Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	AlbertaMore information: [Province]
	Counts	Rates
	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	4,262,635	...
Population, 2016¹	4,067,175	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.8	4.8
Total private dwellings²	1,772,670	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,633,220	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.7	6.7
Land area in square kilometres	634,658.27	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	4,262,635	100.0
0 to 14 years	809,640	19.0
0 to 4 years	250,250	5.9
5 to 9 years	278,810	6.5
10 to 14 years	280,585	6.6
15 to 64 years	2,823,770	66.2
15 to 19 years	249,765	5.9
20 to 24 years	248,740	5.8
25 to 29 years	275,465	6.5
30 to 34 years	323,260	7.6
35 to 39 years	338,945	8.0
40 to 44 years	307,665	7.2
45 to 49 years	277,770	6.5
50 to 54 years	262,770	6.2
55 to 59 years	274,150	6.4
60 to 64 years	265,240	6.2
65 years and over	629,220	14.8
65 to 69 years	217,270	5.1
70 to 74 years	163,890	3.8
75 to 79 years	105,520	2.5
80 to 84 years	70,160	1.6
85 years and over	72,375	1.7
85 to 89 years	44,670	1.0
90 to 94 years	21,430	0.5
95 to 99 years	5,480	0.1
100 years and over	795	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.0	19.0
15 to 64 years	66.2	66.2
65 years and over	14.8	14.8
85 years and over	1.7	1.7
Average age of the population	39.0	39.0
Median age of the population	38.4	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,633,220	100.0
Single-detached house	994,565	60.9
Semi-detached house	98,740	6.0
Row house	127,735	7.8
Apartment or flat in a duplex	43,730	2.7
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	247,030	15.1
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	74,880	4.6
Other single-attached house	1,215	0.1
Movable dwelling⁴	45,325	2.8
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,633,220	100.0
1 person	424,055	26.0
2 persons	551,420	33.8
3 persons	249,135	15.3
4 persons	243,400	14.9
5 or more persons	165,215	10.1
Number of persons in private households	4,177,715	100.0
Average household size	2.6	2.6
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	3,452,995	100.0
Married or living common-law	2,033,945	58.9
Married	1,703,285	49.3
Living common-law	330,655	9.6
Living common law - Never married	245,650	7.1
Living common law - Separated	12,835	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	65,955	1.9
Living common law - Widowed	6,210	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	1,419,050	41.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	969,780	28.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	83,350	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	214,460	6.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	151,455	4.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	1,164,655	100.0
2 persons	565,900	48.6
3 persons	240,980	20.7
4 persons	238,600	20.5
5 or more persons	119,170	10.2
Average size of census families	3.0	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	1.9
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	1,164,650	100.0
Total couple families	987,465	84.8
Married couples	822,175	70.6
With children⁶	464,975	39.9
Without children	357,200	30.7
Common-law couples	165,290	14.2
With children⁶	60,705	5.2
Without children	104,580	9.0
Total one-parent families	177,190	15.2
in which the parent is a woman+	135,065	11.6
in which the parent is a man+	42,125	3.6
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	4,177,715	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	3,456,645	82.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,974,930	47.3
Parents in one-parent families	177,185	4.2
Children⁶	1,304,525	31.2
In a two-parent family	1,022,235	24.5
In a one-parent family	282,290	6.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	721,070	17.3
Living alone	424,055	10.2
Living with other relatives⁷	108,100	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	188,915	4.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,633,220	100.0
One-census-family households without additional persons	1,008,210	61.7
Couple-family households	876,085	53.6
With children⁶	465,405	28.5
Without children	410,680	25.1
One-parent-family households	132,125	8.1
Multigenerational households⁸	47,450	2.9
Multiple-census-family households⁹	10,575	0.6
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	60,780	3.7
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	82,150	5.0
One-person households	424,055	26.0
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	3,375,110	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,213,495	95.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	44,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,215,290	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	40,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,899,265	85.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	40,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,426,900	71.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	41,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,818,115	83.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	8,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	373,185	11.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	978,925	29.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	3,375,130	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,212,650	95.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,850	60,850
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,214,490	95.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,200	50,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,900,200	85.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,300	57,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,426,940	71.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,350	56,350
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,817,280	83.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,440	10,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	371,975	11.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,090	7,090
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	972,130	28.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,170	9,170
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	3,375,130	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,120,075	33.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500	70,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	85,200	85,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	993,770	29.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	21,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,280	34,280
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	85.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.0	70.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.0	15.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	5.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	3,375,110	100.0
Without total income	161,620	4.8
With total income	3,213,490	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	271,260	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	307,390	9.6
$20,000 to $29,999	483,175	15.0
$30,000 to $39,999	384,115	12.0
$40,000 to $49,999	332,120	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	277,960	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	232,840	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	187,305	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	146,920	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	124,520	3.9
$100,000 and over	465,885	14.5
$100,000 to $149,999	291,955	9.1
$150,000 and over	173,935	5.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	3,375,110	100.0
Without after-tax income	159,820	4.7
With after-tax income	3,215,295	95.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	282,760	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	320,525	10.0
$20,000 to $29,999	545,450	17.0
$30,000 to $39,999	449,440	14.0
$40,000 to $49,999	388,170	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	314,650	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	240,015	7.5
$70,000 to $79,999	178,580	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	138,170	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	92,045	2.9
$100,000 and over	265,490	8.3
$100,000 to $124,999	121,505	3.8
$125,000 and over	143,985	4.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	3,375,110	100.0
Without employment income	948,210	28.1
With employment income	2,426,900	71.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	305,715	12.6
$5,000 to $9,999	186,575	7.7
$10,000 to $19,999	270,795	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	212,530	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	202,095	8.3
$40,000 to $49,999	193,315	8.0
$50,000 to $59,999	181,745	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	161,830	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	133,940	5.5
$80,000 to $89,999	110,580	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	101,430	4.2
$100,000 and over	366,350	15.1
$100,000 to $124,999	158,925	6.5
$125,000 and over	207,430	8.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	3,375,110	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,147,180	93.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	44,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,148,375	93.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	39,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,869,935	85.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	43,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,438,175	72.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	44,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,675,790	79.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,620	1,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	245,140	7.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	3,375,130	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,146,890	93.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,750	60,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,147,975	93.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,720	49,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,871,550	85.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,350	60,350
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,438,445	72.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,450	59,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,676,295	79.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,720	6,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	244,330	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,990	7,990
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	3,375,130	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,111,760	32.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	68,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	83,800	83,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	941,295	27.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,000	30,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,280	43,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	90.6
Employment income (%)	75.8	75.8
Government transfers (%)	9.4	9.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,633,220	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	96,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	83,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	424,055	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	48,000
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	42,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,209,165	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	115,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	100,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,633,220	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	119,700	119,700
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,800	98,800
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	424,120	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	62,050	62,050
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,400	51,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,209,100	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,000	140,000
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,500	115,500
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,633,220	100.0
Under $5,000	16,810	1.0
$5,000 to $9,999	8,310	0.5
$10,000 to $14,999	12,525	0.8
$15,000 to $19,999	17,725	1.1
$20,000 to $24,999	49,050	3.0
$25,000 to $29,999	52,025	3.2
$30,000 to $34,999	41,490	2.5
$35,000 to $39,999	48,190	3.0
$40,000 to $44,999	52,710	3.2
$45,000 to $49,999	51,200	3.1
$50,000 to $59,999	104,130	6.4
$60,000 to $69,999	106,340	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	104,230	6.4
$80,000 to $89,999	98,820	6.1
$90,000 to $99,999	93,990	5.8
$100,000 and over	775,675	47.5
$100,000 to $124,999	204,960	12.5
$125,000 to $149,999	156,945	9.6
$150,000 to $199,999	200,675	12.3
$200,000 and over	213,100	13.0
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,633,220	100.0
Under $5,000	18,920	1.2
$5,000 to $9,999	8,620	0.5
$10,000 to $14,999	12,950	0.8
$15,000 to $19,999	18,925	1.2
$20,000 to $24,999	52,455	3.2
$25,000 to $29,999	58,000	3.6
$30,000 to $34,999	48,620	3.0
$35,000 to $39,999	56,195	3.4
$40,000 to $44,999	62,115	3.8
$45,000 to $49,999	60,880	3.7
$50,000 to $59,999	126,900	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	127,780	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	122,795	7.5
$80,000 to $89,999	117,335	7.2
$90,000 to $99,999	106,445	6.5
$100,000 and over	634,290	38.8
$100,000 to $124,999	214,810	13.2
$125,000 to $149,999	149,640	9.2
$150,000 and over	269,845	16.5
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	1,150,150	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	115,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	99,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	423,245	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	103,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	89,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	527,475	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	141,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	120,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	162,425	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	72,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	66,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	612,970	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,600	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	39,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	1,149,555	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	140,000	140,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,100	115,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	423,255	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,400	128,400
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	105,000
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	528,270	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	167,000	167,000
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,200	136,200
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	161,495	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,100	85,100
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,800	74,800
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	612,950	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,550	56,550
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,360	47,360
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	4,177,715	100.0
0 to 17 years	953,865	22.8
0 to 5 years	302,980	7.3
18 to 64 years	2,638,940	63.2
65 years and over	584,915	14.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	382,820	...
