Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	York, Regional municipality (RM)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,173,334	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,109,909	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	405,863	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	391,034	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	667.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,758.27	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,173,335	572,235	601,100
0 to 14 years	191,215	98,150	93,060
0 to 4 years	52,095	26,720	25,375
5 to 9 years	65,340	33,430	31,910
10 to 14 years	73,780	38,005	35,780
15 to 64 years	782,935	382,330	400,610
15 to 19 years	75,840	39,265	36,580
20 to 24 years	72,375	37,725	34,650
25 to 29 years	69,355	35,755	33,595
30 to 34 years	69,985	34,375	35,615
35 to 39 years	74,605	35,385	39,225
40 to 44 years	77,050	35,335	41,720
45 to 49 years	85,870	40,165	45,705
50 to 54 years	90,695	43,215	47,475
55 to 59 years	89,765	43,780	45,985
60 to 64 years	77,395	37,330	40,065
65 years and over	199,185	91,760	107,425
65 to 69 years	62,780	29,725	33,050
70 to 74 years	53,385	25,200	28,185
75 to 79 years	34,160	15,955	18,200
80 to 84 years	24,840	11,285	13,555
85 years and over	24,025	9,590	14,435
85 to 89 years	15,020	6,460	8,560
90 to 94 years	6,920	2,530	4,390
95 to 99 years	1,830	545	1,290
100 years and over	255	55	200
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.2	15.5
15 to 64 years	66.7	66.8	66.6
65 years and over	17.0	16.0	17.9
85 years and over	2.0	1.7	2.4
Average age of the population	41.4	40.4	42.3
Median age of the population	42.0	40.8	43.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	391,035	...	...
Single-detached house	242,140	...	...
Semi-detached house	23,185	...	...
Row house	49,475	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	15,820	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,225	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	47,690	...	...
Other single-attached house	360	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	140	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	391,035	...	...
1 person	64,080	...	...
2 persons	108,895	...	...
3 persons	77,720	...	...
4 persons	85,400	...	...
5 or more persons	54,940	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,165,615	569,540	596,075
Average household size	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	982,120	474,085	508,035
Married or living common-law	596,385	296,765	299,625
Married	552,380	274,855	277,520
Living common-law	44,000	21,905	22,100
Living common law - Never married	29,130	14,525	14,600
Living common law - Separated	2,245	1,230	1,015
Living common law - Divorced	11,510	5,665	5,850
Living common law - Widowed	1,120	485	635
Not married and not living common-law	385,735	177,325	208,415
Not married and not living common law - Never married	271,525	144,420	127,105
Not married and not living common law - Separated	20,805	7,980	12,825
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	47,045	16,220	30,820
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	46,365	8,700	37,660
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	339,100	...	...
2 persons	134,490	...	...
3 persons	85,685	...	...
4 persons	89,035	...	...
5 or more persons	29,895	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	339,100	...	...
Total couple families	289,760	...	...
Married couples	267,775	...	...
With children⁶	175,390	...	...
Without children	92,385	...	...
Common-law couples	21,985	...	...
With children⁶	9,020	...	...
Without children	12,965	...	...
Total one-parent families	49,340	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	39,395	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	9,945	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,165,615	569,540	596,075
Total - Persons in census families	1,039,140	516,565	522,575
Married spouses or common-law partners	579,520	289,535	289,985
Parents in one-parent families	49,340	9,950	39,390
Children⁶	410,275	217,080	193,195
In a two-parent family	334,415	176,380	158,035
In a one-parent family	75,860	40,700	35,160
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	126,480	52,970	73,505
Living alone	64,075	26,855	37,220
Living with other relatives⁷	35,575	11,830	23,745
Living with non-relatives only	26,825	14,290	12,540
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	391,035	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	266,995	...	...
Couple-family households	233,010	...	...
With children⁶	151,345	...	...
Without children	81,665	...	...
One-parent-family households	33,985	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	29,085	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	5,325	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	15,740	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	9,805	...	...
