Thai	115	25	90
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Turkic languages	255	150	105
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	235	135	100
Uyghur	5	5	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	310	140	175
Estonian	20	5	10
Finnish	70	25	45
Hungarian	225	105	115
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,445	2,485	2,955
English and French	490	225	260
English and non-official language(s)	4,110	1,925	2,190
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	45	75
Multiple non-official languages	605	240	365
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,660	51,285	57,370
English	63,460	30,985	32,480
French	430	215	215
Non-official language	13,905	6,025	7,880
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	13,895	6,020	7,875
English and French	1,470	655	815
English and non-official language(s)	26,955	12,375	14,575
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	860	380	480
Multiple non-official languages	1,535	630	905
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,660	51,285	57,370
Single responses	103,130	48,760	54,370
Official languages	77,490	37,405	40,085
English	76,815	37,075	39,740
French	675	330	345
Non-official languages	25,640	11,350	14,290
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,635	11,350	14,290
Afro-Asiatic languages	470	240	225
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	5
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	460	240	220
Amharic	10	5	5
Arabic	205	110	90
Aramaic languages	20	10	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	205	110	100
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	20	10	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	240	100	145
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	240	100	140
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,240	490	755
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Cebuano	15	10	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	45	20	30
Ilocano	70	25	50
Indonesian	70	30	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	10	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0
Pangasinan	5	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	985	380	605
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	10	0	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	200	110	85
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	40	30	10
Tamil	110	65	50
Telugu	50	20	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,360	2,100	2,265
Albanian	5	0	0
Armenian	30	15	20
Balto-Slavic languages	955	435	515
Baltic languages	5	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	5
Slavic languages	945	435	510
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	35	15	20
Czech	40	20	25
Macedonian	10	0	5
Polish	90	45	50
Russian	475	220	250
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	230	100	125
Bosnian	35	15	20
Croatian	35	20	20
Serbian	150	65	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	30	10	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	35	15	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	160	70	85
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	115	55	65
German	115	50	60
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	15	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	15
Danish	5	5	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	85	40	50
Indo-Iranian languages	1,440	710	730
Indo-Aryan languages	760	385	375
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	65	35	20
Gujarati	40	25	15
Hindi	245	120	120
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	25	15	15
Nepali	10	5	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	315	150	165
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5
Urdu	65	35	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	675	330	350
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	35	20	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	640	305	335
Dari	25	10	10
Iranian Persian	540	250	290
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	45	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,685	825	865
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	85	45	40
Portuguese	465	215	250
Romanian	65	35	30
Spanish	1,065	530	535
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	805	325	475
Korean	930	425	505
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	10	15
American Sign Language	20	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,085	7,420	9,670
Chinese languages	17,075	7,415	9,665
Hakka	25	10	15
Mandarin	9,175	4,015	5,155
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	510	220	295
Wu (Shanghainese)	110	55	55
Yue (Cantonese)	7,185	3,085	4,095
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	25	40
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	20	35
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	45	20	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	125	65	60
Azerbaijani	5	0	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	115	65	55
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	65	25	35
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	5	0
Hungarian	50	20	30
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,535	2,535	3,000
English and French	305	150	155
English and non-official language(s)	4,870	2,230	2,645
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	30
Multiple non-official languages	285	120	165
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,660	51,285	57,370
None	82,340	39,305	43,030
English	9,125	4,230	4,900
French	1,120	490	630
Non-official language	12,530	5,670	6,865
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	12,515	5,660	6,850
English and French	100	35	65
English and non-official language(s)	1,460	640	815
French and non-official language(s)	515	230	285
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,445	675	775
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	108,555	51,410	57,150
Official languages	103,915	49,535	54,380
English	103,865	49,520	54,340
French	11,370	4,860	6,510
Non-official languages	56,675	25,440	31,230
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	20	35
Algonquian languages	25	10	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	10	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	56,625	25,425	31,200
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,825	945	880
Berber languages	10	0	0
Kabyle	10	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	45	30	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	25	15	10
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,785	915	870