0 to 17 years	107,130	...
0 to 5 years	36,250	...
18 to 64 years	213,795	...
65 years and over	61,890	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.2	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	11.2	11.2
0 to 5 years (%)	12.0	12.0
18 to 64 years (%)	8.1	8.1
65 years and over (%)	10.6	10.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	4,132,995	100.0
0 to 17 years	936,965	22.7
0 to 5 years	298,005	7.2
18 to 64 years	2,614,300	63.3
65 years and over	581,730	14.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	187,885	...
0 to 17 years	43,110	...
0 to 5 years	13,945	...
18 to 64 years	130,620	...
65 years and over	14,155	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.6	4.6
0 to 17 years (%)	4.6	4.6
0 to 5 years (%)	4.7	4.7
18 to 64 years (%)	5.0	5.0
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	4,177,715	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,894,410	45.3
In bottom decile	345,410	8.3
In second decile	385,215	9.2
In third decile	380,170	9.1
In fourth decile	386,560	9.3
In fifth decile	397,055	9.5
In top half of the distribution	2,283,310	54.7
In sixth decile	406,615	9.7
In seventh decile	420,810	10.1
In eighth decile	440,225	10.5
In ninth decile	470,850	11.3
In top decile	544,810	13.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	4,177,720	4,177,720
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.350	0.350
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.450	0.450
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.307	0.307
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	3.9
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	4,221,835	100.0
English only	3,894,690	92.3
French only	3,105	0.1
English and French	258,330	6.1
Neither English nor French	65,705	1.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	4,221,835	100.0
English	4,078,135	96.6
French	64,440	1.5
English and French	15,525	0.4
Neither English nor French	63,735	1.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	4,221,835	100.0
Single responses	4,055,375	96.1
Official languages	3,148,690	74.6
English	3,083,840	73.0
French	64,855	1.5
Non-official languages	906,680	21.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	17,200	0.4
Algonquian languages	15,155	0.4
Blackfoot	2,470	0.1
Cree-Innu languages	12,290	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	12,290	0.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	65	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	65	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	1,590	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	1,305	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	9,255	0.2
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	385	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0.0
Oji-Cree	20	0.0
Ojibway languages	355	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	235	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	100	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	1,345	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	1,335	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	25	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	1,075	0.0
Gwich'in	10	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	150	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	105	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	20	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	30	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	35	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	145	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	25	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	5	0.0
Inuvialuktun	20	0.0
Inuktitut	115	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	60	0.0
Salish languages	10	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	5	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	445	0.0
Assiniboine	10	0.0
Dakota	65	0.0
Stoney	360	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	889,485	21.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	82,270	1.9
Berber languages	335	0.0
Kabyle	220	0.0
Tamazight	95	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Chadic languages	160	0.0
Hausa	145	0.0
Mina	10	0.0
Coptic	55	0.0
Cushitic languages	14,995	0.4
Bilen	650	0.0
Oromo	3,485	0.1
Somali	10,750	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	115	0.0
Semitic languages	66,720	1.6
Amharic	8,165	0.2
Arabic	46,425	1.1
Aramaic languages	835	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	445	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	265	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	0.0
Harari	215	0.0
Hebrew	885	0.0
Maltese	55	0.0
Tigrigna	10,065	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	80	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	25,655	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,775	0.0
Vietnamese	23,705	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	175	0.0
Austronesian languages	131,755	3.1
Bikol	535	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	2,265	0.1
Cebuano	5,210	0.1
Fijian	120	0.0
Hiligaynon	2,370	0.1
Ilocano	7,440	0.2
Indonesian	1,275	0.0
Kankanaey	370	0.0
Kinaray-a	165	0.0
Malagasy languages	50	0.0
Merina	5	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	45	0.0
Malay	270	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,275	0.0
Pangasinan	515	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	108,395	2.6
Waray-Waray	415	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,075	0.0
Creole languages	1,745	0.0
Haitian Creole	455	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	60	0.0
Krio	270	0.0
Morisyen	325	0.0
Sango	5	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	420	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	215	0.0
Dravidian languages	17,170	0.4
Kannada	585	0.0
Malayalam	8,785	0.2
Tamil	4,950	0.1
Telugu	2,715	0.1
Tulu	75	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	60	0.0
Georgian	200	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	454,815	10.8
Albanian	2,345	0.1
Armenian	490	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	70,185	1.7
Baltic languages	885	0.0
Latvian	365	0.0
Lithuanian	515	0.0
Slavic languages	69,305	1.6
Belarusian	65	0.0
Bulgarian	1,300	0.0
Czech	2,700	0.1
Macedonian	365	0.0
Polish	17,540	0.4
Russian	17,735	0.4
Rusyn	30	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10,350	0.2
Bosnian	1,860	0.0
Croatian	4,260	0.1
Serbian	4,040	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	190	0.0
Slovak	1,865	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	555	0.0
Ukrainian	16,750	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	0.0
Celtic languages	295	0.0
Irish	75	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	50	0.0
Welsh	145	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	0.0
Germanic languages	93,145	2.2
Frisian	250	0.0
High German languages	60,990	1.4
German	59,835	1.4
Pennsylvania German	20	0.0
Swiss German	1,045	0.0
Yiddish	90	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	28,670	0.7
Afrikaans	3,150	0.1
Dutch	13,140	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	3,060	0.1
Low Saxon	260	0.0
Plautdietsch	8,815	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	245	0.0
Scandinavian languages	3,155	0.1
Danish	1,850	0.0
Icelandic	95	0.0
Norwegian	525	0.0
Swedish	680	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	85	0.0
Greek	2,820	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	197,415	4.7
Indo-Aryan languages	176,130	4.2
Assamese	85	0.0
Bengali	7,735	0.2
Gujarati	15,330	0.4
Hindi	18,815	0.4
Kacchi	1,625	0.0
Kashmiri	125	0.0
Konkani	345	0.0
Marathi	1,910	0.0
Nepali	5,900	0.1
Oriya languages	185	0.0
Odia	130	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	60	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	91,070	2.2
Rohingya	30	0.0
Sindhi	685	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,700	0.1
Urdu	28,635	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	945	0.0
Iranian languages	21,225	0.5
Baluchi	65	0.0
Kurdish	2,010	0.0
Parsi	25	0.0
Pashto	2,960	0.1
Persian languages	16,065	0.4
Dari	5,005	0.1
Iranian Persian	9,030	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,035	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	90	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	88,045	2.1
Catalan	70	0.0
Italian	9,505	0.2
Portuguese	9,910	0.2
Romanian	7,425	0.2
Spanish	61,090	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	75	0.0
Japanese	4,575	0.1
Korean	19,240	0.5
Mongolian	565	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	16,500	0.4
Akan (Twi)	1,660	0.0
Bamanankan	30	0.0
Edo	245	0.0
Éwé	225	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	190	0.0
Ga	125	0.0
Ganda	315	0.0
Gikuyu	160	0.0
Igbo	1,380	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,135	0.0
Lingala	205	0.0
Luba-Kasai	55	0.0
Mòoré	40	0.0
Mwani	200	0.0
Ndebele	390	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	655	0.0
Shona	1,105	0.0
Soninke	25	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	150	0.0
Swahili	2,455	0.1
Wojenaka	25	0.0
Wolof	265	0.0
Yoruba	3,205	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,265	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	2,450	0.1
Dinka	1,040	0.0
Nuer	625	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	650	0.0
African, n.o.s.	130	0.0
Sign languages	840	0.0
American Sign Language	695	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	118,025	2.8
Chinese languages	115,870	2.7
Hakka	880	0.0
Mandarin	54,135	1.3
Min Dong	55	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,400	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	440	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	56,280	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,605	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	75	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,055	0.0
Burmese	415	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	130	0.0
Karenic languages	725	0.0
S'gaw Karen	585	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	140	0.0
