Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	ManitobaMore information: [Province]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,342,153	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,278,365	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	571,528	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	518,054	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	540,310.19	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,342,150	666,490	675,660
0 to 14 years	252,935	129,850	123,085
0 to 4 years	80,435	41,145	39,290
5 to 9 years	86,250	44,515	41,735
10 to 14 years	86,250	44,190	42,060
15 to 64 years	860,165	432,385	427,780
15 to 19 years	80,905	41,945	38,965
20 to 24 years	91,415	48,255	43,160
25 to 29 years	90,470	46,240	44,230
30 to 34 years	91,805	45,805	46,000
35 to 39 years	90,150	44,695	45,450
40 to 44 years	84,530	41,690	42,840
45 to 49 years	80,235	39,915	40,320
50 to 54 years	78,210	38,715	39,490
55 to 59 years	87,295	43,040	44,255
60 to 64 years	85,155	42,080	43,075
65 years and over	229,050	104,255	124,795
65 to 69 years	73,060	35,565	37,495
70 to 74 years	59,955	28,295	31,665
75 to 79 years	39,885	18,500	21,385
80 to 84 years	26,890	11,700	15,185
85 years and over	29,255	10,190	19,065
85 to 89 years	17,200	6,610	10,585
90 to 94 years	8,970	2,845	6,125
95 to 99 years	2,640	650	1,995
100 years and over	445	85	360
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.8	19.5	18.2
15 to 64 years	64.1	64.9	63.3
65 years and over	17.1	15.6	18.5
85 years and over	2.2	1.5	2.8
Average age of the population	39.7	38.7	40.7
Median age of the population	38.4	37.2	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	518,055	...	...
Single-detached house	343,990	...	...
Semi-detached house	18,185	...	...
Row house	19,725	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,445	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	74,865	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	43,665	...	...
Other single-attached house	600	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	9,590	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	518,055	...	...
1 person	146,225	...	...
2 persons	173,990	...	...
3 persons	74,615	...	...
4 persons	69,480	...	...
5 or more persons	53,740	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,307,185	650,220	656,965
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,089,215	536,645	552,575
Married or living common-law	616,260	307,545	308,715
Married	515,480	257,300	258,185
Living common-law	100,785	50,250	50,535
Living common law - Never married	75,340	37,700	37,640
Living common law - Separated	4,135	2,140	1,995
Living common law - Divorced	19,035	9,465	9,565
Living common law - Widowed	2,275	940	1,330
Not married and not living common-law	472,955	229,095	243,860
Not married and not living common law - Never married	330,855	181,470	149,385
Not married and not living common law - Separated	24,470	10,900	13,565
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	57,440	23,780	33,665
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	60,190	12,945	47,250
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	359,585	...	...
2 persons	179,345	...	...
3 persons	73,610	...	...
4 persons	67,475	...	...
5 or more persons	39,150	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	359,585	...	...
Total couple families	298,295	...	...
Married couples	247,900	...	...
With children⁶	133,760	...	...
Without children	114,140	...	...
Common-law couples	50,390	...	...
With children⁶	20,505	...	...
Without children	29,885	...	...
Total one-parent families	61,295	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	46,900	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	14,390	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,307,185	650,215	656,965
Total - Persons in census families	1,067,425	530,695	536,730
Married spouses or common-law partners	596,590	297,940	298,645
Parents in one-parent families	61,290	14,395	46,900
Children⁶	409,545	218,365	191,185
In a two-parent family	306,475	162,400	144,075
In a one-parent family	103,070	55,965	47,110
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	239,765	119,525	120,240
Living alone	146,225	68,910	77,315
Living with other relatives⁷	42,720	20,255	22,460
Living with non-relatives only	50,815	30,360	20,455
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	518,050	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	313,500	...	...
Couple-family households	268,430	...	...
With children⁶	137,200	...	...
Without children	131,230	...	...
One-parent-family households	45,070	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	14,025	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,815	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	17,525	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	23,950	...	...
One-person households	146,225	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,058,435	522,575	535,860
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,023,160	504,825	518,335
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,000	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,023,830	505,175	518,655
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	906,495	455,895	450,600
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	40,800	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	743,325	387,385	355,940
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,200	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	934,305	455,520	478,785
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,950	5,120	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,175	54,570	58,610
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,440	5,480	5,280
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	254,050	120,985	133,060
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,058,410	522,505	535,905
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,024,110	505,340	518,765
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240	55,950	42,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,024,740	505,665	519,075
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,640	45,080	36,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	907,455	456,870	450,590
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,240	53,300	37,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	743,345	387,980	355,360
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,400	52,100	38,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	935,570	456,400	479,175
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,040	8,600	11,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	112,945	54,695	58,245
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	6,300	6,620
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	252,860	120,805	132,055
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,710	8,570	8,840
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,058,410	522,505	535,910
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	366,740	211,220	155,520
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	61,200	52,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,900	72,700	59,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	285,105	131,295	153,805
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	19,400	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,440	30,120	23,280
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	86.2	75.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	71.6	61.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.6	13.9	24.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.4	6.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.7	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,058,435	522,575	535,860
Without total income	35,275	17,750	17,525
With total income	1,023,160	504,830	518,335
Under $10,000 (including loss)	101,540	48,555	52,980
$10,000 to $19,999	118,240	49,740	68,505
$20,000 to $29,999	161,905	68,870	93,030
$30,000 to $39,999	138,225	60,295	77,930
$40,000 to $49,999	124,755	58,530	66,225
$50,000 to $59,999	97,815	49,730	48,085
$60,000 to $69,999	72,980	40,630	32,350
$70,000 to $79,999	53,950	31,710	22,240
$80,000 to $89,999	41,095	24,190	16,905
$90,000 to $99,999	32,150	18,190	13,960
$100,000 and over	80,510	54,380	26,125
$100,000 to $149,999	57,310	37,335	19,975
$150,000 and over	23,195	17,045	6,155
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,058,435	522,575	535,860
Without after-tax income	34,600	17,400	17,200
With after-tax income	1,023,835	505,175	518,660
Under $10,000 (including loss)	106,400	50,060	56,340
$10,000 to $19,999	127,940	54,315	73,625
$20,000 to $29,999	191,015	82,035	108,985
$30,000 to $39,999	168,620	77,035	91,585
$40,000 to $49,999	139,790	70,125	69,665
$50,000 to $59,999	99,005	54,905	44,095
$60,000 to $69,999	66,805	38,905	27,900
$70,000 to $79,999	47,350	26,925	20,425
$80,000 to $89,999	27,130	16,415	10,715
$90,000 to $99,999	16,220	10,545	5,680
$100,000 and over	33,560	23,920	9,645
$100,000 to $124,999	17,675	12,295	5,375
$125,000 and over	15,885	11,620	4,265
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,058,435	522,575	535,860
Without employment income	315,110	135,195	179,915
With employment income	743,325	387,385	355,940
Under $5,000 (including loss)	96,985	46,125	50,855
$5,000 to $9,999	59,860	26,670	33,195
$10,000 to $19,999	92,505	42,200	50,305
$20,000 to $29,999	78,855	35,960	42,900
$30,000 to $39,999	77,580	37,430	40,150
$40,000 to $49,999	73,795	37,315	36,480
$50,000 to $59,999	59,960	33,210	26,745
$60,000 to $69,999	48,125	28,725	19,405
$70,000 to $79,999	37,685	23,180	14,505
$80,000 to $89,999	31,730	18,800	12,930
$90,000 to $99,999	25,570	14,610	10,955
$100,000 and over	60,675	43,165	17,505
$100,000 to $124,999	31,425	21,060	10,365
$125,000 and over	29,245	22,105	7,140
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,058,435	522,575	535,860
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	989,280	486,735	502,540
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	989,625	486,785	502,840
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	37,600	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	891,950	447,480	444,475
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	41,600	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	744,025	385,850	358,175
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	41,600	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	859,170	419,045	440,125
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,840	1,210	5,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	81,860	39,590	42,270
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,920	6,200	5,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,058,410	522,505	535,905
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	989,725	487,255	502,470
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	54,300	40,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	990,055	487,280	502,775
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,720	43,520	34,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	892,090	447,960	444,130
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,480	53,650	37,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	743,680	386,010	357,670
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,360	52,200	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	859,470	419,750	439,720
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,150	5,825	8,410
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,490	40,260	42,230
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410	7,120	7,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,058,410	522,505	535,910
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	363,910	209,470	154,440
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600	58,400	48,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,150	69,000	55,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	266,100	121,985	144,115
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	25,200	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,560	36,240	27,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	90.8	81.8
Employment income (%)	72.2	76.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	13.2	9.2	18.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	518,055	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	146,225	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	371,825	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	518,055	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	146,310	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,040	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,480	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	371,745	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	518,055	...	...
