Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver SouthMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	109,339	...	...
Population, 2016¹	102,927	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	42,918	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	39,942	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,284.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	20.69	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	109,340	52,960	56,375
0 to 14 years	13,595	7,060	6,535
0 to 4 years	4,270	2,170	2,095
5 to 9 years	4,575	2,430	2,145
10 to 14 years	4,755	2,460	2,295
15 to 64 years	75,015	36,785	38,225
15 to 19 years	5,770	3,095	2,670
20 to 24 years	8,650	4,410	4,235
25 to 29 years	9,495	4,985	4,510
30 to 34 years	8,225	4,225	4,010
35 to 39 years	7,245	3,545	3,705
40 to 44 years	6,875	3,235	3,640
45 to 49 years	6,815	3,100	3,710
50 to 54 years	7,175	3,310	3,865
55 to 59 years	7,680	3,620	4,055
60 to 64 years	7,085	3,260	3,830
65 years and over	20,735	9,120	11,615
65 to 69 years	6,170	2,795	3,375
70 to 74 years	5,310	2,435	2,875
75 to 79 years	3,200	1,435	1,765
80 to 84 years	2,800	1,170	1,630
85 years and over	3,260	1,285	1,975
85 to 89 years	1,940	810	1,130
90 to 94 years	980	370	605
95 to 99 years	280	85	195
100 years and over	65	15	45
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.4	13.3	11.6
15 to 64 years	68.6	69.5	67.8
65 years and over	19.0	17.2	20.6
85 years and over	3.0	2.4	3.5
Average age of the population	42.5	41.0	43.9
Median age of the population	41.2	38.8	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	39,940	...	...
Single-detached house	7,615	...	...
Semi-detached house	340	...	...
Row house	4,500	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	15,025	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,920	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,380	...	...
Other single-attached house	160	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	39,940	...	...
1 person	9,895	...	...
2 persons	11,850	...	...
3 persons	7,040	...	...
4 persons	6,235	...	...
5 or more persons	4,920	...	...
Number of persons in private households	108,130	52,525	55,605
Average household size	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,745	45,905	49,840
Married or living common-law	50,710	25,180	25,530
Married	45,440	22,570	22,870
Living common-law	5,275	2,610	2,660
Living common law - Never married	4,210	2,065	2,145
Living common law - Separated	150	85	65
Living common law - Divorced	850	440	415
Living common law - Widowed	60	20	35
Not married and not living common-law	45,035	20,725	24,310
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,715	17,215	15,505
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,225	865	1,360
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,055	1,785	3,265
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,035	860	4,175
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,545	...	...
2 persons	13,815	...	...
3 persons	7,245	...	...
4 persons	6,515	...	...
5 or more persons	1,970	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,545	...	...
Total couple families	24,125	...	...
Married couples	21,485	...	...
With children⁶	13,120	...	...
Without children	8,365	...	...
Common-law couples	2,635	...	...
With children⁶	760	...	...
Without children	1,880	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,425	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,430	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	990	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	108,125	52,525	55,605
Total - Persons in census families	85,725	42,305	43,425
Married spouses or common-law partners	48,245	24,080	24,160
Parents in one-parent families	5,420	995	4,430
Children⁶	32,060	17,225	14,835
In a two-parent family	24,265	12,965	11,295
In a one-parent family	7,795	4,255	3,540
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	22,405	10,225	12,175
Living alone	9,895	4,240	5,655
Living with other relatives⁷	4,880	1,770	3,105
Living with non-relatives only	7,630	4,215	3,415
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	39,940	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	21,690	...	...
Couple-family households	17,920	...	...
With children⁶	10,410	...	...
Without children	7,510	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,775	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,850	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	585	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,040	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,885	...	...
One-person households	9,900	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	94,540	45,470	49,070
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,430	43,875	47,550
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	38,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,455	43,890	47,565
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	34,800	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,295	39,005	41,285
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,800	34,400	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,885	32,445	32,440
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	38,000	30,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,170	36,375	42,795
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	8,200	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,055	3,855	5,200
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,900	14,530	15,370
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,800	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	94,455	45,505	48,950
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,185	43,755	47,430
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,680	51,550	42,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,210	43,770	47,440
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,120	43,360	37,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,920	38,800	41,120
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,720	48,840	36,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,850	32,485	32,370
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,600	50,480	38,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,765	36,165	42,600
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,710	9,970	11,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,230	3,950	5,285
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,315	5,745	6,740
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,770	14,490	15,280
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,780	9,760	9,800
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	94,455	45,505	48,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,005	15,310	12,700
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	62,000	55,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,900	74,900	63,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,690	12,790	14,900
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000	20,000	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,280	28,920	24,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.2	84.0	75.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.0	72.6	62.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.8	16.0	24.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.0	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.4	7.5	9.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.8	6.3	7.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	94,535	45,470	49,065
Without total income	3,110	1,590	1,520
With total income	91,425	43,880	47,550
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,795	4,505	5,295
$10,000 to $19,999	12,000	5,420	6,580
$20,000 to $29,999	16,625	7,370	9,255
$30,000 to $39,999	12,710	5,680	7,030
$40,000 to $49,999	9,995	4,630	5,365
$50,000 to $59,999	7,730	3,655	4,075
$60,000 to $69,999	5,710	2,875	2,840
$70,000 to $79,999	4,195	2,255	1,945
$80,000 to $89,999	3,165	1,770	1,390
$90,000 to $99,999	2,475	1,370	1,100
$100,000 and over	7,035	4,355	2,680
$100,000 to $149,999	4,970	2,940	2,025
$150,000 and over	2,060	1,410	650
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	94,535	45,470	49,065
Without after-tax income	3,080	1,575	1,505
With after-tax income	91,460	43,895	47,565
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,090	4,640	5,450
$10,000 to $19,999	12,305	5,585	6,720
$20,000 to $29,999	18,740	8,360	10,375
$30,000 to $39,999	14,305	6,515	7,785
$40,000 to $49,999	11,025	5,155	5,875
$50,000 to $59,999	7,840	3,875	3,970
$60,000 to $69,999	5,370	2,830	2,540
$70,000 to $79,999	3,795	2,145	1,655
$80,000 to $89,999	2,600	1,455	1,140
$90,000 to $99,999	1,670	930	745
$100,000 and over	3,725	2,415	1,305
$100,000 to $124,999	2,065	1,265	800
$125,000 and over	1,660	1,145	510
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	94,535	45,470	49,065
Without employment income	29,660	13,025	16,630
With employment income	64,880	32,440	32,435
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,470	3,880	4,590
$5,000 to $9,999	6,355	2,795	3,555
$10,000 to $19,999	8,565	3,945	4,615
$20,000 to $29,999	6,620	3,155	3,465
$30,000 to $39,999	6,415	3,065	3,350
$40,000 to $49,999	6,040	2,945	3,095
$50,000 to $59,999	5,315	2,630	2,685
$60,000 to $69,999	4,085	2,185	1,895
$70,000 to $79,999	3,140	1,770	1,375
$80,000 to $89,999	2,490	1,470	1,025
$90,000 to $99,999	2,005	1,125	875
$100,000 and over	5,380	3,460	1,920
$100,000 to $124,999	2,670	1,590	1,080
$125,000 and over	2,715	1,875	840