One-person households	64,075	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	974,530	471,450	503,085
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	930,280	449,100	481,175
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,800	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	930,755	449,350	481,410
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,000	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	835,455	410,575	424,885
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	42,400	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	677,155	342,590	334,565
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	46,400	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	837,975	400,515	437,460
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	6,200	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,845	31,300	46,540
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	314,570	153,795	160,780
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	974,535	471,370	503,165
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	930,420	449,045	481,380
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,050	69,100	49,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	930,905	449,300	481,605
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,520	53,750	41,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	835,090	410,420	424,670
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,600	66,800	44,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	677,155	342,725	334,430
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,950	67,200	46,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	838,165	400,465	437,700
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,170	8,990	11,250
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,015	30,795	46,220
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,700	5,960	7,200
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	313,950	153,675	160,275
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,030	9,850	10,200
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	974,535	471,370	503,170
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	325,880	179,560	146,320
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,500	80,000	66,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,400	101,700	76,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	255,570	118,325	137,245
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,500	17,000	14,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,200	31,960	25,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	88.4	79.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.2	74.2	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	11.6	20.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.3	5.2	7.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	4.9	6.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	974,535	471,450	503,085
Without total income	44,255	22,350	21,905
With total income	930,280	449,105	481,180
Under $10,000 (including loss)	95,560	41,580	53,975
$10,000 to $19,999	120,405	54,365	66,040
$20,000 to $29,999	146,245	65,285	80,960
$30,000 to $39,999	104,860	45,485	59,375
$40,000 to $49,999	83,240	36,345	46,895
$50,000 to $59,999	68,605	30,895	37,715
$60,000 to $69,999	55,800	26,640	29,160
$70,000 to $79,999	46,120	23,285	22,840
$80,000 to $89,999	38,365	20,610	17,755
$90,000 to $99,999	33,595	18,140	15,455
$100,000 and over	137,490	86,475	51,010
$100,000 to $149,999	87,815	51,415	36,400
$150,000 and over	49,670	35,060	14,610
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	974,535	471,450	503,085
Without after-tax income	43,775	22,100	21,675
With after-tax income	930,755	449,345	481,410
Under $10,000 (including loss)	99,695	43,290	56,405
$10,000 to $19,999	125,925	57,175	68,750
$20,000 to $29,999	162,155	72,390	89,765
$30,000 to $39,999	118,335	51,720	66,615
$40,000 to $49,999	96,815	43,465	53,350
$50,000 to $59,999	76,290	35,975	40,310
$60,000 to $69,999	59,920	30,535	29,390
$70,000 to $79,999	48,030	26,270	21,765
$80,000 to $89,999	42,505	22,310	20,200
$90,000 to $99,999	27,330	16,150	11,180
$100,000 and over	73,750	50,070	23,680
$100,000 to $124,999	35,795	22,910	12,885
$125,000 and over	37,955	27,165	10,795
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	974,535	471,450	503,085
Without employment income	297,380	128,860	168,520
With employment income	677,155	342,590	334,565
Under $5,000 (including loss)	101,525	47,040	54,485
$5,000 to $9,999	65,800	29,520	36,285
$10,000 to $19,999	73,830	34,435	39,395
$20,000 to $29,999	51,780	23,785	27,990
$30,000 to $39,999	48,875	22,505	26,370
$40,000 to $49,999	47,870	22,050	25,815
$50,000 to $59,999	44,950	21,255	23,690
$60,000 to $69,999	39,745	19,960	19,785
$70,000 to $79,999	34,205	18,010	16,190
$80,000 to $89,999	29,635	16,535	13,100
$90,000 to $99,999	28,970	15,305	13,665
$100,000 and over	109,980	72,200	37,785
$100,000 to $124,999	48,535	28,510	20,030
$125,000 and over	61,445	43,690	17,755
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	974,530	471,450	503,085
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	906,000	436,480	469,520
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	906,235	436,540	469,695
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,200	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	822,855	404,210	418,650
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,400	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	679,740	343,965	335,775
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,800	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	783,485	375,595	407,890
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,390	830	2,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	47,500	17,515	29,980
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,520	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	974,535	471,370	503,165
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	906,545	436,680	469,870
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,500	66,700	47,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	906,700	436,710	469,995
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,520	52,000	39,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	823,240	404,275	418,960
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,550	67,500	45,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	679,575	344,220	335,360
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,200	66,800	47,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	783,695	375,545	408,150
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	4,792	7,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	47,350	17,365	29,980
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,960	6,830	8,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	974,535	471,370	503,170
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	323,240	178,010	145,230
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	76,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	85,000	95,800	71,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	240,635	112,090	128,545
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,600	23,800	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,320	39,800	31,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.8	93.8	87.0
Employment income (%)	75.8	79.0	71.8
Government transfers (%)	9.1	6.2	13.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	391,035	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	64,075	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	326,955	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	391,035	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	140,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	113,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	63,975	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	64,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	327,060	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	155,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	391,035	...	...
