Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Frontenac, County (CTY)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	161,780	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	150,480^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.5	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	80,226	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	69,984	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	43.4	...	...	43.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	3,725.82	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	161,780	79,015	82,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	22,765	11,715	11,050	14.1	14.8	13.4
0 to 4 years	6,965	3,635	3,330	4.3	4.6	4.0
5 to 9 years	7,695	3,925	3,770	4.8	5.0	4.6
10 to 14 years	8,110	4,160	3,950	5.0	5.3	4.8
15 to 64 years	103,680	51,295	52,390	64.1	64.9	63.3
15 to 19 years	8,655	4,435	4,220	5.3	5.6	5.1
20 to 24 years	11,230	5,635	5,595	6.9	7.1	6.8
25 to 29 years	11,395	5,790	5,605	7.0	7.3	6.8
30 to 34 years	10,785	5,500	5,285	6.7	7.0	6.4
35 to 39 years	9,930	4,980	4,950	6.1	6.3	6.0
40 to 44 years	9,215	4,570	4,645	5.7	5.8	5.6
45 to 49 years	8,820	4,365	4,460	5.5	5.5	5.4
50 to 54 years	9,930	4,835	5,100	6.1	6.1	6.2
55 to 59 years	12,070	5,775	6,295	7.5	7.3	7.6
60 to 64 years	11,645	5,405	6,240	7.2	6.8	7.5
65 years and over	35,330	16,000	19,325	21.8	20.2	23.3
65 to 69 years	10,545	5,015	5,530	6.5	6.3	6.7
70 to 74 years	9,285	4,300	4,985	5.7	5.4	6.0
75 to 79 years	6,515	2,985	3,535	4.0	3.8	4.3
80 to 84 years	4,475	1,985	2,495	2.8	2.5	3.0
85 years and over	4,500	1,715	2,785	2.8	2.2	3.4
85 to 89 years	2,755	1,150	1,600	1.7	1.5	1.9
90 to 94 years	1,300	465	835	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	385	85	295	0.2	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1	14.8	13.4	14.1	14.8	13.4
15 to 64 years	64.1	64.9	63.3	64.1	64.9	63.3
65 years and over	21.8	20.2	23.3	21.8	20.2	23.3
85 years and over	2.8	2.2	3.4	2.8	2.2	3.4
Average age of the population	43.5	42.3	44.6	43.5	42.3	44.6
Median age of the population	43.2	41.6	45.2	43.2	41.6	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	69,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	39,510	...	...	56.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,325	...	...	6.2	...	...
Row house	4,020	...	...	5.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,380	...	...	3.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,555	...	...	13.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	9,745	...	...	13.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	140	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	310	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	21,790	...	...	31.1	...	...
2 persons	26,340	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 persons	9,635	...	...	13.8	...	...
4 persons	8,105	...	...	11.6	...	...
5 or more persons	4,115	...	...	5.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	158,230	76,825	81,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	139,010	67,295	71,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	76,865	38,325	38,540	55.3	57.0	53.7
Married	60,490	30,190	30,300	43.5	44.9	42.2
Living common-law	16,370	8,130	8,240	11.8	12.1	11.5
Living common law - Never married	11,540	5,715	5,825	8.3	8.5	8.1
Living common law - Separated	840	420	420	0.6	0.6	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	3,495	1,775	1,720	2.5	2.6	2.4
Living common law - Widowed	500	220	280	0.4	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	62,150	28,970	33,180	44.7	43.0	46.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	40,450	21,810	18,640	29.1	32.4	26.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,125	1,790	2,330	3.0	2.7	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	9,170	3,485	5,690	6.6	5.2	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	8,405	1,890	6,520	6.0	2.8	9.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	45,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	26,145	...	...	58.1	...	...
3 persons	8,740	...	...	19.4	...	...
4 persons	7,285	...	...	16.2	...	...
5 or more persons	2,830	...	...	6.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	45,005	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	37,630	...	...	83.6	...	...
Married couples	29,450	...	...	65.4	...	...
With children⁶	13,395	...	...	29.8	...	...
Without children	16,055	...	...	35.7	...	...
Common-law couples	8,185	...	...	18.2	...	...
With children⁶	2,760	...	...	6.1	...	...
Without children	5,430	...	...	12.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,370	...	...	16.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,675	...	...	12.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,690	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	158,230	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	122,725	60,675	62,045	77.6	79.0	76.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	75,270	37,500	37,770	47.6	48.8	46.4
Parents in one-parent families	7,370	1,690	5,680	4.7	2.2	7.0
Children⁶	40,085	21,485	18,600	25.3	28.0	22.8
In a two-parent family	29,140	15,500	13,640	18.4	20.2	16.8
In a one-parent family	10,950	5,990	4,955	6.9	7.8	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	35,510	16,155	19,360	22.4	21.0	23.8
Living alone	21,790	9,175	12,615	13.8	11.9	15.5
Living with other relatives⁷	3,415	1,445	1,970	2.2	1.9	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	10,300	5,530	4,770	6.5	7.2	5.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	40,200	...	...	57.4	...	...
Couple-family households	34,495	...	...	49.3	...	...
With children⁶	14,805	...	...	21.2	...	...
Without children	19,690	...	...	28.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,705	...	...	8.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,435	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	330	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,990	...	...	2.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,235	...	...	6.1	...	...