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	94,540	45,470	49,070
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,420	42,245	46,175
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	36,000	29,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,545	42,270	46,275
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,800	32,400	27,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,250	38,385	40,865
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	36,800	28,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,115	32,775	33,335
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,800	30,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,600	27,430	36,170
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,420	1,250	4,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,420	1,765	2,655
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,000	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	94,455	45,505	48,950
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,265	42,145	46,115
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,160	48,240	38,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,405	42,180	46,220
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,760	40,440	33,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,805	38,140	40,660
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,760	48,880	37,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,755	32,700	33,060
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,440	49,320	37,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,265	27,180	36,085
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,930	6,215	7,460
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,445	1,745	2,695
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,500	6,220	8,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	94,455	45,505	48,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,615	15,110	12,500
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,400	58,800	50,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,100	69,500	57,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,120	12,055	14,065
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,800	26,800	23,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,000	35,640	28,880
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.4	91.6	84.8
Employment income (%)	75.0	79.4	70.0
Government transfers (%)	11.5	8.3	15.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	39,945	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,900	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,045	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	39,915	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,855	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,920	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,060	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	39,945	...	...
Under $5,000	745	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	300	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	415	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	775	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,655	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,200	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,235	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,585	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,350	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,365	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,750	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,625	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,500	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,400	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,220	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,830	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,495	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,565	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,540	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,225	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	39,945	...	...
Under $5,000	840	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	300	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	410	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	795	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,735	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,340	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,435	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,705	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,595	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,630	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,105	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,980	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,870	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,570	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,290	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,350	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,740	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,395	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,210	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,230	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,090	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,840	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,700	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,525	8,455	9,070
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	34,000	33,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,600	31,800	31,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,285	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,085	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,865	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,600	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,110	8,275	8,835
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,320	42,640	42,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,040	37,040	37,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	108,130	52,525	55,605
0 to 17 years	16,855	8,845	8,005
0 to 5 years	5,125	2,635	2,490
18 to 64 years	71,600	34,895	36,705
65 years and over	19,670	8,780	10,895
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,975	5,485	6,485
0 to 17 years	2,025	1,065	960
0 to 5 years	620	315	300
18 to 64 years	6,895	3,205	3,685
65 years and over	3,060	1,215	1,845
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.4	11.7
0 to 17 years (%)	12.0	12.0	12.0
0 to 5 years (%)	12.1	12.0	12.2
18 to 64 years (%)	9.6	9.2	10.0
65 years and over (%)	15.6	13.8	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	108,125	52,525	55,605
0 to 17 years	16,855	8,845	8,010
0 to 5 years	5,125	2,640	2,485
18 to 64 years	71,605	34,900	36,705
65 years and over	19,675	8,785	10,890
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,700	4,330	4,375
0 to 17 years	1,200	630	565
0 to 5 years	350	175	180
18 to 64 years	6,295	3,220	3,080
65 years and over	1,205	485	725
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.1	8.2	7.9
0 to 17 years (%)	7.1	7.1	7.1
0 to 5 years (%)	6.8	6.5	7.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8	9.2	8.4
65 years and over (%)	6.1	5.5	6.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	108,130	52,525	55,600
In bottom half of the distribution	52,440	25,160	27,275
In bottom decile	12,470	5,970	6,500
In second decile	10,470	4,975	5,495
In third decile	10,020	4,785	5,235
In fourth decile	9,685	4,755	4,935
In fifth decile	9,785	4,685	5,110
In top half of the distribution	55,690	27,365	28,325
In sixth decile	10,695	5,165	5,530
In seventh decile	10,685	5,195	5,490
In eighth decile	11,530	5,685	5,835
In ninth decile	12,055	5,950	6,100
In top decile	10,730	5,365	5,365
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	108,125	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.315	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.426	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.283	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,510	52,640	55,870
English only	93,420	46,305	47,115
French only	45	20	30
English and French	4,670	2,165	2,505
Neither English nor French	10,380	4,150	6,225
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,510	52,640	55,870
English	97,005	47,905	49,100
French	750	390	360
English and French	485	240	250
Neither English nor French	10,265	4,105	6,155
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,510	52,640	55,870
Single responses	100,425	48,760	51,660
Official languages	36,795	19,475	17,320
English	36,145	19,125	17,015
French	655	350	305
Non-official languages	63,630	29,285	34,345
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	63,610	29,275	34,335
Afro-Asiatic languages	690	355	330
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	5	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	50	30	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	30	15	15
Somali	20	10	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	620	315	305
Amharic	75	30	50
Arabic	390	220	180
Aramaic languages	35	20	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	75	45	35
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	40	15	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,915	1,325	1,595
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	30	35
Vietnamese	2,850	1,295	1,555
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	7,920	3,355	4,570
Bikol	45	15	25
Bisaya, n.o.s.	90	35	60
Cebuano	235	90	150
Fijian	15	5	10
Hiligaynon	220	85	135
