Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver KingswayMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	108,054	...	...
Population, 2016¹	104,870	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	44,076	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,332	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	7,063.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	15.30	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	108,055	52,635	55,420
0 to 14 years	13,360	6,945	6,420
0 to 4 years	4,315	2,225	2,095
5 to 9 years	4,540	2,380	2,155
10 to 14 years	4,515	2,340	2,175
15 to 64 years	76,670	37,615	39,055
15 to 19 years	4,985	2,575	2,415
20 to 24 years	7,665	3,840	3,820
25 to 29 years	10,255	5,190	5,060
30 to 34 years	9,700	4,885	4,815
35 to 39 years	8,470	4,210	4,255
40 to 44 years	7,225	3,535	3,690
45 to 49 years	6,995	3,235	3,760
50 to 54 years	7,110	3,365	3,745
55 to 59 years	7,570	3,610	3,960
60 to 64 years	6,690	3,170	3,525
65 years and over	18,020	8,080	9,940
65 to 69 years	5,770	2,705	3,060
70 to 74 years	4,490	2,075	2,420
75 to 79 years	2,690	1,185	1,505
80 to 84 years	2,360	975	1,380
85 years and over	2,710	1,140	1,570
85 to 89 years	1,665	740	920
90 to 94 years	795	320	475
95 to 99 years	215	65	150
100 years and over	30	10	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.4	13.2	11.6
15 to 64 years	71.0	71.5	70.5
65 years and over	16.7	15.4	17.9
85 years and over	2.5	2.2	2.8
Average age of the population	41.7	40.6	42.7
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,335	...	...
Single-detached house	8,095	...	...
Semi-detached house	535	...	...
Row house	830	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	17,190	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,005	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	5,415	...	...
Other single-attached house	260	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,330	...	...
1 person	10,840	...	...
2 persons	12,915	...	...
3 persons	7,205	...	...
4 persons	6,135	...	...
5 or more persons	4,235	...	...
Number of persons in private households	107,195	52,185	55,015
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	94,690	45,695	48,995
Married or living common-law	48,720	24,215	24,500
Married	40,985	20,410	20,580
Living common-law	7,730	3,810	3,920
Living common law - Never married	6,585	3,210	3,370
Living common law - Separated	175	105	65
Living common law - Divorced	930	470	465
Living common law - Widowed	45	20	25
Not married and not living common-law	45,970	21,475	24,500
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,185	17,800	16,385
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,150	910	1,235
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,135	1,975	3,160
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,510	790	3,720
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,585	...	...
2 persons	14,000	...	...
3 persons	7,035	...	...
4 persons	5,925	...	...
5 or more persons	1,625	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,580	...	...
Total couple families	23,425	...	...
Married couples	19,560	...	...
With children⁶	11,805	...	...
Without children	7,755	...	...
Common-law couples	3,865	...	...
With children⁶	1,020	...	...
Without children	2,845	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,160	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,165	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	995	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,195	52,180	55,015
Total - Persons in census families	81,285	39,960	41,325
Married spouses or common-law partners	46,845	23,340	23,510
Parents in one-parent families	5,160	990	4,165
Children⁶	29,275	15,630	13,645
In a two-parent family	21,940	11,665	10,275
In a one-parent family	7,340	3,970	3,375
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	25,910	12,220	13,690
Living alone	10,835	5,070	5,770
Living with other relatives⁷	4,815	1,730	3,085
Living with non-relatives only	10,255	5,420	4,835
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,335	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	21,415	...	...
Couple-family households	17,955	...	...
With children⁶	9,905	...	...
Without children	8,055	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,455	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,325	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	525	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,350	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,870	...	...
One-person households	10,840	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,840	45,240	48,600
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,175	43,905	47,270
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	40,000	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,230	43,935	47,300
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,850	39,330	41,520
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	37,200	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,660	33,590	34,070
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,725	35,630	42,095
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,900	7,950	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,870	4,380	5,490
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,025	14,425	15,600
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,720	44,985	48,730
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,225	43,750	47,475
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,760	53,900	44,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,285	43,790	47,495
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,640	45,000	38,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,910	39,075	41,840
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,040	51,600	38,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,410	33,280	34,130
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,640	53,950	41,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,805	35,525	42,280
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,310	9,630	10,890
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,865	4,265	5,595
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,800	7,030
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,890	14,175	15,715
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,710	9,640	9,780
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,715	44,990	48,730
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,965	16,150	13,820
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	66,000	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,400	80,700	67,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,625	13,050	15,575
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,200	20,800	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,080	30,680	25,920
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.0	85.4	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.2	76.2	67.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.0	14.5	22.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.9	6.9	9.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.5	5.8	7.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,840	45,240	48,600
Without total income	2,665	1,335	1,330
With total income	91,175	43,900	47,270
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,870	4,095	4,775
$10,000 to $19,999	11,285	5,200	6,090
$20,000 to $29,999	16,190	7,010	9,175
$30,000 to $39,999	12,505	5,555	6,950
$40,000 to $49,999	10,050	4,640	5,405
$50,000 to $59,999	7,940	3,785	4,155
$60,000 to $69,999	5,905	3,090	2,820
$70,000 to $79,999	4,355	2,325	2,030
$80,000 to $89,999	3,220	1,725	1,490
$90,000 to $99,999	2,640	1,405	1,235
$100,000 and over	8,210	5,080	3,135
$100,000 to $149,999	5,440	3,160	2,275
$150,000 and over	2,775	1,915	855
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,840	45,240	48,600
Without after-tax income	2,610	1,305	1,300
With after-tax income	91,230	43,930	47,300
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,125	4,210	4,915
$10,000 to $19,999	11,630	5,380	6,245
$20,000 to $29,999	18,435	8,060	10,375
$30,000 to $39,999	14,185	6,390	7,800
$40,000 to $49,999	11,135	5,275	5,860
$50,000 to $59,999	8,120	4,140	3,980
$60,000 to $69,999	5,480	2,865	2,615
$70,000 to $79,999	3,975	2,160	1,820
$80,000 to $89,999	2,820	1,455	1,365
$90,000 to $99,999	1,750	980	765
$100,000 and over	4,585	3,025	1,560
$100,000 to $124,999	2,310	1,440	870
$125,000 and over	2,270	1,585	690
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,840	45,240	48,600
Without employment income	26,185	11,650	14,530
With employment income	67,655	33,590	34,070
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,105	3,695	4,415
$5,000 to $9,999	6,075	2,685	3,390
$10,000 to $19,999	8,575	3,785	4,790
$20,000 to $29,999	6,695	3,085	3,615
$30,000 to $39,999	6,580	3,105	3,475
$40,000 to $49,999	6,320	3,090	3,235
$50,000 to $59,999	5,745	2,870	2,870
$60,000 to $69,999	4,460	2,400	2,060
$70,000 to $79,999	3,365	1,875	1,490
$80,000 to $89,999	2,765	1,510	1,255
$90,000 to $99,999	2,245	1,175	1,075
$100,000 and over	6,730	4,320	2,405
$100,000 to $124,999	3,130	1,820	1,310
$125,000 and over	3,600	2,495	1,100
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,840	45,240	48,600
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,230	42,310	45,925
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,000	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,350	42,340	46,005
