Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	CanadaMore information: [Country]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	36,991,981	...	...
Population, 2016¹	35,151,728	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	16,284,235	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	14,978,941	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	8,788,702.80	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	36,991,980	18,226,240	18,765,740
0 to 14 years	6,012,795	3,086,510	2,926,285
0 to 4 years	1,831,195	938,790	892,405
5 to 9 years	2,054,900	1,054,240	1,000,655
10 to 14 years	2,126,705	1,093,480	1,033,225
15 to 64 years	23,957,760	11,915,050	12,042,710
15 to 19 years	2,012,975	1,036,730	976,240
20 to 24 years	2,202,255	1,138,825	1,063,430
25 to 29 years	2,421,510	1,228,135	1,193,370
30 to 34 years	2,518,835	1,252,795	1,266,040
35 to 39 years	2,511,345	1,238,515	1,272,835
40 to 44 years	2,399,405	1,175,875	1,223,530
45 to 49 years	2,304,170	1,129,185	1,174,985
50 to 54 years	2,368,350	1,161,665	1,206,685
55 to 59 years	2,647,330	1,299,975	1,347,350
60 to 64 years	2,571,580	1,253,335	1,318,245
65 years and over	7,021,430	3,224,680	3,796,750
65 to 69 years	2,210,970	1,065,305	1,145,665
70 to 74 years	1,847,585	879,850	967,735
75 to 79 years	1,260,930	589,090	671,845
80 to 84 years	840,545	370,905	469,645
85 years and over	861,395	319,540	541,860
85 to 89 years	525,445	212,735	312,705
90 to 94 years	258,035	87,300	170,735
95 to 99 years	68,380	17,670	50,715
100 years and over	9,535	1,830	7,710
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	16.9	15.6
15 to 64 years	64.8	65.4	64.2
65 years and over	19.0	17.7	20.2
85 years and over	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	41.9	41.0	42.8
Median age of the population	41.6	40.4	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	14,978,940	...	...
Single-detached house	7,872,310	...	...
Semi-detached house	746,560	...	...
Row house	980,110	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	821,490	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,738,020	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,596,155	...	...
Other single-attached house	34,880	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	189,420	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	14,978,940	...	...
1 person	4,396,015	...	...
2 persons	5,124,800	...	...
3 persons	2,194,825	...	...
4 persons	2,002,455	...	...
5 or more persons	1,260,850	...	...
Number of persons in private households	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	30,979,185	15,139,730	15,839,460
Married or living common-law	17,626,005	8,813,405	8,812,595
Married	13,725,625	6,859,755	6,865,875
Living common-law	3,900,375	1,953,650	1,946,725
Living common law - Never married	2,967,665	1,485,985	1,481,685
Living common law - Separated	123,830	65,045	58,785
Living common law - Divorced	721,715	365,760	355,950
Living common law - Widowed	87,165	36,860	50,300
Not married and not living common-law	13,353,180	6,326,325	7,026,860
Not married and not living common law - Never married	9,025,865	4,881,410	4,144,455
Not married and not living common law - Separated	741,135	319,045	422,090
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	1,921,880	760,425	1,161,460
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	1,664,295	365,440	1,298,855
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	10,262,925	...	...
2 persons	5,306,105	...	...
3 persons	2,147,825	...	...
4 persons	1,953,035	...	...
5 or more persons	855,960	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	10,262,925	...	...
Total couple families	8,576,585	...	...
Married couples	6,627,310	...	...
With children⁶	3,481,775	...	...
Without children	3,145,535	...	...
Common-law couples	1,949,275	...	...
With children⁶	808,645	...	...
Without children	1,140,630	...	...
Total one-parent families	1,686,340	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	1,302,670	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	383,670	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,245
Total - Persons in census families	29,478,475	14,616,850	14,861,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	17,153,165	8,577,610	8,575,560
Parents in one-parent families	1,686,340	383,675	1,302,670
Children⁶	10,638,965	5,655,570	4,983,400
In a two-parent family	8,024,590	4,238,785	3,785,805
In a one-parent family	2,614,375	1,416,785	1,197,595
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	6,850,005	3,320,385	3,529,620
Living alone	4,396,015	2,048,495	2,347,520
Living with other relatives⁷	927,345	393,085	534,260
Living with non-relatives only	1,526,645	878,800	647,840
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	14,978,945	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	8,932,695	...	...
Couple-family households	7,627,195	...	...
With children⁶	3,789,795	...	...
Without children	3,837,400	...	...
One-parent-family households	1,305,500	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	441,745	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	94,235	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	450,415	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	663,835	...	...
One-person households	4,396,015	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,241,810	14,316,155	14,925,660
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,400	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,425
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,045,500	13,010,250	13,035,250
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,400	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,130
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,200	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,401,740	12,065,555	13,336,180
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	8,500	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,185,840	1,548,250	1,637,590
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,760	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,373,550	4,140,705	4,232,845
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,242,935	14,316,595	14,926,335
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,450	62,650	46,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,257,325	14,324,165	14,933,160
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,920	50,320	39,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,047,020	13,011,765	13,035,250
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,240	59,500	41,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,127,690	10,908,965	10,218,725
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,280	58,050	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,397,565	12,061,765	13,335,800
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,170	10,180	12,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,179,395	1,544,580	1,634,815
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,050	6,710	7,370
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,346,145	4,128,810	4,217,340
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,920	8,740	9,100
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	9,912,810	5,493,720	4,419,090
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	69,000	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,200	85,400	67,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	8,426,645	3,988,060	4,438,585
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,400	21,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,160	33,960	24,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.2	86.4	76.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	70.6	61.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.8	13.7	23.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.5	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	4.0	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without total income	1,094,320	545,400	548,915
With total income	29,241,815	14,316,150	14,925,660
Under $10,000 (including loss)	2,434,730	1,058,420	1,376,310
$10,000 to $19,999	3,448,185	1,445,240	2,002,945
$20,000 to $29,999	4,635,650	2,018,080	2,617,570
$30,000 to $39,999	3,723,680	1,648,300	2,075,375
$40,000 to $49,999	3,290,715	1,529,960	1,760,755
$50,000 to $59,999	2,677,465	1,302,135	1,375,330
$60,000 to $69,999	2,073,335	1,086,545	986,795
$70,000 to $79,999	1,592,465	887,985	704,480
$80,000 to $89,999	1,239,395	708,430	530,965
$90,000 to $99,999	965,950	553,435	412,510
$100,000 and over	3,160,245	2,077,620	1,082,625
$100,000 to $149,999	2,102,630	1,319,110	783,520
$150,000 and over	1,057,615	758,510	299,105
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without after-tax income	1,079,955	537,800	542,155
With after-tax income	29,256,180	14,323,750	14,932,430
Under $10,000 (including loss)	2,561,695	1,100,975	1,460,725
$10,000 to $19,999	3,608,250	1,521,395	2,086,855
$20,000 to $29,999	5,294,505	2,321,660	2,972,845
$30,000 to $39,999	4,442,970	2,035,725	2,407,250
$40,000 to $49,999	3,798,710	1,839,700	1,959,005
$50,000 to $59,999	2,833,120	1,471,200	1,361,920
$60,000 to $69,999	2,020,895	1,114,110	906,790
$70,000 to $79,999	1,428,520	814,645	613,875
$80,000 to $89,999	1,027,015	592,405	434,605
$90,000 to $99,999	643,700	402,325	241,380
$100,000 and over	1,596,790	1,109,610	487,185
$100,000 to $124,999	792,455	530,970	261,490
$125,000 and over	804,335	578,645	225,695
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	30,336,130	14,861,555	15,474,580
Without employment income	9,208,520	3,955,070	5,253,450
With employment income	21,127,615	10,906,485	10,221,125
Under $5,000 (including loss)	2,951,135	1,446,185	1,504,955
$5,000 to $9,999	1,739,570	765,825	973,750
$10,000 to $19,999	2,498,120	1,128,310	1,369,810
$20,000 to $29,999	1,960,665	902,615	1,058,050
$30,000 to $39,999	1,903,100	899,905	1,003,190
$40,000 to $49,999	1,859,845	899,795	960,055
$50,000 to $59,999	1,640,805	842,030	798,780
$60,000 to $69,999	1,367,510	754,825	612,685
$70,000 to $79,999	1,099,625	637,060	462,570
$80,000 to $89,999	929,490	539,395	390,095
$90,000 to $99,999	760,035	439,505	320,530
$100,000 and over	2,417,710	1,651,040	766,670
$100,000 to $124,999	1,129,445	714,235	415,210
$125,000 and over	1,288,265	936,805	351,460
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	30,336,135	14,861,555	15,474,575
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	28,598,395	13,976,715	14,621,680
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	28,617,610	13,979,960	14,637,655
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,000	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	25,708,470	12,830,580	12,877,890
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,000	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	21,241,445	10,932,825	10,308,625
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	23,196,815	10,876,635	12,320,175
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,240	1,960	6,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	2,428,800	1,182,025	1,246,770
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,560	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,670
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,599,665	13,976,240	14,623,425
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,350	61,250	43,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,618,280	13,979,265	14,639,015
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,920	49,000	37,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	25,709,140	12,829,990	12,879,155
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,040	60,800	41,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	21,242,575	10,934,760	10,307,815
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,560	58,800	41,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	23,191,860	10,869,800	12,322,065
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,950	6,990	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,430,165	1,181,385	1,248,780
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,560	6,880	8,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	9,831,805	5,446,500	4,385,305
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	66,000	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,200	81,900	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	7,934,985	3,759,675	4,175,305
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	28,000	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,200	41,280	29,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.6	91.2	83.0
Employment income (%)	71.8	75.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	12.3	8.9	16.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	14,978,940	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	4,396,015	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	10,582,930	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	14,978,940	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	4,394,500	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	10,584,445	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	14,978,940	...	...
Under $5,000	165,175	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	91,750	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	178,475	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	274,140	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	637,695	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	505,875	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	488,735	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	560,950	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	572,650	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	559,155	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,093,185	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,044,715	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	986,460	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	921,205	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	844,835	...	...
$100,000 and over	6,053,945	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,753,485	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,283,445	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,545,935	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,471,075	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	14,978,940	...	...