Ilocano	665	295	370
Indonesian	180	80	100
Kankanaey	10	5	10
Kinaray-a	25	15	15
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	30	40
Pangasinan	35	15	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,230	2,650	3,580
Waray-Waray	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40
Creole languages	25	10	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	1,335	780	560
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	275	160	115
Tamil	735	395	350
Telugu	295	215	85
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	18,195	8,865	9,330
Albanian	10	10	0
Armenian	25	5	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,250	565	685
Baltic languages	10	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	1,240	565	675
Belarusian	0	0	5
Bulgarian	15	15	5
Czech	70	35	30
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	305	135	170
Russian	385	160	225
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	335	170	170
Bosnian	35	15	20
Croatian	145	75	70
Serbian	145	75	70
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Slovak	40	20	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10
Ukrainian	70	25	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	690	300	390
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	525	230	300
German	505	220	285
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	5	15
Yiddish	5	0	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	105	50	60
Afrikaans	15	5	10
Dutch	75	35	45
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	55	20	35
Danish	25	10	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	5	5
Swedish	20	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	170	85	80
Indo-Iranian languages	12,420	6,150	6,275
Indo-Aryan languages	11,725	5,780	5,945
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	370	200	170
Gujarati	300	150	150
Hindi	1,450	730	725
Kacchi	25	10	15
Kashmiri	10	10	5
Konkani	5	5	0
Marathi	60	30	25
Nepali	80	45	40
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,950	4,345	4,600
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	30	30
Urdu	350	195	155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20
Iranian languages	700	370	330
Baluchi	5	0	5
Kurdish	155	70	85
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	70	40	30
Persian languages	470	250	215
Dari	50	25	25
Iranian Persian	365	200	165
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,625	1,745	1,880
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	360	165	195
Portuguese	790	390	400
Romanian	110	55	60
Spanish	2,360	1,135	1,225
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	815	250	570
Korean	1,175	520	660
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	115	55	60
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	10
Shona	10	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	10	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	10	10
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	29,910	13,540	16,375
Chinese languages	29,800	13,480	16,320
Hakka	190	85	100
Mandarin	5,995	2,580	3,415
Min Dong	15	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	635	270	360
Wu (Shanghainese)	160	65	95
Yue (Cantonese)	22,625	10,400	12,225
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	70	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	115	60	55
Burmese	80	40	35
Kuki-Chin languages	10	0	5
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	40	60
Lao	20	10	10
Thai	80	30	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Turkic languages	140	80	60
Azerbaijani	10	5	0
Kazakh	5	5	0
Turkish	110	65	45
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Uralic languages	230	85	140
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	135	45	95
Hungarian	90	45	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	8,085	3,885	4,205
English and French	240	130	110
English and non-official language(s)	6,945	3,365	3,580
French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45
Multiple non-official languages	730	310	420
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,510	52,640	55,870
English	39,915	20,745	19,165
French	120	60	55
Non-official language	23,530	10,595	12,940
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	23,530	10,595	12,935
English and French	660	325	330
English and non-official language(s)	41,060	19,465	21,595
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	615	295	320
Multiple non-official languages	2,555	1,125	1,430
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,510	52,640	55,870
Single responses	98,830	48,050	50,780
Official languages	55,930	28,315	27,615
English	55,680	28,190	27,495
French	250	125	120
Non-official languages	42,895	19,735	23,165
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	42,895	19,735	23,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	370	175	195
Berber languages	10	5	0
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	5	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	15	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	15	5	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	335	150	180
Amharic	20	10	10
Arabic	220	110	110
Aramaic languages	30	15	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	40	15	20
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	25	10	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,915	855	1,060
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	15	25
Vietnamese	1,870	835	1,035
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,825	2,115	2,710
Bikol	10	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Cebuano	110	40	70
Fijian	5	5	5
Hiligaynon	115	50	70
Ilocano	400	190	210
Indonesian	70	35	35
Kankanaey	15	5	10
Kinaray-a	20	10	10
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15
Pangasinan	10	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,980	1,730	2,245
Waray-Waray	15	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Creole languages	10	0	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	0	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	870	485	385
Kannada	5	0	5
Malayalam	185	105	75
Tamil	495	250	240
Telugu	185	125	55
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	11,390	5,520	5,875
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	600	265	340
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	605	265	335
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	35	20	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	140	60	85
Russian	225	95	130
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	150	70	80
Bosnian	10	0	10
Croatian	55	30	30
Serbian	75	35	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	15	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5
Ukrainian	30	20	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	110	45	65
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	90	35	50
German	85	35	50
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	15
Afrikaans	10	5	5
Dutch	15	5	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	80	40	35
Indo-Iranian languages	8,480	4,150	4,330
Indo-Aryan languages	8,050	3,940	4,110
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	240	115	120
Gujarati	140	75	70
Hindi	760	370	395
Kacchi	15	5	5
Kashmiri	5	10	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	20	10	5
Nepali	60	30	25
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,480	3,155	3,325
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	20
Urdu	270	145	130
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Iranian languages	430	205	220
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	100	45	55
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	55	30	20
Persian languages	275	140	140
Dari	40	15	20
Iranian Persian	210	110	105
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,105	1,010	1,090
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	135	55	80
Portuguese	490	240	255
Romanian	50	25	25
Spanish	1,430	690	735
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	410	155	255
Korean	730	340	390
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	40	15	20
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	15	20
American Sign Language	25	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	22,115	9,975	12,140
Chinese languages	22,040	9,935	12,105
Hakka	50	25	30
Mandarin	4,580	2,065	2,520
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	340	155	190
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	50	45
Yue (Cantonese)	16,805	7,590	9,215
Chinese, n.o.s.	160	45	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	40	35
Burmese	60	30	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	35
Lao	5	5	5
Thai	35	10	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	65	30	30
Azerbaijani	5	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	60	30	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	65	25	40
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	45	15	30
Hungarian	20	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	9,680	4,590	5,090
English and French	125	60	65
English and non-official language(s)	9,205	4,375	4,825
French and non-official language(s)	20	5	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	20	25
Multiple non-official languages	285	125	160
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,510	52,640	55,870
None	71,415	35,160	36,255
English	14,295	6,825	7,475
French	605	305	300
Non-official language	17,100	7,980	9,115
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	10
Non-Indigenous	17,080	7,980	9,105
English and French	85	50	40
English and non-official language(s)	2,770	1,300	1,470