Amharic	80	40	40
Arabic	820	465	350
Aramaic languages	35	20	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	20	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	880	410	465
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	670	245	420
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	0
Vietnamese	655	235	420
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,860	1,375	2,485
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	0	30
Cebuano	140	55	90
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	120	40	80
Ilocano	230	80	145
Indonesian	415	175	250
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	15	0	15
Malagasy languages	10	0	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Malay	115	45	75
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	10	30
Pangasinan	25	0	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,215	1,125	2,090
Waray-Waray	25	0	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	20	45
Creole languages	40	10	25
Haitian Creole	10	0	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	620	385	230
Kannada	35	15	20
Malayalam	160	130	25
Tamil	290	140	140
Telugu	165	110	55
Tulu	10	10	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	20	15	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	17,380	8,405	8,975
Albanian	55	30	25
Armenian	70	30	35
Balto-Slavic languages	3,030	1,425	1,605
Baltic languages	60	30	30
Latvian	40	20	15
Lithuanian	25	10	15
Slavic languages	2,980	1,400	1,580
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	85	40	45
Czech	205	110	95
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	455	230	225
Russian	1,345	610	740
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	720	335	380
Bosnian	220	100	120
Croatian	285	110	165
Serbian	395	210	185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Slovak	95	40	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10
Ukrainian	400	190	215
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	155	75	85
Irish	115	70	50
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	30	0	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Germanic languages	2,575	1,120	1,460
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,895	825	1,075
German	1,850	805	1,045
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10
Yiddish	35	15	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	435	190	255
Afrikaans	185	85	100
Dutch	250	100	150
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	15
Scandinavian languages	325	120	205
Danish	105	50	60
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	80	25	50
Swedish	145	50	95
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Greek	475	225	250
Indo-Iranian languages	4,540	2,385	2,150
Indo-Aryan languages	3,085	1,635	1,450
Assamese	10	10	0
Bengali	230	145	85
Gujarati	225	90	135
Hindi	1,680	965	715
Kacchi	60	25	35
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	10	0
Marathi	80	40	45
Nepali	15	10	10
Oriya languages	10	0	10
Odia	10	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,310	640	665
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	15	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	35	20
Urdu	355	180	175
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Iranian languages	1,495	780	725
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	45	30	10
Parsi	15	10	0
Pashto	40	35	10
Persian languages	1,410	720	695
Dari	60	30	35
Iranian Persian	1,280	650	630
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	80	40	40
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,320	3,475	3,850
Catalan	35	25	10
Italian	845	405	440
Portuguese	1,125	520	605
Romanian	315	160	145
Spanish	5,590	2,660	2,930
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Japanese	2,450	1,005	1,445
Korean	1,860	825	1,035
Mongolian	55	25	30
Niger-Congo languages	165	80	85
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0
Shona	15	0	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	90	60	30
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	0	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	140	65	80
American Sign Language	130	55	75
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	29,315	12,895	16,415
Chinese languages	29,265	12,880	16,385
Hakka	135	75	65
Mandarin	18,745	8,215	10,525
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,790	765	1,025
Wu (Shanghainese)	240	95	150
Yue (Cantonese)	14,880	6,425	8,455
Chinese, n.o.s.	115	45	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	20	40
Burmese	25	0	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	260	110	150
Lao	30	15	10
Thai	235	90	145
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Turkic languages	330	155	180
Azerbaijani	10	10	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	305	140	165
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	425	195	230
Estonian	25	15	15
Finnish	105	45	60
Hungarian	295	135	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	108,560	51,410	57,150
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,760	835	925
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,695	795	895
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,040	500	540
Métis	640	290	350
Inuk (Inuit)	20	0	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	25	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	15	10
Non-Indigenous identity	106,795	50,570	56,225
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	108,560	51,410	57,150
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	765	400	365
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	107,785	51,005	56,785
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	52,245	...	...
Owner	24,455	...	...
Renter	27,795	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	52,245	...	...
Condominium	19,720	...	...
Not condominium	32,530	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	52,245	...	...
No bedrooms	1,715	...	...
1 bedroom	19,450	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,625	...	...
3 bedrooms	6,505	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,965	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	52,245	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	32,115	...	...
5 rooms	6,680	...	...
6 rooms	3,580	...	...
7 rooms	2,395	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,480	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	52,245	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,905	...	...
More than one person per room	1,340	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	52,245	...	...
Suitable	48,590	...	...
