Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	ManitobaMore information: [Province]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,342,153
Population, 2016¹	1,278,365
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0
Total private dwellings²	571,528
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	518,054
Population density per square kilometre	2.5
Land area in square kilometres	540,310.19
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,342,150
0 to 14 years	252,935
0 to 4 years	80,435
5 to 9 years	86,250
10 to 14 years	86,250
15 to 64 years	860,165
15 to 19 years	80,905
20 to 24 years	91,415
25 to 29 years	90,470
30 to 34 years	91,805
35 to 39 years	90,150
40 to 44 years	84,530
45 to 49 years	80,235
50 to 54 years	78,210
55 to 59 years	87,295
60 to 64 years	85,155
65 years and over	229,050
65 to 69 years	73,060
70 to 74 years	59,955
75 to 79 years	39,885
80 to 84 years	26,890
85 years and over	29,255
85 to 89 years	17,200
90 to 94 years	8,970
95 to 99 years	2,640
100 years and over	445
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.8
15 to 64 years	64.1
65 years and over	17.1
85 years and over	2.2
Average age of the population	39.7
Median age of the population	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	518,055
Single-detached house	343,990
Semi-detached house	18,185
Row house	19,725
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,445
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	74,865
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	43,665
Other single-attached house	600
Movable dwelling⁴	9,590
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	518,055
1 person	146,225
2 persons	173,990
3 persons	74,615
4 persons	69,480
5 or more persons	53,740
Number of persons in private households	1,307,185
Average household size	2.5
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,089,215
Married or living common-law	616,260
Married	515,480
Living common-law	100,785
Living common law - Never married	75,340
Living common law - Separated	4,135
Living common law - Divorced	19,035
Living common law - Widowed	2,275
Not married and not living common-law	472,955
Not married and not living common law - Never married	330,855
Not married and not living common law - Separated	24,470
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	57,440
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	60,190
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	359,585
2 persons	179,345
3 persons	73,610
4 persons	67,475
5 or more persons	39,150
Average size of census families	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	359,585
Total couple families	298,295
Married couples	247,900
With children⁶	133,760
Without children	114,140
Common-law couples	50,390
With children⁶	20,505
Without children	29,885
Total one-parent families	61,295
in which the parent is a woman+	46,900
in which the parent is a man+	14,390
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,307,185
Total - Persons in census families	1,067,425
Married spouses or common-law partners	596,590
Parents in one-parent families	61,290
Children⁶	409,545
In a two-parent family	306,475
In a one-parent family	103,070
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	239,765
Living alone	146,225
Living with other relatives⁷	42,720
Living with non-relatives only	50,815
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	518,050
One-census-family households without additional persons	313,500
Couple-family households	268,430
With children⁶	137,200
Without children	131,230
One-parent-family households	45,070
Multigenerational households⁸	14,025
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,815
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	17,525
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	23,950
One-person households	146,225
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,058,435
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,023,160
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,023,830
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	906,495
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	743,325
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	934,305
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,175
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,440
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	254,050
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,058,410
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,024,110
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,024,740
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	907,455
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	743,345
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	935,570
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	112,945
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	252,860
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,710
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,058,410
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	366,740
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	285,105
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,440
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,058,435
Without total income	35,275
With total income	1,023,160
Under $10,000 (including loss)	101,540
$10,000 to $19,999	118,240
$20,000 to $29,999	161,905
$30,000 to $39,999	138,225
$40,000 to $49,999	124,755
$50,000 to $59,999	97,815
$60,000 to $69,999	72,980
$70,000 to $79,999	53,950
$80,000 to $89,999	41,095
$90,000 to $99,999	32,150
$100,000 and over	80,510
$100,000 to $149,999	57,310
$150,000 and over	23,195
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,058,435
Without after-tax income	34,600
With after-tax income	1,023,835
Under $10,000 (including loss)	106,400
$10,000 to $19,999	127,940
$20,000 to $29,999	191,015
$30,000 to $39,999	168,620
$40,000 to $49,999	139,790
$50,000 to $59,999	99,005
$60,000 to $69,999	66,805
$70,000 to $79,999	47,350
$80,000 to $89,999	27,130
$90,000 to $99,999	16,220
$100,000 and over	33,560
$100,000 to $124,999	17,675
$125,000 and over	15,885
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,058,435
Without employment income	315,110
With employment income	743,325
Under $5,000 (including loss)	96,985
$5,000 to $9,999	59,860
$10,000 to $19,999	92,505
$20,000 to $29,999	78,855
$30,000 to $39,999	77,580
$40,000 to $49,999	73,795
$50,000 to $59,999	59,960
$60,000 to $69,999	48,125
$70,000 to $79,999	37,685
$80,000 to $89,999	31,730
$90,000 to $99,999	25,570
$100,000 and over	60,675
$100,000 to $124,999	31,425
$125,000 and over	29,245
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,058,435
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	989,280
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	989,625
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	891,950
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	744,025
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	859,170
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,840
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	81,860
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,920
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,058,410
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	989,725
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	990,055
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	892,090
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	743,680
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	859,470
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,150
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,490
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,058,410
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	363,910
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	266,100
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8
Employment income (%)	72.2
Government transfers (%)	13.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	518,055
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	146,225
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	371,825
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	518,055
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,300
