Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Nova ScotiaMore information: [Province]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	969,383
Population, 2016¹	923,598
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0
Total private dwellings²	476,007
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	428,228
Population density per square kilometre	18.4
Land area in square kilometres	52,824.71
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	969,380
0 to 14 years	136,710
0 to 4 years	40,340
5 to 9 years	47,070
10 to 14 years	49,300
15 to 64 years	617,345
15 to 19 years	48,180
20 to 24 years	58,005
25 to 29 years	60,430
30 to 34 years	59,575
35 to 39 years	57,755
40 to 44 years	56,420
45 to 49 years	59,200
50 to 54 years	63,775
55 to 59 years	77,080
60 to 64 years	76,935
65 years and over	215,325
65 to 69 years	68,395
70 to 74 years	59,435
75 to 79 years	39,325
80 to 84 years	25,130
85 years and over	23,035
85 to 89 years	14,595
90 to 94 years	6,345
95 to 99 years	1,805
100 years and over	290
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1
15 to 64 years	63.7
65 years and over	22.2
85 years and over	2.4
Average age of the population	44.2
Median age of the population	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	428,230
Single-detached house	272,980
Semi-detached house	21,605
Row house	11,220
Apartment or flat in a duplex	13,165
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	64,575
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,650
Other single-attached house	700
Movable dwelling⁴	15,345
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	428,225
1 person	131,850
2 persons	166,475
3 persons	61,700
4 persons	45,700
5 or more persons	22,500
Number of persons in private households	955,855
Average household size	2.2
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	832,670
Married or living common-law	471,570
Married	372,690
Living common-law	98,885
Living common law - Never married	69,735
Living common law - Separated	5,510
Living common law - Divorced	20,870
Living common law - Widowed	2,765
Not married and not living common-law	361,105
Not married and not living common law - Never married	230,425
Not married and not living common law - Separated	25,025
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	52,000
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	53,655
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	280,335
2 persons	166,340
3 persons	56,715
4 persons	41,255
5 or more persons	16,030
Average size of census families	2.7
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	280,340
Total couple families	231,690
Married couples	182,255
With children⁶	78,455
Without children	103,795
Common-law couples	49,435
With children⁶	17,320
Without children	32,120
Total one-parent families	48,645
in which the parent is a woman+	38,280
in which the parent is a man+	10,370
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	955,855
Total - Persons in census families	753,775
Married spouses or common-law partners	463,385
Parents in one-parent families	48,645
Children⁶	241,745
In a two-parent family	167,950
In a one-parent family	73,800
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	202,080
Living alone	131,850
Living with other relatives⁷	20,715
Living with non-relatives only	49,515
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	428,225
One-census-family households without additional persons	253,030
Couple-family households	214,615
With children⁶	88,670
Without children	125,945
One-parent-family households	38,415
Multigenerational households⁸	8,620
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,570
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	11,175
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	21,980
One-person households	131,850
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	819,310
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	792,265
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	792,675
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	688,495
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	543,545
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	644,215
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	109,425
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,240
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	202,185
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	819,315
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	792,355
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	792,780
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	689,525
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	543,575
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	643,520
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,260
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	109,585
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,850
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	201,560
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,910
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	819,315
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	253,470
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	221,675
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,080
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	819,310
Without total income	27,050
With total income	792,265
Under $10,000 (including loss)	65,365
$10,000 to $19,999	102,030
$20,000 to $29,999	140,270
$30,000 to $39,999	111,240
$40,000 to $49,999	96,235
$50,000 to $59,999	72,270
$60,000 to $69,999	52,910
$70,000 to $79,999	40,055
$80,000 to $89,999	32,100
$90,000 to $99,999	23,205
$100,000 and over	56,580
$100,000 to $149,999	40,070
$150,000 and over	16,510
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	819,310
Without after-tax income	26,635
With after-tax income	792,670
Under $10,000 (including loss)	69,720
$10,000 to $19,999	107,780
$20,000 to $29,999	164,470
$30,000 to $39,999	136,500
$40,000 to $49,999	107,015
$50,000 to $59,999	72,850
$60,000 to $69,999	50,395
$70,000 to $79,999	32,395
$80,000 to $89,999	18,025
$90,000 to $99,999	10,385
$100,000 and over	23,150
$100,000 to $124,999	12,080
$125,000 and over	11,065
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	819,310
Without employment income	275,765
With employment income	543,550
Under $5,000 (including loss)	77,555
$5,000 to $9,999	45,840
$10,000 to $19,999	71,750
$20,000 to $29,999	58,530
$30,000 to $39,999	54,505
$40,000 to $49,999	51,660
$50,000 to $59,999	40,920
$60,000 to $69,999	33,355
$70,000 to $79,999	27,430
$80,000 to $89,999	24,060
$90,000 to $99,999	17,820
$100,000 and over	40,125
$100,000 to $124,999	20,670
$125,000 and over	19,460
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	819,310
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	776,185
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	777,055
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	684,380
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	549,215
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	573,480
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	95,990
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,050
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	819,315
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	776,340
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	777,120
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	684,995
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	549,145
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	573,240
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,580
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,890