Not suitable	3,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	52,245	...	...
1960 or before	12,325	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,060	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,250	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,150	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,555	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,930	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,050	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,930	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	52,245	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,775	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,475	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	52,245	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,915	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,015	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,320	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	52,245	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,035	...	...
25 to 34 years	11,325	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,305	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,160	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,345	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,150	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,480	...	...
85 years and over	1,445	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,915	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,040	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	17,875	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,225	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	52,250	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	22,590	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	15,805	...	...
Not suitable only	2,440	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,985	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	860	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,140	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	280	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,660	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	48,260	...	...
In core need	9,105	...	...
Not in core need	39,155	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	24,450	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	47.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,310	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	2,156,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,795	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,560	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,724	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	108,555	51,405	57,150
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	485	225	260
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	480	220	260
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	415	205	215
Métis single ancestry	65	20	50
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,675	800	870
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,635	790	850
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,150	570	580
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	465	210	255
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	35	10	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	10	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	106,400	50,380	56,015
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	108,555	51,405	57,145
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,635	42,860	47,780
Canadian citizens aged under 18	13,335	6,890	6,440
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	77,310	35,975	41,335
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,915	8,550	9,370
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	108,555	51,405	57,145
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	57,655	28,505	29,145
Immigrants⁸¹	44,310	19,665	24,645
Before 1980	7,195	3,155	4,035
1980 to 1990	5,620	2,385	3,235
1991 to 2000	10,720	4,565	6,160
2001 to 2010	9,835	4,405	5,430
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,940	5,155	5,785
2011 to 2015	4,460	1,875	2,590
2016 to 2021	6,475	3,280	3,200
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,595	3,240	3,355
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	44,310	19,665	24,645
Under 5 years	3,630	1,720	1,905
5 to 14 years	7,545	3,700	3,840
15 to 24 years	7,175	3,155	4,020
25 to 44 years	21,245	8,935	12,310
45 years and over	4,720	2,150	2,570
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	44,310	19,665	24,645
Americas	3,760	1,810	1,945
Brazil	310	150	155
Colombia	170	75	95
El Salvador	50	25	25
Guyana	25	10	15
Haiti	10	0	10
Jamaica	95	45	50
Mexico	650	290	355
Peru	190	85	105
Trinidad and Tobago	75	30	40
United States of America	1,710	895	815
Other places of birth in Americas	480	205	275
Europe	7,030	3,520	3,510
Bosnia and Herzegovina	215	85	130
Croatia	65	15	50
France	425	235	195
Germany	490	245	245
Greece	110	40	70
Hungary	155	50	100
Italy	225	130	95
Netherlands	130	80	55
Poland	285	120	170
Portugal	75	45	35
Romania	275	140	140
Russian Federation	365	160	200
Serbia⁸⁶	200	110	95
Ukraine	340	150	190
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,265	1,175	1,085
Other places of birth in Europe	1,410	735	680
Africa	1,185	600	585
Algeria	40	15	25
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	90	50	35
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	60	40	20
Morocco	50	25	25
Nigeria	30	15	20
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	475	255	220
Other places of birth in Africa	410	200	210
Asia	31,605	13,345	18,260
Afghanistan	60	30	25
Iran⁸⁸	970	485	490
Iraq	100	55	40
Lebanon	70	40	35
Syria⁸⁹	70	35	35
Turkey	145	70	75
China⁹⁰	11,185	4,825	6,365
Hong Kong⁹¹	5,610	2,280	3,335
Korea, South⁹²	1,255	520	740
Taiwan	3,545	1,470	2,075
Philippines	3,135	1,125	2,010
Viet Nam	525	190	330
Bangladesh	85	40	45
India	1,420	800	620
Pakistan	160	85	80
Sri Lanka	115	60	50
Other places of birth in Asia	3,150	1,240	1,910
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	725	390	340
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,480	3,280	3,200