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,400
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	146,310
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,040
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,480
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	371,745
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,800
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	518,055
Under $5,000	6,290
$5,000 to $9,999	4,145
$10,000 to $14,999	7,680
$15,000 to $19,999	7,990
$20,000 to $24,999	20,100
$25,000 to $29,999	18,985
$30,000 to $34,999	17,510
$35,000 to $39,999	19,860
$40,000 to $44,999	21,215
$45,000 to $49,999	20,700
$50,000 to $59,999	40,360
$60,000 to $69,999	38,830
$70,000 to $79,999	36,685
$80,000 to $89,999	33,840
$90,000 to $99,999	31,625
$100,000 and over	192,235
$100,000 to $124,999	62,870
$125,000 to $149,999	43,940
$150,000 to $199,999	49,315
$200,000 and over	36,110
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	518,055
Under $5,000	7,035
$5,000 to $9,999	4,245
$10,000 to $14,999	7,915
$15,000 to $19,999	8,810
$20,000 to $24,999	22,210
$25,000 to $29,999	22,280
$30,000 to $34,999	21,475
$35,000 to $39,999	24,610
$40,000 to $44,999	25,320
$45,000 to $49,999	24,380
$50,000 to $59,999	48,190
$60,000 to $69,999	45,970
$70,000 to $79,999	43,145
$80,000 to $89,999	38,145
$90,000 to $99,999	32,835
$100,000 and over	141,500
$100,000 to $124,999	59,905
$125,000 to $149,999	36,195
$150,000 and over	45,400
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	356,215
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	133,590
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	155,030
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	54,645
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	197,045
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	356,080
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,200
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,700
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	133,300
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,600
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,600
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	155,485
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,400
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	54,305
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,300
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	197,160
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,307,190
0 to 17 years	296,575
0 to 5 years	95,900
18 to 64 years	796,825
65 years and over	213,785
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	185,145
0 to 17 years	57,935
0 to 5 years	21,125
18 to 64 years	96,515
65 years and over	30,695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.2
0 to 17 years (%)	19.5
0 to 5 years (%)	22.0
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1
65 years and over (%)	14.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,244,390
0 to 17 years	270,600
0 to 5 years	87,120
18 to 64 years	763,600
65 years and over	210,200
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	78,315
0 to 17 years	18,130
0 to 5 years	6,445
18 to 64 years	53,920
65 years and over	6,265
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.3
0 to 17 years (%)	6.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1
65 years and over (%)	3.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,307,190
In bottom half of the distribution	752,545
In bottom decile	163,795
In second decile	157,385
In third decile	150,155
In fourth decile	143,855
In fifth decile	137,355
In top half of the distribution	554,645
In sixth decile	132,600
In seventh decile	125,730
In eighth decile	117,230
In ninth decile	101,140
In top decile	77,940
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,307,185
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.333
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,326,815
English only	1,197,535
French only	1,680
English and French	110,435
Neither English nor French	17,160
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,326,815
English	1,269,710
French	36,195
English and French	4,365
Neither English nor French	16,555
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,326,815
Single responses	1,268,595
Official languages	971,850
English	935,110
French	36,740
Non-official languages	296,745
Indigenous languages³⁹	18,885
Algonquian languages	17,565
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	8,510
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	8,510
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	40
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	1,280
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	95
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	100
Cree, n.o.s.	6,995
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5
Mi'kmaq	5
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	9,045
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	5,020
Ojibway languages	4,020
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	115
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,000
Ojibway, n.o.s.	2,905
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	700
Northern Athabaskan languages	695
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	690
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	145
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	145
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	95
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	370
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	360
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5
Non-Indigenous languages	277,865
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,095
Berber languages	90
Kabyle	70
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10
Chadic languages	80
Hausa	70
Mina	10
Coptic	90
Cushitic languages	1,885
Bilen	275
Oromo	330
Somali	1,265
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15
Semitic languages	11,945
Amharic	2,000
Arabic	6,470
Aramaic languages	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	5
Hebrew	540
Maltese	20
Tigrigna	2,875
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,980
Khmer (Cambodian)	255
Vietnamese	4,710
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20
Austronesian languages	56,125
Bikol	170
Bisaya, n.o.s.	565
Cebuano	1,150
Fijian	45
Hiligaynon	460
Ilocano	1,515
Indonesian	150
Kankanaey	20
Kinaray-a	40
Malagasy languages	10
Merina	5
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5
Malay	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,000
Pangasinan	190
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50,540
Waray-Waray	95
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	175
Creole languages	540
Haitian Creole	70
Jamaican English Creole	25
Krio	155
Morisyen	110
Sango	30
Creole, n.o.s.	105
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45
Dravidian languages	2,295
Kannada	110
Malayalam	1,330
Tamil	530
Telugu	300
Tulu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	166,785
Albanian	330
Armenian	60
Balto-Slavic languages	28,660
Baltic languages	130
Latvian	55
Lithuanian	70
Slavic languages	28,530
Belarusian	50
Bulgarian	150
Czech	500
Macedonian	135
Polish	5,300
Russian	9,095
Rusyn	10
Serbo-Croatian	2,265
Bosnian	620
Croatian	915
Serbian	690
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40
Slovak	335
Slovene (Slovenian)	215
Ukrainian	10,465
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15
Celtic languages	285
Irish	195
Scottish Gaelic	20
Welsh	60
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10
Germanic languages	60,445
Frisian	40
High German languages	40,700
German	40,280
Pennsylvania German	45
Swiss German	200
Yiddish	175
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	18,230
Afrikaans	525
Dutch	2,060
Low German, n.o.s.	2,845
Low Saxon	350
Plautdietsch	12,245
Vlaams (Flemish)	215
Scandinavian languages	700
Danish	200
Icelandic	265
Norwegian	105
Swedish	125
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	775
Greek	1,185
Indo-Iranian languages	53,135
Indo-Aryan languages	49,815
Assamese	5
Bengali	2,130
Gujarati	5,245
Hindi	3,390
Kacchi	20
Kashmiri	10
Konkani	35
Marathi	170
Nepali	730
Oriya languages	15
Odia	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	33,315