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,290
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	819,315
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	251,785
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	209,605
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	84.6
Employment income (%)	67.4
Government transfers (%)	15.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	428,225
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	71,500
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	62,400
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	131,850
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	296,380
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	428,230
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,900
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	131,820
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,240
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,760
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	296,405
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	428,225
Under $5,000	4,790
$5,000 to $9,999	2,660
$10,000 to $14,999	8,695
$15,000 to $19,999	7,735
$20,000 to $24,999	24,065
$25,000 to $29,999	17,035
$30,000 to $34,999	17,825
$35,000 to $39,999	19,870
$40,000 to $44,999	19,565
$45,000 to $49,999	18,950
$50,000 to $59,999	35,540
$60,000 to $69,999	33,315
$70,000 to $79,999	30,505
$80,000 to $89,999	27,540
$90,000 to $99,999	24,515
$100,000 and over	135,620
$100,000 to $124,999	46,745
$125,000 to $149,999	31,570
$150,000 to $199,999	33,750
$200,000 and over	23,565
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	428,225
Under $5,000	5,335
$5,000 to $9,999	2,750
$10,000 to $14,999	8,855
$15,000 to $19,999	8,370
$20,000 to $24,999	25,970
$25,000 to $29,999	20,455
$30,000 to $34,999	21,680
$35,000 to $39,999	23,815
$40,000 to $44,999	22,985
$45,000 to $49,999	21,995
$50,000 to $59,999	42,410
$60,000 to $69,999	39,910
$70,000 to $79,999	34,775
$80,000 to $89,999	29,630
$90,000 to $99,999	24,180
$100,000 and over	95,105
$100,000 to $124,999	42,740
$125,000 to $149,999	24,600
$150,000 and over	27,775
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	279,100
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,000
Average family size of economic families	2.8
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	127,845
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	97,300
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	45,215
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	55,200
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	181,370
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	279,025
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,400
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	127,670
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,300
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	97,420
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,400
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,500
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	45,155
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,100
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,750
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	181,300
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	955,855
0 to 17 years	165,120
0 to 5 years	49,490
18 to 64 years	584,500
65 years and over	206,230
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	142,180
0 to 17 years	28,510
0 to 5 years	9,780
18 to 64 years	73,130
65 years and over	40,540
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.9
0 to 17 years (%)	17.3
0 to 5 years (%)	19.8
18 to 64 years (%)	12.5
65 years and over (%)	19.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	943,185
0 to 17 years	161,185
0 to 5 years	48,270
18 to 64 years	577,035
65 years and over	204,965
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	44,075
0 to 17 years	7,000
0 to 5 years	2,180
18 to 64 years	34,085
65 years and over	3,000
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.7
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	4.5
18 to 64 years (%)	5.9
65 years and over (%)	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	955,855
In bottom half of the distribution	572,455
In bottom decile	125,755
In second decile	125,480
In third decile	113,675
In fourth decile	107,485
In fifth decile	100,065
In top half of the distribution	383,400
In sixth decile	94,675
In seventh decile	88,660
In eighth decile	80,810
In ninth decile	67,810
In top decile	51,445
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	955,855
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.327
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.282
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	958,990
English only	856,200
French only	605
English and French	98,940
Neither English nor French	3,245
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	958,990
English	926,860
French	26,775
English and French	2,320
Neither English nor French	3,030
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	958,990
Single responses	941,105
Official languages	878,890
English	851,545
French	27,340
Non-official languages	62,220
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,230
Algonquian languages	3,175
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	20
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	10
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	3,145
Mi'kmaq	3,145
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	45
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,990
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,935
Berber languages	20
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	270
Bilen	0
Oromo	80
Somali	180
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	8,645
Amharic	170
Arabic	7,960
Aramaic languages	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15
Harari	0
Hebrew	225
Maltese	15
Tigrigna	230
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	965
Khmer (Cambodian)	10
Vietnamese	950
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5
Austronesian languages	3,885
Bikol	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75
Cebuano	230
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	75
Ilocano	90
Indonesian	60
Kankanaey	5
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10
Pangasinan	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,240
Waray-Waray	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60
Creole languages	120
Haitian Creole	20
Jamaican English Creole	0
Krio	10
Morisyen	35
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	35
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10
Dravidian languages	3,385
Kannada	90
Malayalam	1,975
Tamil	555
Telugu	750
Tulu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	28,150
Albanian	335
Armenian	35
Balto-Slavic languages	4,030
Baltic languages	85
Latvian	50
Lithuanian	35
Slavic languages	3,945
Belarusian	10
Bulgarian	75
Czech	185
Macedonian	30
Polish	870
Russian	1,735
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	580
Bosnian	130
Croatian	240
Serbian	190
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20
Slovak	95
Slovene (Slovenian)	25
Ukrainian	330
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	110
Irish	10
Scottish Gaelic	65
Welsh	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15
Germanic languages	5,580
Frisian	30
High German languages	3,245
German	3,050
Pennsylvania German	10
Swiss German	165
Yiddish	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,890
Afrikaans	235
Dutch	1,395
Low German, n.o.s.	60
Low Saxon	40
Plautdietsch	135