Americas	990	540	450
Brazil	180	95	85
Colombia	25	15	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	240	120	115
United States of America	390	235	160
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20
Other places of birth in Americas	125	75	55
Europe	1,455	825	625
France	160	80	75
Germany	70	25	40
Ireland⁹⁶	260	185	80
Italy	55	25	30
Russian Federation	105	45	60
Ukraine	80	50	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	410	245	170
Other places of birth in Europe	315	170	145
Africa	135	65	75
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	20	20	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	15	0	10
Nigeria	10	0	10
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	25
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	20	20
Asia	3,655	1,680	1,970
Afghanistan	45	20	25
Bangladesh	30	15	10
China⁹⁰	1,295	595	705
Hong Kong⁹¹	190	75	115
India	565	330	230
Iran⁸⁸	140	65	70
Iraq	15	15	0
Israel	80	35	40
Japan	110	20	90
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	140	45	95
Lebanon	10	10	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	15	10	0
Philippines	480	205	275
Saudi Arabia	45	30	20
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	15
Turkey	65	30	35
United Arab Emirates	35	10	25
Viet Nam	35	15	25
Other places of birth in Asia	320	135	185
Oceania and other⁹³	245	175	70
Australia	200	140	60
Other places of birth⁹⁸	40	30	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	108,555	51,410	57,150
First generation¹⁰⁰	53,060	23,930	29,130
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,755	13,440	13,315
Third generation or more¹⁰²	28,740	14,040	14,700
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	37,120	16,510	20,605
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,215	12,475	14,745
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,845	6,065	4,775
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,375	6,405	9,970
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,855	3,090	4,765
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,435	720	720
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	610	230	380
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	37,120	16,510	20,605
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	620	330	290
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,000	2,130	2,875
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,060	995	1,065
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,880	1,315	1,565
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	135	50	90
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,425	11,695	14,725
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	108,555	51,410	57,150
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	56,670	25,715	30,960
South Asian	4,995	2,690	2,305
Chinese	33,625	15,090	18,530
Black	1,215	600	615
Filipino	3,970	1,510	2,460
Arab	555	350	215
Latin American	2,415	1,125	1,290
Southeast Asian	1,630	655	975
West Asian	1,410	735	675
Korean	1,960	915	1,045
Japanese	2,160	815	1,345
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	470	175	295
Multiple visible minorities	2,265	1,065	1,200
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	51,880	25,695	26,190
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	108,555	51,410	57,145
Canadian	5,290	2,610	2,685
English	15,730	7,875	7,855
Irish	11,800	5,670	6,130
Scottish	12,605	5,915	6,690
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,280	2,470	2,810
German	7,870	3,795	4,075
Chinese	30,115	13,535	16,570
Italian	3,015	1,530	1,490
Indian (India)	3,410	1,875	1,535
Ukrainian	3,650	1,700	1,950
Dutch	2,335	1,090	1,245
Polish	2,760	1,235	1,525
Québécois	145	65	80
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,080	2,045	2,030
Filipino	4,205	1,620	2,585
French Canadian	775	395	380
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,890	920	970
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	760	375	380
Métis	570	245	330
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,350	1,195	1,155
Russian	2,715	1,275	1,445
Norwegian	1,815	910	900
Welsh	1,625	755	870
Portuguese	850	415	435
American	1,445	750	700
Spanish	1,855	870	990
Swedish	1,710	810	900
Hungarian	1,110	555	555
Acadian	115	55	60
Pakistani	310	165	140
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	385	140	235
Jewish	2,795	1,410	1,375
Punjabi	520	290	225
Vietnamese	955	405	555
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	330	215	110
Greek	830	420	410
Jamaican	225	100	125
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,090	945	1,140
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	235	120	110
Korean	2,070	945	1,125
Romanian	670	360	315
Lebanese	380	200	180
Iranian	1,225	650	575
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	255	135	115
Danish	1,070	600	470
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	170	75	95
Sikh	255	115	140
Austrian	920	380	540
Belgian	445	190	255
Haitian	35	10	20
Hindu	320	190	130
Mexican	1,175	545	630
Mennonite	230	95	140
Swiss	395	205	190
Finnish	585	265	320
Sri Lankan	275	135	140
Croatian	515	260	255
Japanese	2,765	1,080	1,685
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	310	135	180
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	25	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	500	225	270
Muslim	180	115	65
Egyptian	190	100	85
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	350	160	195
Tamil	170	85	80
Icelandic	510	240	270
Colombian	235	125	115
Moroccan	125	60	70
Czech	495	240	260
Syrian	95	60	35
Guyanese	60	35	30
Afghan	75	40	35
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	85	40	45
Serbian	450	250	200
Ojibway	75	40	35
Newfoundlander	50	35	15
Hong Konger	1,980	850	1,135
Ontarian	60	30	35
Persian	310	165	150
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	100	35	65
Turkish	325	160	165
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	10	10
Bangladeshi	145	90	55
Algerian	60	25	40
Brazilian	525	245	280
Nigerian	60	20	40
Armenian	125	70	55
Slovak	265	110	150
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	430	190	235
Somali	25	15	0
Taiwanese	3,330	1,475	1,855
Iraqi	90	50	40
Salvadorean	65	35	30