Rohingya	35
Sindhi	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	815
Urdu	3,805
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45
Iranian languages	3,310
Baluchi	10
Kurdish	880
Parsi	0
Pashto	270
Persian languages	2,135
Dari	585
Iranian Persian	1,360
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	195
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Italic (Romance) languages	22,675
Catalan	10
Italian	3,185
Portuguese	7,390
Romanian	545
Spanish	11,520
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	510
Korean	3,475
Mongolian	20
Niger-Congo languages	5,020
Akan (Twi)	205
Bamanankan	50
Edo	60
Éwé	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70
Ga	20
Ganda	60
Gikuyu	30
Igbo	455
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	270
Lingala	70
Luba-Kasai	20
Mòoré	0
Mwani	35
Ndebele	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	185
Shona	140
Soninke	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	10
Swahili	1,010
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	90
Yoruba	1,675
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	500
Nilo-Saharan languages	405
Dinka	175
Nuer	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	180
African, n.o.s.	30
Sign languages	380
American Sign Language	350
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,525
Chinese languages	19,940
Hakka	55
Mandarin	12,455
Min Dong	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	280
Wu (Shanghainese)	85
Yue (Cantonese)	6,795
Chinese, n.o.s.	260
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	565
Burmese	70
Kuki-Chin languages	45
Karenic languages	430
S'gaw Karen	390
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45
Tibetan	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,020
Lao	755
Thai	260
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5
Turkic languages	435
Azerbaijani	45
Kazakh	15
Turkish	295
Uyghur	10
Uzbek	35
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40
Uralic languages	1,175
Estonian	25
Finnish	195
Hungarian	960
Other languages, n.i.e.	75
Multiple responses	58,220
English and French	7,915
English and non-official language(s)	44,745
French and non-official language(s)	970
English, French and non-official language(s)	730
Multiple non-official languages	3,855
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,326,815
English	989,765
French	9,840
Non-official language	82,575
Indigenous³⁹	2,910
Non-Indigenous	79,660
English and French	21,790
English and non-official language(s)	208,480
French and non-official language(s)	860
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,270
Multiple non-official languages	8,240
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,326,815
Single responses	1,272,180
Official languages	1,099,615
English	1,084,900
French	14,715
Non-official languages	172,570
Indigenous languages³⁹	7,625
Algonquian languages	7,015
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	3,385
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	3,385
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	280
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	20
Cree, n.o.s.	3,050
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	3,625
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	2,550
Ojibway languages	1,075
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	25
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	240
Ojibway, n.o.s.	815
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	465
Northern Athabaskan languages	465
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	460
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	30
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	5
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	20
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	90
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	90
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	164,945
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,250
Berber languages	60
Kabyle	45
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	10
Hausa	10
Mina	0
Coptic	45
Cushitic languages	1,260
Bilen	225
Oromo	155
Somali	875
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	7,875
Amharic	1,135
Arabic	4,335
Aramaic languages	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5
Harari	5
Hebrew	375
Maltese	5
Tigrigna	2,005
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,565
Khmer (Cambodian)	115
Vietnamese	3,435
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20
Austronesian languages	36,445
Bikol	65
Bisaya, n.o.s.	300
Cebuano	655
Fijian	20
Hiligaynon	240
Ilocano	720
Indonesian	60
Kankanaey	5
Kinaray-a	15
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	625
Pangasinan	75
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	33,565
Waray-Waray	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80
Creole languages	270
Haitian Creole	50
Jamaican English Creole	10
Krio	70
Morisyen	65
Sango	20
Creole, n.o.s.	40
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20
Dravidian languages	1,480
Kannada	45
Malayalam	900
Tamil	330
Telugu	190
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	91,465
Albanian	175
Armenian	30
Balto-Slavic languages	11,345
Baltic languages	15
Latvian	5
Lithuanian	10
Slavic languages	11,325
Belarusian	5
Bulgarian	70
Czech	110
Macedonian	85
Polish	1,775
Russian	5,895
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	955
Bosnian	295
Croatian	295
Serbian	355
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10
Slovak	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	25
Ukrainian	2,350
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	215
Irish	195
Scottish Gaelic	5
Welsh	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	24,050
Frisian	5
High German languages	18,665
German	18,585
Pennsylvania German	15
Swiss German	60
Yiddish	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,670
Afrikaans	260
Dutch	210
Low German, n.o.s.	1,115
Low Saxon	75
Plautdietsch	3,005
Vlaams (Flemish)	5
Scandinavian languages	60
Danish	15
Icelandic	25
Norwegian	15
Swedish	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	640
Greek	475
Indo-Iranian languages	43,605
Indo-Aryan languages	41,260
Assamese	0
Bengali	1,340
Gujarati	4,205
Hindi	2,375
Kacchi	5
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	10
Marathi	85
Nepali	530
Oriya languages	0
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	29,395
Rohingya	25
Sindhi	35
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	510
Urdu	2,705
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35
Iranian languages	2,335
Baluchi	5
Kurdish	700
Parsi	0
Pashto	185
Persian languages	1,445
Dari	380
Iranian Persian	935
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	125
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	11,555
Catalan	0
Italian	780
Portuguese	3,695
Romanian	180
Spanish	6,885
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10
Japanese	195
Korean	2,685
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	2,160
Akan (Twi)	105
Bamanankan	15
Edo	10
Éwé	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55
Ga	0
Ganda	5
Gikuyu	5
Igbo	160
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	135
Lingala	50
Luba-Kasai	10
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	105
Shona	25
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	580
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	70
Yoruba	700
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120
Nilo-Saharan languages	175
Dinka	75
Nuer	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	605
American Sign Language	520
Quebec Sign Language	5
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,585
Chinese languages	15,135
Hakka	10
Mandarin	9,985
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130
Wu (Shanghainese)	55
Yue (Cantonese)	4,795
Chinese, n.o.s.	155
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	450
Burmese	45
Kuki-Chin languages	30
Karenic languages	365
S'gaw Karen	330
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35
Tibetan	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10
Tai-Kadai languages	555
Lao	440
Thai	115
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	200
Azerbaijani	10
Kazakh	5
Turkish	135
Uyghur	5
Uzbek	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20
Uralic languages	270