Under $5,000	186,735	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95,195	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	183,430	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	289,545	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	681,900	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	589,110	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	582,275	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	666,675	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	676,995	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	655,100	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,285,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,223,830	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,137,840	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,039,375	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	911,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	4,773,995	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	1,757,035	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,152,855	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,864,100	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	10,117,305	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	3,929,500	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	4,311,315	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	1,547,920	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	5,922,660	2,927,295	2,995,365
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	40,000	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,000	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	10,113,100	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,926,040	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,318,755	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	160,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	1,539,580	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	5,916,895	2,916,490	3,000,405
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,440	52,050	46,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,560	43,080	40,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250
0 to 17 years	7,196,545	3,696,540	3,500,005
0 to 5 years	2,225,085	1,140,315	1,084,775
18 to 64 years	22,545,065	11,159,405	11,385,665
65 years and over	6,586,865	3,081,285	3,505,580
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	4,016,065	1,881,305	2,134,765
0 to 17 years	854,565	439,490	415,075
0 to 5 years	282,315	144,250	138,065
18 to 64 years	2,175,755	1,050,115	1,125,640
65 years and over	985,745	391,695	594,050
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.5	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9	11.9	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	12.7	12.7	12.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.4	9.9
65 years and over (%)	15.0	12.7	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	35,837,970	17,691,535	18,146,440
0 to 17 years	7,043,545	3,618,040	3,425,505
0 to 5 years	2,175,935	1,115,010	1,060,925
18 to 64 years	22,262,940	11,019,070	11,243,865
65 years and over	6,531,490	3,054,420	3,477,065
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	1,863,335	950,150	913,180
0 to 17 years	319,545	164,490	155,060
0 to 5 years	99,435	50,875	48,560
18 to 64 years	1,344,640	702,660	641,975
65 years and over	199,155	83,010	116,145
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.2	5.4	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	4.5	4.6	4.5
0 to 5 years (%)	4.6	4.6	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	6.4	5.7
65 years and over (%)	3.1	2.7	3.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	36,328,475	17,937,230	18,391,250
In bottom half of the distribution	18,164,550	8,775,210	9,389,345
In bottom decile	3,632,735	1,759,660	1,873,070
In second decile	3,632,975	1,695,310	1,937,660
In third decile	3,632,895	1,752,160	1,880,735
In fourth decile	3,632,745	1,775,535	1,857,210
In fifth decile	3,633,205	1,792,540	1,840,670
In top half of the distribution	18,163,925	9,162,020	9,001,900
In sixth decile	3,632,910	1,810,370	1,822,535
In seventh decile	3,632,765	1,819,535	1,813,230
In eighth decile	3,632,555	1,829,025	1,803,530
In ninth decile	3,632,930	1,841,520	1,791,415
In top decile	3,632,765	1,861,575	1,771,195
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	36,328,475	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.347	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.462	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.302	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English only	25,261,655	12,620,855	12,640,800
French only	4,087,895	1,914,500	2,173,390
English and French	6,581,680	3,244,350	3,337,330
Neither English nor French	689,725	284,170	405,555
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English	27,643,140	13,696,115	13,947,025
French	7,828,545	3,854,435	3,974,110
English and French	476,175	237,635	238,535
Neither English nor French	673,100	275,685	397,420
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
Single responses	35,145,265	17,344,665	17,800,600
Official languages	27,296,445	13,583,930	13,712,510
English	20,107,200	10,036,360	10,070,835
French	7,189,245	3,547,565	3,641,675
Non-official languages	7,848,820	3,760,725	4,088,090
Indigenous languages³⁹	148,895	71,630	77,265
Algonquian languages	97,125	46,545	50,580
Blackfoot	2,520	1,180	1,340
Cree-Innu languages	67,665	32,715	34,950
Atikamekw	5,500	2,825	2,670
Cree languages	53,070	25,645	27,430
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	155	70	85
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	580	300	280
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	3,460	1,675	1,785
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	2,475	1,075	1,395
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5,025	2,345	2,675
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	2,850	1,370	1,480
Cree, n.o.s.	38,535	18,810	19,725
Innu (Montagnais)	8,465	3,930	4,535
Naskapi	625	310	315
Eastern Algonquian languages	5,155	2,415	2,745
Mi'kmaq	4,910	2,290	2,620
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	245	125	120
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	21,775	10,230	11,550
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	865	400	460
Oji-Cree	9,310	4,525	4,790
Ojibway languages	11,605	5,300	6,300
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	470	235	235
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	65	25	40
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,880	850	1,030
Ojibway, n.o.s.	9,185	4,190	4,995
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Athabaskan languages	12,885	6,200	6,680
Northern Athabaskan languages	12,785	6,155	6,630
Dakelh (Carrier)	625	280	340
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	120	55	60
Dene, n.o.s.	8,060	3,865	4,190
Gwich'in	175	70	105
Slavey-Hare languages	1,505	755	755
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	400	195	200
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	270	120	150
Slavey, n.o.s.	840	440	400
Tahltan languages	150	80	65
Kaska (Nahani)	65	40	25
Tahltan	80	40	40
Tlicho (Dogrib)	1,390	725	670
Tse'khene (Sekani)	35	5	30
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	465	210	255
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	25	15	10
Tutchone languages	120	40	85
Northern Tutchone	70	15	55
Southern Tutchone	25	10	15
Tutchone, n.o.s.	25	10	20
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	120	50	65
Tlingit	50	20	25
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Haida	45	15	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	33,790	16,480	17,315
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	560	220	340
Inuinnaqtun	335	140	200
Inuvialuktun	225	85	140
Inuktitut	33,200	16,240	16,955
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Iroquoian languages	355	150	205
Cayuga	35	15	15
Mohawk	275	115	155
Oneida	45	10	30
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	30	15	15
Michif	485	220	265
Salish languages	1,095	520	575
Halkomelem	185	90	95
Lillooet	100	45	55
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	180	100	80
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	265	125	140
Squamish	25	10	15
Straits	95	40	50
Syilx (Okanagan)	185	80	105
Salish languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Siouan languages	1,040	485	555
Assiniboine	70	40	25
Dakota	560	245	315
Stoney	365	180	190
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Tsimshian languages	1,035	515	515
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	590	300	290
Nisga'a	325	155	170
Tsimshian	120	60	60
Wakashan languages	770	385	385
Haisla	85	35	55
Heiltsuk	300	180	120
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	150	70	80
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	220	95	130
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	180	75	100
Non-Indigenous languages	7,699,925	3,689,100	4,010,830
Afro-Asiatic languages	698,355	359,625	338,730
Berber languages	27,490	14,715	12,775
Kabyle	24,760	13,130	11,625
Tamazight	2,340	1,365	975
Berber languages, n.i.e.	395	225	170
Chadic languages	1,985	1,085	905
Hausa	1,315	740	570
Mina	675	340	335
Coptic	1,015	510	505
Cushitic languages	49,410	23,275	26,135
Bilen	2,020	1,085	935
Oromo	5,905	3,015	2,890
Somali	40,730	18,775	21,955
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	755	400	350
Semitic languages	618,450	320,045	298,405
Amharic	25,685	12,090	13,600
Arabic	508,410	265,350	243,060
Aramaic languages	27,690	13,465	14,220
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	17,220	8,320	8,900
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	8,860	4,335	4,525
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,600	805	795
Harari	1,220	550	675
Hebrew	19,495	10,505	8,995
Maltese	4,425	2,080	2,340
Tigrigna	31,075	15,775	15,300
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	450	235	220
Austro-Asiatic languages	192,985	87,230	105,750
Khmer (Cambodian)	19,525	8,820	10,705
Vietnamese	173,000	78,180	94,820
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	460	230	225
Austronesian languages	565,375	238,875	326,500
Bikol	2,115	940	1,180
Bisaya, n.o.s.	8,215	3,425	4,790
Cebuano	18,945	7,800	11,145
Fijian	605	325	280
Hiligaynon	9,690	3,900	5,795
Ilocano	33,520	14,140	19,380
Indonesian	11,910	4,990	6,920
Kankanaey	1,100	465	640
Kinaray-a	670	275	395
Malagasy languages	2,085	990	1,090
Merina	1,245	580	670
Malagasy, n.o.s.	835	415	425
Malay	1,330	570	760
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5,615	2,635	2,980
Pangasinan	2,050	900	1,150
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	461,150	194,805	266,345
Waray-Waray	1,625	690	935
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	4,740	2,035	2,705
Creole languages	78,235	35,650	42,580
Haitian Creole	52,435	23,355	29,085
Jamaican English Creole	600	315	290
Krio	795	365	435
Morisyen	6,125	3,015	3,110
Sango	580	280	300
Creole, n.o.s.	15,550	7,325	8,230
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,135	1,000	1,140
Dravidian languages	244,165	125,180	118,990
Kannada	6,240	3,215	3,020
Malayalam	54,050	29,375	24,670
Tamil	152,850	75,010	77,845
Telugu	30,045	17,095	12,950
Tulu	615	310	305
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	370	170	195
Georgian	2,180	1,175	1,005
Hmong-Mien languages	565	265	305
Indo-European languages	4,124,860	2,018,340	2,106,520
Albanian	29,265	14,690	14,580
Armenian	33,720	16,335	17,385
Balto-Slavic languages	648,810	297,100	351,710
Baltic languages	10,560	4,425	6,135
Latvian	4,430	1,875	2,555
Lithuanian	6,130	2,555	3,580
Slavic languages	638,250	292,670	345,580
Belarusian	720	325	395
Bulgarian	19,035	9,090	9,950
Czech	20,025	9,215	10,815
Macedonian	14,795	7,075	7,720
Polish	160,170	72,120	88,050
Russian	197,905	89,100	108,800
Rusyn	500	240	255
Serbo-Croatian	116,735	56,900	59,835
Bosnian	13,820	6,785	7,040
Croatian	43,500	20,755	22,740
Serbian	57,425	28,410	29,015
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	1,995	945	1,045
Slovak	15,255	6,930	8,320
Slovene (Slovenian)	7,965	3,425	4,535
Ukrainian	84,705	38,005	46,695
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	440	235	205
Celtic languages	2,150	1,110	1,045
Irish	665	355	315
Scottish Gaelic	425	210	210
Welsh	825	410	420
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	230	135	95
Germanic languages	463,400	221,365	242,035
Frisian	1,570	800	775
High German languages	301,570	142,580	158,990
German	272,865	128,250	144,615
Pennsylvania German	9,065	4,530	4,540
Swiss German	7,575	3,740	3,835
Yiddish	12,060	6,060	6,005
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	138,655	67,815	70,840
Afrikaans	12,270	6,175	6,095
Dutch	80,315	39,000	41,310
Low German, n.o.s.	8,670	4,255	4,420
Low Saxon	1,270	650	625
Plautdietsch	33,200	16,410	16,785
Vlaams (Flemish)	2,935	1,325	1,605
Scandinavian languages	20,275	9,500	10,775
Danish	9,945	4,750	5,195
Icelandic	905	430	480
Norwegian	3,535	1,675	1,860
Swedish	5,890	2,645	3,245
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,330	670	660
Greek	93,335	45,860	47,470
Indo-Iranian languages	1,659,505	847,400	812,105
Indo-Aryan languages	1,358,645	697,075	661,575
Assamese	545	265	280
Bengali	87,580	45,160	42,425
Gujarati	138,985	73,335	65,655