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	34,400	28,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,710	38,730	40,980
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	39,200	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,160	33,635	34,530
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,000	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,590	26,415	35,180
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,920	1,160	3,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,000	2,115	2,890
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,920	5,080	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,720	44,985	48,730
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,190	42,155	46,030
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,360	50,680	40,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,315	42,190	46,120
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,440	42,080	35,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,750	38,535	41,205
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,160	51,400	39,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,895	33,330	34,565
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,840	52,850	41,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,700	26,335	35,365
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,915	6,860
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,180	2,145	3,035
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,260	6,205	8,000
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,715	44,990	48,730
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,620	15,965	13,660
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	61,600	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,700	75,000	61,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,730	12,155	14,575
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,800	27,400	24,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,720	36,280	31,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.0	92.8	87.0
Employment income (%)	79.6	82.4	76.2
Government transfers (%)	10.0	7.3	13.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,335	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	10,840	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,495	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,295	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	107,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	10,835	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,440	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,455	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,330	...	...
Under $5,000	665	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	285	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	390	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	715	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,650	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,215	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,270	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,600	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,420	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,300	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,800	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,755	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,710	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,440	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,305	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,815	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,780	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,690	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,625	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,715	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,330	...	...
Under $5,000	755	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	290	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	400	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	755	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,760	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,365	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,460	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,750	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,630	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,535	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,255	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,250	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,970	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,690	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,400	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,080	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,995	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,455	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,630	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,770	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,825	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,850	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,445	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	21,095	10,495	10,600
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,800	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	33,600	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,700	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,805	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,860	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,405	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	21,335	10,550	10,785
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,080	45,760	42,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	39,440	37,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,200	52,180	55,015
0 to 17 years	16,195	8,425	7,765
0 to 5 years	5,215	2,695	2,520
18 to 64 years	73,565	35,940	37,630
65 years and over	17,440	7,815	9,625
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,620	5,100	5,515
0 to 17 years	1,475	785	690
0 to 5 years	460	255	210
18 to 64 years	6,270	3,120	3,150
65 years and over	2,875	1,200	1,670
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9	9.8	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	9.1	9.3	8.9
0 to 5 years (%)	8.8	9.4	8.2
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5	8.7	8.4
65 years and over (%)	16.5	15.4	17.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	107,195	52,180	55,015
0 to 17 years	16,195	8,430	7,765
0 to 5 years	5,210	2,695	2,515
18 to 64 years	73,565	35,940	37,625
65 years and over	17,435	7,815	9,625
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,155	4,155	3,995
0 to 17 years	840	435	405
0 to 5 years	255	140	120
18 to 64 years	6,195	3,250	2,945
65 years and over	1,120	475	640
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.6	8.0	7.3
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2	5.1	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	4.9	5.1	4.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.4	9.0	7.8
65 years and over (%)	6.4	6.1	6.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,195	52,180	55,015
In bottom half of the distribution	51,320	24,655	26,660
In bottom decile	11,645	5,750	5,895
In second decile	10,355	4,850	5,510
In third decile	9,730	4,590	5,140
In fourth decile	9,595	4,645	4,950
In fifth decile	9,990	4,820	5,170
In top half of the distribution	55,880	27,530	28,355
In sixth decile	10,070	4,955	5,115
In seventh decile	10,530	5,135	5,400
In eighth decile	11,690	5,670	6,020
In ninth decile	11,870	5,900	5,970
In top decile	11,720	5,870	5,850
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,195	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.324	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.434	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.287	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	107,300	52,235	55,065
English only	90,240	45,075	45,170
French only	35	15	15
English and French	6,495	2,950	3,545
Neither English nor French	10,525	4,190	6,335
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	107,300	52,235	55,065
English	95,520	47,405	48,115
French	960	490	470
English and French	390	190	200
Neither English nor French	10,435	4,150	6,285
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	107,300	52,235	55,065
Single responses	100,225	48,845	51,380
Official languages	44,605	23,635	20,975
English	43,725	23,175	20,545
French	885	455	425
Non-official languages	55,620	25,215	30,410
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	55,615	25,205	30,405
Afro-Asiatic languages	555	330	225
Berber languages	5	5	0
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	5	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	70	25	45
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	55	20	35
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Semitic languages	480	305	180
Amharic	40	25	15
Arabic	295	185	110
Aramaic languages	5	0	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	105	65	40
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	35	20	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,190	2,285	2,905
Khmer (Cambodian)	90	40	50
Vietnamese	5,085	2,235	2,845
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	5
Austronesian languages	8,365	3,435	4,935
Bikol	35	15	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	20	35
Cebuano	205	75	130
Fijian	5	5	0
Hiligaynon	165	60	105
Ilocano	745	310	440
Indonesian	250	130	125