One-person households	21,790	...	...	31.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	135,485	65,125	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	130,990	62,710	68,285	96.7	96.3	97.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	46,400	38,800	42,000	46,400	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	131,030	62,730	68,305	96.7	96.3	97.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	41,600	35,600	38,000	41,600	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	117,460	56,885	60,575	86.7	87.3	86.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	42,400	31,000	36,400	42,400	31,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,385	46,630	45,750	68.2	71.6	65.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,000	31,000	34,800	38,000	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	118,730	56,100	62,635	87.6	86.1	89.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	8,200	10,800	9,500	8,200	10,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,305	4,855	5,450	7.6	7.5	7.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,190	15,570	17,620	24.5	23.9	25.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	135,470	65,105	70,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	130,925	62,605	68,315	96.6	96.2	97.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,300	61,150	48,000	54,300	61,150	48,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	130,955	62,615	68,340	96.7	96.2	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440	50,160	41,160	45,440	50,160	41,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	117,500	56,805	60,695	86.7	87.3	86.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,640	57,750	42,040	49,640	57,750	42,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,385	46,525	45,855	68.2	71.5	65.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,040	51,080	40,920	46,040	51,080	40,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	118,445	55,720	62,725	87.4	85.6	89.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,790	9,860	11,610	10,790	9,860	11,610
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,510	4,840	5,675	7.8	7.4	8.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,540	6,190	6,840	6,540	6,190	6,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,155	15,475	17,675	24.5	23.8	25.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,750	8,620	8,870	8,750	8,620	8,870
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	135,465	65,105	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,570	22,920	19,650	31.4	35.2	27.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	67,500	59,600	64,000	67,500	59,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,700	80,500	67,900	74,700	80,500	67,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	35,840	16,225	19,615	26.5	24.9	27.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200	16,800	15,300	16,200	16,800	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,700	26,880	22,920	24,700	26,880	22,920
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.0	85.6	77.8	82.0	85.6	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.8	62.1	57.2	59.8	62.1	57.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.0	14.4	22.2	18.0	14.4	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.8	1.2	1.0	0.8	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.7	3.9	5.7	4.7	3.9	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.1	3.5	4.8	4.1	3.5	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	135,490	65,125	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,495	2,415	2,075	3.3	3.7	2.9
With total income	130,995	62,710	68,280	96.7	96.3	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,980	4,525	5,450	7.6	7.2	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	15,895	6,700	9,195	12.1	10.7	13.5
$20,000 to $29,999	19,335	8,240	11,095	14.8	13.1	16.2
$30,000 to $39,999	16,965	7,470	9,500	13.0	11.9	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	14,555	6,600	7,950	11.1	10.5	11.6
$50,000 to $59,999	12,090	5,595	6,500	9.2	8.9	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	10,020	5,035	4,985	7.6	8.0	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	7,785	4,265	3,520	5.9	6.8	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	5,750	3,230	2,520	4.4	5.2	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	4,680	2,570	2,120	3.6	4.1	3.1
$100,000 and over	13,940	8,485	5,460	10.6	13.5	8.0
$100,000 to $149,999	9,500	5,520	3,980	7.3	8.8	5.8
$150,000 and over	4,440	2,960	1,480	3.4	4.7	2.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	135,490	65,125	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,455	2,395	2,055	3.3	3.7	2.9
With after-tax income	131,030	62,730	68,300	96.7	96.3	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,660	4,695	5,965	8.1	7.5	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	16,595	7,005	9,585	12.7	11.2	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	21,875	9,470	12,410	16.7	15.1	18.2
$30,000 to $39,999	20,065	9,040	11,025	15.3	14.4	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	16,595	7,605	8,990	12.7	12.1	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	13,440	6,640	6,795	10.3	10.6	9.9
$60,000 to $69,999	9,705	5,315	4,390	7.4	8.5	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	6,895	3,795	3,100	5.3	6.0	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	5,035	2,680	2,355	3.8	4.3	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3,005	1,790	1,215	2.3	2.9	1.8
$100,000 and over	7,160	4,685	2,475	5.5	7.5	3.6
$100,000 to $124,999	3,680	2,305	1,375	2.8	3.7	2.0
$125,000 and over	3,480	2,385	1,095	2.7	3.8	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	135,490	65,125	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	43,105	18,495	24,610	31.8	28.4	35.0
With employment income	92,380	46,630	45,750	68.2	71.6	65.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	15,965	7,910	8,055	17.3	17.0	17.6
$5,000 to $9,999	7,560	3,365	4,200	8.2	7.2	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	10,765	4,855	5,910	11.7	10.4	12.9
$20,000 to $29,999	8,115	3,885	4,230	8.8	8.3	9.2
$30,000 to $39,999	8,215	3,985	4,225	8.9	8.5	9.2
$40,000 to $49,999	7,360	3,460	3,905	8.0	7.4	8.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,110	3,370	3,740	7.7	7.2	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	6,045	3,290	2,760	6.5	7.1	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	4,750	2,775	1,980	5.1	6.0	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	3,785	2,185	1,600	4.1	4.7	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	3,540	1,820	1,720	3.8	3.9	3.8
$100,000 and over	9,155	5,730	3,425	9.9	12.3	7.5
$100,000 to $124,999	4,485	2,615	1,870	4.9	5.6	4.1
$125,000 and over	4,670	3,115	1,550	5.1	6.7	3.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	135,485	65,125	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	128,730	61,535	67,200	95.0	94.5	95.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	45,600	36,000	40,000	45,600	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	128,785	61,540	67,245	95.1	94.5	95.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,400	32,800	36,400	40,400	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	116,175	56,140	60,035	85.7	86.2	85.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,600	32,000	37,200	43,600	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,260	46,845	46,415	68.8	71.9	66.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,600	31,800	35,600	39,600	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	112,430	53,050	59,380	83.0	81.5	84.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,240	1,660	6,600	4,240	1,660	6,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,240	3,795	4,440	6.1	5.8	6.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,760	5,600	5,480	5,760
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	135,470	65,105	70,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	128,800	61,500	67,295	95.1	94.5	95.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,550	58,550	45,160	51,550	58,550	45,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	128,860	61,505	67,355	95.1	94.5	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,200	38,640	43,200	48,200	38,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	116,290	56,100	60,195	85.8	86.2	85.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,440	57,500	41,960	49,440	57,500	41,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,030	46,665	46,360	68.7	71.7	65.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,240	51,700	40,720	46,240	51,700	40,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	112,215	52,870	59,345	82.8	81.2	84.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,920	7,090	8,660	7,920	7,090	8,660
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,350	3,860	4,490	6.2	5.9	6.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,010	6,355	7,570	7,010	6,355	7,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	135,465	65,105	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	42,250	22,750	19,500	31.2	34.9	27.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	65,000	56,400	60,400	65,000	56,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,600	76,400	63,750	70,600	76,400	63,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	34,055	15,345	18,710	25.1	23.6	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,400	22,400	19,000	20,400	22,400	19,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,000	33,680	26,960	30,000	33,680	26,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	89.6	83.0	86.6	89.6	83.0
Employment income (%)	64.8	67.0	62.1	64.8	67.0	62.1
Government transfers (%)	13.4	10.4	16.9	13.4	10.4	16.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.1	0.9	0.7	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	69,985	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	21,790	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...	42,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	48,195	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	69,980	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	101,600	...	...	101,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,100	...	...	85,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	21,790	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,250	...	...	53,250	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,960	...	...	44,960	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	48,195	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,400	...	...	123,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,200	...	...	103,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	775	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	440	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,050	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,520	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,550	...	...	3.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,470	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,300	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,600	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,730	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,705	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,275	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,050	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,885	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,445	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,095	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	27,100	...	...	38.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,110	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,970	...	...	8.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,030	...	...	10.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,990	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	860	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	460	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,080	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,575	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,725	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,795	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,725	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,130	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,095	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,205	...	...	4.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,260	...	...	8.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,840	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,505	...	...	7.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,995	...	...	7.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,265	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,475	...	...	30.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,145	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,440	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,890	...	...	11.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	44,770	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	20,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,345	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,870	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	32,095	14,705	17,385	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	35,600	36,400	36,000	35,600	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	32,800	33,600	33,600	32,800	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	44,750	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,600	...	...	125,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,500	...	...	104,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,030	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,200	...	...	115,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,400	...	...	95,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,400	...	...	158,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...	130,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,755	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,800	...	...	78,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,600	...	...	69,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	32,040	14,635	17,405	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,440	47,880	45,240	46,440	47,880	45,240
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,840	40,640	39,120	39,840	40,640	39,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	158,230	76,825	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	27,460	14,195	13,265	17.4	18.5	16.3
0 to 5 years	8,530	4,405	4,125	5.4	5.7	5.1
18 to 64 years	97,210	47,275	49,935	61.4	61.5	61.3
65 years and over	33,565	15,360	18,205	21.2	20.0	22.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,050	7,935	9,115	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,955	1,560	1,400	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	990	500	490	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,765	5,130	5,635	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,330	1,255	2,080	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	10.3	11.2	10.8	10.3	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	10.8	11.0	10.5	10.8	11.0	10.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.6	11.4	11.9	11.6	11.4	11.9
18 to 64 years (%)	11.1	10.8	11.3	11.1	10.8	11.3
65 years and over (%)	9.9	8.2	11.4	9.9	8.2	11.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	158,230	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	27,455	14,195	13,265	17.4	18.5	16.3
0 to 5 years	8,530	4,405	4,120	5.4	5.7	5.1
18 to 64 years	97,215	47,280	49,940	61.4	61.5	61.3
65 years and over	33,565	15,355	18,205	21.2	20.0	22.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,405	4,215	4,190	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	865	475	390	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	285	155	135	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,060	3,550	3,515	...	...	...