Under $5,000	6,290	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	4,145	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	7,680	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,990	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	20,100	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	18,985	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	17,510	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	19,860	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	21,215	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	20,700	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	40,360	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	38,830	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	36,685	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	33,840	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	31,625	...	...
$100,000 and over	192,235	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	62,870	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	43,940	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	49,315	...	...
$200,000 and over	36,110	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	518,055	...	...
Under $5,000	7,035	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	4,245	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	7,915	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,810	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	22,210	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	22,280	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	21,475	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	24,610	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	25,320	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	24,380	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	48,190	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	45,970	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	43,145	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	38,145	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	32,835	...	...
$100,000 and over	141,500	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	59,905	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	36,195	...	...
$150,000 and over	45,400	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	356,215	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	133,590	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	155,030	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	54,645	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	197,045	99,270	97,775
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,800	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	34,400	32,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	356,080	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	133,300	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	155,485	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	54,305	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	197,160	98,645	98,515
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,880	47,720	44,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	39,320	37,480
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,307,190	650,220	656,970
0 to 17 years	296,575	152,305	144,275
0 to 5 years	95,900	49,120	46,785
18 to 64 years	796,825	398,530	398,300
65 years and over	213,785	99,390	114,395
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	185,145	87,815	97,330
0 to 17 years	57,935	29,540	28,395
0 to 5 years	21,125	10,715	10,410
18 to 64 years	96,515	46,350	50,165
65 years and over	30,695	11,925	18,770
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2	13.5	14.8
0 to 17 years (%)	19.5	19.4	19.7
0 to 5 years (%)	22.0	21.8	22.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1	11.6	12.6
65 years and over (%)	14.4	12.0	16.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,244,390	618,665	625,725
0 to 17 years	270,600	139,000	131,595
0 to 5 years	87,120	44,525	42,595
18 to 64 years	763,600	382,005	381,590
65 years and over	210,200	97,660	112,535
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	78,315	40,395	37,915
0 to 17 years	18,130	9,425	8,700
0 to 5 years	6,445	3,290	3,155
18 to 64 years	53,920	28,310	25,615
65 years and over	6,265	2,665	3,600
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.3	6.5	6.1
0 to 17 years (%)	6.7	6.8	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	7.4	7.4	7.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	7.4	6.7
65 years and over (%)	3.0	2.7	3.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,307,190	650,220	656,965
In bottom half of the distribution	752,545	367,895	384,650
In bottom decile	163,795	80,430	83,370
In second decile	157,385	74,055	83,325
In third decile	150,155	73,485	76,675
In fourth decile	143,855	71,230	72,620
In fifth decile	137,355	68,700	68,655
In top half of the distribution	554,645	282,320	272,320
In sixth decile	132,600	67,115	65,490
In seventh decile	125,730	63,715	62,015
In eighth decile	117,230	59,570	57,660
In ninth decile	101,140	51,785	49,355
In top decile	77,940	40,145	37,800
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,307,185	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.333	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,326,815	658,740	668,075
English only	1,197,535	599,870	597,665
French only	1,680	805	875
English and French	110,435	50,380	60,055
Neither English nor French	17,160	7,680	9,480
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,326,815	658,740	668,075
English	1,269,710	631,880	637,825
French	36,195	17,375	18,815
English and French	4,365	2,115	2,245
Neither English nor French	16,555	7,360	9,195
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,326,815	658,740	668,075
Single responses	1,268,595	630,270	638,325
Official languages	971,850	485,625	486,225
English	935,110	468,050	467,065
French	36,740	17,575	19,160
Non-official languages	296,745	144,650	152,100
Indigenous languages³⁹	18,885	8,910	9,975
Algonquian languages	17,565	8,305	9,265
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	8,510	4,000	4,515
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	8,510	4,000	4,515
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	40	15	25
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	1,280	530	750
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	95	40	50
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	100	25	70
Cree, n.o.s.	6,995	3,385	3,615
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	9,045	4,305	4,745
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	5,020	2,485	2,535
Ojibway languages	4,020	1,815	2,205
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	115	65	55
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,000	445	555
Ojibway, n.o.s.	2,905	1,310	1,595
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	700	340	355
Northern Athabaskan languages	695	340	355
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	690	340	350
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	145	50	95
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	145	50	95
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	95	50	45
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	370	165	205
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	360	160	205
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous languages	277,865	135,735	142,125
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,095	7,350	6,740
Berber languages	90	50	40
Kabyle	70	40	30
Tamazight	10	10	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Chadic languages	80	55	25
Hausa	70	50	15
Mina	10	5	5
Coptic	90	45	50
Cushitic languages	1,885	940	950
Bilen	275	155	125
Oromo	330	180	150
Somali	1,265	590	675
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Semitic languages	11,945	6,265	5,685
Amharic	2,000	955	1,045
Arabic	6,470	3,505	2,965
Aramaic languages	5	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	5	5	5
Hebrew	540	300	240
Maltese	20	15	15
Tigrigna	2,875	1,480	1,400
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,980	2,360	2,620
Khmer (Cambodian)	255	125	130
Vietnamese	4,710	2,230	2,480
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10
Austronesian languages	56,125	26,115	30,010
Bikol	170	90	80
Bisaya, n.o.s.	565	250	315
Cebuano	1,150	545	600
Fijian	45	25	20
Hiligaynon	460	200	265
Ilocano	1,515	695	820
Indonesian	150	55	90
Kankanaey	20	10	10
Kinaray-a	40	15	20
Malagasy languages	10	5	10
Merina	5	0	5
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Malay	10	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,000	490	510
Pangasinan	190	90	100
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50,540	23,510	27,025
Waray-Waray	95	45	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	175	80	95
Creole languages	540	250	290
Haitian Creole	70	35	35
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	10
Krio	155	65	85
Morisyen	110	60	55
Sango	30	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	105	50	60
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	15	35
Dravidian languages	2,295	1,275	1,015
Kannada	110	60	50
Malayalam	1,330	750	580
Tamil	530	275	255
Telugu	300	175	125
Tulu	10	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	166,785	82,415	84,370
Albanian	330	170	160
Armenian	60	30	30
Balto-Slavic languages	28,660	13,235	15,420
Baltic languages	130	55	70
Latvian	55	25	30
Lithuanian	70	35	40
Slavic languages	28,530	13,180	15,350
Belarusian	50	20	35
Bulgarian	150	85	75
Czech	500	245	255
Macedonian	135	65	65
Polish	5,300	2,380	2,915
Russian	9,095	4,440	4,655
Rusyn	10	0	5
Serbo-Croatian	2,265	1,090	1,175
Bosnian	620	305	315
Croatian	915	425	490
Serbian	690	345	345
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Slovak	335	140	195
Slovene (Slovenian)	215	85	125
Ukrainian	10,465	4,620	5,850
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Celtic languages	285	140	150
Irish	195	90	110
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	15
Welsh	60	35	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Germanic languages	60,445	28,835	31,610
Frisian	40	20	25
High German languages	40,700	19,220	21,480
German	40,280	18,990	21,285
Pennsylvania German	45	30	20
Swiss German	200	105	90
Yiddish	175	95	90
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	18,230	8,880	9,350
Afrikaans	525	260	260
Dutch	2,060	1,025	1,035
Low German, n.o.s.	2,845	1,355	1,490
Low Saxon	350	175	170
Plautdietsch	12,245	5,970	6,275
Vlaams (Flemish)	215	90	125
Scandinavian languages	700	345	350
Danish	200	110	90
Icelandic	265	120	145
Norwegian	105	50	55
Swedish	125	70	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	775	370	400
Greek	1,185	590	595
Indo-Iranian languages	53,135	28,230	24,905
Indo-Aryan languages	49,815	26,535	23,280
Assamese	5	0	5
Bengali	2,130	1,310	820
Gujarati	5,245	2,830	2,415
Hindi	3,390	1,805	1,590
Kacchi	20	5	10
Kashmiri	10	10	5
Konkani	35	15	15