Vlaams (Flemish)	25
Scandinavian languages	400
Danish	150
Icelandic	45
Norwegian	90
Swedish	110
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15
Greek	710
Indo-Iranian languages	12,325
Indo-Aryan languages	10,555
Assamese	15
Bengali	890
Gujarati	1,160
Hindi	2,035
Kacchi	10
Kashmiri	5
Konkani	25
Marathi	170
Nepali	410
Oriya languages	10
Odia	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,550
Rohingya	5
Sindhi	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	250
Urdu	965
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35
Iranian languages	1,760
Baluchi	5
Kurdish	220
Parsi	0
Pashto	105
Persian languages	1,435
Dari	180
Iranian Persian	1,135
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	5,025
Catalan	5
Italian	730
Portuguese	1,305
Romanian	300
Spanish	2,680
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	395
Korean	2,340
Mongolian	10
Niger-Congo languages	1,025
Akan (Twi)	80
Bamanankan	5
Edo	20
Éwé	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5
Ga	15
Ganda	35
Gikuyu	15
Igbo	90
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55
Lingala	5
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	10
Shona	50
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	215
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	10
Yoruba	215
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	130
Nilo-Saharan languages	125
Dinka	30
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	215
American Sign Language	170
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,380
Chinese languages	8,350
Hakka	15
Mandarin	6,730
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90
Wu (Shanghainese)	35
Yue (Cantonese)	1,250
Chinese, n.o.s.	220
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	25
Burmese	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5
Tai-Kadai languages	155
Lao	10
Thai	145
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	465
Azerbaijani	25
Kazakh	0
Turkish	345
Uyghur	5
Uzbek	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	425
Estonian	50
Finnish	85
Hungarian	290
Other languages, n.i.e.	10
Multiple responses	17,880
English and French	6,640
English and non-official language(s)	9,805
French and non-official language(s)	315
English, French and non-official language(s)	375
Multiple non-official languages	745
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	958,990
English	863,700
French	9,795
Non-official language	17,340
Indigenous³⁹	1,125
Non-Indigenous	16,220
English and French	16,185
English and non-official language(s)	48,020
French and non-official language(s)	180
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,475
Multiple non-official languages	1,290
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	958,990
Single responses	945,155
Official languages	908,700
English	896,020
French	12,680
Non-official languages	36,450
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,065
Algonquian languages	2,050
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	5
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	2,045
Mi'kmaq	2,045
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,385
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,575
Berber languages	5
Kabyle	5
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	200
Bilen	0
Oromo	45
Somali	155
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	5,365
Amharic	100
Arabic	4,940
Aramaic languages	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15
Harari	0
Hebrew	140
Maltese	0
Tigrigna	170
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	665
Khmer (Cambodian)	5
Vietnamese	660
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	2,125
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40
Cebuano	120
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	40
Ilocano	20
Indonesian	10
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,845
Waray-Waray	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30
Creole languages	50
Haitian Creole	5
Jamaican English Creole	10
Krio	5
Morisyen	15
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5
Dravidian languages	2,315
Kannada	40
Malayalam	1,435
Tamil	390
Telugu	440
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	14,470
Albanian	145
Armenian	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,745
Baltic languages	10
Latvian	5
Lithuanian	5
Slavic languages	1,735
Belarusian	5
Bulgarian	25
Czech	50
Macedonian	10
Polish	235
Russian	1,060
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	240
Bosnian	55
Croatian	80
Serbian	100
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15
Slovak	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	95
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	40
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	35
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	1,540
Frisian	5
High German languages	1,020
German	970
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	50
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	450
Afrikaans	120
Dutch	145
Low German, n.o.s.	55
Low Saxon	30
Plautdietsch	90
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	60
Danish	15
Icelandic	20
Norwegian	5
Swedish	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	260
Indo-Iranian languages	8,375
Indo-Aryan languages	7,160
Assamese	0
Bengali	580
Gujarati	695
Hindi	1,210
Kacchi	5
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	5
Marathi	85
Nepali	315
Oriya languages	0
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,510
Rohingya	5
Sindhi	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	130
Urdu	595
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5
Iranian languages	1,210
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	165
Parsi	0
Pashto	60
Persian languages	990
Dari	130
Iranian Persian	790
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,360
Catalan	0
Italian	165
Portuguese	770
Romanian	115
Spanish	1,305
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	120
Korean	1,810
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	370
Akan (Twi)	15
Bamanankan	5
Edo	5
Éwé	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	15
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35
Lingala	0
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	5
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	110
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	95
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25
Nilo-Saharan languages	75
Dinka	20
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	350
American Sign Language	280
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,085
Chinese languages	6,085
Hakka	0
Mandarin	5,185
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	30
Yue (Cantonese)	695
Chinese, n.o.s.	145
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	60
Lao	0
Thai	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	230
Azerbaijani	5
Kazakh	0
Turkish	160
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	45
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	85
Estonian	10
Finnish	10
Hungarian	65
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	13,840
English and French	2,645
English and non-official language(s)	10,725
French and non-official language(s)	90
English, French and non-official language(s)	210
Multiple non-official languages	170
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	958,990
None	902,315
English	17,980
French	11,345
Non-official language	20,845
Indigenous³⁹	1,960
Non-Indigenous	18,890
English and French	315
English and non-official language(s)	2,420
French and non-official language(s)	1,285
English, French and non-official language(s)	75
Multiple non-official languages	2,415