Hindi	152,825	79,585	73,240
Kacchi	6,930	3,100	3,830
Kashmiri	745	395	350
Konkani	3,425	1,675	1,745
Marathi	14,145	7,330	6,810
Nepali	23,425	11,920	11,510
Oriya languages	1,775	940	835
Odia	1,125	615	510
Oriya, n.o.s.	645	325	320
Punjabi (Panjabi)	666,585	341,515	325,065
Rohingya	545	265	280
Sindhi	3,985	2,070	1,915
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	18,000	8,895	9,110
Urdu	235,290	118,540	116,755
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	3,865	2,085	1,780
Iranian languages	300,555	150,160	150,390
Baluchi	555	305	250
Kurdish	16,485	8,770	7,715
Parsi	555	310	240
Pashto	19,520	10,170	9,355
Persian languages	262,625	130,180	132,440
Dari	57,220	28,070	29,155
Iranian Persian	179,425	89,070	90,360
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25,975	13,040	12,930
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	815	425	390
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	305	165	140
Italic (Romance) languages	1,194,290	574,295	619,995
Catalan	905	470	440
Italian	319,505	154,295	165,205
Portuguese	240,680	115,235	125,450
Romanian	93,160	44,185	48,975
Spanish	538,870	259,500	279,375
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,165	610	550
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	385	195	185
Japanese	43,850	14,205	29,650
Korean	170,400	77,075	93,325
Mongolian	1,850	800	1,050
Niger-Congo languages	108,295	52,850	55,440
Akan (Twi)	13,120	6,400	6,720
Bamanankan	1,855	1,000	860
Edo	1,685	745	940
Éwé	1,955	1,030	920
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	3,520	1,825	1,695
Ga	815	400	415
Ganda	1,890	885	1,010
Gikuyu	760	320	440
Igbo	5,175	2,720	2,460
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	7,380	3,365	4,015
Lingala	4,260	1,925	2,335
Luba-Kasai	520	245	275
Mòoré	515	260	260
Mwani	695	365	325
Ndebele	920	420	500
Rundi (Kirundi)	8,660	4,035	4,625
Shona	3,605	1,665	1,940
Soninke	505	315	190
Sotho-Tswana languages	520	200	320
Swahili	16,000	7,630	8,370
Wojenaka	1,030	495	535
Wolof	4,890	2,605	2,285
Yoruba	15,015	7,605	7,410
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	13,000	6,405	6,590
Nilo-Saharan languages	6,920	3,565	3,355
Dinka	1,865	1,000	865
Nuer	1,090	515	570
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	3,395	1,745	1,645
African, n.o.s.	575	305	270
Sign languages	6,955	3,710	3,250
American Sign Language	4,965	2,635	2,335
Quebec Sign Language	990	520	465
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,005	555	450
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,309,825	602,025	707,800
Chinese languages	1,292,640	593,580	699,055
Hakka	9,765	4,420	5,345
Mandarin	679,255	310,750	368,510
Min Dong	1,310	665	645
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	27,805	12,415	15,390
Wu (Shanghainese)	8,880	3,995	4,880
Yue (Cantonese)	553,380	255,540	297,835
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,610	5,500	6,110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	630	295	330
Tibeto-Burman languages	16,600	8,160	8,445
Burmese	3,305	1,590	1,710
Kuki-Chin languages	870	400	475
Karenic languages	4,520	2,240	2,275
S'gaw Karen	3,900	1,940	1,960
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	615	305	315
Tibetan	7,025	3,475	3,545
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	890	445	440
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	585	285	295
Tai-Kadai languages	22,350	8,605	13,745
Lao	11,485	5,475	6,010
Thai	10,455	2,960	7,495
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	410	165	240
Turkic languages	53,520	28,385	25,135
Azerbaijani	4,490	2,460	2,030
Kazakh	540	230	305
Turkish	44,190	23,615	20,570
Uyghur	1,355	660	690
Uzbek	1,805	890	920
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	1,150	530	620
Uralic languages	68,180	31,000	37,180
Estonian	4,485	1,945	2,535
Finnish	12,200	5,075	7,120
Hungarian	51,500	23,980	27,525
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,060	540	520
Multiple responses	1,475,690	719,210	756,480
English and French	291,325	142,420	148,905
English and non-official language(s)	921,480	450,685	470,800
French and non-official language(s)	117,910	57,875	60,040
English, French and non-official language(s)	52,880	25,900	26,975
Multiple non-official languages	92,095	42,330	49,765
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
English	20,920,835	10,420,570	10,500,270
French	6,456,960	3,188,280	3,268,685
Non-official language	2,402,180	1,139,865	1,262,315
Indigenous³⁹	50,460	25,385	25,080
Non-Indigenous	2,351,720	1,114,475	1,237,240
English and French	953,760	465,560	488,205
English and non-official language(s)	4,835,815	2,350,245	2,485,570
French and non-official language(s)	395,320	188,195	207,125
English, French and non-official language(s)	455,760	217,995	237,770
Multiple non-official languages	200,320	93,165	107,155
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,080
Single responses	35,057,615	17,305,575	17,752,035
Official languages	30,421,050	15,070,205	15,350,850
English	23,376,200	11,588,715	11,787,485
French	7,044,855	3,481,490	3,563,365
Non-official languages	4,636,560	2,235,370	2,401,190
Indigenous languages³⁹	85,835	42,950	42,885
Algonquian languages	50,135	25,010	25,120
Blackfoot	980	495	480
Cree-Innu languages	38,255	19,165	19,090
Atikamekw	4,345	2,285	2,060
Cree languages	26,700	13,425	13,270
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	50	30	30
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	560	300	265
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	2,545	1,225	1,315
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	665	305	360
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	1,455	730	725
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	830	430	405
Cree, n.o.s.	20,585	10,400	10,180
Innu (Montagnais)	6,710	3,190	3,520
Naskapi	505	260	245
Eastern Algonquian languages	2,650	1,250	1,395
Mi'kmaq	2,595	1,225	1,365
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	55	25	25
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	8,250	4,100	4,155
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	230	105	120
Oji-Cree	4,540	2,305	2,235
Ojibway languages	3,480	1,685	1,800
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	145	70	70
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	25	10	15
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	390	195	200
Ojibway, n.o.s.	2,925	1,405	1,515
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	7,260	3,675	3,585
Northern Athabaskan languages	7,230	3,655	3,575
Dakelh (Carrier)	220	100	125
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	30	10	15
Dene, n.o.s.	5,255	2,610	2,650
Gwich'in	35	15	20
Slavey-Hare languages	705	390	315
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	200	110	95
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	115	60	55
Slavey, n.o.s.	395	220	175
Tahltan languages	10	5	5
Kaska (Nahani)	5	0	5
Tahltan	5	5	5
Tlicho (Dogrib)	755	420	335
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	165	85	75
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	10	5	10
Northern Tutchone	5	0	5
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	40	20	20
Tlingit	10	5	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Haida	10	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	27,295	13,695	13,600
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	145	65	80
Inuinnaqtun	95	45	55
Inuvialuktun	50	25	25
Inuktitut	27,140	13,625	13,520
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iroquoian languages	100	45	55
Cayuga	15	10	5
Mohawk	65	30	40
Oneida	15	5	10
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0
Michif	150	80	70
Salish languages	260	130	130
Halkomelem	50	20	30
Lillooet	35	20	20
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	35	20	10
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	85	40	40
Squamish	5	0	5
Straits	30	15	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	15	5	10
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Siouan languages	240	110	130
Assiniboine	10	5	10
Dakota	120	65	60
Stoney	90	40	55
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Tsimshian languages	220	115	105
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	120	65	55
Nisga'a	85	40	45
Tsimshian	10	5	5
Wakashan languages	70	25	40
Haisla	10	5	5
Heiltsuk	5	5	5
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	5	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	25	5	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	85	40	40
Non-Indigenous languages	4,550,725	2,192,420	2,358,305
Afro-Asiatic languages	395,840	197,010	198,830
Berber languages	11,295	5,940	5,355
Kabyle	10,180	5,325	4,850
Tamazight	840	455	380
Berber languages, n.i.e.	280	155	130
Chadic languages	835	425	410
Hausa	635	330	305
Mina	200	95	105
Coptic	545	265	280
Cushitic languages	30,375	14,115	16,260
Bilen	1,645	890	760
Oromo	3,890	1,935	1,960
Somali	24,410	11,075	13,335
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	425	215	205
Semitic languages	352,790	176,270	176,520
Amharic	14,030	6,470	7,565
Arabic	285,915	143,650	142,260
Aramaic languages	20,740	9,940	10,800
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	12,935	6,150	6,785
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	6,585	3,185	3,400
Aramaic, n.o.s.	1,220	605	615
Harari	680	305	380
Hebrew	8,515	4,355	4,160
Maltese	795	360	435
Tigrigna	21,860	11,050	10,810
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	250	135	115
Austro-Asiatic languages	127,730	58,660	69,070
Khmer (Cambodian)	10,650	4,765	5,880
Vietnamese	116,785	53,735	63,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	300	160	135
Austronesian languages	326,245	149,550	176,700
Bikol	760	370	395
Bisaya, n.o.s.	4,125	1,895	2,230
Cebuano	10,195	4,720	5,480
Fijian	200	110	85
Hiligaynon	5,015	2,265	2,750
Ilocano	18,350	8,350	10,000
Indonesian	4,150	1,985	2,170
Kankanaey	585	265	320
Kinaray-a	320	150	170
Malagasy languages	725	370	355
Merina	330	165	170
Malagasy, n.o.s.	390	205	190
Malay	280	145	140
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	3,030	1,435	1,590
Pangasinan	680	310	375
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	275,045	125,870	149,170
Waray-Waray	680	325	360
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,100	1,000	1,105
Creole languages	35,195	15,455	19,740
Haitian Creole	22,610	9,620	12,990
Jamaican English Creole	300	125	175
Krio	360	150	210
Morisyen	3,640	1,760	1,880
Sango	295	135	160
Creole, n.o.s.	7,120	3,275	3,845
Creole languages, n.i.e.	870	395	475
Dravidian languages	169,705	85,265	84,440
Kannada	3,060	1,575	1,485
Malayalam	35,390	19,010	16,380
Tamil	112,335	54,240	58,095
Telugu	18,470	10,215	8,250
Tulu	240	120	120
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	205	105	105
Georgian	1,335	730	610
Hmong-Mien languages	215	105	120
Indo-European languages	2,264,155	1,111,775	1,152,380
Albanian	14,110	7,005	7,100
Armenian	21,970	10,415	11,550
Balto-Slavic languages	303,480	143,495	159,985
Baltic languages	2,495	1,120	1,380
Latvian	880	395	485
Lithuanian	1,615	720	895
Slavic languages	300,985	142,375	158,610
Belarusian	215	100	115
Bulgarian	10,315	5,005	5,310
Czech	5,680	2,705	2,980
Macedonian	6,105	2,880	3,225
Polish	65,140	30,225	34,915
Russian	125,780	59,290	66,490
Rusyn	290	155	135
Serbo-Croatian	53,150	25,720	27,430
Bosnian	6,480	3,135	3,345
Croatian	14,925	6,965	7,960
Serbian	31,110	15,310	15,800
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	640	315	325
Slovak	5,015	2,410	2,605
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,375	595	785
Ukrainian	27,825	13,250	14,580
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40
Celtic languages	555	295	265
Irish	310	165	145
Scottish Gaelic	105	55	55
Welsh	100	55	45
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15
Germanic languages	140,450	68,575	71,875
Frisian	270	110	155
High German languages	103,780	50,460	53,325
German	86,820	41,815	45,005
Pennsylvania German	7,270	3,640	3,630
Swiss German	1,750	870	875
Yiddish	7,950	4,140	3,810
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	33,710	16,730	16,980
Afrikaans	6,095	3,055	3,035
Dutch	8,100	3,950	4,150
Low German, n.o.s.	4,965	2,480	2,485
Low Saxon	490	240	245
Plautdietsch	13,845	6,895	6,945
Vlaams (Flemish)	220	100	120
Scandinavian languages	1,940	920	1,020
Danish	615	280	340
Icelandic	175	75	95
Norwegian	260	125	135
Swedish	890	435	450
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	740	355	390
Greek	38,300	17,490	20,810
Indo-Iranian languages	1,167,370	590,435	576,930
Indo-Aryan languages	962,820	490,815	472,000
Assamese	215	110	110
Bengali	56,750	28,435	28,315
Gujarati	92,005	47,790	44,215
Hindi	91,930	47,555	44,375
Kacchi	3,055	1,310	1,750
Kashmiri	270	130	140
Konkani	880	415	470
Marathi	7,460	3,800	3,660
Nepali	16,835	8,595	8,235
Oriya languages	795	420	375
Odia	525	275	250
Oriya, n.o.s.	270	145	130
Punjabi (Panjabi)	520,390	266,775	253,610
Rohingya	410	195	215
Sindhi	2,110	1,060	1,050
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	9,665	4,775	4,890
Urdu	158,040	78,420	79,615
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	2,015	1,040	975
Iranian languages	204,420	99,545	104,875
Baluchi	330	170	155
Kurdish	10,380	5,245	5,135
Parsi	280	130	150
Pashto	13,215	6,670	6,545
Persian languages	179,745	87,075	92,670
Dari	36,190	17,395	18,795
Iranian Persian	125,840	61,060	64,780