Marathi	170	90	80
Nepali	730	370	355
Oriya languages	15	10	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	33,315	17,605	15,710
Rohingya	35	15	15
Sindhi	55	35	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	815	395	425
Urdu	3,805	2,015	1,785
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15
Iranian languages	3,310	1,685	1,625
Baluchi	10	5	0
Kurdish	880	445	440
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	270	135	140
Persian languages	2,135	1,095	1,040
Dari	585	285	300
Iranian Persian	1,360	710	650
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	195	100	95
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Italic (Romance) languages	22,675	11,185	11,490
Catalan	10	5	5
Italian	3,185	1,535	1,650
Portuguese	7,390	3,620	3,770
Romanian	545	265	280
Spanish	11,520	5,755	5,770
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	5	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	510	175	335
Korean	3,475	1,640	1,840
Mongolian	20	5	10
Niger-Congo languages	5,020	2,500	2,525
Akan (Twi)	205	115	90
Bamanankan	50	25	25
Edo	60	35	30
Éwé	35	20	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70	40	30
Ga	20	10	15
Ganda	60	25	30
Gikuyu	30	15	15
Igbo	455	245	210
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	270	130	140
Lingala	70	35	40
Luba-Kasai	20	5	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	35	20	15
Ndebele	20	10	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	185	90	95
Shona	140	55	85
Soninke	5	5	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	5
Swahili	1,010	480	530
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	90	45	40
Yoruba	1,675	845	830
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	500	250	250
Nilo-Saharan languages	405	220	185
Dinka	175	100	70
Nuer	25	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	180	95	85
African, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Sign languages	380	200	180
American Sign Language	350	185	170
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,525	9,945	10,585
Chinese languages	19,940	9,640	10,300
Hakka	55	25	35
Mandarin	12,455	6,115	6,340
Min Dong	5	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	280	120	150
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	40	45
Yue (Cantonese)	6,795	3,195	3,595
Chinese, n.o.s.	260	135	125
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	565	290	275
Burmese	70	40	30
Kuki-Chin languages	45	20	20
Karenic languages	430	225	210
S'gaw Karen	390	200	185
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Tibetan	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	1,020	460	560
Lao	755	370	385
Thai	260	85	175
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	435	245	190
Azerbaijani	45	30	15
Kazakh	15	5	5
Turkish	295	165	130
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	35	20	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Uralic languages	1,175	540	635
Estonian	25	10	15
Finnish	195	85	110
Hungarian	960	440	515
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30
Multiple responses	58,220	28,465	29,750
English and French	7,915	3,855	4,065
English and non-official language(s)	44,745	21,925	22,820
French and non-official language(s)	970	495	480
English, French and non-official language(s)	730	330	400
Multiple non-official languages	3,855	1,870	1,985
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,326,815	658,740	668,075
English	989,765	494,540	495,225
French	9,840	4,640	5,205
Non-official language	82,575	40,585	41,990
Indigenous³⁹	2,910	1,475	1,435
Non-Indigenous	79,660	39,115	40,550
English and French	21,790	9,995	11,795
English and non-official language(s)	208,480	102,105	106,375
French and non-official language(s)	860	410	450
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,270	2,450	2,815
Multiple non-official languages	8,240	4,020	4,225
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,326,815	658,740	668,075
Single responses	1,272,180	632,135	640,050
Official languages	1,099,615	546,590	553,025
English	1,084,900	539,735	545,160
French	14,715	6,860	7,860
Non-official languages	172,570	85,540	87,025
Indigenous languages³⁹	7,625	3,850	3,770
Algonquian languages	7,015	3,525	3,485
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	3,385	1,715	1,675
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	3,385	1,715	1,675
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	5	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	280	125	160
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	10	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	20	10	15
Cree, n.o.s.	3,050	1,565	1,485
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	3,625	1,815	1,810
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	2,550	1,305	1,245
Ojibway languages	1,075	510	570
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25	15	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	240	115	125
Ojibway, n.o.s.	815	385	430
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	465	250	210
Northern Athabaskan languages	465	250	210
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	460	250	210
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	10	25
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	30	10	25
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	20	15	5
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	90	45	40
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	90	45	40
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	164,945	81,695	83,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,250	4,680	4,570
Berber languages	60	30	30
Kabyle	45	25	25
Tamazight	10	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	0
Hausa	10	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	45	20	25
Cushitic languages	1,260	595	660
Bilen	225	125	100
Oromo	155	80	75
Somali	875	390	485
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	7,875	4,025	3,845
Amharic	1,135	535	600
Arabic	4,335	2,245	2,090
Aramaic languages	5	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Harari	5	5	5
Hebrew	375	205	170
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	2,005	1,030	975
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,565	1,715	1,850
Khmer (Cambodian)	115	55	60
Vietnamese	3,435	1,650	1,780
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	5
Austronesian languages	36,445	17,565	18,880
Bikol	65	30	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	300	150	150
Cebuano	655	340	315
Fijian	20	10	5
Hiligaynon	240	115	130
Ilocano	720	345	370
Indonesian	60	25	25
Kankanaey	5	0	0
Kinaray-a	15	5	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	625	315	310
Pangasinan	75	35	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	33,565	16,130	17,435
Waray-Waray	30	20	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	40	45
Creole languages	270	110	165
Haitian Creole	50	15	30
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	70	25	45
Morisyen	65	35	30
Sango	20	10	10
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Dravidian languages	1,480	800	680
Kannada	45	25	20
Malayalam	900	500	400
Tamil	330	170	160
Telugu	190	105	90
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Georgian	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	91,465	45,820	45,640
Albanian	175	90	80
Armenian	30	15	20
Balto-Slavic languages	11,345	5,540	5,805
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	5	5	5
Lithuanian	10	5	5
Slavic languages	11,325	5,535	5,795
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	70	40	35
Czech	110	50	55
Macedonian	85	45	40
Polish	1,775	800	975
Russian	5,895	2,950	2,940
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	955	450	510
Bosnian	295	145	155
Croatian	295	130	160
Serbian	355	170	185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	50	25	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15
Ukrainian	2,350	1,155	1,195
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	215	100	115
Irish	195	95	100
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	15	5	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	24,050	11,300	12,750
Frisian	5	5	0
High German languages	18,665	8,700	9,970
German	18,585	8,650	9,935
Pennsylvania German	15	5	5
Swiss German	60	35	30
Yiddish	5	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,670	2,275	2,395
Afrikaans	260	125	130
Dutch	210	100	110
Low German, n.o.s.	1,115	540	575
Low Saxon	75	40	35
Plautdietsch	3,005	1,470	1,535
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	60	25	35
Danish	15	5	10
Icelandic	25	10	15
Norwegian	15	5	10
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	640	300	340
Greek	475	225	255
Indo-Iranian languages	43,605	22,965	20,635
Indo-Aryan languages	41,260	21,815	19,450
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	1,340	765	570
Gujarati	4,205	2,210	1,995
Hindi	2,375	1,230	1,145
Kacchi	5	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	10	5
Marathi	85	40	45
Nepali	530	265	270
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	29,395	15,580	13,815
Rohingya	25	15	15
Sindhi	35	20	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	510	250	260
Urdu	2,705	1,400	1,300
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10
Iranian languages	2,335	1,150	1,180
Baluchi	5	0	0
Kurdish	700	340	360
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	185	90	100
Persian languages	1,445	720	725
Dari	380	180	200
Iranian Persian	935	475	455
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	125	65	65
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,555	5,575	5,975
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	780	320	455
Portuguese	3,695	1,755	1,945
Romanian	180	90	95
Spanish	6,885	3,405	3,480
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Japanese	195	85	110
Korean	2,685	1,295	1,390
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	2,160	1,035	1,125
Akan (Twi)	105	60	45
Bamanankan	15	5	10
Edo	10	0	5
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	30	25
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	5
Gikuyu	5	0	5
Igbo	160	80	80
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	135	65	65
Lingala	50	25	30
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	105	55	50
Shona	25	5	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	580	275	305
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	70	40	30
Yoruba	700	320	385
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	60	55
Nilo-Saharan languages	175	85	90
Dinka	75	45	30
Nuer	20	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	30	45
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Sign languages	605	340	265
American Sign Language	520	290	230
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,585	7,640	7,950
Chinese languages	15,135	7,400	7,735
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	9,985	4,955	5,025
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	65	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	4,795	2,270	2,525