Under $5,000	4,410	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,960	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,860	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,610	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	9,245	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,590	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	9,170	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,785	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,785	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,840	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	20,655	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	21,000	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	21,145	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	20,570	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	19,705	...	...
$100,000 and over	217,705	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	45,680	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	39,170	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	57,135	...	...
$200,000 and over	75,720	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	391,035	...	...
Under $5,000	5,335	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,050	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,990	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,905	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	9,950	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	9,480	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,070	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	10,965	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	11,510	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	11,725	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	24,425	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	25,625	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	25,510	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	24,925	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	23,140	...	...
$100,000 and over	188,440	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	52,475	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	42,125	...	...
$150,000 and over	93,840	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	322,385	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	84,740	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	184,850	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	152,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	42,470	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	90,900	41,140	49,760
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	42,400	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	38,000	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	322,230	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	154,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	84,710	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	126,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	184,970	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	42,390	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	98,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	90,805	40,785	50,020
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	57,250	63,550	52,100
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,400	50,120	43,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,165,615	569,540	596,075
0 to 17 years	236,770	121,740	115,030
0 to 5 years	63,960	32,735	31,220
18 to 64 years	735,495	357,720	377,775
65 years and over	193,350	90,075	103,275
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	102,225	48,000	54,225
0 to 17 years	22,705	11,715	10,985
0 to 5 years	6,390	3,270	3,120
18 to 64 years	55,985	26,405	29,585
65 years and over	23,540	9,880	13,655
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.8	8.4	9.1
0 to 17 years (%)	9.6	9.6	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	10.0	10.0	10.0
18 to 64 years (%)	7.6	7.4	7.8
65 years and over (%)	12.2	11.0	13.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,165,385	569,435	595,945
0 to 17 years	236,725	121,720	115,010
0 to 5 years	63,945	32,730	31,215
18 to 64 years	735,375	357,670	377,705
65 years and over	193,280	90,045	103,240
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	58,850	28,800	30,050
0 to 17 years	12,515	6,450	6,065
0 to 5 years	3,240	1,645	1,595
18 to 64 years	38,050	18,780	19,265
65 years and over	8,285	3,570	4,720
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	5.1	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3	5.3	5.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.0	5.1
18 to 64 years (%)	5.2	5.3	5.1
65 years and over (%)	4.3	4.0	4.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,165,615	569,535	596,075
In bottom half of the distribution	458,910	219,265	239,645
In bottom decile	91,015	43,540	47,470
In second decile	88,890	41,645	47,245
In third decile	89,480	42,755	46,730
In fourth decile	92,150	44,305	47,845
In fifth decile	97,380	47,025	50,360
In top half of the distribution	706,705	350,270	356,425
In sixth decile	105,570	51,245	54,330
In seventh decile	117,130	57,400	59,730
In eighth decile	133,765	65,820	67,950
In ninth decile	159,340	79,455	79,885
In top decile	190,885	96,355	94,535