65 years and over	475	190	290	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.5	5.2	5.3	5.5	5.2
0 to 17 years (%)	3.2	3.3	3.0	3.2	3.3	3.0
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.3
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.5	7.0	7.3	7.5	7.0
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.2	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	158,230	76,825	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	77,280	36,670	40,610	48.8	47.7	49.9
In bottom decile	16,965	8,100	8,870	10.7	10.5	10.9
In second decile	15,165	7,000	8,170	9.6	9.1	10.0
In third decile	14,830	7,005	7,825	9.4	9.1	9.6
In fourth decile	15,055	7,205	7,855	9.5	9.4	9.6
In fifth decile	15,260	7,370	7,895	9.6	9.6	9.7
In top half of the distribution	80,950	40,155	40,795	51.2	52.3	50.1
In sixth decile	15,670	7,700	7,975	9.9	10.0	9.8
In seventh decile	15,700	7,725	7,975	9.9	10.1	9.8
In eighth decile	16,790	8,275	8,520	10.6	10.8	10.5
In ninth decile	16,935	8,470	8,465	10.7	11.0	10.4
In top decile	15,855	7,985	7,870	10.0	10.4	9.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	158,230	...	...	158,230	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.334	...	...	0.334	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.445	...	...	0.445	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.292	...	...	0.292	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	159,100	77,145	81,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	138,445	67,915	70,530	87.0	88.0	86.1
French only	205	85	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	19,650	8,790	10,855	12.4	11.4	13.2
Neither English nor French	795	355	440	0.5	0.5	0.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	159,100	77,145	81,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	153,005	74,175	78,835	96.2	96.2	96.2
French	4,675	2,315	2,360	2.9	3.0	2.9
English and French	655	320	340	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	760	335	420	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	159,100	77,145	81,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	155,725	75,600	80,125	97.9	98.0	97.8
Official languages	139,765	67,960	71,800	87.8	88.1	87.6
English	135,145	65,675	69,465	84.9	85.1	84.8
French	4,620	2,285	2,335	2.9	3.0	2.8
Non-official languages	15,965	7,640	8,325	10.0	9.9	10.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,920	7,625	8,300	10.0	9.9	10.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,395	725	670	0.9	0.9	0.8
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,345	700	640	0.8	0.9	0.8
Amharic	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,230	640	590	0.8	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	140	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	240	110	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	670	250	420	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	530	205	330	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	495	270	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	300	165	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,445	4,550	4,895	5.9	5.9	6.0
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,265	540	725	0.8	0.7	0.9
Baltic languages	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,225	525	695	0.8	0.7	0.8
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	100	35	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	450	190	260	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	300	130	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,700	755	950	1.1	1.0	1.2
Frisian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	920	405	520	0.6	0.5	0.6
German	875	380	495	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	625	285	340	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	570	255	315	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	310	150	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,760	1,455	1,295	1.7	1.9	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages	2,110	1,125	985	1.3	1.5	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	240	130	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	420	230	185	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hindi	340	190	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	535	275	255	0.3	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	430	225	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	645	335	310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	560	285	275	0.4	0.4	0.3
Dari	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	460	235	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,330	1,605	1,725	2.1	2.1	2.1
Catalan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	525	270	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,560	750	815	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,110	535	580	0.7	0.7	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	520	235	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,215	1,050	1,175	1.4	1.4	1.4
Chinese languages	2,200	1,040	1,165	1.4	1.3	1.4
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,645	780	865	1.0	1.0	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	455	220	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	195	105	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	175	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	240	90	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,370	1,540	1,825	2.1	2.0	2.2
English and French	1,200	525	670	0.8	0.7	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,785	835	950	1.1	1.1	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	159,100	77,145	81,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	139,270	67,685	71,590	87.5	87.7	87.4
French	1,320	640	680	0.8	0.8	0.8
Non-official language	3,515	1,665	1,850	2.2	2.2	2.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,515	1,660	1,850	2.2	2.2	2.3
English and French	3,410	1,590	1,815	2.1	2.1	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	10,400	5,000	5,400	6.5	6.5	6.6
French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	825	380	450	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	275	145	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	159,100	77,145	81,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	156,460	75,905	80,555	98.3	98.4	98.3
Official languages	149,145	72,370	76,770	93.7	93.8	93.7
English	147,185	71,400	75,780	92.5	92.6	92.5
French	1,965	970	985	1.2	1.3	1.2
Non-official languages	7,315	3,535	3,780	4.6	4.6	4.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,310	3,530	3,775	4.6	4.6	4.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	855	415	435	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	820	405	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	775	385	395	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	285	125	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	220	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	310	160	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,710	1,795	1,915	2.3	2.3	2.3
Albanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	395	185	210	0.2	0.2	0.3
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	385	185	205	0.2	0.2	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	165	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	1,725	880	850	1.1	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	1,285	665	620	0.8	0.9	0.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	265	135	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	380	210	170	0.2	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	435	210	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	380	185	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	310	160	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,305	595	705	0.8	0.8	0.9
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	645	290	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	505	235	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	340	150	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	35	40	0.1	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,335	670	670	0.8	0.9	0.8
Chinese languages	1,335	665	670	0.8	0.9	0.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,075	545	530	0.7	0.7	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	210	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,635	1,240	1,400	1.7	1.6	1.7
English and French	615	300	315	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,885	875	1,010	1.2	1.1	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	159,095	77,145	81,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	146,315	71,020	75,295	92.0	92.1	91.9
English	3,635	1,805	1,830	2.3	2.3	2.2
French	2,385	1,065	1,315	1.5	1.4	1.6
Non-official language	5,265	2,535	2,730	3.3	3.3	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,205	2,510	2,700	3.3	3.3	3.3
English and French	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	415	200	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	470	220	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	510	250	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	158,235	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	157,480	76,515	80,965	99.5	99.6	99.5