Chinese, n.o.s.	155	80	75
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	450	240	210
Burmese	45	30	15
Kuki-Chin languages	30	10	15
Karenic languages	365	190	175
S'gaw Karen	330	170	160
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	555	260	295
Lao	440	215	230
Thai	115	50	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	200	105	90
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	135	75	60
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	20	10	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	5
Uralic languages	270	125	150
Estonian	0	5	0
Finnish	50	20	25
Hungarian	220	105	120
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	20	5
Multiple responses	54,635	26,605	28,025
English and French	4,330	2,015	2,315
English and non-official language(s)	48,350	23,650	24,700
French and non-official language(s)	400	190	205
English, French and non-official language(s)	550	280	265
Multiple non-official languages	1,000	465	535
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,326,815	658,740	668,075
None	1,128,495	562,275	566,225
English	73,880	36,630	37,250
French	14,475	6,645	7,830
Non-official language	86,505	41,355	45,150
Indigenous³⁹	12,015	5,565	6,455
Non-Indigenous	74,485	35,790	38,695
English and French	750	335	420
English and non-official language(s)	12,370	6,345	6,025
French and non-official language(s)	2,360	1,060	1,300
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	95	70
Multiple non-official languages	7,810	4,005	3,805
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,307,185	650,230	656,955
Official languages	1,290,665	642,990	647,680
English	1,288,945	642,225	646,720
French	111,785	51,090	60,700
Non-official languages	380,140	185,575	194,565
Indigenous languages³⁹	34,405	16,285	18,120
Algonquian languages	32,200	15,235	16,965
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	16,120	7,560	8,560
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	16,115	7,555	8,560
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	90	30	65
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	2,330	955	1,375
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	295	125	175
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	195	65	130
Cree, n.o.s.	13,310	6,420	6,890
Innu (Montagnais)	35	0	25
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	10	20
Mi'kmaq	30	10	20
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	16,400	7,835	8,560
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	10	15
Oji-Cree	8,910	4,445	4,460
Ojibway languages	7,595	3,450	4,150
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	355	165	185
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,690	725	960
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5,695	2,630	3,070
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	850	425	425
Northern Athabaskan languages	835	410	425
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	835	410	425
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	230	110	125
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	230	110	125
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	10	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	305	155	155
Salish languages	10	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	900	405	495
Assiniboine	10	0	10
Dakota	885	405	485
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Non-Indigenous languages	346,060	169,435	176,630
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,735	11,625	11,115
Berber languages	180	100	80
Kabyle	120	55	70
Tamazight	45	30	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Chadic languages	350	235	115
Hausa	335	230	105
Mina	20	0	0
Coptic	185	95	95
Cushitic languages	2,495	1,225	1,270
Bilen	380	200	180
Oromo	405	205	200
Somali	1,690	810	875
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Semitic languages	20,430	10,430	10,000
Amharic	4,055	1,905	2,150
Arabic	10,275	5,425	4,850
Aramaic languages	25	15	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	3,800	1,955	1,850
Maltese	20	10	15
Tigrigna	4,475	2,225	2,245
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	260	135	125
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,645	3,125	3,520
Khmer (Cambodian)	380	175	205
Vietnamese	6,260	2,945	3,310
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	30	15
Austronesian languages	74,995	35,135	39,860
Bikol	250	145	105
Bisaya, n.o.s.	960	430	525
Cebuano	2,045	1,065	985
Fijian	65	35	35
Hiligaynon	820	395	420
Ilocano	3,395	1,585	1,815
Indonesian	265	130	130
Kankanaey	35	15	20
Kinaray-a	30	15	10
Malagasy languages	15	10	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Malay	235	105	130
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,830	905	925
Pangasinan	335	125	215
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	73,440	34,315	39,130
Waray-Waray	265	135	130
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,240	620	620
Creole languages	1,580	740	840
Haitian Creole	220	95	125
Jamaican English Creole	115	50	60
Krio	395	195	200
Morisyen	235	105	130
Sango	50	20	25
Creole, n.o.s.	335	155	180
Creole languages, n.i.e.	270	125	140
Dravidian languages	3,300	1,800	1,500
Kannada	335	180	150
Malayalam	1,740	930	810
Tamil	1,100	645	455
Telugu	595	320	275
Tulu	40	25	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Georgian	20	10	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	196,040	97,895	98,150
Albanian	495	220	275
Armenian	95	40	45
Balto-Slavic languages	36,420	16,940	19,480
Baltic languages	150	45	105
Latvian	90	25	65
Lithuanian	60	20	40
Slavic languages	36,340	16,910	19,430
Belarusian	95	30	70
Bulgarian	240	125	120
Czech	550	255	300
Macedonian	165	85	75
Polish	7,045	3,285	3,760
Russian	14,835	7,225	7,600
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,915	1,445	1,475
Bosnian	950	470	480
Croatian	1,500	750	745
Serbian	1,235	615	620
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	50	25	20
Slovak	425	155	265
Slovene (Slovenian)	315	125	180
Ukrainian	14,845	6,585	8,260
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Celtic languages	310	185	125
Irish	135	90	45
Scottish Gaelic	45	40	10
Welsh	125	55	65
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Germanic languages	61,790	30,450	31,335
Frisian	100	60	30
High German languages	42,555	20,860	21,685
German	41,980	20,605	21,375
Pennsylvania German	65	45	25
Swiss German	220	135	85
Yiddish	425	155	265
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	22,220	11,000	11,220
Afrikaans	1,000	520	475
Dutch	2,840	1,380	1,465
Low German, n.o.s.	3,275	1,615	1,665
Low Saxon	255	115	135
Plautdietsch	15,055	7,445	7,610
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	95	105
Scandinavian languages	1,220	615	605
Danish	300	145	155
Icelandic	390	215	175
Norwegian	335	175	160
Swedish	255	115	140
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	130	85	45
Greek	1,620	860	760
Indo-Iranian languages	66,340	35,640	30,695
Indo-Aryan languages	62,505	33,645	28,860
Assamese	25	15	10
Bengali	2,740	1,635	1,105
Gujarati	6,535	3,685	2,850
Hindi	26,980	14,375	12,610
Kacchi	30	30	0
Kashmiri	10	10	0
Konkani	130	70	55
Marathi	445	245	205
Nepali	805	405	405
Oriya languages	30	20	10
Odia	10	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	20	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	42,820	22,950	19,870
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	130	85	45
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,205	605	595
Urdu	6,800	3,660	3,140
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	200	110	90
Iranian languages	4,175	2,180	1,995
Baluchi	30	25	0
Kurdish	1,210	590	620
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	495	255	240
Persian languages	2,615	1,390	1,225
Dari	860	420	450
Iranian Persian	1,590	885	705
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	235	135	105
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15
Italic (Romance) languages	37,540	18,165	19,375
Catalan	35	20	15
Italian	5,230	2,505	2,725
Portuguese	9,590	4,735	4,855
Romanian	665	345	320
Spanish	23,435	11,295	12,140
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Japanese	1,505	765	740
Korean	4,330	2,075	2,255
Mongolian	45	15	30
Niger-Congo languages	14,260	7,240	7,020
Akan (Twi)	435	250	190
Bamanankan	180	85	95
Edo	255	145	110
Éwé	70	45	30
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	160	110	50
Ga	60	35	20
Ganda	190	100	95
Gikuyu	90	40	55
Igbo	1,680	940	745
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	475	245	240
Lingala	550	270	280
Luba-Kasai	70	35	35
Mòoré	25	0	15
Mwani	50	25	20
Ndebele	60	25	35
Rundi (Kirundi)	430	210	215
Shona	305	155	150
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45	20	30
Swahili	3,005	1,500	1,505
Wojenaka	70	40	35
Wolof	335	200	135
Yoruba	6,075	3,030	3,045
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,790	900	890
Nilo-Saharan languages	550	280	270
Dinka	260	150	110
Nuer	30	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	265	120	145
African, n.o.s.	95	45	45
Sign languages	2,570	925	1,650
American Sign Language	2,370	830	1,545
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	260	130	130
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,835	11,375	12,460
Chinese languages	23,215	11,080	12,135
Hakka	70	25	40
Mandarin	16,765	8,055	8,715
Min Dong	15	0	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	490	220	275
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	50	40
Yue (Cantonese)	8,920	4,135	4,790
Chinese, n.o.s.	215	105	110
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	635	300	330
Burmese	165	90	75
Kuki-Chin languages	45	10	30
Karenic languages	415	195	220
S'gaw Karen	385	190	200
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages	1,645	720	920
Lao	1,210	565	650
Thai	620	235	385
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Turkic languages	735	415	320
Azerbaijani	125	80	40
Kazakh	0	0	10
Turkish	635	355	280
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	30	15
Uralic languages	1,510	690	815
Estonian	40	10	30
Finnish	210	95	110
Hungarian	1,255	585	675
Other languages, n.i.e.	320	145	175
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,307,190	650,230	656,955
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	237,185	115,585	121,605
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	232,345	113,375	118,970
First Nations (North American Indian)	134,890	65,230	69,660
Métis	96,725	47,820	48,910
Inuk (Inuit)	725	330	395
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	2,935	1,300	1,635
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,905	905	1,000
Non-Indigenous identity	1,069,995	534,645	535,350
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,307,190	650,230	656,955
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	127,205	61,330	65,875
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,179,985	588,900	591,080
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	518,055	...	...