Kankanaey	10	5	10
Kinaray-a	15	5	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	110	50	60
Pangasinan	45	20	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,595	2,695	3,895
Waray-Waray	20	10	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55
Creole languages	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Dravidian languages	660	375	290
Kannada	25	10	10
Malayalam	110	70	40
Tamil	390	190	200
Telugu	135	95	35
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	11,730	5,780	5,950
Albanian	30	15	15
Armenian	50	25	25
Balto-Slavic languages	1,335	625	710
Baltic languages	25	10	15
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	10	0	10
Slavic languages	1,315	615	695
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	5	10
Czech	110	55	60
Macedonian	5	5	0
Polish	315	145	165
Russian	370	165	200
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	350	170	180
Bosnian	30	15	15
Croatian	165	75	85
Serbian	155	80	75
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	55	30	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10
Ukrainian	55	20	30
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	695	320	370
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	455	210	250
German	445	205	240
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	5	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	155	75	75
Afrikaans	35	15	15
Dutch	110	55	55
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0
Scandinavian languages	75	35	45
Danish	30	10	15
Icelandic	10	0	5
Norwegian	10	5	10
Swedish	30	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	230	110	120
Indo-Iranian languages	4,690	2,390	2,300
Indo-Aryan languages	4,120	2,075	2,045
Assamese	5	0	0
Bengali	215	140	75
Gujarati	210	115	95
Hindi	1,130	560	565
Kacchi	15	5	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	5	5
Marathi	35	20	15
Nepali	70	35	30
Oriya languages	5	5	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,155	1,035	1,125
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	35	35
Urdu	160	90	70
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Iranian languages	565	310	250
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	45	25	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	20	20	5
Persian languages	495	265	230
Dari	60	30	30
Iranian Persian	400	215	180
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,700	2,300	2,400
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	745	350	395
Portuguese	1,455	685	775
Romanian	90	40	45
Spanish	2,410	1,220	1,190
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	990	305	680
Korean	1,080	420	660
Mongolian	15	10	5
Niger-Congo languages	85	40	45
Akan (Twi)	15	10	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	10
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	0	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	15
American Sign Language	30	15	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	26,405	11,960	14,445
Chinese languages	26,265	11,895	14,370
Hakka	180	75	105
Mandarin	4,240	1,755	2,485
Min Dong	15	5	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	390	165	230
Wu (Shanghainese)	110	45	65
Yue (Cantonese)	21,140	9,760	11,380
Chinese, n.o.s.	190	80	105
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	70	75
Burmese	90	45	50
Kuki-Chin languages	25	10	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	185	60	125
Lao	10	10	5
Thai	155	50	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Turkic languages	165	100	60
Azerbaijani	10	5	0
Kazakh	10	0	5
Turkish	140	95	50
Uyghur	5	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	115	50	60
Estonian	5	5	0
Finnish	35	15	20
Hungarian	75	35	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Multiple responses	7,075	3,390	3,680
English and French	340	180	160
English and non-official language(s)	5,950	2,870	3,080
French and non-official language(s)	70	35	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	50	50
Multiple non-official languages	615	260	360
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	107,300	52,235	55,065
English	48,030	25,000	23,035
French	220	110	115
Non-official language	20,575	9,045	11,535
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	20,570	9,045	11,530
English and French	910	465	450
English and non-official language(s)	34,670	16,320	18,345
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	535	265	275
Multiple non-official languages	2,320	1,025	1,300
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	107,300	52,235	55,065
Single responses	99,145	48,385	50,760
Official languages	62,940	32,095	30,845
English	62,580	31,910	30,670
French	355	180	175
Non-official languages	36,210	16,295	19,915
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,205	16,290	19,915
Afro-Asiatic languages	250	130	125
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	35	15	25
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	35	15	25
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	210	115	100
Amharic	5	0	5
Arabic	145	80	65
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	40	25	20
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	15	10	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,600	1,595	2,005
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	25
Vietnamese	3,545	1,570	1,980
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5
Austronesian languages	5,010	2,140	2,875
Bikol	15	5	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Cebuano	110	45	65
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	90	35	50
Ilocano	395	175	220
Indonesian	130	65	60
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	10	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	35	40
Pangasinan	15	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,095	1,735	2,365
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Creole languages	5	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	440	235	210
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	65	35	30
Tamil	290	135	155
Telugu	80	55	25
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,960	2,885	3,075
Albanian	10	0	5
Armenian	25	15	15
Balto-Slavic languages	515	235	285
Baltic languages	5	5	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	0	5
Slavic languages	510	230	280
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	5
Czech	45	20	25
Macedonian	10	5	0
Polish	95	45	55
Russian	160	80	80
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	145	60	85
Bosnian	10	5	5
Croatian	65	25	35
Serbian	75	30	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	25	15	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0
Ukrainian	25	10	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	70	30	40
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	55	25	30
German	50	25	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	5
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10
Danish	10	0	10
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	90	40	50
Indo-Iranian languages	2,690	1,320	1,365
Indo-Aryan languages	2,350	1,155	1,195
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	115	70	50
Gujarati	110	50	55
Hindi	590	295	290
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	40	20	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,320	620	700
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20
Urdu	95	50	40
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	340	165	175
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	15	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	15	15	5
Persian languages	295	140	150
Dari	40	15	20
Iranian Persian	235	115	120
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	5	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,555	1,235	1,315
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	320	135	185
Portuguese	905	425	480
Romanian	35	15	15
Spanish	1,300	660	635
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	460	170	290
Korean	605	255	345
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	25	25
American Sign Language	40	25	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	19,620	8,765	10,855
Chinese languages	19,535	8,730	10,805
Hakka	80	40	45
Mandarin	3,080	1,345	1,735
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	165	65	95
Wu (Shanghainese)	65	25	40
Yue (Cantonese)	16,015	7,200	8,820
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	55	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	35	50
Burmese	60	30	35
Kuki-Chin languages	20	5	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	25	60
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	75	25	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Turkic languages	55	35	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	55	35	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	20	10	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	0	5
Hungarian	20	5	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	8,155	3,850	4,300
English and French	165	85	80
English and non-official language(s)	7,675	3,620	4,055
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	25	10
Multiple non-official languages	260	105	150
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	107,300	52,235	55,070
None	75,705	37,405	38,300
English	11,645	5,440	6,205
French	770	385	380
Non-official language	15,320	7,210	8,110
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	5
Non-Indigenous	15,300	7,205	8,100
English and French	55	30	25
English and non-official language(s)	1,975	930	1,045
French and non-official language(s)	285	125	155