Estonian	0
Finnish	50
Hungarian	220
Other languages, n.i.e.	20
Multiple responses	54,635
English and French	4,330
English and non-official language(s)	48,350
French and non-official language(s)	400
English, French and non-official language(s)	550
Multiple non-official languages	1,000
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,326,815
None	1,128,495
English	73,880
French	14,475
Non-official language	86,505
Indigenous³⁹	12,015
Non-Indigenous	74,485
English and French	750
English and non-official language(s)	12,370
French and non-official language(s)	2,360
English, French and non-official language(s)	170
Multiple non-official languages	7,810
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,307,185
Official languages	1,290,665
English	1,288,945
French	111,785
Non-official languages	380,140
Indigenous languages³⁹	34,405
Algonquian languages	32,200
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	16,120
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	16,115
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	90
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	2,330
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	295
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	195
Cree, n.o.s.	13,310
Innu (Montagnais)	35
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	30
Mi'kmaq	30
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	16,400
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20
Oji-Cree	8,910
Ojibway languages	7,595
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	355
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	1,690
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5,695
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	850
Northern Athabaskan languages	835
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	835
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	230
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	230
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	10
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	305
Salish languages	10
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	900
Assiniboine	10
Dakota	885
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	10
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	35
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25
Non-Indigenous languages	346,060
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,735
Berber languages	180
Kabyle	120
Tamazight	45
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10
Chadic languages	350
Hausa	335
Mina	20
Coptic	185
Cushitic languages	2,495
Bilen	380
Oromo	405
Somali	1,690
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50
Semitic languages	20,430
Amharic	4,055
Arabic	10,275
Aramaic languages	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10
Harari	0
Hebrew	3,800
Maltese	20
Tigrigna	4,475
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	260
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,645
Khmer (Cambodian)	380
Vietnamese	6,260
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45
Austronesian languages	74,995
Bikol	250
Bisaya, n.o.s.	960
Cebuano	2,045
Fijian	65
Hiligaynon	820
Ilocano	3,395
Indonesian	265
Kankanaey	35
Kinaray-a	30
Malagasy languages	15
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10
Malay	235
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,830
Pangasinan	335
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	73,440
Waray-Waray	265
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,240
Creole languages	1,580
Haitian Creole	220
Jamaican English Creole	115
Krio	395
Morisyen	235
Sango	50
Creole, n.o.s.	335
Creole languages, n.i.e.	270
Dravidian languages	3,300
Kannada	335
Malayalam	1,740
Tamil	1,100
Telugu	595
Tulu	40
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	196,040
Albanian	495
Armenian	95
Balto-Slavic languages	36,420
Baltic languages	150
Latvian	90
Lithuanian	60
Slavic languages	36,340
Belarusian	95
Bulgarian	240
Czech	550
Macedonian	165
Polish	7,045
Russian	14,835
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,915
Bosnian	950
Croatian	1,500
Serbian	1,235
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	50
Slovak	425
Slovene (Slovenian)	315
Ukrainian	14,845
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25
Celtic languages	310
Irish	135
Scottish Gaelic	45
Welsh	125
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10
Germanic languages	61,790
Frisian	100
High German languages	42,555
German	41,980
Pennsylvania German	65
Swiss German	220
Yiddish	425
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	22,220
Afrikaans	1,000
Dutch	2,840
Low German, n.o.s.	3,275
Low Saxon	255
Plautdietsch	15,055
Vlaams (Flemish)	205
Scandinavian languages	1,220
Danish	300
Icelandic	390
Norwegian	335
Swedish	255
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	130
Greek	1,620
Indo-Iranian languages	66,340
Indo-Aryan languages	62,505
Assamese	25
Bengali	2,740
Gujarati	6,535
Hindi	26,980
Kacchi	30
Kashmiri	10
Konkani	130
Marathi	445
Nepali	805
Oriya languages	30
Odia	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	42,820
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	130
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,205
Urdu	6,800
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	200
Iranian languages	4,175
Baluchi	30
Kurdish	1,210
Parsi	0
Pashto	495
Persian languages	2,615
Dari	860
Iranian Persian	1,590
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	235
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35
Italic (Romance) languages	37,540
Catalan	35
Italian	5,230
Portuguese	9,590
Romanian	665
Spanish	23,435
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35
Japanese	1,505
Korean	4,330
Mongolian	45
Niger-Congo languages	14,260
Akan (Twi)	435
Bamanankan	180
Edo	255
Éwé	70
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	160
Ga	60
Ganda	190
Gikuyu	90
Igbo	1,680
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	475
Lingala	550
Luba-Kasai	70
Mòoré	25
Mwani	50
Ndebele	60
Rundi (Kirundi)	430
Shona	305
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45
Swahili	3,005
Wojenaka	70
Wolof	335
Yoruba	6,075
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,790
Nilo-Saharan languages	550
Dinka	260
Nuer	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	265
African, n.o.s.	95
Sign languages	2,570
American Sign Language	2,370
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	260
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,835
Chinese languages	23,215
Hakka	70
Mandarin	16,765
Min Dong	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	490
Wu (Shanghainese)	85
Yue (Cantonese)	8,920
Chinese, n.o.s.	215
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	635
Burmese	165
Kuki-Chin languages	45
Karenic languages	415
S'gaw Karen	385
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10
Tai-Kadai languages	1,645
Lao	1,210
Thai	620
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15
Turkic languages	735
Azerbaijani	125
Kazakh	0
Turkish	635
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40
Uralic languages	1,510
Estonian	40
Finnish	210
Hungarian	1,255
Other languages, n.i.e.	320
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,307,190
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	237,185
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	232,345
First Nations (North American Indian)	134,890
Métis	96,725
Inuk (Inuit)	725
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	2,935
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,905
Non-Indigenous identity	1,069,995
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,307,190
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	127,205
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,179,985
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	518,055
Owner	349,325
Renter	156,490
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	12,240
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	518,055
Condominium	41,700
Not condominium	476,355
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	518,055
No bedrooms	5,050
1 bedroom	67,100
2 bedrooms	129,795
3 bedrooms	184,620
4 or more bedrooms	131,485
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	518,055
1 to 4 rooms	151,270
5 rooms	88,535
6 rooms	81,220