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,165,615	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.360	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.462	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.310	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,167,855	570,305	597,545
English only	1,024,110	510,070	514,035
French only	470	185	285
English and French	74,625	31,785	42,840
Neither English nor French	68,645	28,260	40,380
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,167,855	570,305	597,545
English	1,082,670	534,570	548,100
French	8,065	3,690	4,370
English and French	9,395	4,240	5,155
Neither English nor French	67,725	27,810	39,915
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,167,855	570,305	597,545
Single responses	1,098,160	536,730	561,425
Official languages	538,180	272,110	266,070
English	531,000	268,775	262,225
French	7,175	3,335	3,840
Non-official languages	559,980	264,620	295,355
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	15	5
Algonquian languages	15	10	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	10	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	559,955	264,610	295,345
Afro-Asiatic languages	19,940	10,035	9,910
Berber languages	5	5	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	5	5	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	10	5
Hausa	15	10	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	115	55	60
Cushitic languages	415	180	235
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	10	10
Somali	400	170	230
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	19,380	9,780	9,605
Amharic	185	85	95
Arabic	10,590	5,300	5,285
Aramaic languages	2,535	1,215	1,325
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,785	850	935
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	680	330	350
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	35	35
Harari	45	20	25
Hebrew	5,595	2,945	2,650
Maltese	275	130	145
Tigrigna	150	75	75
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,170	3,645	4,530
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,035	475	565
Vietnamese	7,125	3,165	3,965
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	5
Austronesian languages	15,620	6,010	9,610
Bikol	40	20	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	175	70	105
Cebuano	300	110	190
Fijian	5	0	0
Hiligaynon	225	80	140
Ilocano	1,020	405	615
Indonesian	700	295	410
Kankanaey	15	5	10
Kinaray-a	5	5	5
Malagasy languages	5	0	0
Merina	5	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	45	15	25
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95	50	50
Pangasinan	60	25	30
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	12,735	4,850	7,885
Waray-Waray	55	25	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	140	55	85
Creole languages	400	185	215
Haitian Creole	35	5	30
Jamaican English Creole	30	10	20
Krio	5	5	5
Morisyen	225	115	110
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	30	35
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25
Dravidian languages	24,965	12,000	12,960
Kannada	290	145	145
Malayalam	1,865	925	940
Tamil	21,685	10,345	11,340
Telugu	1,085	560	520
Tulu	20	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Georgian	355	205	155
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	239,810	114,825	124,980
Albanian	1,460	720	735
Armenian	3,125	1,495	1,625
Balto-Slavic languages	49,300	22,795	26,510
Baltic languages	475	190	280
Latvian	195	80	115
Lithuanian	280	115	170
Slavic languages	48,825	22,600	26,225
Belarusian	85	40	45
Bulgarian	700	335	370
Czech	370	160	210
Macedonian	2,180	1,040	1,145
Polish	3,615	1,650	1,960
Russian	36,400	16,870	19,530
Rusyn	5	0	5
Serbo-Croatian	2,580	1,240	1,345
Bosnian	165	75	85
Croatian	970	445	525
Serbian	1,390	685	700
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Slovak	355	150	205
Slovene (Slovenian)	375	170	205
Ukrainian	2,140	935	1,205
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Celtic languages	20	15	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5
Welsh	15	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Germanic languages	5,945	2,690	3,255
Frisian	10	5	0
High German languages	4,330	1,945	2,385
German	3,585	1,605	1,980
Pennsylvania German	5	5	5
Swiss German	105	45	55
Yiddish	645	295	345
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,265	590	680
Afrikaans	165	80	85
Dutch	1,070	495	575
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	15	20
Scandinavian languages	330	145	185
Danish	175	80	95
Icelandic	10	5	10
Norwegian	35	15	20
Swedish	110	50	65
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Greek	6,400	3,080	3,320
Indo-Iranian languages	97,430	48,020	49,410
Indo-Aryan languages	43,960	21,700	22,260
Assamese	20	10	15
Bengali	1,665	855	810
Gujarati	8,780	4,240	4,535
Hindi	5,680	2,830	2,855
Kacchi	955	430	520
Kashmiri	55	30	25
Konkani	200	95	110
Marathi	560	285	275
Nepali	145	65	85
Oriya languages	75	35	35
Odia	45	20	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,720	4,880	4,845
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	175	90	85
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	975	475	500
Urdu	14,845	7,335	7,515
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	105	50	50
Iranian languages	53,450	26,305	27,145
Baluchi	80	45	40
Kurdish	1,090	585	505
Parsi	110	55	50