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	17,715	8,620	9,095
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	475	250	225
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	125	70	55
Italic (Romance) languages	577,735	273,965	303,770
Catalan	370	185	190
Italian	92,755	38,750	54,005
Portuguese	118,730	56,685	62,045
Romanian	48,090	23,135	24,955
Spanish	317,365	155,005	162,360
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	425	210	220
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	190	95	95
Japanese	20,055	8,290	11,765
Korean	125,525	58,250	67,275
Mongolian	1,050	505	545
Niger-Congo languages	38,600	18,055	20,545
Akan (Twi)	6,000	2,755	3,240
Bamanankan	560	280	280
Edo	365	150	215
Éwé	470	225	245
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,315	665	650
Ga	260	115	150
Ganda	555	260	295
Gikuyu	105	50	55
Igbo	1,530	770	765
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,720	1,205	1,520
Lingala	1,520	655	860
Luba-Kasai	90	35	60
Mòoré	70	30	35
Mwani	160	85	75
Ndebele	295	130	160
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,780	1,760	2,025
Shona	1,035	480	555
Soninke	235	145	85
Sotho-Tswana languages	130	45	85
Swahili	7,055	3,290	3,765
Wojenaka	290	130	160
Wolof	1,945	1,040	910
Yoruba	5,395	2,505	2,890
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,720	1,250	1,470
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,155	1,555	1,600
Dinka	900	485	420
Nuer	645	295	355
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,465	705	760
African, n.o.s.	140	75	70
Sign languages	12,160	7,005	5,160
American Sign Language	8,175	4,660	3,515
Quebec Sign Language	1,475	830	645
Sign languages, n.i.e.	2,520	1,515	1,000
Sino-Tibetan languages	967,965	450,210	517,755
Chinese languages	955,685	444,115	511,565
Hakka	3,625	1,645	1,985
Mandarin	530,945	249,675	281,270
Min Dong	775	370	405
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	13,945	6,255	7,685
Wu (Shanghainese)	5,750	2,705	3,050
Yue (Cantonese)	393,430	180,000	213,435
Chinese, n.o.s.	6,985	3,360	3,625
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	225	110	115
Tibeto-Burman languages	11,990	5,960	6,035
Burmese	2,075	1,010	1,070
Kuki-Chin languages	660	320	340
Karenic languages	3,400	1,725	1,675
S'gaw Karen	2,960	1,500	1,460
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	440	225	210
Tibetan	5,395	2,680	2,705
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	465	225	240
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	290	135	155
Tai-Kadai languages	10,120	4,660	5,460
Lao	5,955	2,850	3,105
Thai	3,955	1,725	2,230
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	210	85	125
Turkic languages	32,490	16,530	15,960
Azerbaijani	2,200	1,095	1,105
Kazakh	105	55	50
Turkish	27,970	14,290	13,685
Uyghur	850	420	435
Uzbek	950	470	480
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	410	195	210
Uralic languages	18,790	8,625	10,165
Estonian	615	245	370
Finnish	1,880	825	1,050
Hungarian	16,295	7,550	8,745
Other languages, n.i.e.	390	195	195
Multiple responses	1,563,345	758,295	805,045
English and French	230,955	112,070	118,880
English and non-official language(s)	1,123,355	546,255	577,095
French and non-official language(s)	125,525	60,405	65,125
English, French and non-official language(s)	56,805	27,370	29,430
Multiple non-official languages	26,705	12,190	14,515
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	36,620,955	18,063,870	18,557,085
None	31,053,450	15,366,470	15,686,980
English	1,956,965	969,380	987,580
French	571,040	268,530	302,510
Non-official language	2,248,130	1,071,870	1,176,260
Indigenous³⁹	63,565	29,285	34,280
Non-Indigenous	2,184,565	1,042,590	1,141,975
English and French	86,185	42,600	43,585
English and non-official language(s)	323,845	161,995	161,850
French and non-official language(s)	134,565	61,575	72,995
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,870	5,975	5,895
Multiple non-official languages	234,905	115,470	119,430
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,310
Official languages	35,644,660	17,656,300	17,988,360
English	31,628,570	15,769,105	15,859,470
French	10,563,235	5,115,365	5,447,875
Non-official languages	10,724,700	5,156,300	5,568,400
Indigenous languages³⁹	243,155	116,360	126,795
Algonquian languages	163,815	78,135	85,675
Blackfoot	6,680	3,120	3,560
Cree-Innu languages	105,850	50,975	54,870
Atikamekw	6,815	3,455	3,360
Cree languages	87,875	42,340	45,530
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	420	220	200
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	895	450	445
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	4,880	2,320	2,555
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	4,675	2,025	2,645
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	12,005	5,440	6,555
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5,110	2,460	2,650
Cree, n.o.s.	61,000	29,930	31,070
Innu (Montagnais)	10,745	4,935	5,805
Naskapi	1,035	515	525
Eastern Algonquian languages	10,035	4,770	5,260
Mi'kmaq	9,245	4,370	4,880
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	820	420	400
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	42,865	20,015	22,850
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	1,950	895	1,060
Oji-Cree	15,305	7,450	7,855
Ojibway languages	26,160	11,930	14,235
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	2,035	875	1,165
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	215	80	135
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	3,625	1,670	1,955
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20,720	9,495	11,225
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	165	100	65
Athabaskan languages	20,390	9,635	10,755
Northern Athabaskan languages	20,135	9,515	10,620
Dakelh (Carrier)	1,550	680	870
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	270	125	145
Dene, n.o.s.	11,560	5,470	6,085
Gwich'in	295	115	180
Slavey-Hare languages	2,330	1,140	1,190
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	775	355	420
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	415	195	215
Slavey, n.o.s.	1,210	620	590
Tahltan languages	480	265	220
Kaska (Nahani)	245	130	115
Tahltan	235	140	100
Tlicho (Dogrib)	2,140	1,080	1,060
Tse'khene (Sekani)	135	40	95
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	870	400	470
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	175	75	100
Tutchone languages	320	120	190
Northern Tutchone	135	50	85
Southern Tutchone	140	50	85
Tutchone, n.o.s.	50	25	25
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	290	140	150
Tlingit	150	75	75
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	110	55	55
Haida	245	90	155
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	42,795	20,980	21,820
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	1,140	505	630
Inuinnaqtun	795	365	430
Inuvialuktun	350	145	205
Inuktitut	41,680	20,495	21,185
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40
Iroquoian languages	2,055	880	1,175
Cayuga	230	95	135
Mohawk	1,605	655	950
Oneida	210	105	110
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	25
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	215	90	120
Michif	1,905	850	1,050
Salish languages	5,305	2,555	2,755
Halkomelem	1,415	670	745
Lillooet	600	285	305
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	510	300	215
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	1,090	510	580
Squamish	350	165	185
Straits	325	135	185
Syilx (Okanagan)	705	320	390
Salish languages, n.i.e.	360	190	175
Siouan languages	2,965	1,465	1,495
Assiniboine	370	195	175
Dakota	1,530	715	810
Stoney	925	470	455
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	325	180	140
Tsimshian languages	2,665	1,335	1,335
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	1,135	555	580
Nisga'a	1,110	595	515
Tsimshian	465	210	255
Wakashan languages	2,205	1,010	1,200
Haisla	295	145	145
Heiltsuk	335	170	170
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	820	355	465
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	700	315	390
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	645	310	335
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	855	405	450
Non-Indigenous languages	10,485,595	5,041,770	5,443,825
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,100,035	565,845	534,195
Berber languages	42,835	22,775	20,060
Kabyle	37,415	19,660	17,755
Tamazight	4,735	2,720	2,015
Berber languages, n.i.e.	1,330	750	575
Chadic languages	7,090	3,740	3,350
Hausa	5,080	2,695	2,380
Mina	2,010	1,040	965
Coptic	3,690	1,790	1,900
Cushitic languages	71,930	34,430	37,500
Bilen	2,745	1,490	1,260
Oromo	9,635	4,860	4,780
Somali	59,005	27,735	31,270
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	1,400	760	645
Semitic languages	1,015,485	524,700	490,780
Amharic	48,305	23,910	24,395
Arabic	838,045	436,510	401,540
Aramaic languages	39,655	19,690	19,965
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	23,865	11,765	12,100
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	13,285	6,625	6,655
Aramaic, n.o.s.	3,195	1,625	1,570
Harari	2,000	925	1,075
Hebrew	83,205	42,515	40,685
Maltese	6,535	3,080	3,450
Tigrigna	45,970	23,120	22,845
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	1,760	1,065	695
Austro-Asiatic languages	260,030	120,035	139,995
Khmer (Cambodian)	28,390	13,100	15,290
Vietnamese	232,800	107,435	125,355
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	910	455	455
Austronesian languages	793,275	336,445	456,840
Bikol	4,260	1,975	2,275
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10,990	4,625	6,375
Cebuano	33,045	13,790	19,250
Fijian	1,765	900	865
Hiligaynon	16,385	6,650	9,735
Ilocano	61,680	25,280	36,400
Indonesian	19,815	8,895	10,915
Kankanaey	1,950	770	1,175
Kinaray-a	860	345	510
Malagasy languages	3,885	1,960	1,920
Merina	2,355	1,215	1,140
Malagasy, n.o.s.	1,565	785	780
Malay	10,770	4,995	5,775
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10,555	4,690	5,865
Pangasinan	4,455	1,885	2,575
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	737,565	310,735	426,830
Waray-Waray	4,520	1,910	2,610
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20,140	8,785	11,355
Creole languages	184,840	85,045	99,790
Haitian Creole	134,895	61,215	73,680
Jamaican English Creole	4,875	2,200	2,675
Krio	1,955	870	1,090
Morisyen	15,345	7,620	7,725
Sango	1,535	785	750
Creole, n.o.s.	31,220	14,400	16,825
Creole languages, n.i.e.	9,585	4,575	5,005
Dravidian languages	359,485	185,160	174,325
Kannada	18,420	9,660	8,760
Malayalam	77,910	42,025	35,890
Tamil	237,890	119,570	118,320
Telugu	54,685	30,575	24,110
Tulu	1,765	935	835
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	970	450	520
Georgian	3,015	1,565	1,445
Hmong-Mien languages	720	365	360
Indo-European languages	5,849,775	2,867,575	2,982,195
Albanian	38,345	19,410	18,935
Armenian	44,500	21,675	22,825
Balto-Slavic languages	820,305	384,390	435,915
Baltic languages	13,890	5,900	7,985
Latvian	6,020	2,595	3,425
Lithuanian	7,895	3,325	4,570
Slavic languages	809,985	380,025	429,960
Belarusian	2,825	1,185	1,640
Bulgarian	24,210	11,805	12,400
Czech	28,625	13,595	15,030
Macedonian	23,015	10,965	12,050
Polish	204,460	94,135	110,325
Russian	309,235	145,375	163,860
Rusyn	680	345	330
Serbo-Croatian	155,775	76,800	78,975
Bosnian	25,380	12,555	12,825
Croatian	73,845	36,015	37,830
Serbian	83,735	41,550	42,185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	3,085	1,590	1,500
Slovak	20,905	9,455	11,450
Slovene (Slovenian)	10,650	4,715	5,935
Ukrainian	131,655	59,230	72,425
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	770	385	385
Celtic languages	10,485	5,430	5,055
Irish	5,360	2,940	2,415
Scottish Gaelic	2,170	1,050	1,120
Welsh	2,170	1,015	1,155
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	910	495	415
Germanic languages	658,705	319,800	338,905
Frisian	2,835	1,480	1,350
High German languages	453,995	222,215	231,780
German	419,195	204,840	214,355
Pennsylvania German	10,565	5,260	5,305
Swiss German	10,465	5,025	5,440
Yiddish	20,155	10,105	10,045
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	191,840	93,435	98,405
Afrikaans	29,670	15,335	14,335
Dutch	107,985	51,330	56,650
Low German, n.o.s.	10,555	5,245	5,315
Low Saxon	1,310	640	670
Plautdietsch	41,165	20,590	20,575
Vlaams (Flemish)	3,985	1,825	2,155
Scandinavian languages	37,500	17,205	20,300
Danish	14,700	6,805	7,900
Icelandic	1,475	685	790
Norwegian	8,860	4,180	4,675
Swedish	14,620	6,765	7,855
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	1,275	720	555
Greek	145,060	71,685	73,375
Indo-Iranian languages	2,263,825	1,162,830	1,100,990
Indo-Aryan languages	1,918,570	989,350	929,220
Assamese	1,155	590	565
Bengali	120,605	62,330	58,270
Gujarati	209,415	110,000	99,405
Hindi	761,425	395,410	366,015
Kacchi	15,085	6,785	8,300
Kashmiri	1,830	965	865
Konkani	8,950	4,300	4,645
Marathi	35,230	18,210	17,020
Nepali	30,660	15,680	14,980
Oriya languages	3,235	1,665	1,570
Odia	1,710	925	785
Oriya, n.o.s.	1,550	755	795
Punjabi (Panjabi)	942,170	488,075	454,090
Rohingya	765	345	420
Sindhi	8,385	4,480	3,910
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	33,050	16,645	16,400
Urdu	414,870	211,895	202,975
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	11,320	6,280	5,040
Iranian languages	370,520	186,750	183,770
Baluchi	985	565	420
Kurdish	24,035	13,005	11,030
Parsi	1,000	535	470
Pashto	31,695	16,810	14,885