Owner	349,325	...	...
Renter	156,490	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	12,240	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	518,055	...	...
Condominium	41,700	...	...
Not condominium	476,355	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	518,055	...	...
No bedrooms	5,050	...	...
1 bedroom	67,100	...	...
2 bedrooms	129,795	...	...
3 bedrooms	184,620	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	131,485	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	518,055	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	151,270	...	...
5 rooms	88,535	...	...
6 rooms	81,220	...	...
7 rooms	64,300	...	...
8 or more rooms	132,725	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	518,055	...	...
One person or fewer per room	499,415	...	...
More than one person per room	18,640	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	518,055	...	...
Suitable	481,860	...	...
Not suitable	36,195	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	518,055	...	...
1960 or before	137,225	...	...
1961 to 1980	157,190	...	...
1981 to 1990	65,060	...	...
1991 to 2000	43,790	...	...
2001 to 2005	21,035	...	...
2006 to 2010	26,890	...	...
2011 to 2015	30,920	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	35,935	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	518,055	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	478,435	...	...
Major repairs needed	39,615	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	518,055	...	...
One-maintainer household	266,615	...	...
Two-maintainer household	229,405	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	22,035	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	518,055	...	...
15 to 24 years	19,175	...	...
25 to 34 years	77,045	...	...
35 to 44 years	92,145	...	...
45 to 54 years	88,630	...	...
55 to 64 years	100,500	...	...
65 to 74 years	80,845	...	...
75 to 84 years	43,190	...	...
85 years and over	16,520	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	492,925	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	407,560	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	85,365	...	...
30% to less than 100%	75,790	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	518,055	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	145,805	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	74,850	...	...
Not suitable only	26,905	...	...
Major repairs needed only	28,995	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,435	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,770	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,540	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	310	...	...
Acceptable housing	372,245	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	483,350	...	...
In core need	48,810	...	...
Not in core need	434,535	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	338,920	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,100	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,225	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	304,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	338,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	155,090	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	17.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,040	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,074	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,240	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	3.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	228	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,307,185	650,235	656,955
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	138,505	67,565	70,940
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	135,665	66,250	69,410
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	111,560	54,325	57,230
Métis single ancestry	23,765	11,765	12,005
Inuit single ancestry	335	160	175
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	2,840	1,310	1,530
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	2,740	1,265	1,470
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	55	30	30
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	50	15	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	100,900	49,370	51,530
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	96,245	47,335	48,905
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	38,520	18,690	19,830
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	57,175	28,405	28,770
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	545	240	305
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	4,660	2,030	2,625
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,495	1,955	2,540
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	40	50
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	40	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,067,785	533,300	534,485
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,307,185	650,235	656,955
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,175,775	582,760	593,015
Canadian citizens aged under 18	275,095	141,220	133,875
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	900,680	441,540	459,145
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	131,410	67,470	63,940
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,307,185	650,235	656,955
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,015,280	505,375	509,905
Immigrants⁸¹	257,620	125,385	132,230
Before 1980	38,780	18,260	20,520
1980 to 1990	21,210	10,580	10,630
1991 to 2000	21,305	9,845	11,460
2001 to 2010	65,555	32,250	33,305
2011 to 2021⁸²	110,770	54,455	56,315
2011 to 2015	52,400	25,565	26,840
2016 to 2021	58,370	28,890	29,480
Non-permanent residents⁸³	34,290	19,475	14,820
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	257,620	125,385	132,230
Under 5 years	26,725	13,740	12,990
5 to 14 years	50,695	26,085	24,615
15 to 24 years	45,575	21,480	24,095
25 to 44 years	113,910	54,055	59,855
45 years and over	20,710	10,035	10,680
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	257,620	125,385	132,230
Americas	32,020	15,230	16,795
Brazil	1,810	905	900
Colombia	1,140	565	575
El Salvador	2,575	1,350	1,230
Guyana	1,190	505	685
Haiti	190	95	100
Jamaica	2,110	995	1,115
Mexico	5,845	2,825	3,025
Peru	250	110	140
Trinidad and Tobago	1,630	800	835
United States of America	6,705	2,875	3,830
Other places of birth in Americas	8,570	4,205	4,365
Europe	53,125	26,140	26,980
Bosnia and Herzegovina	940	495	450
Croatia	765	365	400
France	975	535	440
Germany	9,360	4,805	4,560
Greece	770	440	335
Hungary	625	300	330
Italy	2,470	1,225	1,245
Netherlands	2,055	1,055	995
Poland	4,395	1,995	2,405
Portugal	4,040	1,965	2,075
Romania	615	310	305
Russian Federation	4,235	1,910	2,320
Serbia⁸⁶	405	190	220
Ukraine	5,370	2,580	2,785
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,995	5,390	5,605
Other places of birth in Europe	5,105	2,585	2,520
Africa	27,150	13,605	13,545
Algeria	345	145	200
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,425	750	675
Egypt	1,315	690	630
Eritrea	2,940	1,550	1,390
Ethiopia	2,945	1,380	1,565
Morocco	480	250	230
Nigeria	8,550	4,420	4,125
Somalia	880	350	530
South Africa, Republic of	1,180	615	565
Other places of birth in Africa	7,090	3,465	3,625
Asia	144,495	69,980	74,515
Afghanistan	845	395	450
Iran⁸⁸	1,105	630	475
Iraq	1,295	650	645
Lebanon	345	190	150
Syria⁸⁹	1,905	1,020	880
Turkey	255	145	110
China⁹⁰	10,250	4,760	5,490
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,255	640	620
Korea, South⁹²	2,955	1,440	1,515
Taiwan	285	105	180
Philippines	70,265	32,770	37,500
Viet Nam	4,575	2,120	2,455
Bangladesh	1,295	655	640
India	32,155	16,625	15,535
Pakistan	4,170	2,155	2,015
Sri Lanka	1,125	535	585
Other places of birth in Asia	10,410	5,145	5,265
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	830	430	395
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	58,370	28,890	29,480
Americas	5,285	2,610	2,675
Brazil	1,435	740	695
Colombia	290	145	150
Haiti	50	30	20
Jamaica	435	230	205
Mexico	660	325	335
United States of America	1,035	520	515
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	10	30
Other places of birth in Americas	1,340	615	725
Europe	4,380	2,200	2,175
France	160	95	70
Germany	565	275	290
Ireland⁹⁶	155	95	55
Italy	130	70	65
Russian Federation	655	320	335
Ukraine	1,305	610	695
United Kingdom⁸⁷	405	235	165
Other places of birth in Europe	1,010	510	500
Africa	11,065	5,545	5,525
Algeria	250	85	160
Burundi	90	60	35
Cameroon	100	50	50
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	445	235	210
Côte d'Ivoire	75	20	50
Egypt	280	140	140
Eritrea	1,445	755	685
Ethiopia	680	280	405
Morocco	220	115	105
Nigeria	5,105	2,660	2,445
Somalia	385	155	230
South Africa, Republic of	270	150	120
Sudan⁹⁷	390	185	200
Tunisia	100	75	30
Other places of birth in Africa	1,235	580	655
Asia	37,420	18,415	19,005
Afghanistan	135	55	75
Bangladesh	580	265	315
China⁹⁰	3,585	1,670	1,915
Hong Kong⁹¹	210	100	115
India	13,340	6,785	6,550
Iran⁸⁸	265	150	120
Iraq	655	305	355
Israel	505	250	255
Japan	80	25	60
Jordan	145	60	85
Korea, South⁹²	870	440	425
Lebanon	180	105	75
Nepal	100	55	45
Pakistan	1,210	640	570
Philippines	11,705	5,535	6,165
Saudi Arabia	130	70	65
Sri Lanka	190	95	100
Syria⁸⁹	1,575	855	725
Turkey	120	65	60
United Arab Emirates	175	95	80
Viet Nam	580	250	335
Other places of birth in Asia	1,075	545	530
Oceania and other⁹³	215	120	100
Australia	105	50	50
Other places of birth⁹⁸	115	65	45
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,307,190	650,230	656,955
First generation¹⁰⁰	302,745	150,415	152,330
Second generation¹⁰¹	202,165	100,815	101,345
Third generation or more¹⁰²	802,280	398,995	403,280
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	218,840	107,130	111,715
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	147,400	74,600	72,800
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	57,330	34,270	23,060
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	90,070	40,330	49,740
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	45,750	19,465	26,285
Refugees¹⁰⁸	24,560	12,580	11,985
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,130	485	645
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	218,840	107,130	111,715
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,360	1,280	1,080
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	16,195	8,620	7,570
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,360	2,245	2,115
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	11,250	6,310	4,935
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,235	510	725
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	183,440	88,155	95,290
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,307,190	650,230	656,955
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	290,735	146,545	144,190
South Asian	71,215	38,300	32,915
Chinese	25,390	12,400	12,995
Black	46,485	23,800	22,680
Filipino	94,315	45,640	48,675
Arab	7,820	4,120	3,695
Latin American	12,835	6,425	6,410
Southeast Asian	11,370	5,470	5,905