Pashto	650	340	315
Persian languages	51,400	25,230	26,175
Dari	4,570	2,195	2,375
Iranian Persian	41,150	20,235	20,920
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,685	2,800	2,880
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	115	55	65
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Italic (Romance) languages	76,095	36,000	40,095
Catalan	20	5	10
Italian	46,270	21,950	24,325
Portuguese	7,710	3,655	4,055
Romanian	5,990	2,845	3,145
Spanish	16,030	7,510	8,520
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	35	40
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Japanese	1,200	415	785
Korean	15,365	7,235	8,130
Mongolian	45	20	25
Niger-Congo languages	1,555	735	820
Akan (Twi)	355	165	195
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	40	20	25
Éwé	25	10	20
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	30	15	10
Ganda	35	15	10
Gikuyu	10	5	10
Igbo	155	65	85
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	25	10	15
Ndebele	20	10	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	5
Shona	50	20	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5
Swahili	260	125	135
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	400	195	200
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90	45	50
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	25	25
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Sign languages	115	60	50
American Sign Language	90	45	40
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	222,935	104,705	118,225
Chinese languages	222,660	104,570	118,090
Hakka	2,700	1,250	1,445
Mandarin	101,780	47,505	54,280
Min Dong	340	175	165
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,745	1,265	1,480
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,265	575	695
Yue (Cantonese)	112,890	53,355	59,540
Chinese, n.o.s.	865	410	455
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Tibeto-Burman languages	230	120	110
Burmese	170	85	85
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	40	25	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25
Tai-Kadai languages	870	365	505
Lao	605	290	320
Thai	240	65	175
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Turkic languages	5,175	2,655	2,520
Azerbaijani	895	470	420
Kazakh	15	5	10
Turkish	3,995	2,055	1,945
Uyghur	30	15	20
Uzbek	140	65	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45
Uralic languages	3,365	1,485	1,880
Estonian	255	100	155
Finnish	420	170	245
Hungarian	2,685	1,210	1,480
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Multiple responses	69,695	33,575	36,125
English and French	3,265	1,530	1,740
English and non-official language(s)	58,025	28,235	29,790
French and non-official language(s)	910	420	490
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,705	770	935
Multiple non-official languages	5,790	2,625	3,165
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,167,855	570,305	597,545
English	571,810	287,400	284,410
French	1,555	720	830
Non-official language	193,610	89,560	104,050
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	5
Non-Indigenous	193,605	89,555	104,050
English and French	8,225	3,595	4,630
English and non-official language(s)	363,315	176,105	187,220
French and non-official language(s)	350	145	205
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,335	4,760	6,580
Multiple non-official languages	17,650	8,015	9,630
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,167,855	570,305	597,545
Single responses	1,084,480	530,195	554,290
Official languages	724,775	360,315	364,460
English	722,180	359,105	363,070
French	2,600	1,210	1,390
Non-official languages	359,705	169,880	189,825
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	359,695	169,875	189,825
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,415	4,535	4,880
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	5
Hausa	5	0	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	50	25	25
Cushitic languages	150	65	85
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	5	5
Somali	140	60	80
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	9,215	4,450	4,765
Amharic	45	20	25
Arabic	4,750	2,265	2,480
Aramaic languages	1,690	785	900
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,230	565	665
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	415	200	215
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Harari	25	15	10
Hebrew	2,600	1,310	1,290
Maltese	35	15	25
Tigrigna	60	30	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,880	2,220	2,660
Khmer (Cambodian)	630	285	345
Vietnamese	4,250	1,935	2,315
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	7,550	3,310	4,235
Bikol	10	10	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65	30	35
Cebuano	150	70	85
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	100	45	55
Ilocano	480	220	260
Indonesian	265	125	140
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	15	15
Pangasinan	30	15	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,305	2,740	3,565
Waray-Waray	30	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	35	40
Creole languages	225	110	120
Haitian Creole	15	5	10
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	5	5	5
Morisyen	155	75	80
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	17,235	8,160	9,080
Kannada	150	75	80
Malayalam	1,005	505	500
Tamil	15,485	7,280	8,200