French and non-official language(s)	285	135	155
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20
Multiple non-official languages	1,915	875	1,040
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,985	52,530	55,455
Official languages	97,920	48,530	49,390
English	97,885	48,520	49,365
French	4,750	2,145	2,605
Non-official languages	78,215	36,545	41,670
Indigenous languages³⁹	70	20	55
Algonquian languages	25	10	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	10	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	10	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	30	0	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	0	25
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	10	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	10	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	78,145	36,530	41,615
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,085	560	525
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	15	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	55	20	35
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	55	20	35
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,035	540	495
Amharic	150	65	85
Arabic	630	330	300
Aramaic languages	15	10	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	235	120	110
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	100	40	60
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,725	1,660	2,065
Khmer (Cambodian)	115	55	60
Vietnamese	3,615	1,605	2,010
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10,905	4,635	6,275
Bikol	60	30	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	85	35	50
Cebuano	300	105	190
Fijian	85	25	65
Hiligaynon	360	135	225
Ilocano	1,285	560	730
Indonesian	280	155	125
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	35	15	20
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	180	85	100
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	105	45	55
Pangasinan	95	30	65
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,200	4,310	5,895
Waray-Waray	55	20	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	210	95	115
Creole languages	45	20	20
Haitian Creole	10	0	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	10	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,055	1,135	925
Kannada	80	55	25
Malayalam	475	250	225
Tamil	1,290	695	595
Telugu	385	225	155
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	25,010	12,325	12,685
Albanian	20	10	15
Armenian	25	10	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,620	725	895
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,620	725	895
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	30	25	10
Czech	120	55	70
Macedonian	10	0	10
Polish	415	210	205
Russian	610	260	355
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	360	160	200
Bosnian	100	45	55
Croatian	205	105	100
Serbian	190	80	110
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Slovak	65	20	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	20
Ukrainian	145	60	85
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	70	60	15
Irish	50	40	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Germanic languages	1,175	580	600
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	875	425	450
German	830	405	425
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	0	15
Yiddish	40	15	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	220	115	110
Afrikaans	85	40	40
Dutch	125	60	60
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0
Scandinavian languages	100	60	40
Danish	25	15	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	10
Swedish	70	45	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	305	165	145
Indo-Iranian languages	16,990	8,490	8,500
Indo-Aryan languages	16,155	8,085	8,065
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	625	330	290
Gujarati	500	260	240
Hindi	5,885	2,925	2,965
Kacchi	70	25	45
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	35	25	10
Marathi	80	50	30
Nepali	80	35	45
Oriya languages	15	10	0
Odia	15	10	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,270	6,150	6,120
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	25	0	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	215	95	125
Urdu	605	330	280
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	40	60
Iranian languages	900	445	460
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	225	90	130
Parsi	10	0	10
Pashto	80	50	30
Persian languages	615	310	305
Dari	125	65	60
Iranian Persian	430	225	215
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,185	2,500	2,680
Catalan	30	20	10
Italian	560	250	310
Portuguese	935	475	460
Romanian	145	70	75
Spanish	3,900	1,895	2,005
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,475	590	885
Korean	1,435	620	815
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	250	135	110
Akan (Twi)	25	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	15	0	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0
Shona	15	0	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	105	65	40
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	20	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	25	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	25	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	130	60	75
American Sign Language	110	55	60
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	34,690	16,020	18,670
Chinese languages	34,610	15,975	18,635
Hakka	325	190	135
Mandarin	14,030	6,160	7,870
Min Dong	40	15	25
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,165	480	685
Wu (Shanghainese)	220	110	105
Yue (Cantonese)	27,015	12,470	14,545
Chinese, n.o.s.	170	80	90
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	140	75	65
Burmese	120	70	60
Kuki-Chin languages	20	0	10
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	65
Lao	25	15	15
Thai	85	35	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	135	60	65
Azerbaijani	30	0	25
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	120	60	55
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	185	90	95
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	80	40	40
Hungarian	100	45	55
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,985	52,530	55,460
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,520	715	805
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,460	685	775
First Nations (North American Indian)	995	470	525
Métis	445	205	240
Inuk (Inuit)	25	10	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	15	15
Non-Indigenous identity	106,470	51,815	54,650
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,985	52,530	55,460
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	695	375	325
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	107,290	52,155	55,135
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	39,915	...	...
Owner	22,065	...	...
Renter	17,845	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	39,915	...	...
Condominium	8,210	...	...
Not condominium	31,705	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	39,915	...	...
No bedrooms	730	...	...
1 bedroom	6,890	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,410	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,965	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,920	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	39,915	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,620	...	...
5 rooms	5,875	...	...
6 rooms	4,140	...	...
7 rooms	3,515	...	...
8 or more rooms	8,770	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	39,915	...	...
One person or fewer per room	37,740	...	...
More than one person per room	2,175	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	39,915	...	...
Suitable	35,840	...	...
Not suitable	4,075	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	39,915	...	...
1960 or before	5,145	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,000	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,525	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,575	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,610	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,065	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,820	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,180	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	39,915	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	37,875	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,040	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	39,915	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,940	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,260	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,710	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	39,915	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,390	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,765	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,320	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,295	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,135	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,355	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,075	...	...
85 years and over	1,580	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	39,795	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	28,665	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,135	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,300	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	39,915	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,735	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,835	...	...