Persian languages	326,285	163,665	162,620
Dari	78,220	38,765	39,460
Iranian Persian	222,160	111,750	110,415
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30,345	15,460	14,880
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	1,830	970	855
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	2,135	1,245	895
Italic (Romance) languages	2,054,885	975,310	1,079,575
Catalan	2,855	1,560	1,305
Italian	547,655	263,950	283,705
Portuguese	336,865	164,985	171,880
Romanian	116,520	55,570	60,950
Spanish	1,171,450	548,315	623,135
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	4,890	2,835	2,060
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	1,965	1,025	940
Japanese	98,070	43,380	54,690
Korean	203,885	92,275	111,605
Mongolian	2,545	1,085	1,455
Niger-Congo languages	267,520	131,495	136,025
Akan (Twi)	26,240	12,585	13,660
Bamanankan	4,950	2,570	2,380
Edo	4,945	2,315	2,630
Éwé	4,645	2,490	2,165
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	7,840	4,100	3,740
Ga	3,255	1,565	1,685
Ganda	4,650	2,055	2,600
Gikuyu	1,850	750	1,100
Igbo	18,365	9,345	9,020
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	13,515	6,305	7,210
Lingala	25,720	12,260	13,460
Luba-Kasai	2,695	1,300	1,395
Mòoré	2,085	1,055	1,035
Mwani	1,080	585	490
Ndebele	2,425	1,140	1,285
Rundi (Kirundi)	14,825	7,070	7,755
Shona	7,280	3,440	3,845
Soninke	1,010	650	360
Sotho-Tswana languages	1,305	580	725
Swahili	57,295	28,950	28,340
Wojenaka	2,820	1,440	1,380
Wolof	12,940	6,925	6,015
Yoruba	50,935	25,265	25,675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	43,625	21,935	21,685
Nilo-Saharan languages	11,090	5,570	5,530
Dinka	2,815	1,470	1,345
Nuer	1,490	685	805
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	6,815	3,425	3,385
African, n.o.s.	2,760	1,485	1,275
Sign languages	49,535	19,685	29,850
American Sign Language	37,620	14,430	23,195
Quebec Sign Language	6,195	2,525	3,670
Sign languages, n.i.e.	7,450	3,515	3,940
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,550,930	721,520	829,410
Chinese languages	1,528,860	710,700	818,160
Hakka	14,830	6,845	7,980
Mandarin	987,300	452,995	534,305
Min Dong	1,825	840	980
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	51,755	22,840	28,920
Wu (Shanghainese)	13,660	6,060	7,600
Yue (Cantonese)	724,925	335,185	389,740
Chinese, n.o.s.	11,720	5,695	6,020
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	1,185	560	625
Tibeto-Burman languages	22,300	10,955	11,345
Burmese	5,935	2,910	3,025
Kuki-Chin languages	1,140	520	620
Karenic languages	5,705	2,790	2,915
S'gaw Karen	5,030	2,490	2,545
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	845	395	450
Tibetan	9,160	4,565	4,590
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	1,940	890	1,050
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	1,220	540	680
Tai-Kadai languages	33,705	14,255	19,440
Lao	17,630	8,320	9,310
Thai	18,575	6,955	11,615
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	800	330	465
Turkic languages	91,375	47,575	43,800
Azerbaijani	9,875	5,380	4,490
Kazakh	1,415	600	815
Turkish	78,500	41,130	37,365
Uyghur	1,660	790	875
Uzbek	3,290	1,645	1,640
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	2,150	980	1,165
Uralic languages	85,055	39,290	45,765
Estonian	5,315	2,320	2,990
Finnish	15,325	6,735	8,590
Hungarian	64,625	30,320	34,300
Other languages, n.i.e.	5,545	2,750	2,790
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,807,250	877,645	929,605
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,743,165	847,385	895,785
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,048,405	506,515	541,890
Métis	624,220	306,220	318,000
Inuk (Inuit)	70,540	34,645	35,895
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	28,855	13,645	15,215
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35,225	16,620	18,610
Non-Indigenous identity	34,521,230	17,059,520	17,461,710
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	36,328,480	17,937,165	18,391,315
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	831,720	402,310	429,405
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	35,496,755	17,534,850	17,961,905
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	14,978,940	...	...
Owner	9,955,975	...	...
Renter	4,953,840	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	69,130	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	14,978,940	...	...
Condominium	2,248,280	...	...
Not condominium	12,730,660	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	14,978,940	...	...
No bedrooms	132,060	...	...
1 bedroom	2,124,485	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,829,965	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,982,900	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,909,525	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	14,978,940	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,662,125	...	...
5 rooms	2,323,910	...	...
6 rooms	2,037,185	...	...
7 rooms	1,796,855	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,158,855	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	14,978,940	...	...
One person or fewer per room	14,625,230	...	...
More than one person per room	353,715	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	14,978,940	...	...
Suitable	14,173,290	...	...
Not suitable	805,650	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	14,978,940	...	...
1960 or before	3,027,045	...	...
1961 to 1980	4,171,840	...	...
1981 to 1990	1,982,515	...	...
1991 to 2000	1,805,985	...	...
2001 to 2005	959,860	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,034,925	...	...
2011 to 2015	967,540	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,029,220	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	14,978,940	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	14,059,395	...	...
Major repairs needed	919,545	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	14,978,940	...	...
One-maintainer household	7,659,700	...	...
Two-maintainer household	6,631,755	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	687,485	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	14,978,940	...	...
15 to 24 years	424,695	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,077,895	...	...
35 to 44 years	2,600,000	...	...
45 to 54 years	2,646,945	...	...
55 to 64 years	3,046,560	...	...
65 to 74 years	2,432,140	...	...
75 to 84 years	1,292,805	...	...
85 years and over	457,900	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	14,687,350	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	11,612,640	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	3,074,715	...	...
30% to less than 100%	2,742,920	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	14,978,940	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	4,379,420	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	2,728,995	...	...
Not suitable only	595,110	...	...
Major repairs needed only	645,465	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	135,770	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	199,355	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	64,095	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,630	...	...
Acceptable housing	10,599,520	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	14,355,555	...	...
In core need	1,451,025	...	...
Not in core need	12,904,530	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,807,720	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,498	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	472,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	618,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,936,850	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,209	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	69,130	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	284	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	327	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,315
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	985,200	480,950	504,245
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	963,705	470,850	492,855
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	763,230	371,400	391,825
Métis single ancestry	146,010	72,680	73,325
Inuit single ancestry	54,475	26,770	27,700
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	21,490	10,095	11,395
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	17,665	8,215	9,450
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	2,430	1,185	1,250
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	1,070	530	535
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	320	165	155
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,219,285	585,590	633,690
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,183,350	568,980	614,365
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	801,630	384,550	417,075
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	362,130	174,975	187,150
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,595	9,450	10,150
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	35,930	16,605	19,320
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	31,815	14,790	17,025
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,785	1,190	1,595
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,005	500	505
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	330	125	210
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	34,124,000	16,870,625	17,253,375
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	8,361,505	3,976,160	4,385,345
Americas	1,203,180	546,325	656,855
Brazil	48,450	22,405	26,050
Colombia	80,570	36,675	43,900
El Salvador	49,450	24,430	25,015
Guyana	85,530	37,870	47,660
Haiti	99,945	44,585	55,360
Jamaica	145,360	63,430	81,925
Mexico	90,585	42,215	48,370
Peru	31,420	13,925	17,490
Trinidad and Tobago	65,035	29,110	35,930
United States of America	256,090	115,380	140,705
Other places of birth in Americas	250,760	116,305	134,460
Europe	1,967,620	955,840	1,011,785
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35,925	17,705	18,220
Croatia	36,675	18,115	18,560
France	121,525	63,845	57,685
Germany	126,470	60,560	65,915
Greece	54,715	27,050	27,665
Hungary	31,050	14,595	16,450
Italy	204,065	101,445	102,625
Netherlands	75,830	39,020	36,810
Poland	135,030	60,660	74,370
Portugal	128,795	62,880	65,910
Romania	86,770	40,820	45,955
Russian Federation	81,840	35,185	46,650
Serbia⁸⁶	31,925	15,480	16,450
Ukraine	81,135	36,840	44,295
United Kingdom⁸⁷	464,135	229,710	234,430
Other places of birth in Europe	271,725	131,935	139,790
Africa	821,735	412,365	409,375
Algeria	79,660	41,065	38,600
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	33,110	15,775	17,340
Egypt	73,710	38,730	34,980
Eritrea	31,385	16,575	14,815
Ethiopia	41,715	19,955	21,760
Morocco	81,775	41,085	40,685
Nigeria	81,290	41,665	39,620
Somalia	32,500	14,600	17,900
South Africa, Republic of	51,590	25,740	25,855
Other places of birth in Africa	314,995	157,170	157,825
Asia	4,307,000	2,030,575	2,276,420
Afghanistan	62,450	30,940	31,515
Iran⁸⁸	182,940	92,300	90,645
Iraq	84,130	42,660	41,465
Lebanon	95,725	50,675	45,055
Syria⁸⁹	97,590	49,855	47,735
Turkey	35,270	18,835	16,435
China⁹⁰	715,835	317,970	397,860
Hong Kong⁹¹	213,855	100,480	113,375
Korea, South⁹²	138,355	63,025	75,325
Taiwan	65,365	28,725	36,635
Philippines	719,580	305,115	414,460
Viet Nam	182,095	82,670	99,425
Bangladesh	70,090	35,675	34,415
India	898,050	451,120	446,930
Pakistan	234,105	118,390	115,715
Sri Lanka	136,240	66,215	70,030
Other places of birth in Asia	375,340	175,930	199,410
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	61,965	31,055	30,910
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,328,240	644,900	683,340
Americas	154,490	74,275	80,215
Brazil	19,895	9,340	10,560
Colombia	11,455	5,090	6,365
Haiti	10,550	5,155	5,400
Jamaica	15,155	7,740	7,420
Mexico	17,150	8,405	8,745
United States of America	39,875	19,790	20,085
Venezuela⁹⁵	7,060	2,980	4,075
Other places of birth in Americas	33,350	15,785	17,570
Europe	134,425	69,310	65,120
France	27,175	14,560	12,610
Germany	5,365	2,660	2,705
Ireland⁹⁶	6,355	4,000	2,350
Italy	4,240	2,470	1,770
Russian Federation	10,905	4,335	6,570
Ukraine	14,515	6,570	7,945
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,755	13,550	9,200
Other places of birth in Europe	43,120	21,160	21,960
Africa	206,965	102,875	104,090
Algeria	15,745	7,530	8,220
Burundi	4,935	2,420	2,510
Cameroon	11,795	5,545	6,250
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	8,915	4,200	4,720
Côte d'Ivoire	7,915	3,795	4,125
Egypt	12,120	6,285	5,835
Eritrea	16,330	8,755	7,575
Ethiopia	9,385	4,415	4,970
Morocco	12,835	6,025	6,810
Nigeria	40,360	20,575	19,780
Somalia	6,315	3,240	3,075
South Africa, Republic of	8,510	4,290	4,220
Sudan⁹⁷	4,690	2,375	2,315
Tunisia	8,155	4,185	3,975
Other places of birth in Africa	38,960	19,250	19,715
Asia	823,205	393,110	430,090
Afghanistan	12,730	6,290	6,440
Bangladesh	13,185	6,670	6,515
China⁹⁰	118,035	50,365	67,665
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,495	2,880	3,620
India	246,995	128,205	118,790
Iran⁸⁸	25,650	12,310	13,340
Iraq	17,715	8,835	8,875
Israel	4,850	2,565	2,290
Japan	4,445	1,035	3,410
Jordan	4,635	2,375	2,260
Korea, South⁹²	20,985	8,790	12,200
Lebanon	9,980	5,120	4,860
Nepal	4,890	2,475	2,415
Pakistan	36,255	18,070	18,190
Philippines	151,490	66,720	84,765