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,525	700	825
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,065	51,935	55,135
Official languages	96,405	47,720	48,690
English	96,370	47,705	48,670
French	6,400	2,875	3,520
Non-official languages	69,280	31,665	37,610
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	20	15
Algonquian languages	25	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	69,245	31,650	37,595
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,175	665	510
Berber languages	20	15	0
Kabyle	20	15	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	155	65	90
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	15	0
Somali	145	55	90
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,015	600	415
Amharic	85	40	40
Arabic	570	390	180
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	370	180	185
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	45	20	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,515	2,860	3,655
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	40	55
Vietnamese	6,435	2,825	3,610
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	11,080	4,490	6,600
Bikol	55	20	40
Bisaya, n.o.s.	85	15	65
Cebuano	340	160	180
Fijian	30	15	15
Hiligaynon	260	95	165
Ilocano	1,190	505	685
Indonesian	360	180	185
Kankanaey	20	10	10
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	135	70	65
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	85	45	40
Pangasinan	75	30	50
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,310	4,110	6,200
Waray-Waray	40	10	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	185	60	130
Creole languages	75	40	35
Haitian Creole	10	10	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Dravidian languages	875	505	375
Kannada	25	15	15
Malayalam	125	80	45
Tamil	550	285	270
Telugu	215	155	60
Tulu	20	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	16,850	8,405	8,450
Albanian	15	0	10
Armenian	80	50	30
Balto-Slavic languages	1,640	735	905
Baltic languages	30	0	25
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	30	0	25
Slavic languages	1,610	730	880
Belarusian	10	10	0
Bulgarian	15	0	15
Czech	205	100	105
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	330	130	200
Russian	520	215	310
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	470	240	225
Bosnian	80	35	45
Croatian	295	160	135
Serbian	240	110	130
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	70	50	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	30	15
Ukrainian	130	60	70
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	115	75	40
Irish	110	75	40
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,395	720	675
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,055	555	500
German	1,020	535	485
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	20	20
Yiddish	10	10	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	235	140	95
Afrikaans	45	35	10
Dutch	185	100	85
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	155	55	105
Danish	75	25	50
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	40	10	30
Swedish	65	30	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	420	210	215
Indo-Iranian languages	6,425	3,380	3,040
Indo-Aryan languages	5,750	3,020	2,730
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	165	105	60
Gujarati	275	150	125
Hindi	3,015	1,620	1,395
Kacchi	10	0	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	15	10
Marathi	65	35	35
Nepali	145	95	50
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,955	1,500	1,455
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	170	70	100
Urdu	345	200	145
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Iranian languages	690	375	315
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	40	15	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	35	35	0
Persian languages	630	335	300
Dari	15	10	10
Iranian Persian	560	295	265
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	35	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,290	3,490	3,800
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,125	525	605
Portuguese	1,725	815	910
Romanian	105	50	55
Spanish	4,715	2,255	2,455
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Japanese	1,680	690	990
Korean	1,330	470	860
Mongolian	40	30	20
Niger-Congo languages	260	150	115
Akan (Twi)	20	15	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	35	20	15
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	25	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	0	10
Lingala	10	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	0	20
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	65	35	40
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	45	35	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	45	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	15	15	0
Sign languages	160	75	80
American Sign Language	130	55	75
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	31,380	14,355	17,030
Chinese languages	31,170	14,240	16,925
Hakka	290	130	160
Mandarin	10,870	4,535	6,335
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	745	325	420
Wu (Shanghainese)	120	45	80
Yue (Cantonese)	26,085	12,150	13,930
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	50	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	230	120	110
Burmese	150	90	60
Kuki-Chin languages	40	15	30
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	10	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	320	120	200
Lao	35	15	20
Thai	290	105	180
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	245	135	110
Azerbaijani	25	0	25
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	225	130	90
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	135	40	100
Estonian	10	0	10
Finnish	30	15	15
Hungarian	100	30	75
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	25	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,065	51,935	55,135
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,855	900	955
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,735	845	895
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,080	520	560
Métis	630	315	315
Inuk (Inuit)	25	10	20
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	90	40	45
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	15	10
Non-Indigenous identity	105,210	51,030	54,180
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,065	51,935	55,135
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	830	415	415
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,240	51,520	54,720
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,290	...	...
Owner	23,545	...	...
Renter	17,745	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,290	...	...
Condominium	9,965	...	...
Not condominium	31,325	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,290	...	...
No bedrooms	805	...	...
1 bedroom	8,765	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,200	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,420	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,105	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,290	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	19,785	...	...
5 rooms	5,705	...	...
6 rooms	4,070	...	...
7 rooms	3,330	...	...
8 or more rooms	8,400	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,290	...	...
One person or fewer per room	39,460	...	...
More than one person per room	1,830	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,290	...	...
Suitable	37,350	...	...
Not suitable	3,940	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,290	...	...
1960 or before	8,375	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,270	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,345	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,360	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,000	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,000	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,180	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,750	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,290	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,045	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,245	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,290	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,340	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,290	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,660	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,290	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,540	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,540	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,420	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,320	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,620	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,740	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,680	...	...
85 years and over	1,435	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,160	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,815	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,345	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,765	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,290	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,020	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,035	...	...
Not suitable only	3,075	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,450	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	665	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	595	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...