Not suitable only	3,115	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,310	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	750	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	520	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	170	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	40	...	...
Acceptable housing	24,180	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	37,970	...	...
In core need	6,410	...	...
Not in core need	31,555	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	22,065	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	48.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,160	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,840	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,510,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,584,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	17,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,462	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,990	52,525	55,460
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	525	235	290
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	515	235	285
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	440	205	240
Métis single ancestry	70	25	40
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,110	530	585
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,075	500	570
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	780	380	400
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	275	115	155
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	40	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	106,355	51,770	54,585
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,985	52,525	55,460
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	88,270	42,910	45,355
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,270	7,975	7,290
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	73,000	34,935	38,065
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	19,720	9,615	10,105
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,985	52,525	55,460
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	44,010	23,060	20,950
Immigrants⁸¹	57,200	25,920	31,280
Before 1980	9,110	4,330	4,780
1980 to 1990	9,590	4,355	5,230
1991 to 2000	16,230	7,190	9,040
2001 to 2010	10,250	4,460	5,795
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,020	5,585	6,435
2011 to 2015	5,315	2,375	2,940
2016 to 2021	6,705	3,205	3,500
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,775	3,550	3,230
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	57,200	25,920	31,280
Under 5 years	3,485	1,800	1,685
5 to 14 years	7,895	4,000	3,890
15 to 24 years	12,640	5,755	6,885
25 to 44 years	25,470	11,080	14,395
45 years and over	7,710	3,280	4,425
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	57,200	25,920	31,280
Americas	2,620	1,280	1,335
Brazil	205	90	110
Colombia	120	70	55
El Salvador	295	150	150
Guyana	20	0	20
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	55	25	25
Mexico	295	135	165
Peru	165	75	95
Trinidad and Tobago	85	55	30
United States of America	675	355	315
Other places of birth in Americas	690	320	365
Europe	3,565	1,705	1,860
Bosnia and Herzegovina	90	35	50
Croatia	125	60	60
France	135	80	50
Germany	255	110	145
Greece	120	65	50
Hungary	70	35	40
Italy	225	115	110
Netherlands	60	30	30
Poland	300	155	145
Portugal	235	125	105
Romania	100	40	55
Russian Federation	165	60	105
Serbia⁸⁶	65	25	40
Ukraine	160	70	90
United Kingdom⁸⁷	940	435	505
Other places of birth in Europe	540	250	285
Africa	950	480	475
Algeria	30	25	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	20	20	0
Eritrea	60	35	25
Ethiopia	145	60	90
Morocco	55	25	30
Nigeria	50	40	15
Somalia	15	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	125	70	55
Other places of birth in Africa	445	200	240
Asia	48,925	21,935	26,990
Afghanistan	70	45	25
Iran⁸⁸	355	175	180
Iraq	190	80	110
Lebanon	40	25	20
Syria⁸⁹	160	60	95
Turkey	30	20	15
China⁹⁰	13,735	5,990	7,750
Hong Kong⁹¹	7,400	3,380	4,015
Korea, South⁹²	845	385	455
Taiwan	1,615	700	910
Philippines	10,060	4,275	5,785
Viet Nam	2,870	1,305	1,560
Bangladesh	360	185	180
India	7,605	3,695	3,910
Pakistan	280	165	120
Sri Lanka	715	360	350
Other places of birth in Asia	2,585	1,090	1,495
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,140	520	620
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,710	3,210	3,495
Americas	625	320	305
Brazil	155	85	75
Colombia	70	40	30
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	70	25	40
United States of America	150	75	75
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	20
Other places of birth in Americas	155	85	65
Europe	380	235	145
France	45	30	20
Germany	10	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	0
Italy	15	15	0
Russian Federation	30	10	15
Ukraine	35	15	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	30	10
Other places of birth in Europe	175	105	75
Africa	180	125	60
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	10	10	0
Egypt	10	10	0
Eritrea	20	20	0
Ethiopia	15	10	0
Morocco	15	10	10
Nigeria	30	20	15
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	20	25
Asia	5,490	2,510	2,980
Afghanistan	10	10	0
Bangladesh	65	30	35
China⁹⁰	1,020	390	630
Hong Kong⁹¹	145	35	110
India	1,165	650	520
Iran⁸⁸	30	20	10
Iraq	60	40	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	60	25	40
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	140	60	85
Lebanon	25	10	15
Nepal	30	15	15
Pakistan	50	35	20
Philippines	1,900	840	1,060
Saudi Arabia	30	25	0
Sri Lanka	135	65	70
Syria⁸⁹	135	50	85
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	15	0	15
Viet Nam	270	120	145
Other places of birth in Asia	165	65	105
Oceania and other⁹³	25	20	10
Australia	10	10	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	10	10
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,985	52,530	55,455
First generation¹⁰⁰	65,170	30,085	35,085
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,410	15,495	13,915
Third generation or more¹⁰²	13,405	6,950	6,460
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	48,090	21,590	26,500
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	25,265	11,805	13,455
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,520	5,070	5,445
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,745	6,735	8,010
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	17,900	7,255	10,645
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,835	2,065	1,770
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,095	465	630
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	48,090	21,590	26,500
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,215	730	485
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,195	1,425	3,770
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,300	630	665
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,185	1,020	1,170
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	195	55	140
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	38,010	17,735	20,275
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,985	52,530	55,455
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	86,290	41,320	44,970
South Asian	19,260	9,835	9,425
Chinese	38,525	18,210	20,320
Black	1,350	795	565
Filipino	12,420	5,560	6,860
Arab	465	230	235
Latin American	2,520	1,250	1,270
Southeast Asian	4,855	2,330	2,530
West Asian	610	320	295
Korean	1,425	680	745
Japanese	1,240	430	810
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	570	235	330
Multiple visible minorities	3,045	1,450	1,600
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	21,700	11,205	10,485
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,985	52,530	55,455
Canadian	4,145	2,250	1,890
English	5,805	3,000	2,805
Irish	4,420	2,155	2,265
Scottish	5,130	2,555	2,580
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2,285	1,230	1,055
German	3,460	1,830	1,635
Chinese	36,350	17,220	19,130
Italian	1,520	760	760
Indian (India)	10,980	5,580	5,405
Ukrainian	1,445	720	725
Dutch	1,125	620	515
Polish	1,360	655	700
Québécois	55	40	20
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,275	670	600
Filipino	11,990	5,340	6,645
French Canadian	435	225	205
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	765	395	370
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	510	285	225
Métis	385	165	220
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	740	425	315
Russian	1,015	430	585
Norwegian	755	390	360
Welsh	735	345	385
Portuguese	885	450	440
American	525	245	280
Spanish	1,690	835	855
Swedish	545	280	265
Hungarian	395	195	200
Acadian	70	35	35
Pakistani	350	175	175
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	410	240	170
Jewish	760	360	400
Punjabi	3,640	1,885	1,760
Vietnamese	4,455	2,115	2,340
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	235	135	95
Greek	465	260	200