English	157,290	76,440	80,850	99.4	99.5	99.3
French	19,735	8,750	10,985	12.5	11.4	13.5
Non-official languages	23,010	10,850	12,160	14.5	14.1	14.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	135	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,890	10,815	12,075	14.5	14.1	14.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,065	1,070	995	1.3	1.4	1.2
Berber languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,030	1,060	975	1.3	1.4	1.2
Amharic	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,820	955	870	1.2	1.2	1.1
Aramaic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	85	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Maltese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	380	170	210	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	260	115	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	865	345	520	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	780	310	470	0.5	0.4	0.6
Waray-Waray	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	725	335	395	0.5	0.4	0.5
Kannada	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	365	130	235	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tamil	295	155	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,820	7,130	7,690	9.4	9.3	9.4
Albanian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	70	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,670	800	870	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,590	765	825	1.0	1.0	1.0
Belarusian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	175	55	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	560	260	300	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	450	250	195	0.3	0.3	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	215	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	75	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbian	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	195	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Irish	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,040	1,395	1,645	1.9	1.8	2.0
Frisian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,030	935	1,100	1.3	1.2	1.4
German	2,000	915	1,085	1.3	1.2	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	875	390	485	0.6	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dutch	765	345	420	0.5	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	215	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	80	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	75	55	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Swedish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	485	230	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	3,905	2,035	1,875	2.5	2.6	2.3
Indo-Aryan languages	3,070	1,585	1,485	1.9	2.1	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	265	150	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	660	310	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	1,540	800	740	1.0	1.0	0.9
Kacchi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	820	440	385	0.5	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	780	415	360	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	895	480	410	0.6	0.6	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	740	410	330	0.5	0.5	0.4
Dari	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	635	370	265	0.4	0.5	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,140	2,855	3,290	3.9	3.7	4.0
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,140	575	565	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portuguese	1,900	940	960	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	95	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,310	1,435	1,875	2.1	1.9	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	245	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Korean	590	240	350	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	585	270	325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	95	35	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lingala	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	220	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	385	160	220	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	340	140	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,545	1,175	1,370	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese languages	2,500	1,160	1,340	1.6	1.5	1.6
Hakka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,020	950	1,070	1.3	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	555	250	305	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	265	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	260	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	250	85	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	50	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	70	0	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	158,235	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,680	3,210	3,470	4.2	4.2	4.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,395	3,080	3,315	4.0	4.0	4.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,115	1,940	2,175	2.6	2.5	2.7
Métis	2,160	1,080	1,080	1.4	1.4	1.3
Inuk (Inuit)	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	151,555	73,620	77,935	95.8	95.8	95.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	158,235	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,565	710	855	1.0	0.9	1.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	156,665	76,115	80,550	99.0	99.1	98.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	43,460	...	...	62.1	...	...
Renter	26,525	...	...	37.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	3,865	...	...	5.5	...	...
Not condominium	66,120	...	...	94.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	425	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	8,975	...	...	12.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	17,815	...	...	25.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	25,290	...	...	36.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	17,475	...	...	25.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	18,805	...	...	26.9	...	...
5 rooms	10,165	...	...	14.5	...	...
6 rooms	10,300	...	...	14.7	...	...
7 rooms	8,990	...	...	12.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	21,725	...	...	31.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	69,385	...	...	99.1	...	...
More than one person per room	595	...	...	0.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	67,550	...	...	96.5	...	...
Not suitable	2,430	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	15,375	...	...	22.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	21,240	...	...	30.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,325	...	...	14.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,195	...	...	11.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,210	...	...	6.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,820	...	...	5.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,305	...	...	4.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,515	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	65,160	...	...	93.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,825	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	35,170	...	...	50.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	32,115	...	...	45.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,695	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,615	...	...	5.2	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,230	...	...	14.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,075	...	...	14.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,550	...	...	15.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	13,770	...	...	19.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	12,020	...	...	17.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,040	...	...	10.1	...	...
85 years and over	2,695	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	69,350	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	53,515	...	...	77.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	15,830	...	...	22.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,210	...	...	20.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	69,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,040	...	...	30.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,105	...	...	20.2	...	...
Not suitable only	1,685	...	...	2.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,275	...	...	4.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	430	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,225	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	255	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	48,945	...	...	69.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	67,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,600	...	...	9.7	...	...