7 rooms	64,300
8 or more rooms	132,725
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	518,055
One person or fewer per room	499,415
More than one person per room	18,640
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	518,055
Suitable	481,860
Not suitable	36,195
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	518,055
1960 or before	137,225
1961 to 1980	157,190
1981 to 1990	65,060
1991 to 2000	43,790
2001 to 2005	21,035
2006 to 2010	26,890
2011 to 2015	30,920
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	35,935
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	518,055
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	478,435
Major repairs needed	39,615
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	518,055
One-maintainer household	266,615
Two-maintainer household	229,405
Three-or-more-maintainer household	22,035
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	518,055
15 to 24 years	19,175
25 to 34 years	77,045
35 to 44 years	92,145
45 to 54 years	88,630
55 to 64 years	100,500
65 to 74 years	80,845
75 to 84 years	43,190
85 years and over	16,520
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	492,925
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	407,560
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	85,365
30% to less than 100%	75,790
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	518,055
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	145,805
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	74,850
Not suitable only	26,905
Major repairs needed only	28,995
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,435
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,770
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,540
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	310
Acceptable housing	372,245
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	483,350
In core need	48,810
Not in core need	434,535
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	338,920
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.1
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.9
% in core housing need⁶³	4.8
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,100
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,225
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	304,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	338,800
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	155,090
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	17.0
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.5
% in core housing need⁶³	22.0
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,040
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,074
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,240
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	3.7
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	200
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	228
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,307,185
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	138,505
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	135,665
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	111,560
Métis single ancestry	23,765
Inuit single ancestry	335
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	2,840
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	2,740
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	55
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	100,900
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	96,245
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	38,520
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	57,175
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	545
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	4,660
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,495
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,067,785
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,307,185
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,175,775
Canadian citizens aged under 18	275,095
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	900,680
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	131,410
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,307,185
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,015,280
Immigrants⁸¹	257,620
Before 1980	38,780
1980 to 1990	21,210
1991 to 2000	21,305
2001 to 2010	65,555
2011 to 2021⁸²	110,770
2011 to 2015	52,400
2016 to 2021	58,370
Non-permanent residents⁸³	34,290
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	257,620
Under 5 years	26,725
5 to 14 years	50,695
15 to 24 years	45,575
25 to 44 years	113,910
45 years and over	20,710
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	257,620
Americas	32,020
Brazil	1,810
Colombia	1,140
El Salvador	2,575
Guyana	1,190
Haiti	190
Jamaica	2,110
Mexico	5,845
Peru	250
Trinidad and Tobago	1,630
United States of America	6,705
Other places of birth in Americas	8,570
Europe	53,125
Bosnia and Herzegovina	940
Croatia	765
France	975
Germany	9,360
Greece	770
Hungary	625
Italy	2,470
Netherlands	2,055
Poland	4,395
Portugal	4,040
Romania	615
Russian Federation	4,235
Serbia⁸⁶	405
Ukraine	5,370
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,995
Other places of birth in Europe	5,105
Africa	27,150
Algeria	345
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,425
Egypt	1,315
Eritrea	2,940
Ethiopia	2,945
Morocco	480
Nigeria	8,550
Somalia	880
South Africa, Republic of	1,180
Other places of birth in Africa	7,090
Asia	144,495
Afghanistan	845
Iran⁸⁸	1,105
Iraq	1,295
Lebanon	345
Syria⁸⁹	1,905
Turkey	255
China⁹⁰	10,250
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,255
Korea, South⁹²	2,955
Taiwan	285
Philippines	70,265
Viet Nam	4,575
Bangladesh	1,295
India	32,155
Pakistan	4,170
Sri Lanka	1,125
Other places of birth in Asia	10,410
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	830
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	58,370
Americas	5,285
Brazil	1,435
Colombia	290
Haiti	50
Jamaica	435
Mexico	660
United States of America	1,035
Venezuela⁹⁵	45
Other places of birth in Americas	1,340
Europe	4,380
France	160
Germany	565
Ireland⁹⁶	155
Italy	130
Russian Federation	655
Ukraine	1,305
United Kingdom⁸⁷	405
Other places of birth in Europe	1,010
Africa	11,065
Algeria	250
Burundi	90
Cameroon	100
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	445
Côte d'Ivoire	75
Egypt	280
Eritrea	1,445
Ethiopia	680
Morocco	220
Nigeria	5,105
Somalia	385
South Africa, Republic of	270
Sudan⁹⁷	390
Tunisia	100
Other places of birth in Africa	1,235
Asia	37,420
Afghanistan	135
Bangladesh	580
China⁹⁰	3,585
Hong Kong⁹¹	210
India	13,340
Iran⁸⁸	265
Iraq	655
Israel	505
Japan	80
Jordan	145
Korea, South⁹²	870
Lebanon	180
Nepal	100
Pakistan	1,210
Philippines	11,705
Saudi Arabia	130
Sri Lanka	190
Syria⁸⁹	1,575
Turkey	120
United Arab Emirates	175
Viet Nam	580
Other places of birth in Asia	1,075
Oceania and other⁹³	215
Australia	105
Other places of birth⁹⁸	115
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,307,190
First generation¹⁰⁰	302,745
Second generation¹⁰¹	202,165
Third generation or more¹⁰²	802,280
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	218,840
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	147,400
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	57,330
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	90,070
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	45,750
Refugees¹⁰⁸	24,560
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,130
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	218,840
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,360
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	16,195
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,360
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	11,250
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,235
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	183,440
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,307,190
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	290,735
South Asian	71,215
Chinese	25,390
Black	46,485
Filipino	94,315
Arab	7,820
Latin American	12,835
Southeast Asian	11,370
West Asian	3,450
Korean	4,325
Japanese	1,860
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,220
Multiple visible minorities	8,455