Jamaican	105	50	55
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,485	1,225	1,260
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	160	65	95
Korean	1,560	760	805
Romanian	225	110	120
Lebanese	95	50	40
Iranian	345	195	150
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	340	165	175
Danish	305	145	160
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	160	80	80
Sikh	2,225	1,135	1,085
Austrian	350	150	200
Belgian	125	70	50
Haitian	40	25	10
Hindu	985	535	450
Mexican	815	425	385
Mennonite	195	120	75
Swiss	140	60	75
Finnish	280	150	135
Sri Lankan	750	385	360
Croatian	280	130	150
Japanese	1,605	620	985
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	835	445	390
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	30	10	20
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	180	85	95
Muslim	150	90	55
Egyptian	80	50	30
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	430	170	260
Tamil	350	185	165
Icelandic	160	70	90
Colombian	225	140	90
Moroccan	50	20	30
Czech	235	115	120
Syrian	85	35	55
Guyanese	15	10	10
Afghan	130	65	65
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	115	70	45
Serbian	225	105	115
Ojibway	50	20	30
Newfoundlander	15	10	0
Hong Konger	2,350	1,135	1,210
Ontarian	35	15	20
Persian	230	105	115
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	45	20	30
Turkish	110	60	55
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	15
Bangladeshi	365	195	160
Algerian	25	15	10
Brazilian	390	185	200
Nigerian	70	45	25
Armenian	45	10	30
Slovak	120	40	80
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	160	70	85
Somali	30	20	10
Taiwanese	1,555	690	860
Iraqi	65	15	45
Salvadorean	305	140	165
African Caribbean	0	0	0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	645	350	290
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	140	75	70
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	25	10	20
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	15	20
Lithuanian	80	30	50
South African	160	95	70
Australian	85	55	35
Palestinian	20	10	15
Chilean	175	85	90
Congolese	30	15	15
Nova Scotian	15	15	0
Ethiopian	110	50	60
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	140	65	80
Peruvian	220	115	100
Yoruba	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	190	95	95
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	30	15	15
Maltese	15	0	10
Macedonian	15	0	10
Slovenian	80	40	45
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	50	20	30
New Brunswicker	15	0	10
Gujarati	80	30	45
Eritrean	40	35	10
African Canadian	15	15	0
Israeli	105	65	40
Mohawk	25	10	20
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	20	10	10
Bulgarian	45	30	20
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	55	35	25
Barbadian	30	15	20
African American	140	95	50
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	30	55
Tunisian	20	15	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	175	80	90
Cuban	30	10	25
Bosnian	70	20	45
Venezuelan	60	30	30
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	35	20	10
Bengali	200	115	85
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	45	30	15
Indonesian	230	130	100
Laotian	25	15	10
Ilocano	570	245	320
Northern Irish	50	35	15
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	65	25	40
British Columbian	165	105	70
Ecuadorian	10	10	0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	35	25	10
Estonian	50	10	40
Kurdish	130	50	80
Fijian	845	350	495
Jatt	235	100	135
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	15	15
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	120	70	45
Dominican	15	0	10
Nepali	75	30	40
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	15	15	0
Byelorussian	35	10	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	10	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	35	20	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	65	35	25
Sudanese	20	15	10
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	180	70	110
Plains Cree	45	25	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	25	15	10
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	10	10	0
Buddhist	340	150	190
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	40	25	15
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	20	10	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	15	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	65	30	35
Nicaraguan	110	50	60
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	35	15	20
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	15	15	0
Manitoban	25	10	15
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	50	15	35
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	25	10	15
Mayan	65	40	20
Honduran	65	20	50
Cherokee	10	0	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	20	15	0
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	35	0	25
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	45	20	20
Malay	145	75	70
Goan	20	10	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	10	0	0
Burmese	115	55	60
Mongolian	25	0	25
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	15	15	0
Oromo	80	35	45
Tanzanian	45	20	25
Yemeni	10	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	65	50	15
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	135	75	55
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	40	20	20
Roma	10	10	0
Costa Rican	40	30	15
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	110	50	65
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	10	10	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,985	52,525	55,460
Buddhist	6,050	2,545	3,505
Christian	34,835	16,040	18,795
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,195	3,845	4,350
Anabaptist	410	170	240
Anglican	995	420	575
Baptist	1,120	495	625
Catholic	18,685	8,825	9,860
Christian Orthodox	880	425	455
Jehovah's Witness	530	220	310
Latter Day Saints	145	40	100
Lutheran	455	200	255
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	115	65	55
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	485	200	285
Presbyterian	325	130	195
Reformed	15	10	10
United Church	840	285	555
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,655	710	945
Hindu	4,885	2,560	2,325
Jewish	760	370	390
Muslim	3,150	1,570	1,575
Sikh	10,775	5,305	5,470
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	25	15
Other religions and spiritual traditions	775	320	460
No religion and secular perspectives	46,715	23,785	22,930
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	107,160	52,065	55,095
Non-movers	92,460	44,785	47,670
Movers	14,700	7,275	7,430
Non-migrants	9,575	4,700	4,870
Migrants	5,130	2,575	2,555
Internal migrants	3,100	1,485	1,610
Intraprovincial migrants	2,250	1,055	1,195
Interprovincial migrants	845	430	415
External migrants	2,030	1,090	945
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	103,850	50,310	53,530
Non-movers	64,445	31,010	33,435
Movers	39,405	19,310	20,095
Non-migrants	19,245	9,155	10,090
Migrants	20,155	10,145	10,005
Internal migrants	10,205	4,975	5,235
Intraprovincial migrants	7,935	3,885	4,045
Interprovincial migrants	2,275	1,085	1,190
External migrants	9,945	5,175	4,770
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,455	45,505	48,950
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,905	7,390	8,515
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	78,550	38,115	40,440
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,475	29,225	31,250
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,965	2,965	2,995
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,515	26,255	28,255
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,455	45,505	48,955
No certificate, diploma or degree	15,060	6,950	8,105
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	27,990	14,080	13,910
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	51,405	24,475	26,935
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,380	10,430	10,950
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,530	3,035	1,495
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,460	1,420	1,040
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,070	1,615	455
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,160	5,755	7,405
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,695	1,640	2,055
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,025	14,040	15,985
Bachelor's degree	21,035	9,720	11,315
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,025	925	1,095
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625	260	370
Master's degree	5,565	2,700	2,865
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	780	440	340
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,475	29,220	31,250
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,450	2,715	2,730
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,910	7,690	7,220
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,125	18,820	21,305