Not in core need	61,120	...	...	90.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	43,140	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.3	...	...	56.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.4	...	...	11.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,230	...	...	1,230	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,384	...	...	1,384	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	496,000	...	...	496,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	533,500	...	...	533,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	26,520	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.8	...	...	11.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	41.6	...	...	41.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.8	...	...	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,302	...	...	1,302	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	158,230	76,825	81,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,280	1,130	1,145	1.4	1.5	1.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,230	1,115	1,110	1.4	1.5	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,830	900	925	1.2	1.2	1.1
Métis single ancestry	375	205	165	0.2	0.3	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,625	3,730	3,900	4.8	4.9	4.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,430	3,650	3,785	4.7	4.8	4.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,775	2,805	2,975	3.6	3.7	3.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,545	785	760	1.0	1.0	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	190	75	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	148,325	71,965	76,360	93.7	93.7	93.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	158,230	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	150,325	73,090	77,230	95.0	95.1	94.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	26,435	13,800	12,640	16.7	18.0	15.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	123,895	59,295	64,595	78.3	77.2	79.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,905	3,735	4,170	5.0	4.9	5.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	158,230	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	135,555	66,070	69,485	85.7	86.0	85.4
Immigrants⁸¹	19,375	9,075	10,305	12.2	11.8	12.7
Before 1980	7,255	3,335	3,920	4.6	4.3	4.8
1980 to 1990	2,120	1,020	1,105	1.3	1.3	1.4
1991 to 2000	2,340	1,140	1,200	1.5	1.5	1.5
2001 to 2010	3,370	1,620	1,750	2.1	2.1	2.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,295	1,965	2,330	2.7	2.6	2.9
2011 to 2015	1,645	745	900	1.0	1.0	1.1
2016 to 2021	2,645	1,220	1,430	1.7	1.6	1.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,295	1,680	1,615	2.1	2.2	2.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	19,375	9,075	10,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,355	1,135	1,215	12.2	12.5	11.8
5 to 14 years	4,260	2,165	2,100	22.0	23.9	20.4
15 to 24 years	3,655	1,620	2,035	18.9	17.9	19.7
25 to 44 years	7,845	3,620	4,225	40.5	39.9	41.0
45 years and over	1,260	535	730	6.5	5.9	7.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	19,375	9,075	10,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,115	1,405	1,710	16.1	15.5	16.6
Brazil	80	30	45	0.4	0.3	0.4
Colombia	150	60	90	0.8	0.7	0.9
El Salvador	145	80	60	0.7	0.9	0.6
Guyana	30	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	200	100	100	1.0	1.1	1.0
Mexico	155	80	75	0.8	0.9	0.7
Peru	45	10	35	0.2	0.1	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	160	75	85	0.8	0.8	0.8
United States of America	1,570	660	905	8.1	7.3	8.8
Other places of birth in Americas	565	280	280	2.9	3.1	2.7
Europe	8,330	3,935	4,390	43.0	43.4	42.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	40	25	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
France	170	75	95	0.9	0.8	0.9
Germany	820	345	480	4.2	3.8	4.7
Greece	175	95	80	0.9	1.0	0.8
Hungary	90	35	50	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italy	370	235	135	1.9	2.6	1.3
Netherlands	670	365	305	3.5	4.0	3.0
Poland	340	175	165	1.8	1.9	1.6
Portugal	1,065	570	500	5.5	6.3	4.9
Romania	100	55	50	0.5	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	115	65	50	0.6	0.7	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	75	35	45	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	115	55	65	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,240	1,425	1,815	16.7	15.7	17.6
Other places of birth in Europe	920	380	545	4.7	4.2	5.3
Africa	1,340	660	680	6.9	7.3	6.6
Algeria	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	30	35	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egypt	300	150	155	1.5	1.7	1.5
Eritrea	20	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Ethiopia	40	15	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	135	75	65	0.7	0.8	0.6
Somalia	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	150	60	90	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	560	285	275	2.9	3.1	2.7
Asia	6,475	3,015	3,465	33.4	33.2	33.6
Afghanistan	35	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	400	195	210	2.1	2.1	2.0
Iraq	70	40	30	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	70	40	30	0.4	0.4	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	460	250	210	2.4	2.8	2.0
Turkey	90	45	40	0.5	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	1,170	520	650	6.0	5.7	6.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	50	65	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	270	105	165	1.4	1.2	1.6
Taiwan	80	25	50	0.4	0.3	0.5
Philippines	780	310	475	4.0	3.4	4.6
Viet Nam	140	65	80	0.7	0.7	0.8
Bangladesh	210	110	105	1.1	1.2	1.0
India	1,240	600	640	6.4	6.6	6.2
Pakistan	500	270	235	2.6	3.0	2.3
Sri Lanka	140	55	80	0.7	0.6	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	700	320	380	3.6	3.5	3.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	110	55	55	0.6	0.6	0.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,650	1,220	1,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	340	180	165	12.8	14.8	11.5
Brazil	30	10	20	1.1	0.8	1.4
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	25	10	15	0.9	0.8	1.0
Mexico	25	10	15	0.9	0.8	1.0
United States of America	205	115	85	7.7	9.4	5.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	10	0.8	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	40	30	15	1.5	2.5	1.0
Europe	230	120	110	8.7	9.8	7.7
France	35	30	0	1.3	2.5	0.0
Germany	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.6	0.8	0.0
Italy	15	15	0	0.6	1.2	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	15	0	10	0.6	0.0	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	45	25	2.6	3.7	1.7
Other places of birth in Europe	60	20	40	2.3	1.6	2.8
Africa	425	175	250	16.0	14.3	17.5
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	35	25	10	1.3	2.0	0.7
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	90	35	60	3.4	2.9	4.2
Eritrea	15	15	0	0.6	1.2	0.0
Ethiopia	30	10	20	1.1	0.8	1.4
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	70	25	45	2.6	2.0	3.1
Somalia	25	10	15	0.9	0.8	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	140	55	80	5.3	4.5	5.6
Asia	1,635	740	895	61.7	60.7	62.6
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	45	25	20	1.7	2.0	1.4
China⁹⁰	225	110	120	8.5	9.0	8.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	400	185	210	15.1	15.2	14.7
Iran⁸⁸	60	35	25	2.3	2.9	1.7
Iraq	35	15	20	1.3	1.2	1.4
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Jordan	25	0	25	0.9	0.0	1.7
Korea, South⁹²	30	0	30	1.1	0.0	2.1
Lebanon	25	0	25	0.9	0.0	1.7
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	70	25	40	2.6	2.0	2.8
Philippines	150	45	100	5.7	3.7	7.0
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	400	220	180	15.1	18.0	12.6
Turkey	35	25	15	1.3	2.0	1.0
United Arab Emirates	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Viet Nam	15	15	0	0.6	1.2	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	70	10	55	2.6	0.8	3.8
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	10	0.6	0.0	0.7
Australia	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	158,235	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	24,855	11,850	13,005	15.7	15.4	16.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,380	11,845	12,535	15.4	15.4	15.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	108,995	53,135	55,865	68.9	69.2	68.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	12,120	5,740	6,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	6,915	3,450	3,465	57.1	60.1	54.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,725	1,610	1,110	22.5	28.0	17.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,195	1,840	2,355	34.6	32.1	36.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,375	1,360	2,010	27.8	23.7	31.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,775	900	875	14.6	15.7	13.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	60	25	35	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	12,120	5,740	6,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	435	225	210	3.6	3.9	3.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,430	675	755	11.8	11.8	11.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	645	320	325	5.3	5.6	5.1
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	825	440	385	6.8	7.7	6.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	65	30	35	0.5	0.5	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	8,725	4,050	4,675	72.0	70.6	73.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	158,235	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	17,880	8,760	9,120	11.3	11.4	11.2
South Asian	4,620	2,345	2,280	2.9	3.1	2.8
Chinese	3,205	1,460	1,745	2.0	1.9	2.1
Black	2,680	1,370	1,305	1.7	1.8	1.6
Filipino	1,095	435	665	0.7	0.6	0.8
Arab	1,580	855	730	1.0	1.1	0.9
Latin American	1,325	630	700	0.8	0.8	0.9
Southeast Asian	845	400	450	0.5	0.5	0.6
West Asian	735	415	320	0.5	0.5	0.4
Korean	585	245	340	0.4	0.3	0.4
Japanese	285	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	260	150	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	655	330	325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	140,350	68,065	72,285	88.7	88.6	88.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	158,235	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	26,925	13,335	13,590	17.0	17.4	16.7
English	42,115	20,380	21,730	26.6	26.5	26.7
Irish	42,340	19,760	22,580	26.8	25.7	27.7
Scottish	36,220	17,265	18,955	22.9	22.5	23.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	17,435	8,260	9,175	11.0	10.8	11.3
German	15,535	7,250	8,280	9.8	9.4	10.2
Chinese	3,240	1,490	1,745	2.0	1.9	2.1