Tibetan	670	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	120	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	3,040	0.1
Lao	950	0.0
Thai	2,010	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	85	0.0
Turkic languages	4,335	0.1
Azerbaijani	440	0.0
Kazakh	90	0.0
Turkish	3,290	0.1
Uyghur	130	0.0
Uzbek	240	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	145	0.0
Uralic languages	6,120	0.1
Estonian	165	0.0
Finnish	700	0.0
Hungarian	5,255	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0
Multiple responses	166,455	3.9
English and French	17,600	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	131,195	3.1
French and non-official language(s)	3,125	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,425	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	12,105	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	4,221,835	100.0
English	3,183,975	75.4
French	15,490	0.4
Non-official language	272,985	6.5
Indigenous³⁹	3,700	0.1
Non-Indigenous	269,280	6.4
English and French	41,100	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	664,935	15.7
French and non-official language(s)	1,590	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	17,280	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	24,475	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	4,221,835	100.0
Single responses	4,054,960	96.0
Official languages	3,504,300	83.0
English	3,481,545	82.5
French	22,755	0.5
Non-official languages	550,665	13.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	7,175	0.2
Algonquian languages	6,355	0.2
Blackfoot	965	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5,290	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	5,290	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	475	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	290	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	4,510	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	95	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0.0
Ojibway languages	90	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	60	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	685	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	680	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	10	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	585	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	70	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	60	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	15	0.0
Salish languages	5	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	100	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	10	0.0
Stoney	85	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	543,490	12.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	52,375	1.2
Berber languages	165	0.0
Kabyle	95	0.0
Tamazight	55	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Chadic languages	105	0.0
Hausa	105	0.0
Mina	0	0.0
Coptic	15	0.0
Cushitic languages	10,170	0.2
Bilen	490	0.0
Oromo	2,580	0.1
Somali	7,045	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0
Semitic languages	41,920	1.0
Amharic	5,025	0.1
Arabic	28,040	0.7
Aramaic languages	630	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	310	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	190	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	135	0.0
Harari	140	0.0
Hebrew	415	0.0
Maltese	10	0.0
Tigrigna	7,600	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,075	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	975	0.0
Vietnamese	15,945	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	155	0.0
Austronesian languages	82,190	1.9
Bikol	200	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,250	0.0
Cebuano	2,990	0.1
Fijian	25	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,290	0.0
Ilocano	4,450	0.1
Indonesian	435	0.0
Kankanaey	210	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	0.0
Malay	65	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	700	0.0
Pangasinan	180	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	69,570	1.6
Waray-Waray	205	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	500	0.0
Creole languages	1,010	0.0
Haitian Creole	295	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	45	0.0
Krio	120	0.0
Morisyen	235	0.0
Sango	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	205	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	110	0.0
Dravidian languages	11,840	0.3
Kannada	305	0.0
Malayalam	6,270	0.1
Tamil	3,480	0.1
Telugu	1,705	0.0
Tulu	45	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0
Georgian	130	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	265,460	6.3
Albanian	1,040	0.0
Armenian	245	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	28,760	0.7
Baltic languages	345	0.0
Latvian	140	0.0
Lithuanian	205	0.0
Slavic languages	28,415	0.7
Belarusian	20	0.0
Bulgarian	595	0.0
Czech	765	0.0
Macedonian	180	0.0
Polish	6,810	0.2
Russian	10,885	0.3
Rusyn	10	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,370	0.1
Bosnian	750	0.0
Croatian	1,525	0.0
Serbian	2,055	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	0.0
Slovak	585	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	105	0.0
Ukrainian	4,080	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Celtic languages	50	0.0
Irish	15	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	0.0
Welsh	10	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Germanic languages	40,925	1.0
Frisian	40	0.0
High German languages	29,275	0.7
German	29,025	0.7
Pennsylvania German	5	0.0
Swiss German	240	0.0
Yiddish	10	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	11,310	0.3
Afrikaans	1,720	0.0
Dutch	1,520	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	2,280	0.1
Low Saxon	135	0.0
Plautdietsch	5,620	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	0.0
Scandinavian languages	280	0.0
Danish	100	0.0
Icelandic	25	0.0
Norwegian	35	0.0
Swedish	130	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Greek	935	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	146,225	3.5
Indo-Aryan languages	132,370	3.1
Assamese	40	0.0
Bengali	5,085	0.1
Gujarati	10,620	0.3
Hindi	12,295	0.3
Kacchi	830	0.0
Kashmiri	70	0.0
Konkani	130	0.0
Marathi	1,145	0.0
Nepali	4,280	0.1
Oriya languages	75	0.0
Odia	55	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	75,180	1.8
Rohingya	15	0.0
Sindhi	405	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,595	0.0
Urdu	20,080	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	520	0.0
Iranian languages	13,835	0.3
Baluchi	35	0.0
Kurdish	1,310	0.0
Parsi	15	0.0
Pashto	1,920	0.0
Persian languages	10,495	0.2
Dari	2,990	0.1
Iranian Persian	6,150	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,360	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	47,235	1.1
Catalan	45	0.0
Italian	2,140	0.1
Portuguese	4,585	0.1
Romanian	3,525	0.1
Spanish	36,925	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0
Japanese	2,195	0.1
Korean	14,510	0.3
Mongolian	360	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	6,470	0.2
Akan (Twi)	750	0.0
Bamanankan	15	0.0
Edo	40	0.0
Éwé	50	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	145	0.0
Ga	30	0.0
Ganda	110	0.0
Gikuyu	20	0.0
Igbo	445	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	565	0.0
Lingala	140	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	0.0
Mòoré	20	0.0
Mwani	50	0.0
Ndebele	140	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	330	0.0
Shona	375	0.0
Soninke	15	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	0.0
Swahili	1,100	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0.0
Wolof	175	0.0
Yoruba	1,175	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	670	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,265	0.0
Dinka	560	0.0
Nuer	400	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	280	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	0.0
Sign languages	1,325	0.0
American Sign Language	1,065	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	255	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	81,325	1.9
Chinese languages	79,775	1.9
Hakka	310	0.0
Mandarin	40,005	0.9
Min Dong	20	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	985	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	265	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	37,205	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	965	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,505	0.0
Burmese	250	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	120	0.0
Karenic languages	565	0.0
S'gaw Karen	460	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	105	0.0
Tibetan	510	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,410	0.0
Lao	430	0.0
Thai	930	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50	0.0
Turkic languages	2,685	0.1
Azerbaijani	235	0.0
Kazakh	25	0.0
Turkish	2,180	0.1
Uyghur	80	0.0
Uzbek	125	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	0.0
Uralic languages	1,805	0.0
Estonian	25	0.0
Finnish	110	0.0
Hungarian	1,675	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	70	0.0
Multiple responses	166,875	4.0
English and French	8,010	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	152,980	3.6
French and non-official language(s)	770	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,755	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,355	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	4,221,835	100.0
None	3,610,710	85.5
English	224,860	5.3
French	30,900	0.7
Non-official language	279,795	6.6
Indigenous³⁹	10,470	0.2
Non-Indigenous	269,325	6.4
English and French	2,825	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	34,750	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	7,875	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	565	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	29,550	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	4,177,720	100.0
Official languages	4,113,035	98.5
English	4,109,720	98.4
French	260,415	6.2
Non-official languages	1,215,795	29.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	32,910	0.8
Algonquian languages	29,220	0.7
Blackfoot	6,605	0.2
Cree-Innu languages	22,000	0.5