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	955,855
Official languages	952,595
English	951,945
French	99,300
Non-official languages	93,440
Indigenous languages³⁹	5,930
Algonquian languages	5,780
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	80
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	75
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10
Cree, n.o.s.	20
Innu (Montagnais)	10
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5,660
Mi'kmaq	5,650
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	10
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	20
Northern Athabaskan languages	25
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	75
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	75
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	15
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	15
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	15
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25
Non-Indigenous languages	87,610
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,180
Berber languages	40
Kabyle	20
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	35
Hausa	30
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	310
Bilen	0
Oromo	120
Somali	195
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	12,880
Amharic	245
Arabic	11,745
Aramaic languages	80
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35
Harari	0
Hebrew	805
Maltese	15
Tigrigna	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,250
Khmer (Cambodian)	20
Vietnamese	1,230
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	6,005
Bikol	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	205
Cebuano	390
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	65
Ilocano	225
Indonesian	145
Kankanaey	30
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	10
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10
Malay	85
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60
Pangasinan	35
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,595
Waray-Waray	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	260
Creole languages	570
Haitian Creole	75
Jamaican English Creole	70
Krio	35
Morisyen	100
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	135
Creole languages, n.i.e.	165
Dravidian languages	5,060
Kannada	380
Malayalam	2,705
Tamil	1,570
Telugu	1,265
Tulu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	45,840
Albanian	495
Armenian	65
Balto-Slavic languages	5,595
Baltic languages	160
Latvian	95
Lithuanian	65
Slavic languages	5,465
Belarusian	35
Bulgarian	115
Czech	310
Macedonian	65
Polish	1,105
Russian	2,790
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	920
Bosnian	255
Croatian	460
Serbian	385
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35
Slovak	165
Slovene (Slovenian)	45
Ukrainian	600
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	1,035
Irish	190
Scottish Gaelic	635
Welsh	100
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	145
Germanic languages	9,805
Frisian	55
High German languages	6,770
German	6,665
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	200
Yiddish	30
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,765
Afrikaans	455
Dutch	2,015
Low German, n.o.s.	90
Low Saxon	50
Plautdietsch	200
Vlaams (Flemish)	50
Scandinavian languages	730
Danish	260
Icelandic	65
Norwegian	245
Swedish	200
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	50
Greek	1,125
Indo-Iranian languages	17,345
Indo-Aryan languages	15,420
Assamese	30
Bengali	1,225
Gujarati	1,475
Hindi	10,115
Kacchi	20
Kashmiri	15
Konkani	75
Marathi	450
Nepali	430
Oriya languages	45
Odia	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,730
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	380
Urdu	1,810
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90
Iranian languages	2,125
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	360
Parsi	0
Pashto	215
Persian languages	1,570
Dari	155
Iranian Persian	1,280
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	150
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35
Italic (Romance) languages	12,180
Catalan	30
Italian	2,120
Portuguese	1,770
Romanian	360
Spanish	8,675
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35
Japanese	1,305
Korean	2,825
Mongolian	10
Niger-Congo languages	3,110
Akan (Twi)	185
Bamanankan	30
Edo	35
Éwé	65
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30
Ga	45
Ganda	105
Gikuyu	15
Igbo	430
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115
Lingala	100
Luba-Kasai	25
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	45
Shona	135
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20
Swahili	715
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	80
Yoruba	1,045
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	495
Nilo-Saharan languages	370
Dinka	110
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255
African, n.o.s.	40
Sign languages	1,765
American Sign Language	1,505
Quebec Sign Language	10
Sign languages, n.i.e.	290
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,850
Chinese languages	9,775
Hakka	40
Mandarin	8,525
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145
Wu (Shanghainese)	60
Yue (Cantonese)	1,805
Chinese, n.o.s.	225
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	70
Burmese	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	200
Lao	20
Thai	185
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	925
Azerbaijani	45
Kazakh	0
Turkish	680
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	140
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70
Uralic languages	520
Estonian	40
Finnish	105
Hungarian	375
Other languages, n.i.e.	250
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	955,855
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	52,430
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	50,245
First Nations (North American Indian)	28,050
Métis	21,090
Inuk (Inuit)	1,100
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	885
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,300
Non-Indigenous identity	903,430
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	955,855
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	18,450
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	937,405
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	428,230
Owner	285,995
Renter	139,415
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	2,820
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	428,230
Condominium	16,130
Not condominium	412,095
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	428,230
No bedrooms	2,070
1 bedroom	52,160
2 bedrooms	117,275
3 bedrooms	162,095
4 or more bedrooms	94,630
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	428,230
1 to 4 rooms	106,425
5 rooms	68,795
6 rooms	68,430
7 rooms	58,805
8 or more rooms	125,765
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	428,230
One person or fewer per room	423,980
More than one person per room	4,250
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	428,230
Suitable	413,020
Not suitable	15,210
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	428,230
1960 or before	110,850
1961 to 1980	116,750
1981 to 1990	59,840
1991 to 2000	52,820
2001 to 2005	23,290
2006 to 2010	22,740
2011 to 2015	19,850
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	22,085
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	428,230
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	393,015
Major repairs needed	35,215
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	428,230
One-maintainer household	226,285
Two-maintainer household	187,565
Three-or-more-maintainer household	14,380
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	428,230