Saudi Arabia	9,560	5,195	4,365
Sri Lanka	8,480	4,010	4,465
Syria⁸⁹	63,130	32,725	30,410
Turkey	10,150	5,520	4,635
United Arab Emirates	8,405	4,325	4,085
Viet Nam	14,725	5,605	9,125
Other places of birth in Asia	30,410	13,035	17,375
Oceania and other⁹³	9,160	5,335	3,825
Australia	6,535	3,845	2,685
Other places of birth⁹⁸	2,625	1,490	1,135
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	36,328,475	17,937,165	18,391,310
Canadian	5,677,205	2,836,675	2,840,530
English	5,322,830	2,600,245	2,722,580
Irish	4,413,120	2,102,610	2,310,505
Scottish	4,392,200	2,131,620	2,260,580
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,985,945	1,964,695	2,021,250
German	2,955,695	1,449,465	1,506,230
Chinese	1,713,870	806,365	907,500
Italian	1,546,390	774,250	772,140
Indian (India)	1,347,715	691,535	656,185
Ukrainian	1,258,635	612,455	646,175
Dutch	988,585	489,045	499,545
Polish	982,820	472,290	510,525
Québécois	981,635	490,130	491,510
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	938,950	462,420	476,530
Filipino	925,490	414,915	510,570
French Canadian	906,315	441,610	464,705
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	691,260	347,080	344,175
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	632,340	304,220	328,120
Métis	560,335	271,985	288,350
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	551,910	278,060	273,850
Russian	548,140	260,075	288,065
Norwegian	466,500	224,290	242,210
Welsh	455,720	216,490	239,230
Portuguese	448,305	222,770	225,535
American	353,495	172,240	181,255
Spanish	342,040	160,475	181,570
Swedish	334,505	156,840	177,665
Hungarian	320,150	155,755	164,395
Acadian	305,170	145,500	159,675
Pakistani	303,260	154,435	148,825
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	301,955	148,335	153,625
Jewish	282,015	141,530	140,490
Punjabi	279,950	145,620	134,330
Vietnamese	275,530	131,075	144,445
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	263,710	138,210	125,500
Greek	262,140	132,975	129,160
Jamaican	249,070	119,265	129,805
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	226,220	107,785	118,435
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	219,855	105,825	114,030
Korean	217,650	101,805	115,845
Romanian	215,885	103,720	112,165
Lebanese	210,605	107,990	102,615
Iranian	200,465	100,790	99,675
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	200,340	99,800	100,540
Danish	196,945	96,220	100,725
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	194,840	94,035	100,810
Sikh	194,640	101,255	93,385
Austrian	189,535	92,740	96,800
Belgian	182,175	90,150	92,030
Haitian	178,990	84,510	94,490
Hindu	166,160	87,665	78,495
Mexican	155,495	77,435	78,055
Mennonite	155,095	77,735	77,360
Swiss	145,570	72,015	73,555
Finnish	144,055	69,270	74,785
Sri Lankan	132,410	65,175	67,240
Croatian	130,820	64,915	65,905
Japanese	129,425	56,850	72,580
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	120,125	60,575	59,550
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	111,605	53,700	57,905
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	110,735	54,730	56,005
Muslim	105,620	54,095	51,525
Egyptian	105,245	55,230	50,020
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	104,765	51,375	53,395
Tamil	102,170	51,165	51,005
Icelandic	101,990	50,370	51,620
Colombian	100,555	47,995	52,560
Moroccan	99,980	50,835	49,150
Czech	98,925	47,495	51,430
Syrian	98,250	49,385	48,865
Guyanese	97,210	46,270	50,940
Afghan	96,810	48,255	48,550
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	94,585	44,335	50,250
Serbian	93,360	46,945	46,410
Ojibway	92,220	44,610	47,600
Newfoundlander	91,670	45,665	46,005
Hong Konger	81,680	39,485	42,195
Ontarian	80,555	39,675	40,880
Persian	80,340	41,415	38,925
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	77,405	37,655	39,750
Turkish	76,745	39,955	36,795
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	76,675	37,315	39,365
Bangladeshi	75,425	39,085	36,335
Algerian	73,770	38,035	35,740
Brazilian	71,755	34,670	37,085
Nigerian	69,540	34,680	34,860
Armenian	68,850	34,105	34,745
Slovak	68,210	33,475	34,740
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	66,780	31,525	35,255
Somali	65,555	31,555	33,995
Taiwanese	64,020	29,280	34,740
Iraqi	59,300	29,865	29,435
Salvadorean	59,280	29,150	30,130
African Caribbean	59,050	26,385	32,670
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	58,870	27,845	31,025
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	58,840	30,560	28,280
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	57,195	25,715	31,475
Algonquin	56,070	27,025	29,040
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	52,085	23,685	28,395
Lithuanian	52,040	24,510	27,530
South African	49,840	24,885	24,955
Australian	46,765	24,165	22,595
Palestinian	45,905	23,930	21,975
Chilean	45,685	22,520	23,165
Congolese	45,260	22,000	23,260
Nova Scotian	44,720	21,700	23,025
Ethiopian	42,545	20,675	21,875
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	42,405	20,105	22,300
Peruvian	42,295	19,925	22,370
Yoruba	42,075	21,740	20,330
Cambodian (Khmer)	41,950	19,835	22,115
Berber	41,700	22,325	19,370
Albanian	41,620	21,050	20,570
Maltese	40,670	20,210	20,455
Macedonian	39,440	19,500	19,940
Slovenian	38,595	18,785	19,815
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	38,520	18,935	19,585
New Brunswicker	37,670	18,235	19,435
Gujarati	36,970	19,580	17,385
Eritrean	36,290	18,185	18,110
African Canadian	35,395	17,140	18,250
Israeli	35,345	18,410	16,940
Mohawk	33,330	16,485	16,845
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	33,135	15,355	17,775
Bulgarian	33,085	16,235	16,850
Albertan	32,575	16,525	16,055
Ghanaian	31,720	15,650	16,065
Barbadian	31,440	15,265	16,175
African American	31,430	15,700	15,730
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30,565	14,635	15,930
Tunisian	30,465	16,585	13,875
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	30,220	15,225	14,995
Cuban	30,065	14,830	15,235
Bosnian	28,490	14,320	14,170
Venezuelan	28,395	13,220	15,175
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	28,225	13,490	14,735
Latvian	28,140	13,515	14,620
Bengali	26,675	13,830	12,850
Cameroonian	26,535	12,960	13,580
Guatemalan	26,460	13,920	12,540
Indonesian	26,330	11,910	14,415
Laotian	25,875	12,500	13,375
Ilocano	25,575	11,860	13,715
Northern Irish	25,200	12,495	12,710
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	24,420	12,265	12,155
British Columbian	24,325	12,230	12,095
Ecuadorian	24,255	11,510	12,745
Franco Ontarian	24,110	11,540	12,570
Argentinian	23,500	11,665	11,840
Estonian	23,455	11,080	12,375
Kurdish	23,130	12,670	10,460
Fijian	23,020	11,040	11,980
Jatt	22,785	11,695	11,090
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	22,785	11,680	11,105
Coptic	22,570	11,405	11,165
Thai	22,275	8,525	13,750
Dominican	22,125	10,615	11,510
Nepali	21,975	11,215	10,765
Kabyle	20,565	10,595	9,975
Assyrian	19,685	9,730	9,955
Igbo	19,305	9,890	9,415
Byelorussian	18,850	9,055	9,795
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	18,745	9,030	9,710
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	18,545	8,975	9,570
Abenaki	18,420	8,545	9,870
Moldovan	18,190	8,850	9,340
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	17,955	8,625	9,330
New Zealander	17,755	9,275	8,470
Sudanese	17,485	8,825	8,665
Breton	17,465	8,710	8,755
Pennsylvania Dutch	17,315	7,300	10,020
Malaysian	17,050	7,935	9,115
Plains Cree	16,570	8,255	8,310
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	16,315	8,565	7,750
Huron (Wendat)	15,910	7,715	8,195
Saskatchewanian	15,780	7,505	8,280
Buddhist	15,660	7,485	8,175
Gaspesian	15,650	7,290	8,360
Norman	15,340	8,155	7,190
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15,055	7,180	7,875
Ivorian	15,010	7,255	7,755
Saulteaux	14,265	6,730	7,535
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	14,260	6,525	7,735
Burundian	14,110	6,810	7,295
Tigrinya	13,910	7,435	6,470
Nicaraguan	13,840	6,730	7,120
Mauritian	13,755	7,020	6,730
Kenyan	13,565	6,510	7,055
Oji-Cree	13,525	6,610	6,915
Vincentian	13,245	5,800	7,445
Jordanian	13,225	7,055	6,170
Manitoban	13,095	6,530	6,565
Cape Bretoner	13,065	6,175	6,885
Rwandan	12,890	6,150	6,740
Grenadian	12,890	5,965	6,930
Malayali	12,490	6,580	5,910
Chaldean	12,115	6,080	6,035
Sinhalese	12,080	5,905	6,170
Mayan	11,710	5,980	5,730
Honduran	10,920	5,370	5,550
Cherokee	10,825	5,080	5,745
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10,750	5,130	5,620
Indo-Caribbean	10,490	4,710	5,775
Flemish	10,275	4,950	5,325
United Empire Loyalist	10,015	4,975	5,045
Senegalese	9,955	5,115	4,840
Azerbaijani	9,915	5,165	4,750
Sicilian	9,835	5,135	4,695
Pashtun	9,825	5,195	4,625
Malay	9,795	4,725	5,065
Goan	9,700	4,710	4,990
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	9,455	4,705	4,755
Tibetan	9,350	4,650	4,700
Zimbabwean	9,165	4,435	4,725
Burmese	9,150	4,385	4,760
Mongolian	9,090	4,240	4,850
Azorean	8,970	4,235	4,735
Atikamekw	8,400	4,270	4,125
Bamileke	8,315	4,220	4,090
Indo-Guyanese	8,310	3,765	4,545
Ugandan	8,285	3,910	4,375
Oromo	8,255	4,425	3,830
Tanzanian	8,140	3,945	4,195
Yemeni	8,115	3,995	4,130
Central African	8,080	3,830	4,250
Libyan	7,945	4,265	3,680
Basque	7,745	4,030	3,710
Uruguayan	7,660	3,870	3,790
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	7,640	3,835	3,805
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	7,635	3,690	3,950
Igorot	7,535	3,305	4,230
Fulani	7,480	3,865	3,620
Woodland Cree	7,415	3,615	3,800
Guinean	7,390	3,700	3,695
St. Lucian	7,285	3,340	3,945
Prince Edward Islander	7,225	3,355	3,875
Maliseet	7,220	3,515	3,705
Beninese	6,810	3,630	3,180
Telugu	6,670	3,730	2,945
Roma	6,545	3,225	3,320
Costa Rican	6,500	3,265	3,230
African Nova Scotian	6,480	2,945	3,535
Malagasy	6,255	3,085	3,170
Kashmiri	6,165	3,020	3,145
Singaporean	6,060	2,755	3,305
Karen	6,050	3,065	2,985
Edo	5,985	2,995	2,995
Tajik	5,980	2,965	3,015
Amhara	5,945	3,010	2,930
Paraguayan	5,925	2,855	3,075
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	35,986,480	17,761,880	18,224,600
Non-movers	31,600,930	15,595,875	16,005,050
Movers	4,385,555	2,166,005	2,219,550
Non-migrants	2,572,400	1,270,395	1,302,005
Migrants	1,813,155	895,610	917,550
Internal migrants	1,519,200	748,025	771,180
Intraprovincial migrants	1,250,235	612,810	637,425
Interprovincial migrants	268,965	135,215	133,750
External migrants	293,955	147,585	146,370
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	34,504,330	17,002,250	17,502,080
Non-movers	21,061,090	10,370,425	10,690,660
Movers	13,443,240	6,631,825	6,811,420
Non-migrants	5,773,890	2,840,425	2,933,460
Migrants	7,669,355	3,791,400	3,877,955
Internal migrants	5,976,960	2,932,205	3,044,755
Intraprovincial migrants	5,055,615	2,472,510	2,583,105
Interprovincial migrants	921,345	459,695	461,650
External migrants	1,692,390	859,195	833,200
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	30,335,920	14,861,250	15,474,670
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,474,175	2,907,175	2,567,000
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	24,861,745	11,954,065	12,907,675
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	19,568,265	9,620,340	9,947,925
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,271,360	1,309,215	962,140
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	17,296,905	8,311,120	8,985,780
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,899,580	2,534,175	2,365,395
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,097,295	4,022,790	4,074,505
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,339,045	8,304,275	9,034,770
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,252,800	4,623,985	4,628,815
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,641,555	1,811,500	830,055
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,458,160	827,980	630,185
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,183,395	983,525	199,870
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	5,714,490	2,439,925	3,274,560
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	896,755	372,560	524,195
Bachelor's degree or higher	8,086,245	3,680,285	4,405,955
Bachelor's degree	5,295,360	2,339,045	2,956,315
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	556,510	243,200	313,310
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	214,105	108,000	106,105
Master's degree	1,740,605	824,250	916,355
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	279,660	165,795	113,870
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	19,568,260	9,620,335	9,947,920
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,931,855	1,094,855	837,000
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	4,501,365	2,349,540	2,151,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,135,045	6,175,940	6,959,105
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,703,100	3,338,215	3,364,885
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,886,510	1,280,245	606,260
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,050,285	586,420	463,865
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	836,220	693,830	142,395
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	4,193,505	1,796,935	2,396,575
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	623,090	261,035	362,050
Bachelor's degree or higher	6,431,940	2,837,720	3,594,215
Bachelor's degree	4,177,455	1,808,555	2,368,900