Acceptable housing	25,270	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,585	...	...
In core need	6,555	...	...
Not in core need	33,030	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,540	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	51.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,796	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,456,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	17,750	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,480	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,508	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,065	51,930	55,130
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	685	330	355
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	660	325	335
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	560	270	290
Métis single ancestry	100	55	40
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	25	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,470	760	710
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,390	740	650
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,000	520	480
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	390	215	170
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	85	20	65
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	20	65
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	104,905	50,845	54,065
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,065	51,930	55,130
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	89,745	43,765	45,985
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,000	7,860	7,140
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	74,745	35,900	38,840
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,320	8,170	9,150
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,065	51,930	55,130
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	48,630	25,370	23,255
Immigrants⁸¹	51,805	23,195	28,610
Before 1980	8,665	4,130	4,535
1980 to 1990	9,645	4,420	5,220
1991 to 2000	13,415	5,840	7,575
2001 to 2010	9,190	3,995	5,190
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,900	4,810	6,085
2011 to 2015	4,925	2,205	2,725
2016 to 2021	5,965	2,610	3,360
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,635	3,365	3,270
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	51,805	23,195	28,605
Under 5 years	3,030	1,495	1,530
5 to 14 years	6,815	3,495	3,320
15 to 24 years	10,685	4,785	5,905
25 to 44 years	24,795	10,795	14,000
45 years and over	6,480	2,620	3,860
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	51,805	23,195	28,605
Americas	2,920	1,415	1,505
Brazil	270	150	120
Colombia	90	30	65
El Salvador	265	120	140
Guyana	35	20	20
Haiti	25	15	0
Jamaica	70	25	40
Mexico	490	240	250
Peru	95	50	45
Trinidad and Tobago	105	30	70
United States of America	880	430	450
Other places of birth in Americas	595	295	305
Europe	4,715	2,385	2,335
Bosnia and Herzegovina	105	45	55
Croatia	145	80	65
France	195	95	95
Germany	200	75	120
Greece	175	85	95
Hungary	60	25	35
Italy	580	260	325
Netherlands	85	65	15
Poland	215	100	115
Portugal	635	295	335
Romania	90	50	40
Russian Federation	155	45	105
Serbia⁸⁶	95	45	55
Ukraine	130	60	75
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,020	580	440
Other places of birth in Europe	835	480	360
Africa	810	455	355
Algeria	30	20	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	65	45	20
Eritrea	25	15	10
Ethiopia	65	45	20
Morocco	45	20	25
Nigeria	40	25	15
Somalia	40	15	25
South Africa, Republic of	150	75	75
Other places of birth in Africa	350	195	150
Asia	42,245	18,390	23,855
Afghanistan	15	15	0
Iran⁸⁸	385	200	180
Iraq	30	20	0
Lebanon	50	40	10
Syria⁸⁹	85	55	30
Turkey	105	70	30
China⁹⁰	14,255	5,960	8,300
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,900	2,440	2,465
Korea, South⁹²	735	230	500
Taiwan	870	395	475
Philippines	9,930	4,075	5,860
Viet Nam	5,085	2,275	2,805
Bangladesh	80	45	35
India	2,255	1,110	1,150
Pakistan	135	60	75
Sri Lanka	400	175	220
Other places of birth in Asia	2,915	1,220	1,700
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,115	560	555
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,970	2,610	3,360
Americas	675	330	345
Brazil	200	110	90
Colombia	20	0	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	135	55	75
United States of America	180	105	75
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	25
Other places of birth in Americas	105	45	65
Europe	860	450	405
France	50	15	40
Germany	45	25	25
Ireland⁹⁶	175	105	65
Italy	40	25	20
Russian Federation	45	0	40
Ukraine	50	20	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	225	135	90
Other places of birth in Europe	220	120	105
Africa	160	90	75
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	25	15	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	15	0	10
Morocco	15	0	0
Nigeria	25	20	10
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	20	15
Asia	4,205	1,705	2,500
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	30	10	15
China⁹⁰	835	255	580
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	30	55
India	485	265	225
Iran⁸⁸	85	50	35
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	10	10	0
Japan	140	30	105
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	185	45	140
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	20	15	0
Pakistan	45	25	20
Philippines	1,390	605	790
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0
Sri Lanka	35	15	20
Syria⁸⁹	75	50	30
Turkey	40	30	15
United Arab Emirates	20	15	10
Viet Nam	395	110	285
Other places of birth in Asia	290	120	170
Oceania and other⁹³	70	30	35
Australia	55	30	25
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	0	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,065	51,935	55,135
First generation¹⁰⁰	59,865	27,240	32,625
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,505	14,960	13,550
Third generation or more¹⁰²	18,690	9,735	8,955
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	43,145	19,070	24,075
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	21,250	9,630	11,625
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,260	4,585	5,680
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,990	5,045	5,945
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,585	6,610	9,975
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,305	2,360	1,940
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,005	470	530
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	43,145	19,070	24,075
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,270	740	535
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,950	1,840	4,110
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,130	545	580
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,410	1,005	1,405
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	145	60	90
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	32,240	14,880	17,360
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,065	51,935	55,135
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	75,680	35,595	40,085
South Asian	7,810	4,180	3,635
Chinese	35,135	16,555	18,580
Black	1,405	705	700
Filipino	13,280	5,775	7,505
Arab	360	250	110
Latin American	2,885	1,455	1,425
Southeast Asian	7,490	3,420	4,070
West Asian	705	395	315
Korean	1,315	460	855
Japanese	1,585	650	945
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	480	230	250
Multiple visible minorities	3,225	1,530	1,695
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	31,385	16,335	15,050
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,065	51,935	55,130
Canadian	5,120	2,840	2,280
English	8,680	4,355	4,320
Irish	6,860	3,420	3,440
Scottish	7,125	3,595	3,535
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,255	1,655	1,605
German	5,335	2,635	2,695
Chinese	34,125	16,010	18,115
Italian	2,690	1,350	1,335
Indian (India)	4,505	2,490	2,010
Ukrainian	2,115	1,065	1,045
Dutch	1,535	845	690
Polish	1,680	765	915
Québécois	120	45	75
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,015	1,160	855
Filipino	12,720	5,530	7,190
French Canadian	395	195	200
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,235	670	570
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	720	395	325
Métis	595	300	295
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,230	620	615
Russian	1,410	685	730
Norwegian	1,225	595	630
Welsh	995	475	515
Portuguese	1,535	760	770
American	675	320	355
Spanish	1,820	765	1,055
Swedish	765	375	390
Hungarian	555	250	305
Acadian	55	30	25
Pakistani	215	95	125
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	300	165	135
Jewish	1,310	670	640
Punjabi	905	525	380
Vietnamese	6,970	3,190	3,780
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	235	150	90
Greek	680	350	330
Jamaican	240	115	125
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,005	1,380	1,630