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	21,980	0.5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	15	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	190	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	150	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	4,265	0.1
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	2,155	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.	15,405	0.4
Innu (Montagnais)	20	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	50	0.0
Mi'kmaq	50	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,050	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0.0
Oji-Cree	40	0.0
Ojibway languages	1,020	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	70	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	635	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	320	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	2,510	0.1
Northern Athabaskan languages	2,490	0.1
Dakelh (Carrier)	20	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	60	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	1,760	0.0
Gwich'in	20	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	395	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	285	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	25	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	125	0.0
Tahltan languages	20	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0.0
Tahltan	15	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	80	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	170	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0.0
Tlingit	15	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0.0
Haida	15	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	180	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	20	0.0
Inuktitut	160	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	40	0.0
Cayuga	0	0.0
Mohawk	40	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	20	0.0
Michif	235	0.0
Salish languages	20	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	1,155	0.0
Assiniboine	130	0.0
Dakota	200	0.0
Stoney	890	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	90	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	0.0
Wakashan languages	30	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	105	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,183,510	28.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	123,440	3.0
Berber languages	630	0.0
Kabyle	425	0.0
Tamazight	180	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0
Chadic languages	845	0.0
Hausa	810	0.0
Mina	35	0.0
Coptic	135	0.0
Cushitic languages	20,915	0.5
Bilen	810	0.0
Oromo	5,390	0.1
Somali	14,865	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0
Semitic languages	105,580	2.5
Amharic	15,775	0.4
Arabic	76,760	1.8
Aramaic languages	1,125	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	470	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	435	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	235	0.0
Harari	365	0.0
Hebrew	3,710	0.1
Maltese	80	0.0
Tigrigna	15,380	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	420	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	35,940	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,685	0.1
Vietnamese	33,020	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	390	0.0
Austronesian languages	181,630	4.3
Bikol	1,140	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	3,010	0.1
Cebuano	8,560	0.2
Fijian	330	0.0
Hiligaynon	3,750	0.1
Ilocano	13,710	0.3
Indonesian	2,410	0.1
Kankanaey	615	0.0
Kinaray-a	175	0.0
Malagasy languages	80	0.0
Merina	0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70	0.0
Malay	1,705	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	2,670	0.1
Pangasinan	1,215	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	172,625	4.1
Waray-Waray	1,015	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5,045	0.1
Creole languages	5,360	0.1
Haitian Creole	1,435	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	480	0.0
Krio	530	0.0
Morisyen	855	0.0
Sango	30	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,250	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,160	0.0
Dravidian languages	25,790	0.6
Kannada	1,785	0.0
Malayalam	12,090	0.3
Tamil	10,105	0.2
Telugu	5,040	0.1
Tulu	160	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	105	0.0
Georgian	315	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	607,625	14.5
Albanian	3,130	0.1
Armenian	795	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	88,305	2.1
Baltic languages	975	0.0
Latvian	330	0.0
Lithuanian	650	0.0
Slavic languages	87,775	2.1
Belarusian	280	0.0
Bulgarian	1,680	0.0
Czech	3,880	0.1
Macedonian	635	0.0
Polish	22,385	0.5
Russian	29,760	0.7
Rusyn	40	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	13,860	0.3
Bosnian	3,470	0.1
Croatian	6,945	0.2
Serbian	6,415	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	260	0.0
Slovak	2,540	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	770	0.0
Ukrainian	23,340	0.6
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	55	0.0
Celtic languages	1,175	0.0
Irish	535	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	240	0.0
Welsh	335	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	70	0.0
Germanic languages	107,065	2.6
Frisian	385	0.0
High German languages	66,405	1.6
German	65,370	1.6
Pennsylvania German	30	0.0
Swiss German	1,585	0.0
Yiddish	215	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	38,720	0.9
Afrikaans	5,940	0.1
Dutch	17,170	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	4,055	0.1
Low Saxon	290	0.0
Plautdietsch	11,395	0.3
Vlaams (Flemish)	370	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5,305	0.1
Danish	2,525	0.1
Icelandic	135	0.0
Norwegian	1,235	0.0
Swedish	1,620	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	105	0.0
Greek	4,645	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	266,095	6.4
Indo-Aryan languages	242,500	5.8
Assamese	190	0.0
Bengali	10,675	0.3
Gujarati	24,780	0.6
Hindi	94,015	2.3
Kacchi	3,495	0.1
Kashmiri	335	0.0
Konkani	860	0.0
Marathi	4,030	0.1
Nepali	6,995	0.2
Oriya languages	245	0.0
Odia	80	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	170	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	126,385	3.0
Rohingya	0	0.0
Sindhi	1,380	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,960	0.1
Urdu	51,540	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	2,125	0.1
Iranian languages	27,205	0.7
Baluchi	95	0.0
Kurdish	2,510	0.1
Parsi	35	0.0
Pashto	4,550	0.1
Persian languages	20,940	0.5
Dari	7,385	0.2
Iranian Persian	11,130	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,710	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	205	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	315	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	154,035	3.7
Catalan	155	0.0
Italian	19,480	0.5
Portuguese	14,645	0.4
Romanian	9,765	0.2
Spanish	116,070	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	455	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	300	0.0
Japanese	10,925	0.3
Korean	23,030	0.6
Mongolian	790	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	41,335	1.0
Akan (Twi)	3,555	0.1
Bamanankan	130	0.0
Edo	735	0.0
Éwé	490	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	475	0.0
Ga	515	0.0
Ganda	730	0.0
Gikuyu	420	0.0
Igbo	4,685	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,955	0.0
Lingala	1,555	0.0
Luba-Kasai	205	0.0
Mòoré	110	0.0
Mwani	330	0.0
Ndebele	950	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,305	0.0
Shona	2,160	0.1
Soninke	125	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	320	0.0
Swahili	9,495	0.2
Wojenaka	145	0.0
Wolof	730	0.0
Yoruba	10,490	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	6,385	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	3,615	0.1
Dinka	1,595	0.0
Nuer	745	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,285	0.0
African, n.o.s.	440	0.0
Sign languages	6,525	0.2
American Sign Language	5,685	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	30	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	970	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	144,545	3.5
Chinese languages	141,465	3.4
Hakka	1,450	0.0
Mandarin	82,095	2.0
Min Dong	55	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,250	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	615	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	74,960	1.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,795	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	105	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	3,035	0.1
Burmese	895	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	160	0.0
Karenic languages	1,095	0.0
S'gaw Karen	970	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	170	0.0
Tibetan	825	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	325	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	240	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	4,335	0.1
Lao	1,515	0.0
Thai	3,030	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	220	0.0
Turkic languages	7,450	0.2
Azerbaijani	950	0.0
Kazakh	235	0.0
Turkish	5,830	0.1
Uyghur	205	0.0
Uzbek	435	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	260	0.0
Uralic languages	7,950	0.2
Estonian	245	0.0
Finnish	1,020	0.0
Hungarian	6,700	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	1,135	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,177,715	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	284,470	6.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	276,060	6.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	145,640	3.5
Métis	127,470	3.1
Inuk (Inuit)	2,945	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	4,785	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	3,620	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	3,893,245	93.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,177,715	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	126,530	3.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	4,051,185	97.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,633,220	100.0
Owner	1,157,495	70.9
Renter	465,220	28.5
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	10,505	0.6