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,500	7,585	7,915
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,070	2,060	1,005
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,645	950	690
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,425	1,110	315
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,815	4,340	5,475
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,620	1,185	1,435
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,620	11,230	13,390
Bachelor's degree	17,015	7,685	9,330
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,690	760	930
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	525	200	320
Master's degree	4,770	2,245	2,525
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	625	345	285
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	94,460	45,505	48,955
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,045	21,030	22,015
Education	2,595	590	2,000
13. Education	2,595	590	2,000
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,575	1,125	1,455
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	285	205	80
50. Visual and performing arts	2,295	915	1,370
Humanities	3,140	1,170	1,970
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	415	80	340
23. English language and literature/letters	645	190	455
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,350	550	800
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	20
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	45	80
39. Theology and religious vocations	205	130	65
54. History	295	150	145
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	10	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,470	2,380	4,090
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	155	45	110
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	725	245	475
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	735	90	640
22. Legal professions and studies	690	275	415
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	140	55	80
42. Psychology	1,165	365	790
45. Social sciences	2,875	1,295	1,580
Business, management and public administration	12,295	5,375	6,925
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	345	70	270
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,935	5,295	6,635
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,850	1,360	1,485
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,190	480	710
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	840	410	425
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	10	30
40. Physical sciences	710	440	275
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	20	50
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,300	2,275	1,025
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,690	1,940	755
25. Library science	120	10	110
27. Mathematics and statistics	385	265	120
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	110	65	45
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,825	6,855	970
04. Architecture and related services	360	225	135
14. Engineering	3,190	2,655	535
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,610	1,380	225
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,060	1,020	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,155	1,130	20
48. Precision production	450	435	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	710	365	340
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	445	210	235
03. Natural resources and conservation	265	155	105
Health and related fields	7,350	1,870	5,485
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	505	320	185
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,695	1,495	5,195
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	145	45	95
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,275	1,100	1,180
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,730	665	1,060
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	170	110	55
49. Transportation and materials moving	375	320	65
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	60,475	29,225	31,255
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,350	10,405	9,950
Education	1,860	395	1,470
13. Education	1,860	395	1,470
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,020	895	1,130
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	225	175	50
50. Visual and performing arts	1,800	720	1,080
Humanities	2,360	890	1,470
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	330	75	255
23. English language and literature/letters	470	140	330
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	990	380	610
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	15	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	35	70
39. Theology and religious vocations	155	110	40
54. History	250	135	115
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	35	0	35
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,265	1,910	3,350
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	120	30	90
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	625	225	400
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	570	70	500
22. Legal professions and studies	590	205	380
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	45	60
42. Psychology	935	280	650
45. Social sciences	2,320	1,050	1,270
Business, management and public administration	9,805	4,200	5,605
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	235	25	210
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,545	4,170	5,375
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,115	970	1,145
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	905	345	560
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	600	280	315
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	25
40. Physical sciences	530	310	215
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	20	20
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,760	1,900	855
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,300	1,670	620
25. Library science	100	10	90
27. Mathematics and statistics	275	170	105
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	50	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,860	5,020	845
04. Architecture and related services	290	165	120
14. Engineering	2,505	2,025	480
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,225	1,045	180
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	795	760	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	765	755	10
48. Precision production	280	270	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	565	270	295
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	375	160	215
03. Natural resources and conservation	190	110	80
Health and related fields	5,770	1,500	4,265
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	370	245	125
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,275	1,220	4,055
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	115	35	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,725	860	865
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,285	505	780
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	125	85	40
49. Transportation and materials moving	310	260	50
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	60,475	29,225	31,255
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,350	10,405	9,950
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,120	18,820	21,305
Location of study inside Canada	25,715	12,615	13,105
Same as province or territory of residence	22,230	10,910	11,325
Different than province or territory of residence	3,480	1,705	1,780
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	14,405	6,205	8,200
Americas	1,995	965	1,025
United States of America	985	500	485
Mexico	365	185	180
Cuba	10	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	285	125	160
Colombia	85	45	40
Peru	40	0	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10
Other locations of study in Americas	205	100	105
Europe	1,505	830	675
Belgium	10	0	0
France	130	70	55
Germany	100	50	50
Netherlands	30	20	10
Switzerland	35	10	20
Hungary	10	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	95	45	50
Romania	50	20	25
Russian Federation	75	35	40
Ukraine	40	20	25
Ireland⁹⁶	65	55	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	590	335	260
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	0	15
Italy	60	45	10
Serbia⁸⁶	30	10	15
Other locations of study in Europe	165	85	80
Africa	195	110	80
Nigeria	0	0	0
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	30	10	25
Tunisia	10	0	10
Egypt	35	25	0
South Africa, Republic of	60	30	30
Other locations of study in Africa	45	35	15
Asia	10,450	4,175	6,265
Iran⁸⁸	90	30	65
Iraq	35	10	30
Israel	35	25	15
Lebanon	10	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	25	20	0
China⁹⁰	1,705	660	1,050
Taiwan	350	125	225
Hong Kong⁹¹	520	190	320
Japan	350	85	260