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,016,450
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,307,185
Canadian	109,195
English	210,285
Irish	144,420
Scottish	189,650
French, n.o.s.¹²²	121,095
German	177,355
Chinese	29,550
Italian	22,835
Indian (India)	38,825
Ukrainian	165,305
Dutch	43,390
Polish	78,860
Québécois	1,270
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	26,990
Filipino	90,945
French Canadian	12,435
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	17,290
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	58,255
Métis	88,300
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	14,900
Russian	48,570
Norwegian	19,115
Welsh	17,180
Portuguese	13,395
American	8,345
Spanish	10,845
Swedish	21,165
Hungarian	10,175
Acadian	1,465
Pakistani	5,030
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	8,460
Jewish	11,745
Punjabi	13,790
Vietnamese	7,290
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,245
Greek	3,795
Jamaican	4,475
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,280
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40,225
Korean	4,250
Romanian	5,510
Lebanese	1,505
Iranian	1,455
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,240
Danish	7,700
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	17,400
Sikh	9,095
Austrian	11,440
Belgian	20,580
Haitian	390
Hindu	4,560
Mexican	7,425
Mennonite	51,200
Swiss	5,255
Finnish	4,100
Sri Lankan	1,180
Croatian	3,080
Japanese	2,770
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,730
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,115
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,505
Muslim	1,895
Egyptian	1,635
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,755
Tamil	350
Icelandic	31,105
Colombian	1,380
Moroccan	540
Czech	4,330
Syrian	1,680
Guyanese	1,375
Afghan	1,240
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,175
Serbian	1,335
Ojibway	24,885
Newfoundlander	830
Hong Konger	1,020
Ontarian	530
Persian	555
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,460
Turkish	885
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,140
Bangladeshi	1,850
Algerian	290
Brazilian	2,110
Nigerian	5,580
Armenian	410
Slovak	2,135
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,975
Somali	1,490
Taiwanese	435
Iraqi	740
Salvadorean	2,575
African Caribbean	820
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,060
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	715
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,240
Algonquin	525
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,150
Lithuanian	1,330
South African	1,195
Australian	895
Palestinian	555
Chilean	1,580
Congolese	1,410
Nova Scotian	305
Ethiopian	2,975
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,130
Peruvian	345
Yoruba	4,885
Cambodian (Khmer)	815
Berber	235
Albanian	485
Maltese	375
Macedonian	260
Slovenian	990
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	825
New Brunswicker	135
Gujarati	1,250
Eritrean	3,345
African Canadian	610
Israeli	1,435
Mohawk	470
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,645
Bulgarian	350
Albertan	170
Ghanaian	565
Barbadian	515
African American	860
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	860
Tunisian	170
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,175
Cuban	260
Bosnian	1,040
Venezuelan	190
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75
Latvian	1,310
Bengali	495
Cameroonian	240
Guatemalan	505
Indonesian	605
Laotian	1,840
Ilocano	1,365
Northern Irish	645
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	635
British Columbian	110
Ecuadorian	280
Franco Ontarian	80
Argentinian	625
Estonian	320
Kurdish	590
Fijian	120
Jatt	1,240
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	520
Coptic	615
Thai	820
Dominican	260
Nepali	625
Kabyle	60
Assyrian	15
Igbo	1,715
Byelorussian	775
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,370
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	455
Abenaki	10
Moldovan	235
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	215
New Zealander	270
Sudanese	355
Breton	290
Pennsylvania Dutch	380
Malaysian	330
Plains Cree	295
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	190
Huron (Wendat)	145
Saskatchewanian	395
Buddhist	400
Gaspesian	0
Norman	115
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	410
Ivorian	130
Saulteaux	3,445
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	3,585
Burundian	385
Tigrinya	1,400
Nicaraguan	405
Mauritian	230
Kenyan	485
Oji-Cree	5,665
Vincentian	130
Jordanian	175
Manitoban	7,155
Cape Bretoner	65
Rwandan	365
Grenadian	115
Malayali	310
Chaldean	0
Sinhalese	615
Mayan	605
Honduran	560
Cherokee	310
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55
Indo-Caribbean	215
Flemish	1,095
United Empire Loyalist	155
Senegalese	100
Azerbaijani	130
Sicilian	370
Pashtun	135
Malay	455
Goan	80
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	325
Tibetan	10
Zimbabwean	235
Burmese	260
Mongolian	195
Azorean	205
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	15
Indo-Guyanese	130
Ugandan	225
Oromo	485
Tanzanian	130
Yemeni	150
Central African	210
Libyan	250
Basque	75
Uruguayan	60
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	115
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	280
Igorot	195
Fulani	205
Woodland Cree	250
Guinean	60
St. Lucian	70
Prince Edward Islander	20
Maliseet	30
Beninese	105
Telugu	90
Roma	230
Costa Rican	140
African Nova Scotian	40
Malagasy	70
Kashmiri	65
Singaporean	40
Karen	460
Edo	400
Tajik	55
Amhara	455
Paraguayan	3,210
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,307,190
Buddhist	7,440
Christian	708,850
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	149,880
Anabaptist	31,000
Anglican	42,660
Baptist	14,260
Catholic	276,925
Christian Orthodox	17,445
Jehovah's Witness	3,985
Latter Day Saints	1,640
Lutheran	27,775
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,860
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	20,465
Presbyterian	5,725
Reformed	2,430
United Church	75,425
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	37,380
Hindu	18,355
Jewish	11,565
Muslim	26,430
Sikh	35,470
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10,190
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,570
No religion and secular perspectives	480,315
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,291,715
Non-movers	1,131,315
Movers	160,395
Non-migrants	107,815
Migrants	52,580
Internal migrants	43,010
Intraprovincial migrants	28,745
Interprovincial migrants	14,260
External migrants	9,575
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,228,155
Non-movers	754,005
Movers	474,145
Non-migrants	249,915
Migrants	224,235
Internal migrants	154,275
Intraprovincial migrants	122,120
Interprovincial migrants	32,155
External migrants	69,960
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,058,410
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	220,975
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	837,440
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	675,695
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	93,765
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	581,930
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,058,415
No certificate, diploma or degree	199,845
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	326,725
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	531,840
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	289,775
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	70,655
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	33,000
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	37,655
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	187,205
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,915
Bachelor's degree or higher	242,070
Bachelor's degree	170,835
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,020
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,605
Master's degree	39,155
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,460
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	675,695
No certificate, diploma or degree	82,960
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	191,820
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	400,915
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	206,375