15 to 24 years	14,490
25 to 34 years	56,105
35 to 44 years	62,340
45 to 54 years	70,065
55 to 64 years	89,710
65 to 74 years	78,645
75 to 84 years	42,555
85 years and over	14,330
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	421,920
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	346,445
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	75,475
30% to less than 100%	66,865
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	428,230
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	114,325
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	65,710
Not suitable only	11,185
Major repairs needed only	26,055
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,210
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	7,345
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,610
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	200
Acceptable housing	313,900
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	413,315
In core need	41,465
Not in core need	371,845
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	283,280
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.3
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.7
% in core housing need⁶³	5.0
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	870
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	250,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	295,600
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	138,920
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.3
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.7
% in core housing need⁶³	20.7
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,000
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,083
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,820
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	4.4
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	184
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	245
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	955,860
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	21,315
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	20,960
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	16,710
Métis single ancestry	3,730
Inuit single ancestry	520
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	355
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	290
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	40
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	44,500
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	43,525
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	29,010
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,390
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,125
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	975
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	820
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	890,045
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	955,860
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	903,570
Canadian citizens aged under 18	157,470
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	746,105
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	52,285
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	955,860
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	861,945
Immigrants⁸¹	71,565
Before 1980	16,790
1980 to 1990	5,465
1991 to 2000	6,685
2001 to 2010	12,375
2011 to 2021⁸²	30,255
2011 to 2015	8,875
2016 to 2021	21,385
Non-permanent residents⁸³	22,345
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	71,565
Under 5 years	8,390
5 to 14 years	13,180
15 to 24 years	10,940
25 to 44 years	32,955
45 years and over	6,095
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	71,565
Americas	12,150
Brazil	440
Colombia	270
El Salvador	85
Guyana	255
Haiti	55
Jamaica	760
Mexico	350
Peru	115
Trinidad and Tobago	290
United States of America	7,570
Other places of birth in Americas	1,960
Europe	23,295
Bosnia and Herzegovina	265
Croatia	250
France	485
Germany	2,370
Greece	300
Hungary	215
Italy	490
Netherlands	1,465
Poland	765
Portugal	235
Romania	315
Russian Federation	710
Serbia⁸⁶	155
Ukraine	615
United Kingdom⁸⁷	11,935
Other places of birth in Europe	2,745
Africa	6,575
Algeria	75
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	265
Egypt	970
Eritrea	120
Ethiopia	275
Morocco	150
Nigeria	1,745
Somalia	130
South Africa, Republic of	705
Other places of birth in Africa	2,135
Asia	28,940
Afghanistan	125
Iran⁸⁸	1,045
Iraq	435
Lebanon	1,565
Syria⁸⁹	2,415
Turkey	315
China⁹⁰	4,320
Hong Kong⁹¹	355
Korea, South⁹²	1,220
Taiwan	180
Philippines	4,760
Viet Nam	675
Bangladesh	540
India	5,605
Pakistan	900
Sri Lanka	375
Other places of birth in Asia	4,100
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	605
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	21,385
Americas	2,110
Brazil	265
Colombia	45
Haiti	0
Jamaica	325
Mexico	85
United States of America	880
Venezuela⁹⁵	25
Other places of birth in Americas	490
Europe	2,145
France	80
Germany	185
Ireland⁹⁶	115
Italy	40
Russian Federation	205
Ukraine	265
United Kingdom⁸⁷	735
Other places of birth in Europe	530
Africa	3,395
Algeria	30
Burundi	20
Cameroon	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160
Côte d'Ivoire	40
Egypt	375
Eritrea	50
Ethiopia	100
Morocco	45
Nigeria	1,440
Somalia	95
South Africa, Republic of	220
Sudan⁹⁷	155
Tunisia	25
Other places of birth in Africa	615
Asia	13,620
Afghanistan	30
Bangladesh	350
China⁹⁰	2,045
Hong Kong⁹¹	45
India	3,665
Iran⁸⁸	220
Iraq	95
Israel	180
Japan	40
Jordan	170
Korea, South⁹²	580
Lebanon	170
Nepal	65
Pakistan	370
Philippines	2,325
Saudi Arabia	225
Sri Lanka	60
Syria⁸⁹	2,140
Turkey	110
United Arab Emirates	110
Viet Nam	205
Other places of birth in Asia	410
Oceania and other⁹³	110
Australia	75
Other places of birth⁹⁸	40
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	955,855
First generation¹⁰⁰	102,490
Second generation¹⁰¹	75,240
Third generation or more¹⁰²	778,125
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	54,775
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	34,640
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	14,670
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	19,970
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,730
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,000
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	410
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	54,775
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,025
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,380
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,305
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,995
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	430
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	37,650
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	955,855
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	93,430
South Asian	21,655
Chinese	11,600
Black	28,220
Filipino	6,615
Arab	10,610
Latin American	2,915
Southeast Asian	2,400
West Asian	1,875
Korean	2,845
Japanese	985
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	970
Multiple visible minorities	2,750
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	862,425
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	955,855
Canadian	151,300
English	217,910
Irish	195,665
Scottish	257,205
French, n.o.s.¹²²	113,635
German	86,860
Chinese	11,515
Italian	16,575
Indian (India)	14,310
Ukrainian	9,630
Dutch	27,375
Polish	11,295
Québécois	1,815
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	32,185
Filipino	5,790
French Canadian	6,065
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	57,655
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	13,635