Korea, South⁹²	260	95	165
Philippines	4,075	1,505	2,570
Viet Nam	190	45	145
Bangladesh	160	85	80
Sri Lanka	85	25	55
India	2,145	1,085	1,060
Pakistan	100	60	40
Other locations of study in Asia	320	135	180
Oceania	270	125	145
Australia	195	95	100
New Zealand	35	20	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	40	10	30
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	94,455	45,505	48,955
In the labour force	59,890	30,580	29,305
Employed	54,205	27,895	26,305
Unemployed	5,685	2,685	3,000
Not in the labour force	34,570	14,925	19,645
Participation rate	63.4	67.2	59.9
Employment rate	57.4	61.3	53.7
Unemployment rate	9.5	8.8	10.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	94,460	45,505	48,955
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,830	15,800	20,030
Worked	58,630	29,700	28,925
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,065	15,950	13,115
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,565	13,750	15,815
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.9	40.8	39.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	59,885	30,580	29,310
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,315	675	640
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,570	29,905	28,665
Employee	49,970	24,510	25,455
Permanent position	41,475	20,825	20,655
Temporary position	8,495	3,690	4,800
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,255	1,425	1,835
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,240	2,270	2,970
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,605	5,390	3,210
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	59,885	30,580	29,310
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,315	675	640
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,570	29,905	28,665
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	410	260	145
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,410	3,715	6,690
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,925	3,790	1,140
3 Health occupations	4,720	1,140	3,585
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,715	1,880	3,840
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,400	1,195	1,205
6 Sales and service occupations	18,565	8,535	10,030
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,695	7,795	900
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	565	390	175
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,155	1,205	955
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	59,885	30,580	29,310
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,315	675	640
All industries¹⁹¹	58,570	29,905	28,665
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	355	195	160
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	100	55	40
22 Utilities	205	160	45
23 Construction	3,695	3,240	455
31-33 Manufacturing	3,385	2,080	1,305
41 Wholesale trade	2,030	1,340	690
44-45 Retail trade	7,235	3,380	3,860
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,910	2,965	945
51 Information and cultural industries	1,650	1,000	650
52 Finance and insurance	2,770	1,365	1,405
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,370	750	615
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,575	3,090	2,490
55 Management of companies and enterprises	115	30	85
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,980	1,565	1,415
61 Educational services	4,050	1,430	2,615
62 Health care and social assistance	7,345	1,750	5,595
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,125	595	525
72 Accommodation and food services	5,590	2,690	2,900
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,975	1,140	1,830
91 Public administration	2,120	1,070	1,050
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	63,960	32,440	31,515
English	53,160	27,155	26,005
French	80	30	50
Non-official language	2,860	1,470	1,385
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,850	1,470	1,380
English and French	330	145	185
English and non-official language(s)	7,120	3,445	3,675
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45
Multiple non-official languages	330	165	165
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	63,960	32,440	31,515
Single responses	62,380	31,650	30,730
Official languages	57,510	29,225	28,290
English	57,395	29,185	28,210
French	115	35	80
Non-official languages	4,870	2,425	2,445
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,865	2,425	2,435
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	210	75	135
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	210	75	135
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	65	50	20
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	10	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50	45	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	25	15	10
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	25	15	10
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	595	345	250
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	0	15
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	0	15
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	25	0	15
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	10
German	10	0	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	445	275	170
Indo-Aryan languages	445	275	170
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	10	0	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	435	270	160
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	120	60	60
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	10	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	105	50	60
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	105	40	65
Korean	120	75	45
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	0
American Sign Language	10	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,720	1,815	1,905
Chinese languages	3,720	1,815	1,905
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	985	440	550
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,720	1,370	1,345
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,575	795	785
English and French	70	30	35
English and non-official language(s)	1,465	740	730
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	63,960	32,440	31,515
None	57,355	29,320	28,040
English	1,360	625	745
French	235	115	130
Non-official language	3,675	1,760	1,920
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,665	1,745	1,920
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	385	185	195
French and non-official language(s)	70	20	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	870	430	445
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,205	27,895	26,305
Worked at home	11,825	5,810	6,015
Worked outside Canada	220	125	95
No fixed workplace address	7,805	5,580	2,230
Usual place of work	34,350	16,385	17,965
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,350	16,380	17,965
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	19,590	8,355	11,235
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	14,465	7,825	6,640
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	215	155	65
Commute to a different province or territory	75	45	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	42,155	21,960	20,195
Car, truck or van	28,935	16,370	12,565
Car, truck or van - as a driver	25,700	15,395	10,305
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,235	980	2,260
Public transit	10,605	4,310	6,305
Walked	1,285	490	790
Bicycle	675	460	215
Other method	650	330	320
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	42,155	21,960	20,195
Less than 15 minutes	5,875	2,840	3,035
15 to 29 minutes	17,105	9,080	8,020
30 to 44 minutes	12,410	6,790	5,620
45 to 59 minutes	3,810	1,820	1,995
60 minutes and over	2,960	1,430	1,535
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	42,155	21,960	20,195
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,990	1,325	670
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,480	3,130	2,350
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,025	4,570	4,455
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,000	4,350	4,650
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,155	4,435	4,720
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,505	4,150	3,355
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,245	9,040	8,200
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,045	555	490
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,195	8,490	7,710
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,685	6,715	5,970
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	865	470	400
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	630	335	290
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	240	130	110
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,810	6,245	5,565

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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