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,633,220	100.0
Condominium	294,875	18.1
Not condominium	1,338,345	81.9
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,633,220	100.0
No bedrooms	9,160	0.6
1 bedroom	158,300	9.7
2 bedrooms	350,400	21.5
3 bedrooms	566,750	34.7
4 or more bedrooms	548,610	33.6
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,633,220	100.0
1 to 4 rooms	427,120	26.2
5 rooms	258,680	15.8
6 rooms	235,145	14.4
7 rooms	206,130	12.6
8 or more rooms	506,150	31.0
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	6.4
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,633,220	100.0
One person or fewer per room	1,589,600	97.3
More than one person per room	43,620	2.7
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,633,220	100.0
Suitable	1,556,960	95.3
Not suitable	76,260	4.7
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,633,220	100.0
1960 or before	168,925	10.3
1961 to 1980	428,655	26.2
1981 to 1990	188,550	11.5
1991 to 2000	224,315	13.7
2001 to 2005	152,840	9.4
2006 to 2010	168,905	10.3
2011 to 2015	161,095	9.9
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	139,935	8.6
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,633,220	100.0
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,543,795	94.5
Major repairs needed	89,420	5.5
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,633,220	100.0
One-maintainer household	802,915	49.2
Two-maintainer household	745,175	45.6
Three-or-more-maintainer household	85,130	5.2
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,633,220	100.0
15 to 24 years	51,475	3.2
25 to 34 years	260,820	16.0
35 to 44 years	341,390	20.9
45 to 54 years	304,080	18.6
55 to 64 years	311,335	19.1
65 to 74 years	222,825	13.6
75 to 84 years	105,505	6.5
85 years and over	35,775	2.2
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,588,960	100.0
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,251,370	78.8
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	337,585	21.2
30% to less than 100%	306,355	19.3
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,633,220	100.0
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	463,775	28.4
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	304,300	18.6
Not suitable only	58,970	3.6
Major repairs needed only	61,750	3.8
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	11,080	0.7
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,460	1.3
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	5,470	0.3
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	740	0.0
Acceptable housing	1,169,450	71.6
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,557,725	100.0
In core need	154,230	9.9
Not in core need	1,403,495	90.1
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,131,995	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.2	64.2
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	16.0	16.0
% in core housing need⁶³	5.6	5.6
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	1,600
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,678	1,678
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	400,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	448,800	448,800
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	463,570	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.1	9.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.0	34.0
% in core housing need⁶³	20.7	20.7
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,280	1,280
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,332	1,332
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,505	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.5	5.5
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	302	302
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	350	350
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	4,177,715	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	135,650	3.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	131,200	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	101,455	2.4
Métis single ancestry	28,695	0.7
Inuit single ancestry	1,050	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	4,455	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	4,090	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	160	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	160	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	50	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	187,365	4.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	180,640	4.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	102,335	2.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	76,055	1.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,255	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	6,720	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,150	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	315	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	205	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	3,854,695	92.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	4,177,720	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	3,792,705	90.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	900,670	21.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	2,892,035	69.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	385,010	9.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	4,177,720	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	3,141,915	75.2
Immigrants⁸¹	970,970	23.2
Before 1980	127,275	3.0
1980 to 1990	91,320	2.2
1991 to 2000	126,605	3.0
2001 to 2010	239,260	5.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	386,510	9.3
2011 to 2015	193,335	4.6
2016 to 2021	193,175	4.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	64,830	1.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	970,975	100.0
Under 5 years	85,135	8.8
5 to 14 years	169,075	17.4
15 to 24 years	175,855	18.1
25 to 44 years	450,070	46.4
45 years and over	90,845	9.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	970,975	100.0
Americas	110,855	11.4
Brazil	3,800	0.4
Colombia	10,385	1.1
El Salvador	6,940	0.7
Guyana	2,375	0.2
Haiti	1,370	0.1
Jamaica	8,695	0.9
Mexico	17,990	1.9
Peru	1,905	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	3,360	0.3
United States of America	30,540	3.1
Other places of birth in Americas	23,500	2.4
Europe	180,590	18.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,335	0.4
Croatia	3,405	0.4
France	2,720	0.3
Germany	16,635	1.7
Greece	1,895	0.2
Hungary	3,080	0.3
Italy	6,990	0.7
Netherlands	12,730	1.3
Poland	15,595	1.6
Portugal	3,730	0.4
Romania	7,190	0.7
Russian Federation	7,470	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	2,220	0.2
Ukraine	8,915	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	56,675	5.8
Other places of birth in Europe	26,990	2.8
Africa	119,295	12.3
Algeria	1,220	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,215	0.3
Egypt	6,760	0.7
Eritrea	9,720	1.0
Ethiopia	14,420	1.5
Morocco	2,130	0.2
Nigeria	21,065	2.2
Somalia	8,545	0.9
South Africa, Republic of	8,960	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	43,250	4.5
Asia	549,965	56.6
Afghanistan	6,585	0.7
Iran⁸⁸	8,865	0.9
Iraq	6,220	0.6
Lebanon	9,960	1.0
Syria⁸⁹	9,975	1.0
Turkey	2,830	0.3
China⁹⁰	61,390	6.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	18,725	1.9
Korea, South⁹²	16,180	1.7
Taiwan	3,395	0.3
Philippines	167,735	17.3
Viet Nam	27,880	2.9
Bangladesh	6,035	0.6
India	122,150	12.6
Pakistan	30,810	3.2
Sri Lanka	4,930	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	46,305	4.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	10,275	1.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	193,170	100.0
Americas	19,300	10.0
Brazil	1,365	0.7
Colombia	1,310	0.7
Haiti	220	0.1
Jamaica	2,130	1.1
Mexico	4,165	2.2
United States of America	5,175	2.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,220	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	3,715	1.9
Europe	15,750	8.2
France	405	0.2
Germany	750	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	1,060	0.5
Italy	470	0.2
Russian Federation	1,090	0.6
Ukraine	2,045	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,800	2.0
Other places of birth in Europe	6,135	3.2
Africa	34,320	17.8
Algeria	155	0.1
Burundi	450	0.2
Cameroon	905	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	920	0.5
Côte d'Ivoire	265	0.1
Egypt	1,190	0.6
Eritrea	5,120	2.7
Ethiopia	3,960	2.1
Morocco	510	0.3
Nigeria	9,840	5.1
Somalia	1,960	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	1,950	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	1,135	0.6
Tunisia	250	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	5,725	3.0
Asia	122,360	63.3
Afghanistan	1,350	0.7
Bangladesh	1,135	0.6
China⁹⁰	9,495	4.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	730	0.4
India	31,815	16.5
Iran⁸⁸	1,420	0.7
Iraq	1,305	0.7
Israel	660	0.3
Japan	335	0.2
Jordan	455	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	3,425	1.8
Lebanon	955	0.5
Nepal	1,365	0.7
Pakistan	4,085	2.1
Philippines	47,605	24.6
Saudi Arabia	690	0.4
Sri Lanka	740	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	7,295	3.8
Turkey	845	0.4
United Arab Emirates	690	0.4
Viet Nam	1,760	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	4,205	2.2
Oceania and other⁹³	1,445	0.7
Australia	940	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	500	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	4,177,715	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,074,140	25.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	777,505	18.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	2,326,075	55.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	843,700	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	471,325	55.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	192,785	22.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	278,535	33.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	240,090	28.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	123,970	14.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	8,315	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	843,700	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	29,815	3.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	126,640	15.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,340	2.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	47,540	5.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,740	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	611,625	72.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	4,177,715	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,161,420	27.8