West Asian	3,450	1,800	1,645
Korean	4,325	2,095	2,225
Japanese	1,860	885	975
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,220	1,520	1,700
Multiple visible minorities	8,455	4,080	4,375
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,016,450	503,690	512,760
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,307,185	650,235	656,955
Canadian	109,195	55,655	53,545
English	210,285	102,600	107,685
Irish	144,420	68,390	76,030
Scottish	189,650	92,140	97,500
French, n.o.s.¹²²	121,095	59,145	61,945
German	177,355	87,730	89,630
Chinese	29,550	14,350	15,200
Italian	22,835	11,405	11,435
Indian (India)	38,825	20,540	18,280
Ukrainian	165,305	80,985	84,320
Dutch	43,390	21,330	22,055
Polish	78,860	38,085	40,780
Québécois	1,270	650	620
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	26,990	13,555	13,440
Filipino	90,945	43,995	46,955
French Canadian	12,435	5,870	6,555
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	17,290	8,920	8,365
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	58,255	28,405	29,850
Métis	88,300	43,445	44,860
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	14,900	7,525	7,380
Russian	48,570	23,770	24,795
Norwegian	19,115	8,940	10,180
Welsh	17,180	8,090	9,090
Portuguese	13,395	6,755	6,645
American	8,345	4,040	4,310
Spanish	10,845	5,165	5,680
Swedish	21,165	9,840	11,325
Hungarian	10,175	5,030	5,150
Acadian	1,465	710	760
Pakistani	5,030	2,605	2,425
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	8,460	4,385	4,070
Jewish	11,745	5,775	5,970
Punjabi	13,790	7,570	6,215
Vietnamese	7,290	3,470	3,820
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,245	1,750	1,495
Greek	3,795	1,960	1,835
Jamaican	4,475	2,370	2,100
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,280	4,610	4,680
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40,225	19,450	20,770
Korean	4,250	2,040	2,210
Romanian	5,510	2,655	2,855
Lebanese	1,505	765	740
Iranian	1,455	825	630
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,240	2,640	2,600
Danish	7,700	3,640	4,060
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	17,400	8,510	8,890
Sikh	9,095	4,855	4,240
Austrian	11,440	5,540	5,900
Belgian	20,580	10,335	10,245
Haitian	390	230	160
Hindu	4,560	2,485	2,075
Mexican	7,425	3,720	3,710
Mennonite	51,200	25,700	25,500
Swiss	5,255	2,550	2,705
Finnish	4,100	1,950	2,145
Sri Lankan	1,180	625	560
Croatian	3,080	1,545	1,530
Japanese	2,770	1,305	1,465
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,730	910	820
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,115	560	555
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,505	2,125	2,375
Muslim	1,895	980	910
Egyptian	1,635	870	765
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,755	1,290	1,470
Tamil	350	205	145
Icelandic	31,105	15,305	15,795
Colombian	1,380	650	730
Moroccan	540	250	290
Czech	4,330	2,080	2,245
Syrian	1,680	875	800
Guyanese	1,375	670	705
Afghan	1,240	625	615
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,175	1,135	1,045
Serbian	1,335	665	670
Ojibway	24,885	11,890	12,995
Newfoundlander	830	440	395
Hong Konger	1,020	515	510
Ontarian	530	260	275
Persian	555	285	275
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,460	1,215	1,245
Turkish	885	520	360
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,140	515	620
Bangladeshi	1,850	1,125	725
Algerian	290	145	150
Brazilian	2,110	1,030	1,080
Nigerian	5,580	2,860	2,720
Armenian	410	180	230
Slovak	2,135	1,005	1,130
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,975	1,425	1,550
Somali	1,490	700	785
Taiwanese	435	160	280
Iraqi	740	355	390
Salvadorean	2,575	1,360	1,215
African Caribbean	820	355	455
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,060	1,030	1,025
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	715	390	325
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,240	565	685
Algonquin	525	300	225
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,150	555	595
Lithuanian	1,330	660	665
South African	1,195	595	600
Australian	895	435	465
Palestinian	555	310	250
Chilean	1,580	810	770
Congolese	1,410	715	690
Nova Scotian	305	145	160
Ethiopian	2,975	1,440	1,530
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,130	635	500
Peruvian	345	160	185
Yoruba	4,885	2,540	2,350
Cambodian (Khmer)	815	400	420
Berber	235	115	120
Albanian	485	215	270
Maltese	375	160	215
Macedonian	260	145	120
Slovenian	990	470	525
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	825	385	440
New Brunswicker	135	70	70
Gujarati	1,250	765	480
Eritrean	3,345	1,670	1,675
African Canadian	610	325	290
Israeli	1,435	770	670
Mohawk	470	235	240
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,645	740	905
Bulgarian	350	185	170
Albertan	170	85	85
Ghanaian	565	335	235
Barbadian	515	250	265
African American	860	455	405
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	860	425	440
Tunisian	170	105	65
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,175	600	570
Cuban	260	90	170
Bosnian	1,040	510	530
Venezuelan	190	65	125
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	30	50
Latvian	1,310	660	650
Bengali	495	325	175
Cameroonian	240	105	135
Guatemalan	505	285	225
Indonesian	605	265	340
Laotian	1,840	895	950
Ilocano	1,365	740	625
Northern Irish	645	320	330
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	635	335	300
British Columbian	110	65	50
Ecuadorian	280	120	160
Franco Ontarian	80	40	40
Argentinian	625	290	335
Estonian	320	170	145
Kurdish	590	300	285
Fijian	120	70	50
Jatt	1,240	610	625
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	520	270	250
Coptic	615	300	315
Thai	820	315	505
Dominican	260	135	120
Nepali	625	335	285
Kabyle	60	35	20
Assyrian	15	15	0
Igbo	1,715	915	800
Byelorussian	775	390	390
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,370	650	725
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	455	245	205
Abenaki	10	0	0
Moldovan	235	110	120
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	215	110	105
New Zealander	270	115	155
Sudanese	355	150	200
Breton	290	155	135
Pennsylvania Dutch	380	160	220
Malaysian	330	170	155
Plains Cree	295	160	135
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	190	100	90
Huron (Wendat)	145	50	95
Saskatchewanian	395	170	220
Buddhist	400	200	200
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	115	50	70
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	410	195	210
Ivorian	130	45	85
Saulteaux	3,445	1,545	1,900
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	3,585	1,550	2,030
Burundian	385	200	185
Tigrinya	1,400	735	665
Nicaraguan	405	205	205
Mauritian	230	130	105
Kenyan	485	240	245
Oji-Cree	5,665	2,790	2,880
Vincentian	130	60	70
Jordanian	175	100	75
Manitoban	7,155	3,600	3,555
Cape Bretoner	65	40	25
Rwandan	365	165	200
Grenadian	115	45	70
Malayali	310	165	145
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	615	275	335
Mayan	605	310	295
Honduran	560	295	265
Cherokee	310	110	195
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	20	30
Indo-Caribbean	215	100	115
Flemish	1,095	495	590
United Empire Loyalist	155	55	100
Senegalese	100	45	55
Azerbaijani	130	85	45
Sicilian	370	165	205
Pashtun	135	75	60
Malay	455	210	250
Goan	80	50	35
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	325	185	135
Tibetan	10	10	0
Zimbabwean	235	110	125
Burmese	260	130	130
Mongolian	195	90	115
Azorean	205	105	100
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	15	10	10
Indo-Guyanese	130	50	85
Ugandan	225	105	120
Oromo	485	260	220
Tanzanian	130	55	75
Yemeni	150	60	90
Central African	210	65	140
Libyan	250	130	125
Basque	75	30	50
Uruguayan	60	25	35
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	115	50	60
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	280	130	150
Igorot	195	105	90
Fulani	205	105	105
Woodland Cree	250	125	125
Guinean	60	30	35
St. Lucian	70	20	45
Prince Edward Islander	20	10	10
Maliseet	30	15	15
Beninese	105	65	40
Telugu	90	50	35
Roma	230	100	130
Costa Rican	140	55	80
African Nova Scotian	40	20	20
Malagasy	70	40	25
Kashmiri	65	35	35
Singaporean	40	15	25
Karen	460	250	215
Edo	400	210	190
Tajik	55	30	20
Amhara	455	225	235
Paraguayan	3,210	1,570	1,640
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,307,190	650,230	656,955
Buddhist	7,440	3,365	4,080
Christian	708,850	335,490	373,365
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	149,880	73,465	76,415
Anabaptist	31,000	14,905	16,095
Anglican	42,660	18,960	23,700
Baptist	14,260	6,770	7,490
Catholic	276,925	132,290	144,635
Christian Orthodox	17,445	8,240	9,205
Jehovah's Witness	3,985	1,770	2,215
Latter Day Saints	1,640	815	830
Lutheran	27,775	12,665	15,115
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,860	915	945
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	20,465	9,700	10,765
Presbyterian	5,725	2,585	3,140
Reformed	2,430	1,210	1,220
United Church	75,425	33,275	42,150
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	37,380	17,925	19,455
Hindu	18,355	10,005	8,350
Jewish	11,565	5,685	5,875
Muslim	26,430	13,960	12,470
Sikh	35,470	18,625	16,850
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10,190	4,735	5,455
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,570	3,665	4,910
No religion and secular perspectives	480,315	254,700	225,615
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,291,715	642,120	649,595
Non-movers	1,131,315	562,370	568,945
Movers	160,395	79,750	80,650
Non-migrants	107,815	53,405	54,415
Migrants	52,580	26,350	26,235
Internal migrants	43,010	21,565	21,445
Intraprovincial migrants	28,745	13,895	14,850
Interprovincial migrants	14,260	7,670	6,595
External migrants	9,575	4,785	4,790
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,228,155	609,800	618,355
Non-movers	754,005	374,495	379,510
Movers	474,145	235,305	238,850
Non-migrants	249,915	123,190	126,720
Migrants	224,235	112,110	112,125
Internal migrants	154,275	76,075	78,205
Intraprovincial migrants	122,120	59,775	62,345
Interprovincial migrants	32,155	16,295	15,860
External migrants	69,960	36,035	33,925
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,058,410	522,505	535,905
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	220,975	119,615	101,360
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	837,440	402,890	434,545
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	675,695	335,160	340,535
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	93,765	54,570	39,190
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	581,930	280,590	301,345
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,058,415	522,505	535,905
No certificate, diploma or degree	199,845	106,915	92,930
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	326,725	165,725	161,000
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	531,840	249,865	281,975
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	289,775	143,310	146,465
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	70,655	50,775	19,880
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	33,000	19,615	13,385
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	37,655	31,170	6,495
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	187,205	78,650	108,555