Métis	18,310
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	45,180
Russian	4,490
Norwegian	6,010
Welsh	18,140
Portuguese	2,990
American	6,880
Spanish	4,015
Swedish	4,065
Hungarian	2,985
Acadian	49,205
Pakistani	1,285
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	8,335
Jewish	3,655
Punjabi	1,715
Vietnamese	1,375
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,445
Greek	3,175
Jamaican	1,860
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,115
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,320
Korean	2,545
Romanian	1,270
Lebanese	7,285
Iranian	1,205
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,460
Danish	3,730
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,290
Sikh	1,090
Austrian	1,995
Belgian	2,975
Haitian	200
Hindu	1,500
Mexican	935
Mennonite	710
Swiss	2,905
Finnish	1,295
Sri Lankan	530
Croatian	1,000
Japanese	1,125
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,045
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	21,305
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,995
Muslim	780
Egyptian	1,390
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	860
Tamil	380
Icelandic	785
Colombian	525
Moroccan	280
Czech	1,065
Syrian	2,650
Guyanese	530
Afghan	240
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,420
Serbian	425
Ojibway	735
Newfoundlander	7,540
Hong Konger	230
Ontarian	1,405
Persian	440
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	510
Turkish	665
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,800
Bangladeshi	735
Algerian	40
Brazilian	705
Nigerian	1,070
Armenian	300
Slovak	615
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,710
Somali	200
Taiwanese	300
Iraqi	305
Salvadorean	120
African Caribbean	775
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	695
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,935
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	520
Algonquin	300
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	600
Lithuanian	825
South African	685
Australian	545
Palestinian	760
Chilean	265
Congolese	375
Nova Scotian	25,505
Ethiopian	345
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	250
Peruvian	195
Yoruba	985
Cambodian (Khmer)	60
Berber	60
Albanian	510
Maltese	510
Macedonian	140
Slovenian	225
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,130
New Brunswicker	1,380
Gujarati	265
Eritrean	135
African Canadian	5,760
Israeli	475
Mohawk	515
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	455
Bulgarian	380
Albertan	250
Ghanaian	235
Barbadian	705
African American	1,270
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	310
Tunisian	75
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	380
Cuban	255
Bosnian	295
Venezuelan	210
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	175
Latvian	495
Bengali	210
Cameroonian	55
Guatemalan	115
Indonesian	280
Laotian	30
Ilocano	65
Northern Irish	465
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,110
British Columbian	190
Ecuadorian	130
Franco Ontarian	145
Argentinian	100
Estonian	325
Kurdish	295
Fijian	10
Jatt	85
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	890
Coptic	50
Thai	200
Dominican	190
Nepali	230
Kabyle	0
Assyrian	65
Igbo	310
Byelorussian	190
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	115
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	350
Abenaki	165
Moldovan	60
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	230
New Zealander	260
Sudanese	125
Breton	40
Pennsylvania Dutch	165
Malaysian	140
Plains Cree	35
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	180
Huron (Wendat)	115
Saskatchewanian	155
Buddhist	115
Gaspesian	40
Norman	165
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	75
Ivorian	20
Saulteaux	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	100
Burundian	30
Tigrinya	45
Nicaraguan	30
Mauritian	80
Kenyan	245
Oji-Cree	10
Vincentian	20
Jordanian	215
Manitoban	105
Cape Bretoner	7,830
Rwandan	90
Grenadian	45
Malayali	315
Chaldean	0
Sinhalese	85
Mayan	80
Honduran	15
Cherokee	390
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	810
Indo-Caribbean	120
Flemish	220
United Empire Loyalist	515
Senegalese	30
Azerbaijani	75
Sicilian	65
Pashtun	60
Malay	90
Goan	30
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	110
Tibetan	20
Zimbabwean	125
Burmese	90
Mongolian	165
Azorean	20
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	0
Indo-Guyanese	30
Ugandan	110
Oromo	115
Tanzanian	60
Yemeni	160
Central African	55
Libyan	445
Basque	255
Uruguayan	35
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	250
Igorot	120
Fulani	0
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	0
St. Lucian	65
Prince Edward Islander	695
Maliseet	255
Beninese	40
Telugu	110
Roma	140
Costa Rican	25
African Nova Scotian	3,805
Malagasy	15
Kashmiri	30
Singaporean	45
Karen	0
Edo	35
Tajik	15
Amhara	45
Paraguayan	15
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	955,855
Buddhist	2,955
Christian	556,115
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	45,030
Anabaptist	815
Anglican	73,015
Baptist	53,800
Catholic	245,305
Christian Orthodox	4,325
Jehovah's Witness	3,740
Latter Day Saints	1,685
Lutheran	6,175
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,460
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	7,525
Presbyterian	16,935
Reformed	505
United Church	71,620
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	20,185
Hindu	8,460
Jewish	2,195
Muslim	14,715
Sikh	4,735
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,090
Other religions and spiritual traditions	6,195
No religion and secular perspectives	359,395
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	948,430
Non-movers	832,560
Movers	115,865
Non-migrants	69,070
Migrants	46,795
Internal migrants	40,825
Intraprovincial migrants	17,815
Interprovincial migrants	23,015
External migrants	5,970
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	915,520
Non-movers	581,165
Movers	334,365
Non-migrants	155,120
Migrants	179,245
Internal migrants	143,135
Intraprovincial migrants	76,050
Interprovincial migrants	67,085
External migrants	36,110
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	819,310
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	157,255
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	662,060
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	507,465
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	60,130
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	447,335
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	819,315
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,525
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	220,205
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	461,580
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	262,860
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	70,140
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	37,420
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	32,720
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	173,685
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,035
Bachelor's degree or higher	198,725
Bachelor's degree	131,470
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	12,185
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,045
Master's degree	43,285
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,745
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	507,465
No certificate, diploma or degree	50,650
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	124,015
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	332,805
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	181,530
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	44,840