South Asian	297,650	7.1
Chinese	164,235	3.9
Black	177,940	4.3
Filipino	216,710	5.2
Arab	69,505	1.7
Latin American	66,520	1.6
Southeast Asian	54,005	1.3
West Asian	25,075	0.6
Korean	24,365	0.6
Japanese	13,560	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	12,100	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	39,745	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	3,016,295	72.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	4,177,720	100.0
Canadian	484,655	11.6
English	766,070	18.3
Irish	561,915	13.5
Scottish	631,015	15.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	340,900	8.2
German	641,025	15.3
Chinese	177,990	4.3
Italian	98,730	2.4
Indian (India)	155,700	3.7
Ukrainian	343,640	8.2
Dutch	174,625	4.2
Polish	169,925	4.1
Québécois	5,380	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	124,835	3.0
Filipino	203,955	4.9
French Canadian	32,365	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	73,475	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	73,355	1.8
Métis	115,455	2.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	70,790	1.7
Russian	97,890	2.3
Norwegian	154,535	3.7
Welsh	76,810	1.8
Portuguese	21,415	0.5
American	66,100	1.6
Spanish	40,165	1.0
Swedish	92,975	2.2
Hungarian	51,360	1.2
Acadian	10,110	0.2
Pakistani	39,535	0.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	34,225	0.8
Jewish	14,405	0.3
Punjabi	37,585	0.9
Vietnamese	39,395	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	23,860	0.6
Greek	13,980	0.3
Jamaican	15,620	0.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	31,255	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	62,465	1.5
Korean	24,170	0.6
Romanian	31,530	0.8
Lebanese	28,480	0.7
Iranian	10,550	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	14,380	0.3
Danish	56,190	1.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	26,435	0.6
Sikh	28,860	0.7
Austrian	36,220	0.9
Belgian	21,985	0.5
Haitian	2,460	0.1
Hindu	20,535	0.5
Mexican	25,450	0.6
Mennonite	31,565	0.8
Swiss	22,450	0.5
Finnish	18,705	0.4
Sri Lankan	5,140	0.1
Croatian	13,720	0.3
Japanese	18,605	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	8,945	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	8,305	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	25,800	0.6
Muslim	12,420	0.3
Egyptian	9,585	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	12,105	0.3
Tamil	3,160	0.1
Icelandic	19,720	0.5
Colombian	11,115	0.3
Moroccan	2,620	0.1
Czech	19,730	0.5
Syrian	9,520	0.2
Guyanese	3,370	0.1
Afghan	10,380	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	6,880	0.2
Serbian	7,410	0.2
Ojibway	4,680	0.1
Newfoundlander	8,615	0.2
Hong Konger	6,715	0.2
Ontarian	3,155	0.1
Persian	4,640	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,595	0.1
Turkish	6,670	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	3,935	0.1
Bangladeshi	6,525	0.2
Algerian	1,300	0.0
Brazilian	5,000	0.1
Nigerian	14,600	0.3
Armenian	1,870	0.0
Slovak	10,525	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	7,430	0.2
Somali	16,310	0.4
Taiwanese	3,630	0.1
Iraqi	4,725	0.1
Salvadorean	7,055	0.2
African Caribbean	2,290	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	7,445	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,800	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	3,670	0.1
Algonquin	1,680	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	2,215	0.1
Lithuanian	5,670	0.1
South African	8,400	0.2
Australian	8,395	0.2
Palestinian	4,425	0.1
Chilean	7,350	0.2
Congolese	3,540	0.1
Nova Scotian	2,590	0.1
Ethiopian	13,505	0.3
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	5,735	0.1
Peruvian	2,670	0.1
Yoruba	8,895	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	4,535	0.1
Berber	995	0.0
Albanian	3,240	0.1
Maltese	1,535	0.0
Macedonian	925	0.0
Slovenian	3,860	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	5,220	0.1
New Brunswicker	1,545	0.0
Gujarati	4,210	0.1
Eritrean	11,010	0.3
African Canadian	2,605	0.1
Israeli	1,920	0.0
Mohawk	1,965	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	8,235	0.2
Bulgarian	2,490	0.1
Albertan	26,600	0.6
Ghanaian	4,015	0.1
Barbadian	1,725	0.0
African American	3,250	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	4,085	0.1
Tunisian	855	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,640	0.1
Cuban	2,125	0.1
Bosnian	4,170	0.1
Venezuelan	4,240	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	250	0.0
Latvian	2,920	0.1
Bengali	2,190	0.1
Cameroonian	2,205	0.1
Guatemalan	2,395	0.1
Indonesian	3,640	0.1
Laotian	2,460	0.1
Ilocano	6,045	0.1
Northern Irish	2,525	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,405	0.1
British Columbian	1,940	0.0
Ecuadorian	980	0.0
Franco Ontarian	320	0.0
Argentinian	2,030	0.0
Estonian	2,640	0.1
Kurdish	2,290	0.1
Fijian	4,155	0.1
Jatt	2,875	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	2,195	0.1
Coptic	1,285	0.0
Thai	3,535	0.1
Dominican	1,005	0.0
Nepali	5,140	0.1
Kabyle	225	0.0
Assyrian	690	0.0
Igbo	5,245	0.1
Byelorussian	2,310	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	4,220	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	11,115	0.3
Abenaki	135	0.0
Moldovan	2,070	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,360	0.0
New Zealander	3,175	0.1
Sudanese	5,225	0.1
Breton	320	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,950	0.0
Malaysian	2,640	0.1
Plains Cree	5,360	0.1
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	965	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	240	0.0
Saskatchewanian	4,150	0.1
Buddhist	2,200	0.1
Gaspesian	80	0.0
Norman	495	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	2,715	0.1
Ivorian	685	0.0
Saulteaux	1,990	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	550	0.0
Burundian	1,155	0.0
Tigrinya	5,075	0.1
Nicaraguan	1,780	0.0
Mauritian	985	0.0
Kenyan	2,710	0.1
Oji-Cree	135	0.0
Vincentian	445	0.0
Jordanian	1,175	0.0
Manitoban	1,595	0.0
Cape Bretoner	665	0.0
Rwandan	1,605	0.0
Grenadian	600	0.0
Malayali	1,705	0.0
Chaldean	255	0.0
Sinhalese	1,220	0.0
Mayan	1,405	0.0
Honduran	905	0.0
Cherokee	2,075	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	910	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	310	0.0
Flemish	1,530	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	520	0.0
Senegalese	380	0.0
Azerbaijani	975	0.0
Sicilian	345	0.0
Pashtun	1,370	0.0
Malay	1,785	0.0
Goan	565	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	865	0.0
Tibetan	850	0.0
Zimbabwean	2,825	0.1
Burmese	1,115	0.0
Mongolian	1,690	0.0
Azorean	230	0.0
Atikamekw	30	0.0
Bamileke	340	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	250	0.0
Ugandan	1,595	0.0
Oromo	3,745	0.1
Tanzanian	1,500	0.0
Yemeni	1,160	0.0
Central African	320	0.0
Libyan	1,010	0.0
Basque	475	0.0
Uruguayan	285	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	840	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	735	0.0
Igorot	2,535	0.1
Fulani	370	0.0
Woodland Cree	2,295	0.1
Guinean	370	0.0
St. Lucian	535	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	585	0.0
Maliseet	110	0.0
Beninese	320	0.0
Telugu	580	0.0
Roma	655	0.0
Costa Rican	595	0.0
African Nova Scotian	225	0.0
Malagasy	125	0.0
Kashmiri	1,195	0.0
Singaporean	780	0.0
Karen	1,120	0.0
Edo	1,145	0.0
Tajik	370	0.0
Amhara	1,755	0.0
Paraguayan	310	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	4,177,715	100.0
Buddhist	42,830	1.0
Christian	2,009,820	48.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	429,375	10.3
Anabaptist	20,035	0.5
Anglican	95,560	2.3
Baptist	44,605	1.1
Catholic	833,025	19.9
Christian Orthodox	63,775	1.5
Jehovah's Witness	18,185	0.4
Latter Day Saints	47,125	1.1
Lutheran	78,925	1.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	9,640	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	53,900	1.3
Presbyterian	22,850	0.5
Reformed	14,735	0.4
United Church	153,820	3.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	124,265	3.0
Hindu	78,520	1.9
Jewish	11,390	0.3
Muslim	202,535	4.8
Sikh	103,600	2.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	19,755	0.5
Other religions and spiritual traditions	33,220	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	1,676,045	40.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	4,131,540	100.0
Non-movers	3,583,005	86.7
Movers	548,535	13.3
Non-migrants	367,325	8.9
Migrants	181,205	4.4
Internal migrants	152,655	3.7
Intraprovincial migrants	107,180	2.6
Interprovincial migrants	45,475	1.1
External migrants	28,555	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	3,930,000	100.0
Non-movers	2,314,250	58.9
Movers	1,615,755	41.1
Non-migrants	854,765	21.7
Migrants	760,990	19.4
Internal migrants	596,980	15.2
Intraprovincial migrants	431,785	11.0
Interprovincial migrants	165,195	4.2
External migrants	164,015	4.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,375,130	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	595,665	17.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,779,465	82.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,298,165	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	274,480	11.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,023,680	88.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,375,135	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	522,835	15.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	972,110	28.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,880,185	55.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,014,810	30.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	295,285	8.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	87,195	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	208,090	6.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	612,690	18.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	106,840	3.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	865,370	25.6