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	48,360
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	21,795
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	26,560
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	136,480
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,540
Bachelor's degree or higher	194,545
Bachelor's degree	138,130
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	14,055
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,440
Master's degree	32,255
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,665
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,058,410
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	526,565
Education	46,425
13. Education	46,425
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,220
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,400
50. Visual and performing arts	11,820
Humanities	26,260
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,910
23. English language and literature/letters	4,390
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,810
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	520
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,810
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,670
54. History	3,250
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	890
Social and behavioural sciences and law	53,520
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,105
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,755
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	11,430
22. Legal professions and studies	7,840
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,425
42. Psychology	9,330
45. Social sciences	17,630
Business, management and public administration	109,380
30.16 Accounting and computer science	285
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,140
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	99,955
Physical and life sciences and technologies	18,690
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,670
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,710
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	650
40. Physical sciences	3,680
41. Science technologies/technicians	990
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,790
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	20,040
25. Library science	1,190
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,300
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	255
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	101,835
04. Architecture and related services	2,910
14. Engineering	20,020
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	22,455
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10
46. Construction trades	23,215
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	23,255
48. Precision production	9,980
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,715
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	14,210
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,510
Health and related fields	92,705
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,550
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	85,955
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	190
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,005
Personal, protective and transportation services	28,215
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	17,270
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	130
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	170
43. Security and protective services	5,055
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,590
Other¹⁷⁹	85
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	675,695
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	274,780
Education	31,325
13. Education	31,325
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,955
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	910
50. Visual and performing arts	9,040
Humanities	18,715
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,605
23. English language and literature/letters	3,280
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,415
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	355
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,310
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,060
54. History	2,120
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	575
Social and behavioural sciences and law	42,590
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	945
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,080
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	9,110
22. Legal professions and studies	6,550
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,170
42. Psychology	6,975
45. Social sciences	13,760
Business, management and public administration	83,775
30.16 Accounting and computer science	245
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,845
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,680
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,795
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,835
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,110
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	575
40. Physical sciences	2,685
41. Science technologies/technicians	595
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	19,205
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	16,540
25. Library science	710
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,745
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	75,965
04. Architecture and related services	2,355
14. Engineering	17,060
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	16,245
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10
46. Construction trades	16,955
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	16,450
48. Precision production	6,895
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,630
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,770
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,865
Health and related fields	71,165
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,525
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	65,865
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	155
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,625
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,725
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,365
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	110
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	105
43. Security and protective services	4,075
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,070
Other¹⁷⁹	65
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	675,695
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	274,780
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	400,920
Location of study inside Canada	313,465
Same as province or territory of residence	273,970
Different than province or territory of residence	39,495
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	87,445
Americas	11,310
United States of America	6,955
Mexico	435
Cuba	100
Haiti	25
Jamaica	330
Brazil	1,315
Colombia	555
Peru	90
Venezuela⁹⁵	80
Other locations of study in Americas	1,425
Europe	11,290
Belgium	100
France	460
Germany	1,860
Netherlands	300
Switzerland	145
Hungary	50
Moldova¹⁸³	115
Poland	510
Romania	115
Russian Federation	1,150
Ukraine	2,255
Ireland⁹⁶	245
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,600
Bosnia and Herzegovina	140
Italy	145
Serbia⁸⁶	90
Other locations of study in Europe	1,010
Africa	7,235
Nigeria	3,665
Algeria	145
Morocco	185
Tunisia	95
Egypt	690
South Africa, Republic of	515
Other locations of study in Africa	1,935
Asia	56,830
Iran⁸⁸	425
Iraq	175
Israel	770
Lebanon	40
Syria⁸⁹	130
Turkey	160
China⁹⁰	3,920
Taiwan	140
Hong Kong⁹¹	435
Japan	240
Korea, South⁹²	1,220
Philippines	28,440
Viet Nam	560
Bangladesh	580
Sri Lanka	310
India	16,235
Pakistan	1,575
Other locations of study in Asia	1,455
Oceania	785
Australia	665
New Zealand	105
Other locations of study in Oceania	20
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,058,415
In the labour force	681,505
Employed	625,115
Unemployed	56,390
Not in the labour force	376,905
Participation rate	64.4
Employment rate	59.1
Unemployment rate	8.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,058,410