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	275	135	140
Korean	1,460	555	905
Romanian	320	155	160
Lebanese	165	105	55
Iranian	495	265	235
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	270	130	135
Danish	520	265	250
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	225	100	130
Sikh	390	210	185
Austrian	475	280	200
Belgian	235	120	120
Haitian	45	20	20
Hindu	680	370	310
Mexican	1,240	695	545
Mennonite	290	140	150
Swiss	300	140	165
Finnish	305	150	155
Sri Lankan	280	155	125
Croatian	515	280	230
Japanese	2,020	860	1,165
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	445	190	260
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	20	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	350	195	160
Muslim	95	40	50
Egyptian	110	65	40
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	405	220	190
Tamil	250	140	110
Icelandic	265	135	130
Colombian	255	130	130
Moroccan	65	35	35
Czech	415	215	205
Syrian	45	35	15
Guyanese	50	25	25
Afghan	55	35	20
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	100	70	30
Serbian	230	95	130
Ojibway	25	0	20
Newfoundlander	30	10	20
Hong Konger	1,570	755	815
Ontarian	25	0	15
Persian	215	135	80
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	90	35	50
Turkish	205	125	80
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	90	50	40
Algerian	40	20	20
Brazilian	595	310	280
Nigerian	80	45	40
Armenian	105	55	45
Slovak	170	95	75
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	230	100	125
Somali	150	65	85
Taiwanese	815	380	430
Iraqi	60	20	35
Salvadorean	210	110	95
African Caribbean	70	30	40
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	660	305	355
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	105	60	45
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	75	15	55
Algonquin	20	10	10
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	30	30
Lithuanian	180	85	95
South African	185	100	85
Australian	245	120	125
Palestinian	45	30	10
Chilean	175	65	115
Congolese	60	45	15
Nova Scotian	25	0	15
Ethiopian	50	30	20
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	195	95	100
Peruvian	90	30	65
Yoruba	45	45	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	135	60	80
Berber	35	30	10
Albanian	30	10	20
Maltese	15	0	15
Macedonian	25	10	25
Slovenian	90	60	35
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	85	40	45
New Brunswicker	10	10	0
Gujarati	65	25	40
Eritrean	25	15	15
African Canadian	55	20	35
Israeli	130	60	65
Mohawk	30	20	10
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	40	15	20
Bulgarian	30	15	15
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	50	45	10
Barbadian	35	20	20
African American	55	30	25
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	25	20	0
Tunisian	15	15	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	100	55	50
Cuban	10	10	0
Bosnian	85	35	55
Venezuelan	45	15	25
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	60	20	35
Bengali	70	40	30
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	65	35	25
Indonesian	310	160	150
Laotian	50	15	35
Ilocano	335	145	190
Northern Irish	35	15	15
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	110	55	55
British Columbian	240	105	135
Ecuadorian	55	40	20
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	75	40	30
Estonian	120	55	65
Kurdish	65	35	30
Fijian	445	230	215
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	0	20
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	255	85	170
Dominican	25	10	20
Nepali	130	70	60
Kabyle	15	0	10
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0
Byelorussian	45	20	30
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	15	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	25	10	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	0
New Zealander	155	55	100
Sudanese	20	10	10
Breton	15	15	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	245	120	125
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	10	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	15	0	10
Buddhist	315	160	155
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	10	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	25	0	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	0	15
Burundian	45	10	30
Tigrinya	30	15	15
Nicaraguan	105	35	65
Mauritian	10	0	0
Kenyan	75	40	40
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	15	10	10
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	10	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	40	20	15
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	60	45	20
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	85	45	40
Mayan	120	55	60
Honduran	75	45	25
Cherokee	20	10	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	30	10	25
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	20	20	0
Malay	180	100	85
Goan	35	10	25
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	10	15
Zimbabwean	10	0	10
Burmese	125	80	45
Mongolian	60	30	30
Azorean	25	15	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	45	25	15
Oromo	45	20	20
Tanzanian	10	10	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	40	25	10
Basque	35	20	15
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	90	40	50
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	15	10	0
Roma	15	0	10
Costa Rican	40	20	25
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	90	40	55
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	10	10	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	15	10	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,065	51,935	55,135
Buddhist	6,870	2,890	3,985
Christian	33,695	15,280	18,415
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,690	3,535	4,155
Anabaptist	200	80	120
Anglican	815	375	440
Baptist	715	320	395
Catholic	19,680	8,915	10,765
Christian Orthodox	905	430	470
Jehovah's Witness	385	175	205
Latter Day Saints	65	20	50
Lutheran	310	130	180
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	65	25	35
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	550	240	310
Presbyterian	140	65	75
Reformed	20	10	10
United Church	655	295	360
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,500	665	835
Hindu	2,870	1,530	1,340
Jewish	1,195	570	620
Muslim	1,965	1,130	835
Sikh	2,435	1,240	1,195
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	0	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	945	375	575
No religion and secular perspectives	57,075	28,915	28,165
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,210	51,490	54,725
Non-movers	91,445	44,225	47,220
Movers	14,770	7,265	7,505
Non-migrants	10,000	4,805	5,195
Migrants	4,770	2,460	2,310
Internal migrants	2,910	1,480	1,430
Intraprovincial migrants	2,105	1,075	1,030
Interprovincial migrants	805	400	400
External migrants	1,860	975	880
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	102,640	49,560	53,085
Non-movers	64,430	30,960	33,465
Movers	38,215	18,595	19,615
Non-migrants	18,540	9,005	9,535
Migrants	19,680	9,590	10,090
Internal migrants	10,510	4,975	5,530
Intraprovincial migrants	7,425	3,545	3,880
Interprovincial migrants	3,080	1,430	1,655
External migrants	9,170	4,610	4,550
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,720	44,990	48,730
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,345	7,715	8,630
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	77,375	37,275	40,100
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,555	30,730	32,825
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,475	3,335	3,135
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,085	27,395	29,690
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,720	44,985	48,735
No certificate, diploma or degree	15,355	7,155	8,195
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	26,515	13,610	12,905
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	51,855	24,220	27,630
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,100	10,590	10,515
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,675	3,130	1,550
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,425	1,395	1,035
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,250	1,735	515
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,155	6,110	7,050
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,265	1,350	1,915
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,750	13,640	17,115
Bachelor's degree	20,975	9,125	11,850
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,890	840	1,045
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	685	305	375
Master's degree	6,220	2,845	3,380
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	980	520	465
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,555	30,730	32,830
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,890	3,025	2,870
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,280	8,075	7,205