Bachelor's degree	605,025	17.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	44,915	1.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	23,880	0.7
Master's degree	164,245	4.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,315	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,298,160	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	227,880	9.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	581,820	25.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,488,465	64.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	774,420	33.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	220,930	9.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	61,815	2.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	159,110	6.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	472,155	20.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	81,335	3.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	714,040	31.1
Bachelor's degree	497,885	21.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	35,125	1.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	20,045	0.9
Master's degree	139,935	6.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	21,050	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	3,375,130	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,494,945	44.3
Education	129,710	3.8
13. Education	129,710	3.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	49,820	1.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,805	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	44,015	1.3
Humanities	75,030	2.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	7,385	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	15,425	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	24,015	0.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,165	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	5,555	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	11,680	0.3
54. History	8,065	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,735	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	177,435	5.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,750	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	21,730	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	29,220	0.9
22. Legal professions and studies	31,215	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,045	0.1
42. Psychology	31,925	0.9
45. Social sciences	57,565	1.7
Business, management and public administration	390,110	11.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	615	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	23,375	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	366,120	10.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	80,425	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	29,505	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	18,630	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,115	0.0
40. Physical sciences	26,315	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,860	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	71,380	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	58,030	1.7
25. Library science	4,400	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,770	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,190	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	461,075	13.7
04. Architecture and related services	12,095	0.4
14. Engineering	114,735	3.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	106,575	3.2
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	0.0
46. Construction trades	95,890	2.8
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	82,805	2.5
48. Precision production	48,925	1.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	51,710	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	35,010	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	16,700	0.5
Health and related fields	295,415	8.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	20,505	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	267,750	7.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	475	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,680	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	97,660	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	57,430	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	365	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	705	0.0
43. Security and protective services	19,025	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	20,125	0.6
Other¹⁷⁹	420	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,298,165	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	809,700	35.2
Education	92,240	4.0
13. Education	92,240	4.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	39,730	1.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	4,065	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	35,665	1.6
Humanities	58,200	2.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	5,945	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	12,145	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,305	0.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	890	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,385	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	8,135	0.4
54. History	6,205	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,190	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	146,530	6.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,315	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	18,890	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	23,325	1.0
22. Legal professions and studies	25,940	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,545	0.1
42. Psychology	25,775	1.1
45. Social sciences	47,735	2.1
Business, management and public administration	317,125	13.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	450	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	18,680	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	297,995	13.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	61,555	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	23,290	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	14,260	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	900	0.0
40. Physical sciences	19,655	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,445	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	61,125	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	51,435	2.2
25. Library science	2,945	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,775	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	965	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	362,315	15.8
04. Architecture and related services	9,600	0.4
14. Engineering	95,200	4.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	84,485	3.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40	0.0
46. Construction trades	73,955	3.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	61,780	2.7
48. Precision production	37,260	1.6
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	40,085	1.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	26,160	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	13,925	0.6
Health and related fields	232,820	10.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	16,345	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	210,650	9.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	400	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,430	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	76,410	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	43,535	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	300	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	445	0.0
43. Security and protective services	15,885	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	16,245	0.7
Other¹⁷⁹	350	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	2,298,165	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	809,700	35.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,488,465	64.8
Location of study inside Canada	1,157,790	50.4
Same as province or territory of residence	886,080	38.6
Different than province or territory of residence	271,710	11.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	330,675	14.4
Americas	54,515	2.4
United States of America	34,460	1.5
Mexico	4,820	0.2
Cuba	625	0.0
Haiti	190	0.0
Jamaica	1,470	0.1
Brazil	2,480	0.1
Colombia	3,200	0.1
Peru	640	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,395	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	4,235	0.2
Europe	54,920	2.4
Belgium	510	0.0
France	2,005	0.1
Germany	3,195	0.1
Netherlands	2,110	0.1
Switzerland	945	0.0
Hungary	645	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	980	0.0
Poland	3,150	0.1
Romania	2,790	0.1
Russian Federation	3,450	0.2
Ukraine	4,305	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	1,865	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20,280	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	730	0.0
Italy	660	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	755	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	6,550	0.3
Africa	26,775	1.2
Nigeria	7,795	0.3
Algeria	670	0.0
Morocco	1,085	0.0
Tunisia	505	0.0
Egypt	3,230	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	3,660	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	9,830	0.4
Asia	188,060	8.2
Iran⁸⁸	3,440	0.1
Iraq	1,435	0.1
Israel	655	0.0
Lebanon	1,500	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	1,370	0.1
Turkey	895	0.0
China⁹⁰	17,320	0.8
Taiwan	960	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,245	0.1
Japan	1,935	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	6,990	0.3
Philippines	74,205	3.2
Viet Nam	1,500	0.1
Bangladesh	2,470	0.1
Sri Lanka	1,280	0.1
India	52,120	2.3
Pakistan	10,355	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	8,390	0.4
Oceania	6,410	0.3
Australia	4,880	0.2
New Zealand	1,105	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	425	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	3,375,135	...