Telugu	585	290	300
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	230	135	95
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	127,620	60,500	67,125
Albanian	665	320	350
Armenian	1,630	755	875
Balto-Slavic languages	28,810	13,535	15,275
Baltic languages	130	70	65
Latvian	30	20	10
Lithuanian	100	50	50
Slavic languages	28,680	13,465	15,215
Belarusian	20	10	10
Bulgarian	305	145	165
Czech	70	40	35
Macedonian	825	375	445
Polish	1,265	620	650
Russian	24,175	11,360	12,815
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	965	455	510
Bosnian	60	25	35
Croatian	275	125	150
Serbian	605	295	315
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Slovak	75	35	45
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	35	35
Ukrainian	895	400	495
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Celtic languages	5	5	5
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	540	255	285
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	395	185	205
German	345	165	180
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	0
Yiddish	45	25	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	105	50	60
Afrikaans	50	20	25
Dutch	55	25	25
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	45	20	20
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	20	10	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	2,070	960	1,110
Indo-Iranian languages	64,985	31,600	33,380
Indo-Aryan languages	26,315	12,775	13,540
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	905	440	465
Gujarati	4,975	2,355	2,625
Hindi	3,110	1,520	1,590
Kacchi	355	155	200
Kashmiri	15	10	10
Konkani	45	20	20
Marathi	295	145	150
Nepali	95	40	55
Oriya languages	40	20	20
Odia	25	10	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,275	3,115	3,160
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	65	30	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	520	260	255
Urdu	9,560	4,635	4,930
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Iranian languages	38,655	18,820	19,840
Baluchi	45	25	25
Kurdish	690	350	345
Parsi	65	35	30
Pashto	385	185	205
Persian languages	37,405	18,195	19,210
Dari	2,795	1,350	1,440
Iranian Persian	30,310	14,750	15,565
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,305	2,095	2,205
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	28,885	13,050	15,835
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	14,255	6,065	8,185
Portuguese	3,015	1,465	1,550
Romanian	2,895	1,345	1,545
Spanish	8,690	4,155	4,530
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Japanese	595	255	335
Korean	11,345	5,375	5,970
Mongolian	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages	495	220	275
Akan (Twi)	155	55	95
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	5	10
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	15	10	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	45	15	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	5
Ndebele	5	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	60	25	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	165	75	90
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Sign languages	265	160	105
American Sign Language	210	130	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	174,880	82,490	92,385
Chinese languages	174,740	82,430	92,310
Hakka	1,175	545	630
Mandarin	83,265	39,640	43,625
Min Dong	190	90	105
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,315	610	705
Wu (Shanghainese)	810	385	420
Yue (Cantonese)	87,430	40,880	46,555
Chinese, n.o.s.	520	260	255
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	120	55	65
Burmese	85	40	45
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages	415	185	230
Lao	330	150	180
Thai	75	35	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Turkic languages	3,395	1,695	1,705
Azerbaijani	460	230	230
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	2,790	1,400	1,395
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	90	40	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Uralic languages	1,100	505	595
Estonian	50	20	30
Finnish	65	30	40
Hungarian	985	460	530
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Multiple responses	83,370	40,115	43,260
English and French	1,700	715	990
English and non-official language(s)	78,760	38,105	40,655
French and non-official language(s)	210	90	125
English, French and non-official language(s)	925	405	520
Multiple non-official languages	1,775	800	975
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,167,850	570,305	597,545
None	835,910	411,105	424,805
English	130,180	63,560	66,625
French	8,590	3,715	4,875
Non-official language	151,810	72,655	79,150
Indigenous³⁹	30	10	20
Non-Indigenous	151,780	72,645	79,130
English and French	1,640	740	900
English and non-official language(s)	18,980	9,090	9,885
French and non-official language(s)	5,470	2,215	3,260
English, French and non-official language(s)	325	140	185
Multiple non-official languages	14,945	7,080	7,865
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,165,615	569,515	596,100
Official languages	1,097,075	541,160	555,910
English	1,096,615	540,975	555,640
French	75,015	31,960	43,055
Non-official languages	709,835	338,025	371,810
Indigenous languages³⁹	150	65	80
Algonquian languages	105	50	55
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	10	15
Mi'kmaq	30	10	15