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,385	19,635	22,750
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,980	8,005	7,975
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,275	2,215	1,060
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,640	945	695
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,640	1,275	365
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,210	4,760	5,455
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,495	1,035	1,460
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,405	11,630	14,775
Bachelor's degree	17,780	7,765	10,020
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,610	690	915
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	555	230	320
Master's degree	5,600	2,500	3,100
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	865	440	420
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,720	44,985	48,730
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	41,870	20,765	21,105
Education	2,620	575	2,045
13. Education	2,620	575	2,045
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,965	1,740	2,220
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	575	380	195
50. Visual and performing arts	3,390	1,360	2,025
Humanities	2,960	1,140	1,820
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	375	105	265
23. English language and literature/letters	885	270	615
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	920	340	575
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	20	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	85	45
39. Theology and religious vocations	150	90	65
54. History	375	200	170
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	20	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,650	2,490	4,160
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	150	45	110
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	930	365	570
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	605	75	530
22. Legal professions and studies	930	355	570
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	145	70	75
42. Psychology	1,250	275	975
45. Social sciences	2,645	1,310	1,335
Business, management and public administration	11,110	4,515	6,595
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	15	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	445	105	340
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,645	4,395	6,255
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,555	1,265	1,290
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,145	475	675
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	575	250	320
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	35	25
40. Physical sciences	710	485	220
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	25	40
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,230	2,280	955
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,725	2,050	675
25. Library science	175	20	155
27. Mathematics and statistics	250	175	75
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	35	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,265	7,015	1,245
04. Architecture and related services	665	375	295
14. Engineering	3,205	2,520	685
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,435	1,270	170
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,365	1,315	50
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,210	1,185	25
48. Precision production	380	350	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	795	325	470
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	475	190	280
03. Natural resources and conservation	325	135	190
Health and related fields	7,435	1,825	5,610
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	485	245	240
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,720	1,480	5,240
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	220	100	120
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,265	1,055	1,210
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,760	680	1,085
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	150	95	55
49. Transportation and materials moving	340	265	70
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	63,560	30,725	32,825
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	21,170	11,095	10,075
Education	2,005	455	1,545
13. Education	2,005	455	1,545
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,295	1,505	1,790
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	470	335	140
50. Visual and performing arts	2,825	1,175	1,655
Humanities	2,415	930	1,485
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	285	85	200
23. English language and literature/letters	740	215	525
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	720	260	460
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	20	20
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125	85	40
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	70	45
54. History	320	180	140
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	20	45
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,710	2,115	3,595
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	30	95
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	800	295	505
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	480	50	435
22. Legal professions and studies	870	315	550
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	60	45
42. Psychology	1,060	230	830
45. Social sciences	2,260	1,120	1,140
Business, management and public administration	9,405	3,775	5,630
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	15	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	410	95	315
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,985	3,670	5,315
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,080	1,040	1,030
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	955	410	545
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	455	205	250
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	35	20
40. Physical sciences	570	380	195
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	20	25
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,695	1,930	765
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,320	1,755	565
25. Library science	120	10	110
27. Mathematics and statistics	195	140	50
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	25	35
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,410	5,315	1,095
04. Architecture and related services	590	335	260
14. Engineering	2,650	2,045	605
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,040	880	160
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,020	995	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	855	840	15
48. Precision production	240	215	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	630	230	400
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	365	135	235
03. Natural resources and conservation	265	95	170
Health and related fields	6,025	1,525	4,500
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	385	190	190
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,465	1,270	4,200
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	170	70	100
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,710	800	905
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,340	520	815
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	110	75	35
49. Transportation and materials moving	245	195	45
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	63,560	30,725	32,825
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	21,170	11,095	10,075
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,385	19,635	22,750
Location of study inside Canada	28,595	13,745	14,850
Same as province or territory of residence	23,790	11,405	12,390
Different than province or territory of residence	4,805	2,345	2,460
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,790	5,890	7,905
Americas	2,420	1,225	1,190
United States of America	1,160	595	555
Mexico	475	245	235
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	10	0
Brazil	450	240	210
Colombia	85	50	35
Peru	25	10	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	15	30
Other locations of study in Americas	165	60	115
Europe	2,260	1,155	1,105
Belgium	20	15	0
France	185	90	95
Germany	80	40	45
Netherlands	45	30	20
Switzerland	35	10	20
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	40	25	20
Romania	20	15	10
Russian Federation	75	30	45
Ukraine	60	35	35
Ireland⁹⁶	335	205	125
United Kingdom⁸⁷	955	480	475
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	10	20
Italy	55	30	20
Serbia⁸⁶	35	20	20
Other locations of study in Europe	275	125	145
Africa	155	105	50
Nigeria	25	20	0
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	20	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	30	15	15
South Africa, Republic of	45	30	10
Other locations of study in Africa	40	35	10