African Caribbean	70	40	30
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	275	100	175
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	145	65	85
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	25	40
Algonquin	20	15	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	0	25
Lithuanian	325	140	185
South African	390	205	185
Australian	565	285	280
Palestinian	85	45	40
Chilean	220	115	100
Congolese	25	10	20
Nova Scotian	35	20	15
Ethiopian	60	35	30
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	105	15	95
Peruvian	205	90	115
Yoruba	35	0	30
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	25	25
Berber	35	20	15
Albanian	55	35	20
Maltese	75	35	40
Macedonian	20	15	10
Slovenian	105	55	45
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	250	110	140
New Brunswicker	20	10	15
Gujarati	45	20	25
Eritrean	15	0	0
African Canadian	15	10	10
Israeli	365	165	200
Mohawk	10	10	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	35	65
Bulgarian	125	70	55
Albertan	55	40	15
Ghanaian	45	10	35
Barbadian	30	10	20
African American	160	65	95
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	140	80	60
Tunisian	35	20	20
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	110	55	60
Cuban	45	20	20
Bosnian	205	100	110
Venezuelan	100	30	65
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	225	125	100
Bengali	40	25	20
Cameroonian	10	0	0
Guatemalan	55	35	20
Indonesian	370	155	215
Laotian	20	15	0
Ilocano	115	55	55
Northern Irish	120	70	45
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	200	115	85
British Columbian	235	105	130
Ecuadorian	95	35	65
Franco Ontarian	25	20	0
Argentinian	85	50	35
Estonian	135	75	60
Kurdish	25	10	20
Fijian	70	35	35
Jatt	40	10	30
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	15	15
Coptic	10	10	0
Thai	275	105	170
Dominican	25	20	0
Nepali	20	15	0
Kabyle	10	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Byelorussian	60	25	30
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	0	20
Abenaki	10	10	0
Moldovan	30	10	20
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	205	100	105
Sudanese	15	0	10
Breton	30	15	20
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	10	15
Malaysian	220	90	130
Plains Cree	10	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	10	10
Huron (Wendat)	30	20	10
Saskatchewanian	30	10	15
Buddhist	90	25	65
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	25	20	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	10	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	20	15	10
Mauritian	40	10	30
Kenyan	55	25	30
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	35	20	10
Manitoban	35	25	10
Cape Bretoner	15	10	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	10	0	0
Chaldean	35	15	15
Sinhalese	20	15	15
Mayan	40	25	15
Honduran	20	20	0
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	30	10	20
Flemish	55	30	25
United Empire Loyalist	25	15	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	30	10	20
Sicilian	20	15	10
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	110	50	55
Goan	35	15	20
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	30	10	10
Zimbabwean	40	25	20
Burmese	65	30	40
Mongolian	70	30	40
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	25	0	15
Oromo	45	30	15
Tanzanian	45	20	20
Yemeni	25	10	15
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	45	25	20
Uruguayan	35	35	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	10	20
Igorot	20	0	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	10	0	0
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	60	25	30
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	10	0	0
Kashmiri	15	0	0
Singaporean	150	65	85
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	10	10	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	108,560	51,410	57,150
Buddhist	3,915	1,595	2,320
Christian	32,580	14,235	18,345
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,655	3,995	4,665
Anabaptist	250	120	125
Anglican	2,585	1,065	1,520
Baptist	930	410	520
Catholic	13,200	5,770	7,430
Christian Orthodox	1,465	695	765
Jehovah's Witness	410	160	245
Latter Day Saints	45	15	30
Lutheran	575	230	345
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	45	15	30
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	355	160	195
Presbyterian	515	175	340
Reformed	95	50	50
United Church	1,905	725	1,180
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,565	655	905
Hindu	1,400	770	625
Jewish	3,275	1,475	1,795
Muslim	2,380	1,265	1,115
Sikh	1,260	645	615
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	10	30
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,370	510	860
No religion and secular perspectives	62,340	30,900	31,440
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	107,670	50,985	56,685
Non-movers	87,545	41,405	46,135
Movers	20,130	9,580	10,550
Non-migrants	13,395	6,355	7,040
Migrants	6,735	3,225	3,510
Internal migrants	3,930	1,910	2,015
Intraprovincial migrants	2,270	1,125	1,140
Interprovincial migrants	1,660	790	875
External migrants	2,805	1,315	1,495
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	104,365	49,320	55,045
Non-movers	55,120	25,725	29,390
Movers	49,245	23,595	25,655
Non-migrants	23,265	11,315	11,950
Migrants	25,980	12,280	13,700
Internal migrants	15,275	7,165	8,110
Intraprovincial migrants	9,875	4,630	5,240
Interprovincial migrants	5,405	2,530	2,875
External migrants	10,705	5,115	5,590
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,325	45,030	51,295
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,945	3,340	3,605
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	89,385	41,695	47,690
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,250	31,820	35,430
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,105	1,105	995
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	65,145	30,705	34,435
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,330	45,030	51,295
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,345	3,025	3,315
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,440	9,650	9,790
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	70,545	32,355	38,185
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,380	8,770	10,605