Italian	5,215	2,560	2,655	3.3	3.3	3.3
Indian (India)	2,845	1,455	1,395	1.8	1.9	1.7
Ukrainian	3,295	1,530	1,770	2.1	2.0	2.2
Dutch	8,260	3,920	4,335	5.2	5.1	5.3
Polish	4,330	2,035	2,290	2.7	2.6	2.8
Québécois	520	280	245	0.3	0.4	0.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	7,980	3,840	4,135	5.0	5.0	5.1
Filipino	1,200	505	705	0.8	0.7	0.9
French Canadian	3,025	1,395	1,630	1.9	1.8	2.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	4,810	2,315	2,490	3.0	3.0	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,205	1,545	1,660	2.0	2.0	2.0
Métis	2,150	1,080	1,065	1.4	1.4	1.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,250	1,735	1,510	2.1	2.3	1.9
Russian	1,325	600	730	0.8	0.8	0.9
Norwegian	1,190	555	635	0.8	0.7	0.8
Welsh	3,835	1,735	2,100	2.4	2.3	2.6
Portuguese	3,280	1,715	1,565	2.1	2.2	1.9
American	2,175	1,060	1,115	1.4	1.4	1.4
Spanish	1,185	540	645	0.7	0.7	0.8
Swedish	1,125	560	565	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hungarian	990	475	515	0.6	0.6	0.6
Acadian	845	420	425	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pakistani	680	385	300	0.4	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	670	305	370	0.4	0.4	0.5
Jewish	1,175	555	615	0.7	0.7	0.8
Punjabi	225	125	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
Vietnamese	385	200	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	860	455	410	0.5	0.6	0.5
Greek	1,160	545	620	0.7	0.7	0.8
Jamaican	500	270	240	0.3	0.4	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	335	165	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	255	140	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Korean	600	245	360	0.4	0.3	0.4
Romanian	555	295	260	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanese	315	170	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	660	355	305	0.4	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	575	295	275	0.4	0.4	0.3
Danish	1,150	570	575	0.7	0.7	0.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,510	715	800	1.0	0.9	1.0
Sikh	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	815	350	465	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belgian	480	200	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	250	145	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexican	365	195	170	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mennonite	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	655	355	300	0.4	0.5	0.4
Finnish	870	375	495	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sri Lankan	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	345	150	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	370	180	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	500	280	220	0.3	0.4	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	745	375	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Egyptian	375	220	155	0.2	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	170	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	95	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	260	135	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombian	205	80	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	540	255	290	0.3	0.3	0.4
Syrian	365	175	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	245	90	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	275	140	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	380	165	220	0.2	0.2	0.3
Newfoundlander	585	280	300	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hong Konger	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ontarian	1,420	670	750	0.9	0.9	0.9
Persian	205	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	200	120	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkish	215	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	175	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	200	115	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	230	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	110	75	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	415	185	230	0.3	0.2	0.3
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	230	125	105	0.1	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	765	400	365	0.5	0.5	0.4
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	300	140	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	260	145	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australian	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chilean	80	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Congolese	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ethiopian	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maltese	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	180	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	280	110	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	155	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	810	395	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	50	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	80	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
African American	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	120	80	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bengali	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	195	80	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	225	80	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	65	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	115	30	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	100	25	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	70	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	85	35	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burundian	65	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	85	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	215	80	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	60	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sicilian	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	158,235	76,830	81,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	505	185	325	0.3	0.2	0.4
Christian	82,095	37,400	44,695	51.9	48.7	54.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,055	3,745	4,315	5.1	4.9	5.3
Anabaptist	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	10,995	4,795	6,195	6.9	6.2	7.6
Baptist	1,555	665	885	1.0	0.9	1.1
Catholic	35,920	16,780	19,140	22.7	21.8	23.5
Christian Orthodox	1,245	590	655	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	440	155	285	0.3	0.2	0.4
Latter Day Saints	250	155	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lutheran	750	285	465	0.5	0.4	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,450	700	750	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,230	545	685	0.8	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	2,225	1,010	1,215	1.4	1.3	1.5
Reformed	375	140	240	0.2	0.2	0.3
United Church	12,335	5,425	6,910	7.8	7.1	8.5
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,215	2,380	2,835	3.3	3.1	3.5
Hindu	1,705	910	800	1.1	1.2	1.0
Jewish	905	410	495	0.6	0.5	0.6
Muslim	3,380	1,745	1,630	2.1	2.3	2.0
Sikh	570	280	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,500	530	970	0.9	0.7	1.2
No religion and secular perspectives	67,450	35,320	32,130	42.6	46.0	39.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	156,940	76,180	80,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	133,990	65,105	68,885	85.4	85.5	85.3
Movers	22,955	11,075	11,880	14.6	14.5	14.7
Non-migrants	12,965	6,190	6,780	8.3	8.1	8.4
Migrants	9,990	4,885	5,100	6.4	6.4	6.3
Internal migrants	8,800	4,305	4,495	5.6	5.7	5.6
Intraprovincial migrants	7,345	3,615	3,735	4.7	4.7	4.6
Interprovincial migrants	1,450	695	760	0.9	0.9	0.9
External migrants	1,185	580	605	0.8	0.8	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	151,330	73,225	78,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	86,815	42,060	44,750	57.4	57.4	57.3
Movers	64,520	31,160	33,355	42.6	42.6	42.7
Non-migrants	26,910	13,070	13,840	17.8	17.8	17.7
Migrants	37,610	18,095	19,510	24.9	24.7	25.0
Internal migrants	32,030	15,365	16,660	21.2	21.0	21.3
Intraprovincial migrants	26,760	12,695	14,065	17.7	17.3	18.0
Interprovincial migrants	5,265	2,665	2,595	3.5	3.6	3.3
External migrants	5,575	2,730	2,845	3.7	3.7	3.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	135,465	65,105	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,235	10,070	8,165	13.5	15.5	11.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	117,230	55,030	62,195	86.5	84.5	88.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,230	39,685	42,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,040	3,655	2,385	7.3	9.2	5.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	76,190	36,035	40,155	92.7	90.8	94.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	135,470	65,105	70,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,440	8,890	7,550	12.1	13.7	10.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	39,260	20,015	19,245	29.0	30.7	27.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	79,770	36,200	43,570	58.9	55.6	61.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	41,250	18,875	22,380	30.4	29.0	31.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,900	5,075	1,825	5.1	7.8	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,380	2,075	1,305	2.5	3.2	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,520	3,000	520	2.6	4.6	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	32,055	12,875	19,175	23.7	19.8	27.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,300	920	1,380	1.7	1.4	2.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	38,515	17,330	21,190	28.4	26.6	30.1
Bachelor's degree	22,695	9,475	13,220	16.8	14.6	18.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,595	650	945	1.2	1.0	1.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,530	835	700	1.1	1.3	1.0
Master's degree	9,325	4,270	5,060	6.9	6.6	7.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,370	2,105	1,265	2.5	3.2	1.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,235	39,690	42,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,260	3,185	2,075	6.4	8.0	4.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,700	11,470	9,230	25.2	28.9	21.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,270	25,035	31,235	68.4	63.1	73.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,685	13,215	15,465	34.9	33.3	36.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,230	3,170	1,065	5.1	8.0	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,105	1,340	760	2.6	3.4	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,130	1,830	300	2.6	4.6	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	23,060	9,470	13,595	28.0	23.9	32.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,395	580	815	1.7	1.5	1.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,580	11,815	15,765	33.5	29.8	37.1