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,915	13,885	18,030
Bachelor's degree or higher	242,070	106,550	135,515
Bachelor's degree	170,835	73,420	97,410
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,020	8,040	10,980
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,605	3,540	3,055
Master's degree	39,155	17,765	21,395
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,460	3,790	2,670
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	675,695	335,160	340,535
No certificate, diploma or degree	82,960	48,095	34,865
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	191,820	101,785	90,030
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	400,915	185,280	215,635
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	206,375	101,960	104,415
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	48,360	34,915	13,440
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	21,795	13,050	8,745
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	26,560	21,860	4,695
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	136,480	57,535	78,945
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,540	9,510	12,025
Bachelor's degree or higher	194,545	83,315	111,225
Bachelor's degree	138,130	58,540	79,585
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	14,055	5,695	8,360
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,440	2,700	2,740
Master's degree	32,255	13,895	18,355
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,665	2,480	2,180
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,058,410	522,505	535,905
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	526,565	272,640	253,930
Education	46,425	12,035	34,390
13. Education	46,425	12,035	34,390
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,220	5,915	7,305
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,400	1,070	325
50. Visual and performing arts	11,820	4,840	6,980
Humanities	26,260	11,175	15,085
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,910	505	1,405
23. English language and literature/letters	4,390	1,270	3,120
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,810	3,550	5,260
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	520	205	320
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,810	1,085	725
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,670	2,665	2,010
54. History	3,250	1,745	1,510
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	890	155	740
Social and behavioural sciences and law	53,520	18,160	35,360
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,105	230	880
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,755	2,230	2,525
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	11,430	840	10,590
22. Legal professions and studies	7,840	2,605	5,235
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,425	430	995
42. Psychology	9,330	2,620	6,715
45. Social sciences	17,630	9,200	8,425
Business, management and public administration	109,380	42,975	66,405
30.16 Accounting and computer science	285	55	235
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,140	2,145	6,995
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	99,955	40,780	59,175
Physical and life sciences and technologies	18,690	9,215	9,480
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,670	3,530	4,140
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,710	2,780	2,930
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	650	110	545
40. Physical sciences	3,680	2,510	1,170
41. Science technologies/technicians	990	290	700
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,790	15,020	8,770
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	20,040	13,490	6,550
25. Library science	1,190	190	1,000
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,300	1,180	1,125
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	255	155	100
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	101,835	92,590	9,240
04. Architecture and related services	2,910	1,660	1,245
14. Engineering	20,020	16,270	3,745
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	22,455	19,910	2,550
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	10	0
46. Construction trades	23,215	22,610	605
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	23,255	22,635	620
48. Precision production	9,980	9,495	480
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,715	11,285	6,435
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	14,210	9,130	5,075
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,510	2,150	1,355
Health and related fields	92,705	18,030	74,675
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,550	2,195	2,355
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	85,955	14,675	71,285
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	190	40	150
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,005	1,120	885
Personal, protective and transportation services	28,215	13,460	14,755
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	17,270	4,460	12,810
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	130	120	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	170	145	25
43. Security and protective services	5,055	3,610	1,450
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,590	5,125	465
Other¹⁷⁹	85	15	70
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	675,695	335,160	340,535
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	274,780	149,880	124,900
Education	31,325	7,835	23,490
13. Education	31,325	7,835	23,490
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,955	4,360	5,595
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	910	675	240
50. Visual and performing arts	9,040	3,685	5,355
Humanities	18,715	7,650	11,075
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,605	415	1,185
23. English language and literature/letters	3,280	895	2,385
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,415	2,490	3,925
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	355	125	235
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,310	770	545
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,060	1,795	1,270
54. History	2,120	1,090	1,030
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	575	65	510
Social and behavioural sciences and law	42,590	13,760	28,825
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	945	195	745
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,080	1,845	2,235
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	9,110	660	8,460
22. Legal professions and studies	6,550	1,940	4,600
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,170	320	850
42. Psychology	6,975	1,905	5,065
45. Social sciences	13,760	6,895	6,865
Business, management and public administration	83,775	32,270	51,505
30.16 Accounting and computer science	245	50	200
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,845	1,410	5,440
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,680	30,810	45,870
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,795	6,460	7,340
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,835	2,520	3,320
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,110	1,925	2,180
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	575	95	480
40. Physical sciences	2,685	1,735	945
41. Science technologies/technicians	595	180	410
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	19,205	12,210	6,995
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	16,540	11,145	5,400
25. Library science	710	120	590
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,745	830	920
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200	115	85
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	75,965	68,175	7,790
04. Architecture and related services	2,355	1,325	1,035
14. Engineering	17,060	13,635	3,420
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	16,245	14,270	1,975
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	10	0
46. Construction trades	16,955	16,450	500
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	16,450	15,985	470
48. Precision production	6,895	6,505	390
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,630	8,205	5,425
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,770	6,525	4,250
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,865	1,680	1,175
Health and related fields	71,165	14,460	56,705
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,525	1,675	1,850
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	65,865	11,910	53,955
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	155	20	140
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,625	855	770
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,725	9,890	10,830
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,365	3,115	9,250
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	110	100	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	105	90	15
43. Security and protective services	4,075	2,870	1,205
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,070	3,720	355
Other¹⁷⁹	65	10	60
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	675,695	335,160	340,535
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	274,780	149,880	124,900
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	400,920	185,280	215,640
Location of study inside Canada	313,465	143,310	170,160
Same as province or territory of residence	273,970	123,770	150,205
Different than province or territory of residence	39,495	19,545	19,955
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	87,445	41,970	45,480
Americas	11,310	5,465	5,845
United States of America	6,955	3,465	3,485
Mexico	435	160	275
Cuba	100	30	70
Haiti	25	15	10
Jamaica	330	145	175
Brazil	1,315	640	685
Colombia	555	265	290
Peru	90	35	55
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	25	55
Other locations of study in Americas	1,425	685	745
Europe	11,290	5,965	5,320
Belgium	100	65	35
France	460	225	230
Germany	1,860	1,105	760
Netherlands	300	165	135
Switzerland	145	90	55
Hungary	50	20	25
Moldova¹⁸³	115	60	55
Poland	510	255	255
Romania	115	55	60
Russian Federation	1,150	530	615
Ukraine	2,255	1,100	1,155
Ireland⁹⁶	245	140	105
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,600	1,435	1,165
Bosnia and Herzegovina	140	85	55
Italy	145	90	55
Serbia⁸⁶	90	55	35
Other locations of study in Europe	1,010	485	525
Africa	7,235	3,740	3,490
Nigeria	3,665	1,845	1,820
Algeria	145	85	65
Morocco	185	105	80
Tunisia	95	70	30
Egypt	690	335	355
South Africa, Republic of	515	255	260
Other locations of study in Africa	1,935	1,055	885
Asia	56,830	26,370	30,465
Iran⁸⁸	425	215	210
Iraq	175	90	85
Israel	770	390	385
Lebanon	40	10	30
Syria⁸⁹	130	60	75
Turkey	160	70	90
China⁹⁰	3,920	1,785	2,140
Taiwan	140	40	100
Hong Kong⁹¹	435	220	215
Japan	240	65	175
Korea, South⁹²	1,220	510	710
Philippines	28,440	12,715	15,730
Viet Nam	560	260	300
Bangladesh	580	275	310
Sri Lanka	310	150	160
India	16,235	8,035	8,205
Pakistan	1,575	785	795
Other locations of study in Asia	1,455	705	755
Oceania	785	425	355
Australia	665	340	325
New Zealand	105	75	30