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,345	2,170	1,175
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,730	940	790
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,615	1,235	385
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,410	5,140	7,265
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,625	1,455	2,165
Bachelor's degree or higher	51,165	23,580	27,580
Bachelor's degree	31,735	14,370	17,365
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,145	1,385	1,765
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,195	1,290	910
Master's degree	11,800	5,310	6,495
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,285	1,235	1,055
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,250	31,820	35,435
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,755	930	830
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,140	5,505	4,635
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	55,350	25,380	29,965
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,205	6,755	7,450
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,435	1,665	770
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,280	760	520
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,150	900	250
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,020	3,935	5,085
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,755	1,160	1,590
Bachelor's degree or higher	41,140	18,625	22,520
Bachelor's degree	25,385	11,410	13,975
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,405	1,035	1,370
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,595	850	750
Master's degree	10,005	4,445	5,555
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,750	885	870
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	96,330	45,035	51,300
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,785	12,675	13,110
Education	3,470	760	2,710
13. Education	3,470	760	2,710
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,545	2,280	3,270
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	545	360	185
50. Visual and performing arts	5,005	1,920	3,085
Humanities	5,160	1,870	3,295
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	705	160	545
23. English language and literature/letters	1,590	485	1,105
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,325	490	835
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	120	30	95
38. Philosophy and religious studies	265	140	125
39. Theology and religious vocations	270	130	145
54. History	725	395	330
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	160	40	115
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,115	4,705	7,410
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	290	75	215
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,560	535	1,025
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	705	80	625
22. Legal professions and studies	2,100	1,010	1,085
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	295	110	185
42. Psychology	2,315	555	1,760
45. Social sciences	4,855	2,340	2,520
Business, management and public administration	15,045	6,830	8,215
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	720	155	565
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,315	6,665	7,650
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,590	2,210	2,380
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,250	885	1,365
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	965	460	505
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	30	60
40. Physical sciences	1,225	820	400
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	20	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,885	2,530	1,355
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,820	2,020	800
25. Library science	285	55	230
27. Mathematics and statistics	590	340	250
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	185	110	70
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,780	6,955	1,825
04. Architecture and related services	1,170	625	545
14. Engineering	4,510	3,525	985
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,305	1,115	190
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	875	830	45
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	655	640	15
48. Precision production	260	230	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,065	510	550
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	515	230	285
03. Natural resources and conservation	550	275	270
Health and related fields	9,235	2,905	6,335
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	705	400	305
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,595	1,990	5,600
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	15	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	905	495	405
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,625	785	845
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,200	460	740
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	0	15
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	150	100	50
49. Transportation and materials moving	250	215	40
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	67,250	31,815	35,430
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,900	6,435	5,465
Education	2,190	540	1,645
13. Education	2,190	540	1,645
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,605	1,975	2,630
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	475	325	145
50. Visual and performing arts	4,130	1,645	2,490
Humanities	3,965	1,430	2,535
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	580	115	470
23. English language and literature/letters	1,195	360	835
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,020	380	640
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	25	55
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	120	100
39. Theology and religious vocations	215	95	120
54. History	550	315	240
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	115	30	85
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,760	3,725	6,040
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	255	70	185
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,385	470	910
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	545	65	480
22. Legal professions and studies	1,640	730	910