In the labour force	2,295,380	...
Employed	2,030,730	...
Unemployed	264,650	...
Not in the labour force	1,079,750	...
Participation rate	68.0	68.0
Employment rate	60.2	60.2
Unemployment rate	11.5	11.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	3,375,130	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,140,745	33.8
Worked	2,234,385	66.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,164,455	34.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	1,069,930	31.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	40.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	2,295,380	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	70,455	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	2,224,920	96.9
Employee	1,876,950	81.8
Permanent position	1,560,435	68.0
Temporary position	316,520	13.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	97,610	4.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	218,905	9.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	347,975	15.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	2,295,380	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	70,455	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	2,224,920	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	23,120	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	373,795	16.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	182,880	8.0
3 Health occupations	182,480	7.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	246,625	10.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	51,815	2.3
6 Sales and service occupations	538,930	23.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	441,955	19.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	99,430	4.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	83,895	3.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	2,295,380	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	70,455	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	2,224,920	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	63,965	2.8
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	112,890	4.9
22 Utilities	22,630	1.0
23 Construction	210,350	9.2
31-33 Manufacturing	118,890	5.2
41 Wholesale trade	71,580	3.1
44-45 Retail trade	253,030	11.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	128,410	5.6
51 Information and cultural industries	28,680	1.2
52 Finance and insurance	68,355	3.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	39,400	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	177,895	7.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,420	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	91,750	4.0
61 Educational services	149,170	6.5
62 Health care and social assistance	285,090	12.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	42,685	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	132,930	5.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	104,530	4.6
91 Public administration	118,270	5.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	2,422,110	100.0
English	2,319,940	95.8
French	3,840	0.2
Non-official language	14,015	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	245	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,770	0.6
English and French	20,015	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	61,830	2.6
French and non-official language(s)	45	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,550	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	885	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	2,422,110	100.0
Single responses	2,407,485	99.4
Official languages	2,381,515	98.3
English	2,374,615	98.0
French	6,900	0.3
Non-official languages	25,965	1.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	765	0.0
Algonquian languages	695	0.0
Blackfoot	60	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	630	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0.0
Cree languages	630	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	55	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	55	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	520	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	45	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	40	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Haida	0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0.0
Oneida	0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0.0
Michif	0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0.0
Squamish	0	0.0
Straits	0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Siouan languages	15	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0.0
Dakota	0	0.0
Stoney	15	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0.0
Haisla	0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,200	1.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,025	0.0
Berber languages	0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0.0
Coptic	0	0.0
Cushitic languages	165	0.0
Bilen	0	0.0
Oromo	30	0.0
Somali	135	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Semitic languages	850	0.0
Amharic	100	0.0
Arabic	600	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0.0
Tigrigna	125	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0.0
Vietnamese	1,275	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	15	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,160	0.0
Bikol	0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	0.0
Cebuano	0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0.0
Ilocano	70	0.0
Indonesian	10	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0.0
Malay	0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,065	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Dravidian languages	90	0.0
Kannada	0	0.0
Malayalam	40	0.0
Tamil	30	0.0
Telugu	15	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Georgian	0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,180	0.5
Albanian	0	0.0
Armenian	0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	780	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0.0
Latvian	0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0.0
Slavic languages	780	0.0
Bulgarian	20	0.0
Czech	15	0.0
Macedonian	0	0.0
Polish	225	0.0
Russian	305	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	90	0.0
Bosnian	25	0.0
Croatian	10	0.0
Serbian	55	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Slovak	10	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0.0
Ukrainian	115	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,025	0.1
Frisian	0	0.0
High German languages	1,555	0.1
German	1,540	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0.0
Yiddish	0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,445	0.1
Afrikaans	10	0.0
Dutch	85	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	330	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0.0
Plautdietsch	1,025	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	0.0
Danish	0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0.0
Swedish	0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Greek	15	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	5,660	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	5,435	0.2
Bengali	10	0.0
Gujarati	135	0.0
Hindi	280	0.0
Kacchi	0	0.0
Marathi	0	0.0
Nepali	70	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,630	0.2
Sindhi	15	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0.0
Urdu	285	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Iranian languages	220	0.0
Kurdish	0	0.0
Pashto	10	0.0
Persian languages	210	0.0
Dari	70	0.0
Iranian Persian	115	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,660	0.1
Catalan	0	0.0
Italian	45	0.0
Portuguese	125	0.0
Romanian	75	0.0
Spanish	2,420	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	0.0
Japanese	205	0.0
Korean	1,250	0.1
Mongolian	15	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	65	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0.0
Edo	0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	0.0
Ga	0	0.0
Ganda	0	0.0
Igbo	10	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0.0
Lingala	0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0.0
Shona	0	0.0
Swahili	10	0.0
Wolof	0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0.0
Dinka	0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sign languages	200	0.0
American Sign Language	170	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,340	0.3
Chinese languages	7,295	0.3
Hakka	0	0.0
Mandarin	3,105	0.1
Min Dong	0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	4,145	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	0.0
Burmese	10	0.0
Karenic languages	25	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	0.0
Lao	15	0.0
Thai	150	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Turkic languages	145	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0.0
Turkish	145	0.0
Uyghur	0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	0.0
Estonian	0	0.0
Finnish	0	0.0
Hungarian	45	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0.0
Multiple responses	14,630	0.6
English and French	2,560	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	11,695	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	45	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	190	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	2,422,110	100.0
None	2,350,940	97.1
English	13,200	0.5
French	14,630	0.6
Non-official language	36,335	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	2,125	0.1
Non-Indigenous	34,210	1.4
English and French	35	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,080	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,125	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	4,760	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	2,030,730	100.0
Worked at home	446,315	22.0
Worked outside Canada	5,430	0.3
No fixed workplace address	319,675	15.7
Usual place of work	1,259,305	62.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,259,305	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	902,040	71.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	292,360	23.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	52,590	4.2
Commute to a different province or territory	12,315	1.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,578,980	100.0
Car, truck or van	1,378,685	87.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	1,287,940	81.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	90,740	5.7
Public transit	88,255	5.6
Walked	62,810	4.0
Bicycle	11,370	0.7
Other method	37,865	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,578,980	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	487,710	30.9
15 to 29 minutes	610,485	38.7
30 to 44 minutes	302,735	19.2
45 to 59 minutes	87,230	5.5
60 minutes and over	90,815	5.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,578,980	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	116,400	7.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	296,930	18.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	424,170	26.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	299,145	18.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	195,835	12.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	246,495	15.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	971,390	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	67,140	6.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	904,245	93.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	704,490	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	49,735	7.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	24,675	3.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	25,055	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	654,755	92.9

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 9, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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