Other locations of study in Oceania	20	10	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,058,415	522,505	535,905
In the labour force	681,505	360,485	321,020
Employed	625,115	330,885	294,235
Unemployed	56,390	29,605	26,785
Not in the labour force	376,905	162,015	214,890
Participation rate	64.4	69.0	59.9
Employment rate	59.1	63.3	54.9
Unemployment rate	8.3	8.2	8.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,058,410	522,505	535,905
Did not work¹⁸⁶	379,950	164,955	215,000
Worked	678,460	357,550	320,910
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	376,840	217,465	159,370
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	301,625	140,085	161,540
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	42.8	41.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	681,505	360,490	321,015
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625	7,580	8,050
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	665,880	352,910	312,970
Employee	582,575	298,460	284,115
Permanent position	490,370	254,540	235,830
Temporary position	92,210	43,920	48,290
Fixed term (1 year or more)	27,250	11,760	15,495
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	64,960	32,165	32,795
Self-employed¹⁹²	83,305	54,450	28,855
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	681,505	360,490	321,015
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625	7,580	8,050
All occupations¹⁹¹	665,880	352,910	312,970
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	6,440	4,200	2,235
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	106,520	33,100	73,420
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	39,030	29,915	9,115
3 Health occupations	57,585	12,770	44,810
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	91,725	30,655	61,070
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	15,375	6,815	8,560
6 Sales and service occupations	160,900	71,660	89,240
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	124,140	115,210	8,930
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	29,805	23,260	6,540
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	34,355	25,310	9,045
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	681,505	360,490	321,015
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625	7,580	8,050
All industries¹⁹¹	665,880	352,910	312,970
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	27,485	19,635	7,850
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	5,045	4,385	660
22 Utilities	6,655	5,135	1,520
23 Construction	52,245	46,295	5,950
31-33 Manufacturing	56,805	41,690	15,110
41 Wholesale trade	18,970	14,050	4,915
44-45 Retail trade	72,205	35,375	36,835
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	41,485	33,330	8,155
51 Information and cultural industries	9,760	5,850	3,905
52 Finance and insurance	25,885	10,060	15,825
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,410	4,705	3,700
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	32,425	17,065	15,355
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,000	465	535
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	26,870	15,280	11,585
61 Educational services	57,480	18,115	39,365
62 Health care and social assistance	99,895	21,420	78,475
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	12,075	6,300	5,775
72 Accommodation and food services	37,515	15,535	21,985
81 Other services (except public administration)	28,120	14,060	14,055
91 Public administration	45,555	24,155	21,405
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	727,130	382,175	344,960
English	680,505	360,060	320,445
French	3,730	1,140	2,590
Non-official language	3,570	2,035	1,530
Indigenous³⁹	300	170	130
Non-Indigenous	3,265	1,865	1,400
English and French	14,225	5,650	8,575
English and non-official language(s)	24,415	12,970	11,450
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	440	210	235
Multiple non-official languages	200	95	100
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	727,130	382,175	344,960
Single responses	719,895	378,430	341,470
Official languages	711,975	373,990	337,980
English	705,145	371,885	333,260
French	6,825	2,105	4,720
Non-official languages	7,925	4,440	3,485
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,375	760	610
Algonquian languages	1,250	705	550
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	735	410	325
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	730	410	325
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	25	25
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	675	380	295
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	515	295	220
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	405	235	175
Ojibway languages	105	55	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	20	10	10
Ojibway, n.o.s.	75	40	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	100	55	45
Northern Athabaskan languages	100	55	45
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	100	55	45
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	10	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	10	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous languages	6,550	3,675	2,880
Afro-Asiatic languages	195	95	100
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	20	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	20	20	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	165	75	95
Amharic	20	0	15
Arabic	60	40	15
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	30	0	25
Tigrigna	55	20	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	220	65	155
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	220	65	155
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	770	360	415
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	765	350	410
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,530	2,210	1,325
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	330	160	170
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	325	160	165
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	40	25	15
Russian	175	80	95
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	10	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	85	50	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,065	665	405
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	700	400	300
German	700	400	300
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	340	255	85
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	15	10	0
Low German, n.o.s.	95	75	15
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	215	160	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Greek	15	15	0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,670	1,130	535
Indo-Aryan languages	1,630	1,115	515
Bengali	40	15	20
Gujarati	40	15	20
Hindi	55	35	30
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,465	1,030	440
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	25	15	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	40	20	20
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	35	15	20
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	30	15	15
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	450	235	215
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	10
Portuguese	90	40	50
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	355	195	160
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	0	0
Korean	170	80	90
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	25	20	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	10	10	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	130	40	90
American Sign Language	130	40	90
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,450	780	670
Chinese languages	1,450	780	670
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	860	475	385
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	590	305	280
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	7,230	3,740	3,490
English and French	2,110	895	1,215
English and non-official language(s)	5,020	2,805	2,215
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	55	20	30
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	727,130	382,175	344,960
None	694,535	366,700	327,830
English	7,010	3,170	3,845
French	9,175	3,840	5,330
Non-official language	14,510	7,430	7,080
Indigenous³⁹	2,975	1,405	1,575
Non-Indigenous	11,530	6,025	5,510
English and French	10	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	265	105	155
French and non-official language(s)	265	140	125
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	1,360	775	590
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	625,115	330,890	294,235
Worked at home	106,565	51,780	54,785
Worked outside Canada	1,450	1,150	290
No fixed workplace address	78,405	60,795	17,605
Usual place of work	438,705	217,160	221,550
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	438,705	217,160	221,550
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	328,415	157,380	171,035
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	46,100	22,990	23,115
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	61,140	34,635	26,500
Commute to a different province or territory	3,055	2,150	900
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	517,110	277,950	239,155
Car, truck or van	445,070	244,870	200,200
Car, truck or van - as a driver	401,745	229,310	172,435
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	43,325	15,560	27,765
Public transit	29,345	12,095	17,250
Walked	27,440	12,330	15,105
Bicycle	5,395	3,720	1,680
Other method	9,855	4,935	4,925
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	517,110	277,950	239,155
Less than 15 minutes	187,385	91,055	96,330
15 to 29 minutes	191,315	103,060	88,255
30 to 44 minutes	90,020	53,555	36,465
45 to 59 minutes	25,475	14,980	10,495
60 minutes and over	22,915	15,300	7,615
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	517,110	277,950	239,155
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	26,980	19,745	7,235
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	87,745	57,035	30,705
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	143,110	78,985	64,125
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	116,395	50,465	65,930
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	59,845	26,620	33,220
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	83,035	45,100	37,940
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	302,080	155,205	146,880
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	30,475	15,430	15,050
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	271,605	139,775	131,830
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	217,225	111,805	105,425
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,030	11,620	11,405
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	14,755	7,340	7,415
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,280	4,285	3,990
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	194,195	100,175	94,020

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 20, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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