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	215	80	135
42. Psychology	1,790	445	1,345
45. Social sciences	3,945	1,865	2,080
Business, management and public administration	12,075	5,360	6,715
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	465	90	375
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,605	5,265	6,340
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,535	1,645	1,890
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,770	685	1,085
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	720	320	405
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	20	45
40. Physical sciences	935	605	330
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	10	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,215	2,145	1,065
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,460	1,785	670
25. Library science	180	35	145
27. Mathematics and statistics	415	220	190
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	160	100	60
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,955	5,380	1,575
04. Architecture and related services	935	465	470
14. Engineering	3,680	2,810	870
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	965	805	160
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	685	660	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	480	465	15
48. Precision production	195	170	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	840	390	450
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	395	170	230
03. Natural resources and conservation	445	225	220
Health and related fields	6,945	2,160	4,785
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	615	335	280
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,645	1,500	4,150
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	670	330	340
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,245	615	630
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	905	360	540
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	120	70	50
49. Transportation and materials moving	205	185	25
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	67,250	31,815	35,430
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,900	6,435	5,465
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	55,350	25,385	29,970
Location of study inside Canada	37,600	17,630	19,970
Same as province or territory of residence	28,075	12,965	15,115
Different than province or territory of residence	9,525	4,665	4,860
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	17,755	7,760	10,000
Americas	4,045	1,895	2,145
United States of America	2,760	1,310	1,450
Mexico	545	220	325
Cuba	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	15	0
Brazil	400	190	210
Colombia	85	40	45
Peru	40	10	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	15	20
Other locations of study in Americas	160	95	65
Europe	4,555	2,305	2,255
Belgium	45	20	20
France	345	160	185
Germany	180	80	100
Netherlands	85	55	35
Switzerland	85	30	55
Hungary	45	20	20
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	75	40	30
Romania	105	60	45
Russian Federation	195	85	105
Ukraine	170	90	80
Ireland⁹⁶	555	345	210
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,070	1,010	1,055
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	20
Italy	90	35	50
Serbia⁸⁶	55	45	10
Other locations of study in Europe	440	210	230
Africa	245	110	135
Nigeria	0	0	0
Algeria	10	0	10
Morocco	20	10	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	35	15	20
South Africa, Republic of	160	75	85
Other locations of study in Africa	20	15	0
Asia	8,020	2,990	5,035
Iran⁸⁸	265	115	155
Iraq	25	25	0
Israel	115	85	40
Lebanon	25	10	20
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	110	70	40
China⁹⁰	2,940	1,140	1,800
Taiwan	645	210	435
Hong Kong⁹¹	470	165	295
Japan	520	100	415
Korea, South⁹²	490	140	345
Philippines	1,275	355	915
Viet Nam	45	0	35
Bangladesh	35	15	15
Sri Lanka	25	10	15
India	650	365	285
Pakistan	45	35	15
Other locations of study in Asia	335	130	210
Oceania	890	460	430
Australia	730	375	355
New Zealand	160	85	80
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	96,330	45,030	51,295
In the labour force	65,105	32,340	32,760
Employed	59,825	29,645	30,180
Unemployed	5,280	2,695	2,585
Not in the labour force	31,225	12,690	18,535
Participation rate	67.6	71.8	63.9
Employment rate	62.1	65.8	58.8
Unemployment rate	8.1	8.3	7.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	96,330	45,030	51,300
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,750	13,190	18,555
Worked	64,575	31,840	32,735
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,175	18,085	16,095
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,400	13,750	16,645
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.9	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	65,105	32,345	32,760
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	660	605
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	63,840	31,685	32,155
Employee	50,960	24,415	26,545
Permanent position	40,845	19,845	21,000
Temporary position	10,120	4,575	5,545
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,330	1,880	2,455
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,790	2,695	3,095
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,885	7,265	5,615
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	65,105	32,345	32,760
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	660	605
All occupations¹⁹¹	63,840	31,685	32,155
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,395	925	470
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,060	5,370	8,690
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,680	5,435	2,245
3 Health occupations	6,185	1,950	4,230
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,180	3,325	5,855
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,605	2,755	2,850
6 Sales and service occupations	13,280	6,480	6,795
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,270	4,605	665
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	420	305	115
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	765	535	230
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	65,105	32,345	32,760
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	660	605