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	23,700
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	21,145
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	125,220
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,470
Bachelor's degree or higher	151,270
Bachelor's degree	100,175
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,025
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,840
Master's degree	33,605
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,625
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	819,315
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	357,735
Education	32,930
13. Education	32,930
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	11,875
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,640
50. Visual and performing arts	10,235
Humanities	21,855
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,250
23. English language and literature/letters	6,125
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,015
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	620
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,510
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,365
54. History	3,915
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,055
Social and behavioural sciences and law	46,965
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	715
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,635
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,015
22. Legal professions and studies	6,710
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,060
42. Psychology	9,695
45. Social sciences	14,135
Business, management and public administration	101,875
30.16 Accounting and computer science	210
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,570
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	94,100
Physical and life sciences and technologies	19,060
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,440
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,585
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	410
40. Physical sciences	5,030
41. Science technologies/technicians	600
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,170
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	14,910
25. Library science	1,320
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,670
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	270
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	96,510
04. Architecture and related services	1,825
14. Engineering	15,205
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	21,045
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15
46. Construction trades	25,495
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,920
48. Precision production	11,010
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	9,905
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,965
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,945
Health and related fields	70,550
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,330
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	64,255
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	180
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,775
Personal, protective and transportation services	31,815
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	17,520
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	250
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	730
43. Security and protective services	4,760
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,560
Other¹⁷⁹	75
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	507,465
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	174,660
Education	20,200
13. Education	20,200
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,295
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,250
50. Visual and performing arts	8,045
Humanities	15,170
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	865
23. English language and literature/letters	4,320
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,570
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	420
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,090
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,350
54. History	2,785
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	770
Social and behavioural sciences and law	37,160
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	515
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,995
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,070
22. Legal professions and studies	5,285
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	780
42. Psychology	7,590
45. Social sciences	10,925
Business, management and public administration	73,450
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,700
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	67,610
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,285
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,020
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,235
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	340
40. Physical sciences	3,415
41. Science technologies/technicians	280
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,780
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,590
25. Library science	855
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,090
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	240
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	67,440
04. Architecture and related services	1,330
14. Engineering	11,245
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,625
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	17,745
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,140
48. Precision production	7,350
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,525
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,460
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,065
Health and related fields	50,935
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,230
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	46,265
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	155
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,285
Personal, protective and transportation services	23,515
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,840
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	190
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	405
43. Security and protective services	3,795
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,290
Other¹⁷⁹	60
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	507,465
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	174,660
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	332,805
Location of study inside Canada	301,970
Same as province or territory of residence	233,890
Different than province or territory of residence	68,085
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	30,835
Americas	6,980
United States of America	5,280
Mexico	290
Cuba	100
Haiti	0
Jamaica	230
Brazil	465
Colombia	155
Peru	50
Venezuela⁹⁵	50
Other locations of study in Americas	370
Europe	7,560
Belgium	85
France	280
Germany	790
Netherlands	230
Switzerland	175
Hungary	40
Moldova¹⁸³	25
Poland	160
Romania	140
Russian Federation	400
Ukraine	285
Ireland⁹⁶	250
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,820
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40
Italy	105
Serbia⁸⁶	50
Other locations of study in Europe	675
Africa	2,050
Nigeria	680
Algeria	0
Morocco	60
Tunisia	20
Egypt	530
South Africa, Republic of	330
Other locations of study in Africa	425
Asia	13,500
Iran⁸⁸	410
Iraq	110
Israel	290
Lebanon	300
Syria⁸⁹	260
Turkey	145
China⁹⁰	1,530
Taiwan	75
Hong Kong⁹¹	80
Japan	180