Bachelor's degree	15,930	6,450	9,480	19.4	16.3	22.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,115	425	695	1.4	1.1	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,165	545	620	1.4	1.4	1.5
Master's degree	7,020	3,050	3,970	8.5	7.7	9.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,350	1,345	1,005	2.9	3.4	2.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	135,465	65,105	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	55,695	28,905	26,795	41.1	44.4	38.1
Education	5,105	1,460	3,645	3.8	2.2	5.2
13. Education	5,105	1,460	3,645	3.8	2.2	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,560	1,025	1,535	1.9	1.6	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	205	150	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,360	875	1,485	1.7	1.3	2.1
Humanities	4,920	1,995	2,925	3.6	3.1	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	380	60	320	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	1,250	400	845	0.9	0.6	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,005	410	595	0.7	0.6	0.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	455	260	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	445	280	165	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,015	485	525	0.7	0.7	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	185	20	165	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,250	3,715	7,535	8.3	5.7	10.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	230	65	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	905	380	520	0.7	0.6	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,065	260	1,805	1.5	0.4	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,345	350	990	1.0	0.5	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	650	195	455	0.5	0.3	0.6
42. Psychology	2,205	670	1,535	1.6	1.0	2.2
45. Social sciences	3,855	1,800	2,055	2.8	2.8	2.9
Business, management and public administration	12,445	4,800	7,640	9.2	7.4	10.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,725	415	1,310	1.3	0.6	1.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,705	4,385	6,320	7.9	6.7	9.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,650	2,360	2,295	3.4	3.6	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,550	1,140	1,410	1.9	1.8	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	535	215	320	0.4	0.3	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,310	930	380	1.0	1.4	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	175	60	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,090	1,995	1,090	2.3	3.1	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,215	1,570	645	1.6	2.4	0.9
25. Library science	240	45	190	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	550	315	235	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	65	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,135	11,770	1,360	9.7	18.1	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	525	315	210	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,750	3,020	725	2.8	4.6	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,345	3,035	310	2.5	4.7	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,760	2,720	35	2.0	4.2	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,985	1,945	35	1.5	3.0	0.0
48. Precision production	765	730	35	0.6	1.1	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,515	735	780	1.1	1.1	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	945	410	540	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	570	325	240	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	15,595	3,385	12,215	11.5	5.2	17.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,255	665	590	0.9	1.0	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,710	2,360	11,350	10.1	3.6	16.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	575	350	225	0.4	0.5	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,475	2,950	2,525	4.0	4.5	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,575	790	1,790	1.9	1.2	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	245	215	25	0.2	0.3	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	110	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,970	1,300	675	1.5	2.0	1.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	555	540	20	0.4	0.8	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	82,230	39,690	42,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,965	14,655	11,310	31.6	36.9	26.6
Education	3,035	815	2,215	3.7	2.1	5.2
13. Education	3,035	815	2,215	3.7	2.1	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,905	725	1,180	2.3	1.8	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	130	85	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,775	645	1,130	2.2	1.6	2.7
Humanities	3,090	1,295	1,795	3.8	3.3	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	225	25	200	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	735	265	470	0.9	0.7	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	695	295	395	0.8	0.7	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	295	175	120	0.4	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	235	140	100	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	685	335	350	0.8	0.8	0.8
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	10	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,300	2,600	5,700	10.1	6.6	13.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	165	50	125	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	750	305	445	0.9	0.8	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,555	210	1,345	1.9	0.5	3.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,015	210	810	1.2	0.5	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	545	150	395	0.7	0.4	0.9
42. Psychology	1,555	440	1,115	1.9	1.1	2.6
45. Social sciences	2,710	1,235	1,475	3.3	3.1	3.5
Business, management and public administration	9,080	3,385	5,690	11.0	8.5	13.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,320	270	1,050	1.6	0.7	2.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,745	3,110	4,640	9.4	7.8	10.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,260	1,580	1,680	4.0	4.0	3.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,890	825	1,070	2.3	2.1	2.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	380	160	220	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	845	570	270	1.0	1.4	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,390	1,555	835	2.9	3.9	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,850	1,310	540	2.2	3.3	1.3
25. Library science	160	35	125	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	310	155	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,040	7,925	1,120	11.0	20.0	2.6
04. Architecture and related services	365	200	165	0.4	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	2,700	2,080	620	3.3	5.2	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,285	2,035	250	2.8	5.1	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,910	1,875	35	2.3	4.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,330	1,310	20	1.6	3.3	0.0
48. Precision production	455	425	30	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,120	515	605	1.4	1.3	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	685	265	420	0.8	0.7	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	435	250	190	0.5	0.6	0.4
Health and related fields	10,915	2,370	8,540	13.3	6.0	20.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	860	425	435	1.0	1.1	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	9,610	1,735	7,875	11.7	4.4	18.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	395	210	185	0.5	0.5	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,115	2,260	1,855	5.0	5.7	4.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,890	620	1,270	2.3	1.6	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	180	155	25	0.2	0.4	0.1
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	85	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,570	1,030	540	1.9	2.6	1.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	380	365	10	0.5	0.9	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	82,230	39,690	42,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	25,965	14,655	11,310	31.6	36.9	26.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	56,265	25,030	31,235	68.4	63.1	73.4
Location of study inside Canada	50,060	22,225	27,835	60.9	56.0	65.4
Same as province or territory of residence	44,545	19,740	24,805	54.2	49.7	58.3
Different than province or territory of residence	5,515	2,485	3,030	6.7	6.3	7.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,210	2,810	3,400	7.6	7.1	8.0
Americas	1,755	795	960	2.1	2.0	2.3
United States of America	1,335	630	705	1.6	1.6	1.7
Mexico	90	25	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	125	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Colombia	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	1,445	755	685	1.8	1.9	1.6
Belgium	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Romania	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	705	390	315	0.9	1.0	0.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	165	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	375	160	210	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nigeria	35	20	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	130	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	135	50	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Asia	2,445	1,015	1,430	3.0	2.6	3.4
Iran⁸⁸	215	110	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iraq	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkey	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	325	125	205	0.4	0.3	0.5
Taiwan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	145	45	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	300	80	220	0.4	0.2	0.5
Viet Nam	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
India	775	345	430	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pakistan	155	65	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	195	110	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Oceania	190	75	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australia	165	65	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	135,470	65,105	70,365	...	...	...