Asia	8,510	3,175	5,330
Iran⁸⁸	150	70	80
Iraq	15	15	0
Israel	65	30	35
Lebanon	10	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	25	10	15
Turkey	75	60	25
China⁹⁰	1,330	505	825
Taiwan	245	80	155
Hong Kong⁹¹	290	140	150
Japan	385	90	300
Korea, South⁹²	365	85	275
Philippines	3,965	1,365	2,600
Viet Nam	310	85	230
Bangladesh	25	15	15
Sri Lanka	40	25	15
India	770	405	365
Pakistan	50	20	25
Other locations of study in Asia	400	175	230
Oceania	445	220	225
Australia	305	150	155
New Zealand	110	55	55
Other locations of study in Oceania	30	20	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,720	44,985	48,735
In the labour force	62,465	31,360	31,105
Employed	56,540	28,490	28,050
Unemployed	5,920	2,865	3,055
Not in the labour force	31,255	13,625	17,625
Participation rate	66.7	69.7	63.8
Employment rate	60.3	63.3	57.6
Unemployment rate	9.5	9.1	9.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,720	44,985	48,730
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,580	14,420	18,160
Worked	61,140	30,565	30,570
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,900	16,670	14,230
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,240	13,895	16,345
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	41.2	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,465	31,360	31,105
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,275	660	610
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	61,185	30,695	30,495
Employee	53,020	25,845	27,180
Permanent position	43,825	21,600	22,225
Temporary position	9,195	4,240	4,955
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,565	1,615	1,955
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,630	2,630	3,000
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,170	4,855	3,315
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,465	31,360	31,105
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,275	660	610
All occupations¹⁹¹	61,185	30,695	30,495
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	460	300	155
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,100	3,505	6,590
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,915	4,370	1,545
3 Health occupations	4,915	1,205	3,710
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,745	2,175	4,575
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,590	1,810	1,785
6 Sales and service occupations	18,430	8,385	10,045
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,005	7,190	820
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	670	480	190
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,355	1,265	1,090
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,465	31,360	31,105
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,275	660	610
All industries¹⁹¹	61,185	30,695	30,495
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	350	195	155
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	105	75	35
22 Utilities	325	205	125
23 Construction	3,770	3,245	525
31-33 Manufacturing	3,920	2,305	1,620
41 Wholesale trade	1,865	1,220	640
44-45 Retail trade	6,845	3,410	3,435
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,625	1,945	680
51 Information and cultural industries	2,680	1,570	1,110
52 Finance and insurance	2,275	965	1,310
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,420	795	625
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,505	3,680	2,825
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	70	65
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,725	1,545	1,180
61 Educational services	4,655	1,805	2,850
62 Health care and social assistance	7,755	1,755	6,000
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,375	685	685
72 Accommodation and food services	6,400	2,890	3,515
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,235	1,255	1,980
91 Public administration	2,220	1,080	1,140
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,610	33,300	33,305
English	56,845	28,880	27,970
French	50	15	35
Non-official language	3,280	1,560	1,720
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,275	1,560	1,720
English and French	565	210	350
English and non-official language(s)	5,520	2,455	3,065
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	15	30
Multiple non-official languages	295	165	135
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,610	33,300	33,305
Single responses	65,270	32,690	32,580
Official languages	60,400	30,375	30,025
English	60,255	30,320	29,930
French	145	50	90
Non-official languages	4,875	2,315	2,555
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,870	2,315	2,550
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	345	115	230
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	345	115	230
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	60	50	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50	40	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	285	170	115
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	0	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	20	0	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	75	55	20
Indo-Aryan languages	70	55	15
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	65	45	15
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	190	105	85
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	0
Portuguese	50	30	20
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	130	70	60
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	115	25	90
Korean	95	55	40
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,900	1,870	2,040
Chinese languages	3,900	1,870	2,040
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	735	335	405
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	0	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,125	1,510	1,620
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	20	25
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	50	20	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,340	615	725
English and French	60	25	30
English and non-official language(s)	1,235	560	675
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	50	30	20
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,610	33,300	33,305
None	61,210	30,955	30,255
English	1,125	550	570
French	420	155	270
Non-official language	2,995	1,285	1,710
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,990	1,285	1,705
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	315	105	210
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	500	235	270
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,545	28,495	28,050
Worked at home	14,295	6,965	7,330
Worked outside Canada	150	85	65
No fixed workplace address	7,170	4,995	2,175
Usual place of work	34,930	16,455	18,475
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,930	16,450	18,475
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	21,440	9,025	12,415
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	13,205	7,250	5,960
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	200	125	75
Commute to a different province or territory	85	55	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	42,100	21,445	20,655
Car, truck or van	25,625	14,535	11,095
Car, truck or van - as a driver	22,845	13,715	9,130
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,790	820	1,970
Public transit	12,480	5,090	7,390
Walked	1,825	660	1,160
Bicycle	1,495	805	690
Other method	675	360	320
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	42,100	21,445	20,655
Less than 15 minutes	6,045	2,765	3,275
15 to 29 minutes	17,040	8,850	8,200
30 to 44 minutes	13,085	7,035	6,055
45 to 59 minutes	3,430	1,465	1,960
60 minutes and over	2,500	1,335	1,170
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	42,100	21,445	20,655
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,940	1,270	670
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,935	3,525	2,405
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,710	4,380	4,335
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,570	4,250	5,320
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,025	4,250	4,775
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,920	3,770	3,145
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,545	8,615	7,940
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,165	600	570
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,380	8,010	7,370
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,905	6,215	5,695
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	900	465	435
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	575	280	295
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	330	190	140
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,000	5,745	5,255

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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