Korea, South⁹²	945
Philippines	2,835
Viet Nam	195
Bangladesh	225
Sri Lanka	175
India	4,860
Pakistan	340
Other locations of study in Asia	560
Oceania	735
Australia	600
New Zealand	140
Other locations of study in Oceania	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	819,315
In the labour force	487,260
Employed	425,190
Unemployed	62,070
Not in the labour force	332,055
Participation rate	59.5
Employment rate	51.9
Unemployment rate	12.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	819,315
Did not work¹⁸⁶	323,335
Worked	495,980
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	260,795
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	235,185
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	487,260
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	476,290
Employee	421,080
Permanent position	337,140
Temporary position	83,945
Fixed term (1 year or more)	22,645
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	61,295
Self-employed¹⁹²	55,210
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	487,260
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965
All occupations¹⁹¹	476,290
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,065
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	73,305
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	32,455
3 Health occupations	45,420
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	66,135
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	13,070
6 Sales and service occupations	123,130
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	80,775
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	17,745
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,200
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	487,260
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,965
All industries¹⁹¹	476,290
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	17,880
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,065
22 Utilities	3,655
23 Construction	35,720
31-33 Manufacturing	31,210
41 Wholesale trade	11,400
44-45 Retail trade	58,985
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	19,930
51 Information and cultural industries	8,260
52 Finance and insurance	16,490
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	6,570
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	31,400
55 Management of companies and enterprises	655
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	21,530
61 Educational services	38,425
62 Health care and social assistance	70,595
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,045
72 Accommodation and food services	30,010
81 Other services (except public administration)	19,395
91 Public administration	42,070
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	530,410
English	506,775
French	3,405
Non-official language	1,180
Indigenous³⁹	310
Non-Indigenous	870
English and French	13,145
English and non-official language(s)	5,605
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	270
Multiple non-official languages	20
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	530,410
Single responses	527,715
Official languages	525,370
English	519,550
French	5,825
Non-official languages	2,340
Indigenous languages³⁹	675
Algonquian languages	675
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	670
Mi'kmaq	670
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,670
Afro-Asiatic languages	125
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	125
Amharic	0
Arabic	115
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	50
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	35
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	10
Kannada	0
Malayalam	10
Tamil	0
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	680
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	25
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	0
Russian	20
Serbo-Croatian	0
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	25
Scottish Gaelic	25
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	330
Frisian	0
High German languages	265
German	265
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	55
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	50
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	10
Indo-Iranian languages	120
Indo-Aryan languages	100
Bengali	0
Gujarati	0
Hindi	0
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10
Urdu	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	15
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	15
Dari	0
Iranian Persian	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	165
Catalan	0
Italian	0
Portuguese	45
Romanian	0
Spanish	120
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	10
Korean	75
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	30
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	25
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	65
American Sign Language	55
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	550
Chinese languages	550
Hakka	0
Mandarin	440
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90
Chinese, n.o.s.	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	15
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	15
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	10
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	2,700
English and French	1,650
English and non-official language(s)	1,030
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	530,410
None	513,950
English	3,510
French	9,110
Non-official language	3,290
Indigenous³⁹	655
Non-Indigenous	2,635
English and French	15
English and non-official language(s)	40
French and non-official language(s)	225
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	270
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	425,195
Worked at home	88,135
Worked outside Canada	1,040
No fixed workplace address	57,310
Usual place of work	278,705
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	278,705
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	201,500
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	47,015
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	25,755
Commute to a different province or territory	4,435
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	336,015
Car, truck or van	293,665
Car, truck or van - as a driver	267,755
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,910
Public transit	13,895
Walked	18,975
Bicycle	1,605
Other method	7,870
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	336,015
Less than 15 minutes	128,935
15 to 29 minutes	123,315
30 to 44 minutes	51,690
45 to 59 minutes	15,840
60 minutes and over	16,230
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	336,015
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	21,490
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	65,525
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	98,970
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	70,820
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	33,295
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	45,920
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	168,465
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,800
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	151,660
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	124,910
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,745
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,070
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,680
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	112,165

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 16, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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Profile table