Did not work¹⁸⁶	379,950
Worked	678,460
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	376,840
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	301,625
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	681,505
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	665,880
Employee	582,575
Permanent position	490,370
Temporary position	92,210
Fixed term (1 year or more)	27,250
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	64,960
Self-employed¹⁹²	83,305
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	681,505
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625
All occupations¹⁹¹	665,880
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	6,440
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	106,520
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	39,030
3 Health occupations	57,585
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	91,725
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	15,375
6 Sales and service occupations	160,900
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	124,140
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	29,805
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	34,355
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	681,505
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	15,625
All industries¹⁹¹	665,880
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	27,485
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	5,045
22 Utilities	6,655
23 Construction	52,245
31-33 Manufacturing	56,805
41 Wholesale trade	18,970
44-45 Retail trade	72,205
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	41,485
51 Information and cultural industries	9,760
52 Finance and insurance	25,885
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,410
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	32,425
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,000
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	26,870
61 Educational services	57,480
62 Health care and social assistance	99,895
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	12,075
72 Accommodation and food services	37,515
81 Other services (except public administration)	28,120
91 Public administration	45,555
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	727,130
English	680,505
French	3,730
Non-official language	3,570
Indigenous³⁹	300
Non-Indigenous	3,265
English and French	14,225
English and non-official language(s)	24,415
French and non-official language(s)	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	440
Multiple non-official languages	200
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	727,130
Single responses	719,895
Official languages	711,975
English	705,145
French	6,825
Non-official languages	7,925
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,375
Algonquian languages	1,250
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	735
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	730
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	675
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	515
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	405
Ojibway languages	105
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	20
Ojibway, n.o.s.	75
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	100
Northern Athabaskan languages	100
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	100
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	10
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	10
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10
Non-Indigenous languages	6,550
Afro-Asiatic languages	195
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	25
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	165
Amharic	20
Arabic	60
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	30
Tigrigna	55
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	220
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	220
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	770
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	765
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	10
Kannada	0
Malayalam	0
Tamil	0
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	3,530
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	330
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	325
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	40
Russian	175
Serbo-Croatian	10
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	85
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	1,065
Frisian	0
High German languages	700
German	700
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	340
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	15
Low German, n.o.s.	95
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	215
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20
Greek	15
Indo-Iranian languages	1,670
Indo-Aryan languages	1,630
Bengali	40
Gujarati	40
Hindi	55
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,465
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	40
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	35
Dari	0
Iranian Persian	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	450
Catalan	0
Italian	10
Portuguese	90
Romanian	0
Spanish	355
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	20
Korean	170
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	25
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	10
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	130
American Sign Language	130
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,450
Chinese languages	1,450
Hakka	0
Mandarin	860
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	590
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	10
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	10
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	7,230
English and French	2,110
English and non-official language(s)	5,020
French and non-official language(s)	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	30
Multiple non-official languages	55
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	727,130
None	694,535
English	7,010
French	9,175
Non-official language	14,510
Indigenous³⁹	2,975
Non-Indigenous	11,530
English and French	10
English and non-official language(s)	265
French and non-official language(s)	265
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	1,360
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	625,115
Worked at home	106,565
Worked outside Canada	1,450
No fixed workplace address	78,405
Usual place of work	438,705
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	438,705
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	328,415
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	46,100
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	61,140
Commute to a different province or territory	3,055
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	517,110
Car, truck or van	445,070
Car, truck or van - as a driver	401,745
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	43,325
Public transit	29,345
Walked	27,440
Bicycle	5,395
Other method	9,855
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	517,110
Less than 15 minutes	187,385
15 to 29 minutes	191,315
30 to 44 minutes	90,020
45 to 59 minutes	25,475
60 minutes and over	22,915
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	517,110
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	26,980
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	87,745
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	143,110
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	116,395
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	59,845
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	83,035
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	302,080
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	30,475
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	271,605
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	217,225
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,030
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	14,755
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,280
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	194,195

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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