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	430,875	179,230	251,645
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	167,730	75,120	92,615
Master's degree	1,446,435	659,295	787,145
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	209,445	115,530	93,915
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	12,996,870	6,556,970	6,439,900
Education	1,113,015	258,365	854,655
13. Education	1,113,015	258,365	854,655
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	631,255	274,065	357,190
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	74,785	53,390	21,395
50. Visual and performing arts	556,470	220,680	335,790
Humanities	926,560	354,120	572,440
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	106,345	23,460	82,885
23. English language and literature/letters	184,600	53,020	131,580
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	316,050	119,215	196,830
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	18,935	6,835	12,095
38. Philosophy and religious studies	57,745	33,040	24,700
39. Theology and religious vocations	77,510	46,140	31,365
54. History	108,935	58,310	50,620
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	56,440	14,090	42,345
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,016,125	670,770	1,345,360
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	29,430	7,065	22,365
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	233,400	88,205	145,200
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	344,150	27,905	316,240
22. Legal professions and studies	325,785	115,335	210,445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	49,855	16,000	33,850
42. Psychology	327,965	79,295	248,665
45. Social sciences	705,540	336,960	368,580
Business, management and public administration	3,758,250	1,488,175	2,270,075
30.16 Accounting and computer science	5,335	1,705	3,630
44. Public administration and social service professions	272,240	55,995	216,245
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,480,675	1,430,475	2,050,200
Physical and life sciences and technologies	719,715	353,540	366,175
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	297,055	121,615	175,435
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	155,955	72,245	83,705
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35,380	14,950	20,430
40. Physical sciences	196,620	130,745	65,875
41. Science technologies/technicians	34,710	13,985	20,730
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	804,230	531,435	272,795
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	643,145	454,370	188,775
25. Library science	43,085	7,100	35,985
27. Mathematics and statistics	99,360	57,560	41,800
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	18,640	12,400	6,240
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	3,506,120	3,131,220	374,900
04. Architecture and related services	135,020	81,930	53,090
14. Engineering	900,475	723,080	177,395
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	726,155	638,355	87,800
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	580	190	390
46. Construction trades	703,905	683,060	20,845
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	659,480	640,895	18,590
48. Precision production	380,505	363,710	16,795
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	407,545	234,360	173,175
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	262,580	140,520	122,070
03. Natural resources and conservation	144,960	93,845	51,115
Health and related fields	2,444,500	485,615	1,958,885
30.37 Design for human health	40	10	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	180,785	89,005	91,780
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	2,194,395	360,540	1,833,855
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	5,255	1,425	3,825
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	64,030	34,630	29,400
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,006,425	520,970	485,455
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	548,520	151,115	397,410
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	3,965	3,520	445
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	6,900	6,210	690
43. Security and protective services	227,835	160,930	66,905
49. Transportation and materials moving	219,205	199,190	20,010
Other¹⁷⁹	5,305	1,640	3,665
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825
Education	742,175	158,185	583,990
13. Education	742,175	158,185	583,990
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	490,455	210,500	279,955
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	54,645	38,170	16,475
50. Visual and performing arts	435,815	172,330	263,480
Humanities	649,695	241,235	408,465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	79,235	16,400	62,835
23. English language and literature/letters	134,815	37,610	97,210
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	216,725	80,505	136,220
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	12,910	4,540	8,370
38. Philosophy and religious studies	41,640	23,645	17,990
39. Theology and religious vocations	48,920	29,245	19,675
54. History	78,415	40,800	37,615
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	37,045	8,490	28,555
Social and behavioural sciences and law	1,588,720	502,835	1,085,885
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	23,895	5,520	18,370
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	196,475	72,125	124,350
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	270,970	20,095	250,875
22. Legal professions and studies	261,265	82,850	178,420
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	37,830	12,160	25,670
42. Psychology	249,205	55,840	193,365
45. Social sciences	549,090	254,250	294,840
Business, management and public administration	2,941,315	1,140,050	1,801,260
30.16 Accounting and computer science	3,995	1,335	2,665
44. Public administration and social service professions	213,140	40,230	172,910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,724,175	1,098,490	1,625,685
Physical and life sciences and technologies	513,555	241,780	271,785
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	227,460	90,390	137,075
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	108,350	48,075	60,280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	14,270	5,690	8,580
40. Physical sciences	140,510	88,540	51,970
41. Science technologies/technicians	22,960	9,090	13,870
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	667,305	445,970	221,330
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	554,185	392,835	161,350
25. Library science	27,610	4,720	22,885
27. Mathematics and statistics	70,940	39,000	31,940
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	14,565	9,415	5,155
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	2,611,205	2,292,785	318,420
04. Architecture and related services	105,845	61,230	44,605
14. Engineering	724,235	568,385	155,850
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	536,600	464,510	72,090
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	510	160	350
46. Construction trades	510,105	493,000	17,100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	467,225	452,385	14,840
48. Precision production	266,690	253,110	13,585
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	314,120	170,440	143,680
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	199,335	99,700	99,635
03. Natural resources and conservation	114,780	70,745	44,040
Health and related fields	1,839,975	371,180	1,468,795
30.37 Design for human health	30	0	30
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	139,280	67,885	71,385
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	1,648,120	279,090	1,369,030
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	4,430	945	3,485
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	48,115	23,255	24,860
Personal, protective and transportation services	772,450	399,835	372,615
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	414,520	112,935	301,590
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	2,955	2,575	375
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	3,850	3,415	435
43. Security and protective services	183,025	128,295	54,725
49. Transportation and materials moving	168,105	152,620	15,485
Other¹⁷⁹	4,075	1,150	2,930
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	19,568,260	9,620,340	9,947,925
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	6,433,215	3,444,395	2,988,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	13,135,040	6,175,940	6,959,100
Location of study inside Canada	10,490,520	4,926,390	5,564,130
Same as province or territory of residence	9,251,025	4,324,195	4,926,830
Different than province or territory of residence	1,239,495	602,195	637,300
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,644,520	1,249,550	1,394,970
Americas	483,810	238,040	245,775
United States of America	279,005	143,575	135,435
Mexico	36,400	16,175	20,230
Cuba	8,345	4,275	4,070
Haiti	10,620	5,645	4,970
Jamaica	12,780	6,110	6,670
Brazil	40,050	18,445	21,605
Colombia	31,165	13,875	17,295
Peru	7,780	3,025	4,750
Venezuela⁹⁵	12,655	5,330	7,320
Other locations of study in Americas	45,000	21,575	23,425
Europe	543,725	281,205	262,520
Belgium	7,795	4,260	3,535
France	97,770	53,930	43,840
Germany	22,450	12,070	10,380
Netherlands	10,825	6,065	4,765
Switzerland	8,470	4,420	4,050
Hungary	5,160	2,465	2,700
Moldova¹⁸³	9,055	4,165	4,890
Poland	25,215	11,115	14,100
Romania	32,250	16,190	16,060
Russian Federation	36,095	16,250	19,845
Ukraine	36,405	16,635	19,775
Ireland⁹⁶	16,040	9,175	6,865
United Kingdom⁸⁷	151,900	81,980	69,920
Bosnia and Herzegovina	6,030	2,915	3,115
Italy	8,895	5,055	3,840
Serbia⁸⁶	8,745	4,470	4,280
Other locations of study in Europe	60,615	30,055	30,560
Africa	216,815	111,010	105,805
Nigeria	33,280	16,395	16,880
Algeria	33,230	17,020	16,210
Morocco	23,640	12,125	11,510
Tunisia	12,655	7,100	5,555
Egypt	30,255	15,145	15,115
South Africa, Republic of	19,060	9,900	9,160
Other locations of study in Africa	64,700	33,325	31,385
Asia	1,352,215	594,805	757,410
Iran⁸⁸	66,630	30,180	36,450
Iraq	16,515	8,250	8,265
Israel	11,355	5,725	5,630
Lebanon	19,565	9,355	10,210
Syria⁸⁹	16,405	7,885	8,520
Turkey	11,855	6,595	5,260
China⁹⁰	201,100	87,370	113,720
Taiwan	14,520	4,750	9,770
Hong Kong⁹¹	18,325	7,445	10,875
Japan	18,605	5,280	13,325
Korea, South⁹²	53,575	20,575	33,000
Philippines	305,795	115,370	190,420
Viet Nam	12,500	4,490	8,005
Bangladesh	25,000	11,360	13,645
Sri Lanka	15,085	7,090	7,995
India	405,850	199,380	206,475
Pakistan	75,155	35,055	40,100
Other locations of study in Asia	64,385	28,650	35,735
Oceania	47,960	24,495	23,460
Australia	38,525	19,270	19,250
New Zealand	7,785	4,300	3,485
Other locations of study in Oceania	1,655	930	730
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	30,335,915	14,861,245	15,474,670
In the labour force	19,310,345	10,056,270	9,254,070
Employed	17,321,695	9,056,680	8,265,025
Unemployed	1,988,645	999,600	989,045
Not in the labour force	11,025,575	4,804,970	6,220,605
Participation rate	63.7	67.7	59.8
Employment rate	57.1	60.9	53.4
Unemployment rate	10.3	9.9	10.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	30,335,920	14,861,245	15,474,675
Did not work¹⁸⁶	11,140,775	4,889,605	6,251,170
Worked	19,195,145	9,971,640	9,223,500
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	10,215,385	5,685,910	4,529,475
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	8,979,760	4,285,730	4,694,025
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	41.7	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	486,865	237,950	248,915
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
Employee	16,103,455	8,139,075	7,964,375
Permanent position	13,431,685	6,866,375	6,565,310
Temporary position	2,671,765	1,272,700	1,399,065
Fixed term (1 year or more)	867,740	386,965	480,775
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	1,804,030	885,740	918,285
Self-employed¹⁹²	2,720,025	1,679,250	1,040,780
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	486,865	237,950	248,915
All occupations¹⁹¹	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	254,760	177,450	77,315
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	3,303,180	1,062,425	2,240,755
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,587,980	1,199,390	388,595
3 Health occupations	1,504,100	298,960	1,205,135
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,322,345	752,280	1,570,075
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	596,785	275,420	321,360
6 Sales and service occupations	4,616,050	2,072,110	2,543,945
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	3,239,500	2,950,915	288,585
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	541,235	416,960	124,270
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	857,540	612,415	245,120
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	19,310,340	10,056,275	9,254,070
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	486,865	237,950	248,915
All industries¹⁹¹	18,823,480	9,818,325	9,005,160
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	434,800	295,160	139,640
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	239,030	195,605	43,425
22 Utilities	147,750	109,475	38,270
23 Construction	1,469,085	1,269,060	200,025
31-33 Manufacturing	1,540,490	1,095,160	445,330
41 Wholesale trade	610,295	406,960	203,335