In the labour force	81,375	40,860	40,515	...	...	...
Employed	71,160	36,105	35,050	...	...	...
Unemployed	10,210	4,755	5,460	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	54,095	24,245	29,850	...	...	...
Participation rate	60.1	62.8	57.6	60.1	62.8	57.6
Employment rate	52.5	55.5	49.8	52.5	55.5	49.8
Unemployment rate	12.5	11.6	13.5	12.5	11.6	13.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	135,465	65,105	70,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	53,195	23,910	29,285	39.3	36.7	41.6
Worked	82,270	41,190	41,075	60.7	63.3	58.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	43,600	23,555	20,045	32.2	36.2	28.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	38,665	17,640	21,030	28.5	27.1	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.7	40.5	41.1	41.7	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	81,370	40,860	40,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,125	1,070	1,055	2.6	2.6	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	79,250	39,790	39,460	97.4	97.4	97.4
Employee	69,030	33,840	35,190	84.8	82.8	86.9
Permanent position	55,340	27,235	28,105	68.0	66.7	69.4
Temporary position	13,690	6,605	7,080	16.8	16.2	17.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,155	2,475	2,680	6.3	6.1	6.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,535	4,130	4,400	10.5	10.1	10.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,215	5,945	4,275	12.6	14.5	10.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	81,370	40,860	40,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,125	1,070	1,055	2.6	2.6	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	79,250	39,790	39,460	97.4	97.4	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	845	580	270	1.0	1.4	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,545	3,400	8,145	14.2	8.3	20.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,580	4,230	1,350	6.9	10.4	3.3
3 Health occupations	9,210	2,155	7,050	11.3	5.3	17.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	15,125	6,465	8,660	18.6	15.8	21.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,245	1,005	1,240	2.8	2.5	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	20,305	9,225	11,080	25.0	22.6	27.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,110	10,120	990	13.7	24.8	2.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,375	1,035	335	1.7	2.5	0.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,910	1,570	340	2.3	3.8	0.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	81,370	40,860	40,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,125	1,070	1,055	2.6	2.6	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	79,250	39,790	39,460	97.4	97.4	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	810	485	325	1.0	1.2	0.8
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	130	120	15	0.2	0.3	0.0
22 Utilities	465	365	95	0.6	0.9	0.2
23 Construction	5,400	4,820	575	6.6	11.8	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	3,395	2,610	785	4.2	6.4	1.9
41 Wholesale trade	1,430	1,045	385	1.8	2.6	1.0
44-45 Retail trade	9,260	4,370	4,895	11.4	10.7	12.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,480	1,855	630	3.0	4.5	1.6
51 Information and cultural industries	960	515	445	1.2	1.3	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	2,240	975	1,270	2.8	2.4	3.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,525	840	680	1.9	2.1	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,650	2,765	1,885	5.7	6.8	4.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,185	1,875	1,310	3.9	4.6	3.2
61 Educational services	10,090	3,900	6,185	12.4	9.5	15.3
62 Health care and social assistance	13,620	2,950	10,665	16.7	7.2	26.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,420	765	655	1.7	1.9	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	5,805	2,820	2,980	7.1	6.9	7.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,925	1,335	1,595	3.6	3.3	3.9
91 Public administration	9,405	5,355	4,050	11.6	13.1	10.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	88,405	44,145	44,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	84,020	42,205	41,815	95.0	95.6	94.5
French	405	115	285	0.5	0.3	0.6
Non-official language	155	60	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	155	60	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and French	2,945	1,340	1,605	3.3	3.0	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	775	365	410	0.9	0.8	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	88,405	44,145	44,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	88,000	43,975	44,025	99.5	99.6	99.5
Official languages	87,705	43,875	43,830	99.2	99.4	99.0
English	86,995	43,675	43,320	98.4	98.9	97.9
French	705	195	510	0.8	0.4	1.2
Non-official languages	290	100	190	0.3	0.2	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	280	100	180	0.3	0.2	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	405	170	230	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and French	295	120	175	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	88,405	44,145	44,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	84,965	42,540	42,425	96.1	96.4	95.9
English	440	115	325	0.5	0.3	0.7
French	2,365	1,155	1,210	2.7	2.6	2.7
Non-official language	535	285	250	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	515	270	240	0.6	0.6	0.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	71,155	36,105	35,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	17,860	8,195	9,665	25.1	22.7	27.6
Worked outside Canada	185	135	45	0.3	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	7,710	5,640	2,070	10.8	15.6	5.9
Usual place of work	45,405	22,130	23,280	63.8	61.3	66.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	45,410	22,130	23,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	34,795	16,475	18,320	76.6	74.4	78.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	5,460	2,635	2,820	12.0	11.9	12.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	4,950	2,885	2,060	10.9	13.0	8.8
Commute to a different province or territory	205	135	70	0.5	0.6	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	53,115	27,770	25,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	44,575	23,915	20,655	83.9	86.1	81.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	40,680	22,325	18,355	76.6	80.4	72.4
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,895	1,595	2,305	7.3	5.7	9.1
Public transit	2,775	1,100	1,670	5.2	4.0	6.6
Walked	3,935	1,830	2,100	7.4	6.6	8.3
Bicycle	700	430	270	1.3	1.5	1.1
Other method	1,135	490	650	2.1	1.8	2.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	53,115	27,770	25,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	20,160	10,255	9,905	38.0	36.9	39.1
15 to 29 minutes	21,575	10,955	10,615	40.6	39.4	41.9
30 to 44 minutes	7,330	4,070	3,260	13.8	14.7	12.9
45 to 59 minutes	1,990	1,125	865	3.7	4.1	3.4
60 minutes and over	2,065	1,360	705	3.9	4.9	2.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	53,115	27,770	25,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,735	1,820	910	5.1	6.6	3.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,960	6,015	3,950	18.8	21.7	15.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,970	7,960	7,010	28.2	28.7	27.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,770	5,185	6,585	22.2	18.7	26.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,390	3,065	3,325	12.0	11.0	13.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,290	3,720	3,570	13.7	13.4	14.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	28,005	14,480	13,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,735	1,925	1,810	13.3	13.3	13.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	24,270	12,550	11,720	86.7	86.7	86.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	20,520	10,585	9,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,805	1,450	1,350	13.7	13.7	13.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,750	895	860	8.5	8.5	8.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,055	560	495	5.1	5.3	5.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,715	9,135	8,580	86.3	86.3	86.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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