All industries¹⁹¹	63,840	31,685	32,155
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	230	140	85
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	195	155	40
22 Utilities	290	185	105
23 Construction	2,860	2,360	500
31-33 Manufacturing	2,135	1,400	740
41 Wholesale trade	1,815	1,110	700
44-45 Retail trade	5,805	2,790	3,015
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,220	1,610	615
51 Information and cultural industries	3,720	2,180	1,540
52 Finance and insurance	3,465	1,835	1,625
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,430	1,345	1,085
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,510	5,920	4,590
55 Management of companies and enterprises	255	135	115
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,155	1,220	930
61 Educational services	6,385	2,235	4,145
62 Health care and social assistance	8,575	2,455	6,120
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,880	870	1,010
72 Accommodation and food services	3,695	1,720	1,975
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,515	790	1,725
91 Public administration	2,715	1,230	1,485
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	69,380	34,110	35,265
English	61,350	30,535	30,815
French	105	35	75
Non-official language	1,610	750	860
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,605	750	860
English and French	875	340	530
English and non-official language(s)	5,155	2,335	2,820
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	45	70
Multiple non-official languages	170	75	100
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	69,380	34,110	35,265
Single responses	68,175	33,535	34,640
Official languages	65,260	32,195	33,065
English	65,055	32,135	32,920
French	205	60	145
Non-official languages	2,910	1,340	1,575
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,905	1,335	1,570
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	10	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	25	10	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	15	0	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	15	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	40	0	35
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	10	0	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	0	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	265	115	150
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	10	30
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	35	0	30
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	25	0	20
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	15	0	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	35	30	0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	20	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	165	65	95
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	30	15	15
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	130	50	80
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	145	50	95
Korean	125	65	65
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,280	1,090	1,190
Chinese languages	2,280	1,090	1,190
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,620	800	820
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	660	285	375
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,200	575	630
English and French	125	35	90
English and non-official language(s)	1,025	505	520
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	50	35	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	69,380	34,110	35,265
None	64,040	31,765	32,275
English	1,120	500	625
French	665	280	385
Non-official language	2,685	1,205	1,480
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,675	1,200	1,475
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	160	75	85
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	625	250	380
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	59,825	29,645	30,175
Worked at home	22,750	10,965	11,780
Worked outside Canada	615	370	245
No fixed workplace address	5,545	3,890	1,655
Usual place of work	30,910	14,415	16,500
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,910	14,415	16,500
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	21,715	9,195	12,520
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,795	5,010	3,785
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	280	155	120
Commute to a different province or territory	120	55	70
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,460	18,305	18,150
Car, truck or van	20,430	11,185	9,245
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,680	10,630	8,045
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,750	555	1,195
Public transit	7,615	3,340	4,275
Walked	5,040	1,905	3,135
Bicycle	2,275	1,320	960
Other method	1,100	560	540
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,460	18,305	18,150
Less than 15 minutes	8,510	3,690	4,825
15 to 29 minutes	14,620	7,410	7,215
30 to 44 minutes	8,640	4,705	3,930
45 to 59 minutes	2,995	1,550	1,445
60 minutes and over	1,695	960	735
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,460	18,305	18,150
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,250	895	360
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,240	2,500	1,740
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,380	4,115	4,260
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,905	4,560	5,345
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,525	4,070	4,450
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,165	2,165	1,995
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	14,995	7,815	7,185
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,375	660	715
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,625	7,150	6,470
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	10,530	5,520	5,010
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	995	490	510
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	695	330	370
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	300	160	135
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,530	5,025	4,505

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 29, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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