44-45 Retail trade	2,149,640	1,027,160	1,122,480
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	981,030	742,515	238,515
51 Information and cultural industries	400,460	237,940	162,520
52 Finance and insurance	815,225	358,145	457,080
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	343,940	186,230	157,710
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,571,160	877,780	693,380
55 Management of companies and enterprises	45,455	21,495	23,955
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	792,600	457,880	334,725
61 Educational services	1,413,320	436,645	976,670
62 Health care and social assistance	2,446,370	470,340	1,976,030
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	350,710	180,205	170,500
72 Accommodation and food services	1,085,270	478,000	607,270
81 Other services (except public administration)	797,935	373,775	424,165
91 Public administration	1,188,915	598,780	590,135
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
English	14,942,170	7,807,315	7,134,855
French	3,164,890	1,592,470	1,572,420
Non-official language	169,205	89,515	79,685
Indigenous³⁹	6,935	3,590	3,345
Non-Indigenous	162,265	85,925	76,345
English and French	1,682,510	859,635	822,870
English and non-official language(s)	570,220	291,000	279,220
French and non-official language(s)	20,935	9,955	10,980
English, French and non-official language(s)	69,340	34,190	35,145
Multiple non-official languages	11,265	5,960	5,305
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
Single responses	20,176,640	10,458,830	9,717,810
Official languages	19,866,180	10,297,010	9,569,175
English	15,879,850	8,272,750	7,607,105
French	3,986,330	2,024,260	1,962,070
Non-official languages	310,455	161,825	148,635
Indigenous languages³⁹	19,435	9,725	9,710
Algonquian languages	11,600	6,020	5,575
Blackfoot	60	35	25
Cree-Innu languages	9,115	4,715	4,400
Atikamekw	1,015	585	430
Cree languages	5,985	3,170	2,815
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	110	65	40
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	765	385	385
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	80	45	40
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	190	110	85
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	140	80	65
Cree, n.o.s.	4,695	2,500	2,205
Innu (Montagnais)	1,955	875	1,075
Naskapi	155	80	80
Eastern Algonquian languages	835	435	400
Mi'kmaq	825	430	395
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,585	830	755
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	0	20
Oji-Cree	875	490	385
Ojibway languages	695	340	355
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	40	20	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	40	25	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	610	295	320
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	895	410	480
Northern Athabaskan languages	890	410	475
Dakelh (Carrier)	20	10	15
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	535	255	280
Gwich'in	0	0	10
Slavey-Hare languages	155	70	90
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	35	15	15
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	25	0	15
Slavey, n.o.s.	100	45	55
Tahltan languages	10	0	10
Tlicho (Dogrib)	130	75	55
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	30	10	25
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	10
Tlingit	10	0	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	6,630	3,200	3,425
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	0	20
Inuinnaqtun	15	0	15
Inuvialuktun	10	0	10
Inuktitut	6,605	3,200	3,405
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	30	0	25
Mohawk	30	0	25
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	10	0	10
Michif	25	10	10
Salish languages	125	50	80
Halkomelem	35	15	20
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	30	0	25
Squamish	10	10	0
Straits	0	10	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	20	10	15
Salish languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Siouan languages	30	10	20
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	10	0	10
Stoney	15	0	10
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	40	15	30
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	10	10
Nisga'a	10	0	10
Tsimshian	15	0	10
Wakashan languages	40	0	35
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	0	15
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	15	0	15
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous languages	291,025	152,095	138,925
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,265	5,300	3,955
Berber languages	45	35	10
Kabyle	30	20	10
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	10
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	415	185	235
Bilen	10	0	0
Oromo	40	20	15
Somali	365	155	210
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	8,785	5,080	3,705
Amharic	215	95	120
Arabic	7,190	4,250	2,940
Aramaic languages	460	325	130
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	330	240	90
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90	70	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Hebrew	585	240	340
Tigrigna	325	165	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,770	4,135	5,635
Khmer (Cambodian)	495	215	285
Vietnamese	9,260	3,905	5,350
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Austronesian languages	4,760	2,180	2,580
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	25
Cebuano	95	45	50
Hiligaynon	15	0	10
Ilocano	165	90	70
Indonesian	170	90	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,205	1,895	2,310
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Creole languages	390	185	210
Haitian Creole	375	170	205
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Dravidian languages	3,010	1,410	1,605
Kannada	10	0	10
Malayalam	250	140	110
Tamil	2,685	1,255	1,425
Telugu	70	15	55
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	80	45	35
Indo-European languages	112,395	64,055	48,335
Albanian	315	170	140
Armenian	530	295	235
Balto-Slavic languages	10,085	4,390	5,695
Baltic languages	95	15	75
Latvian	50	10	35
Lithuanian	45	10	40
Slavic languages	9,995	4,375	5,620
Bulgarian	145	55	90
Czech	105	50	55
Macedonian	75	60	15
Polish	2,265	1,000	1,265
Russian	5,240	2,085	3,155
Serbo-Croatian	835	485	355
Bosnian	120	80	40
Croatian	155	95	65
Serbian	555	310	245
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	40	10	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0
Ukrainian	1,265	620	650
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Celtic languages	60	30	30
Scottish Gaelic	55	25	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	14,250	8,060	6,190
Frisian	15	10	10
High German languages	10,480	5,695	4,790
German	6,615	3,655	2,970
Pennsylvania German	2,560	1,405	1,150
Swiss German	255	115	135
Yiddish	1,050	520	530
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,540	2,245	1,290
Afrikaans	65	20	40
Dutch	965	515	440
Low German, n.o.s.	560	420	140
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	1,940	1,275	670
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0
Scandinavian languages	190	100	85
Danish	25	0	15
Icelandic	25	20	0
Norwegian	55	30	25
Swedish	90	45	45
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Greek	875	445	430
Indo-Iranian languages	55,455	32,965	22,490
Indo-Aryan languages	48,020	28,910	19,100
Bengali	645	290	355
Gujarati	1,115	515	600
Hindi	2,235	1,145	1,090
Kacchi	15	0	15
Marathi	20	0	15
Nepali	275	125	145
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40,840	25,480	15,365
Sindhi	25	0	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	80	25
Urdu	2,725	1,265	1,465
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Iranian languages	7,430	4,045	3,385
Kurdish	175	145	35
Pashto	130	70	60
Persian languages	7,110	3,825	3,285
Dari	800	445	360
Iranian Persian	5,715	2,980	2,735
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	595	400	195
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	30,795	17,685	13,105
Catalan	15	10	0
Italian	1,625	730	900
Portuguese	6,970	4,070	2,895
Romanian	680	375	310
Spanish	21,455	12,465	8,990
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	35	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Japanese	3,560	1,225	2,340
Korean	14,345	7,125	7,225
Mongolian	25	15	10
Niger-Congo languages	410	210	200
Akan (Twi)	30	10	20
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	15	10
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	30	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10
Lingala	20	15	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	150	95	55
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	65	20	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Sign languages	2,010	795	1,210
American Sign Language	1,590	620	970
Quebec Sign Language	285	110	180
Sign languages, n.i.e.	135	65	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	128,375	64,180	64,190
Chinese languages	128,045	63,990	64,055
Hakka	45	25	25
Mandarin	76,040	37,760	38,280
Min Dong	35	20	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	485	210	270
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	50,950	25,725	25,225
Chinese, n.o.s.	460	240	220
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	295	175	125
Burmese	60	40	20
Karenic languages	135	85	50
S'gaw Karen	120	80	45
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tibetan	90	45	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	765	310	450
Lao	80	30	50
Thai	670	275	395
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Turkic languages	1,345	695	650
Azerbaijani	35	15	25
Turkish	1,270	660	615
Uyghur	30	20	15
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Uralic languages	485	215	270
Estonian	70	15	50
Finnish	90	25	65
Hungarian	330	170	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Multiple responses	453,880	231,205	222,675
English and French	321,975	163,305	158,675
English and non-official language(s)	115,955	60,210	55,745
French and non-official language(s)	6,280	2,795	3,485
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,405	3,795	3,605
Multiple non-official languages	2,265	1,100	1,165
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	20,630,520	10,690,035	9,940,490
None	18,696,980	9,704,050	8,992,935
English	902,625	474,755	427,875
French	589,755	288,955	300,800
Non-official language	331,375	168,035	163,335
Indigenous³⁹	18,190	7,740	10,450
Non-Indigenous	313,185	160,295	152,885
English and French	2,940	1,445	1,495
English and non-official language(s)	33,125	15,680	17,445
French and non-official language(s)	22,615	11,475	11,135
English, French and non-official language(s)	360	210	150
Multiple non-official languages	50,740	25,425	25,315
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	17,321,700	9,056,680	8,265,020
Worked at home	4,214,860	2,000,150	2,214,705
Worked outside Canada	58,335	40,295	18,035
No fixed workplace address	2,201,745	1,660,325	541,415
Usual place of work	10,846,770	5,355,910	5,490,860
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	10,846,770	5,355,905	5,490,860
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	6,397,120	2,970,205	3,426,915
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,343,640	1,185,830	1,157,810
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,007,950	1,139,665	868,285
Commute to a different province or territory	98,060	60,210	37,850
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Car, truck or van	10,950,750	6,060,925	4,889,825
Car, truck or van - as a driver	10,106,595	5,717,830	4,388,770
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	844,155	343,100	501,050
Public transit	1,000,510	422,270	578,235
Walked	672,815	296,610	376,205
Bicycle	138,615	92,195	46,415
Other method	285,820	144,225	141,595
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Less than 15 minutes	4,178,570	1,993,385	2,185,185
15 to 29 minutes	4,546,195	2,418,910	2,127,285
30 to 44 minutes	2,487,010	1,462,340	1,024,670
45 to 59 minutes	910,610	542,485	368,125
60 minutes and over	926,120	599,115	327,005
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	13,048,510	7,016,230	6,032,275
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	938,820	701,960	236,865
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,274,845	1,465,860	808,985
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	3,435,740	1,776,900	1,658,845
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	2,711,355	1,189,065	1,522,290
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	1,661,340	740,915	920,430
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	2,026,405	1,141,540	884,865
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	7,335,800	3,768,210	3,567,595
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	897,205	456,120	441,085
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,438,595	3,312,090	3,126,505
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	5,372,330	2,761,965	2,610,365
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	682,190	346,420	335,770
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	467,685	234,475	233,215
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	214,500	111,950	102,550
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,690,140	2,415,545	2,274,595

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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