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	35	40
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	75	35	40
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	30	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	15	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	10	10
Inuinnaqtun	20	10	10
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	709,735	337,980	371,760
Afro-Asiatic languages	41,320	20,650	20,660
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	75	45	30
Hausa	75	45	30
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	320	160	160
Cushitic languages	585	255	330
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	10	10
Somali	580	255	320
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	40,655	20,340	20,320
Amharic	390	190	205
Arabic	18,620	9,380	9,245
Aramaic languages	3,755	1,845	1,910
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,715	1,325	1,390
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	960	475	485
Aramaic, n.o.s.	165	80	85
Harari	65	35	40
Hebrew	19,300	9,670	9,630
Maltese	405	155	250
Tigrigna	235	95	140
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	12,225	5,625	6,600
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,470	695	775
Vietnamese	10,840	4,955	5,885
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	22,145	8,450	13,695
Bikol	110	55	55
Bisaya, n.o.s.	255	95	155
Cebuano	705	290	415
Fijian	20	15	10
Hiligaynon	280	75	205
Ilocano	1,760	650	1,110
Indonesian	870	395	480
Kankanaey	30	10	15
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	520	210	310
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	200	65	135
Pangasinan	95	45	55
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20,220	7,600	12,615
Waray-Waray	180	70	105
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	430	160	270
Creole languages	1,565	720	840
Haitian Creole	160	55	100
Jamaican English Creole	110	60	50
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	645	310	340
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	460	210	245
Creole languages, n.i.e.	235	110	125
Dravidian languages	35,685	17,315	18,365
Kannada	820	440	375
Malayalam	2,850	1,460	1,390
Tamil	31,270	15,090	16,180
Telugu	2,130	1,085	1,045
Tulu	65	35	30
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Georgian	405	235	170
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	327,610	158,200	169,410
Albanian	1,985	1,020	965
Armenian	4,450	2,135	2,315
Balto-Slavic languages	60,980	28,615	32,360
Baltic languages	805	345	460
Latvian	335	140	190
Lithuanian	470	200	270
Slavic languages	60,570	28,460	32,115
Belarusian	280	115	165
Bulgarian	975	420	555
Czech	605	250	355
Macedonian	3,815	1,880	1,935
Polish	4,730	2,300	2,430
Russian	46,310	21,655	24,655
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,725	1,840	1,885
Bosnian	330	160	170
Croatian	1,840	925	920
Serbian	2,130	1,050	1,080
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35
Slovak	520	215	305
Slovene (Slovenian)	495	210	280
Ukrainian	5,790	2,700	3,095
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Celtic languages	125	85	40
Irish	55	40	15
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	10
Welsh	50	25	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Germanic languages	12,305	5,895	6,410
Frisian	30	20	0
High German languages	9,060	4,410	4,650
German	7,630	3,750	3,880
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	120	50	65
Yiddish	1,450	670	775
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,660	1,250	1,410
Afrikaans	1,035	535	500
Dutch	1,620	715	905
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	15
Scandinavian languages	860	375	490
Danish	355	170	185
Icelandic	40	15	25
Norwegian	140	75	65
Swedish	370	150	230
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	25	10
Greek	10,450	5,050	5,405
Indo-Iranian languages	131,060	65,255	65,805
Indo-Aryan languages	68,735	34,310	34,420
Assamese	40	15	20
Bengali	2,510	1,280	1,225
Gujarati	14,470	7,055	7,415
Hindi	26,785	13,405	13,385
Kacchi	2,115	1,005	1,110
Kashmiri	80	45	30
Konkani	450	205	245
Marathi	1,375	695	680
Nepali	250	115	145
Oriya languages	120	60	65
Odia	85	45	40
Oriya, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	18,215	9,440	8,770
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	360	165	190
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,135	1,110	1,025
Urdu	25,650	12,670	12,975
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	470	230	240
Iranian languages	63,750	31,660	32,095
Baluchi	90	50	40
Kurdish	1,600	885	720
Parsi	165	90	75
Pashto	1,645	835	815
Persian languages	61,625	30,565	31,060
Dari	5,735	2,765	2,970
Iranian Persian	50,645	25,185	25,455
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	6,015	2,990	3,025
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	140	75	75
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	125	70	55
Italic (Romance) languages	115,070	54,640	60,425
Catalan	30	10	20
Italian	72,450	34,230	38,220
Portuguese	11,145	5,380	5,765
Romanian	7,305	3,515	3,785
Spanish	28,935	13,720	15,215
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	170	65	100
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	130	75	60
Japanese	3,035	1,400	1,630
Korean	18,295	8,550	9,745
Mongolian	45	10	30
Niger-Congo languages	4,965	2,580	2,390
Akan (Twi)	650	305	350
Bamanankan	30	15	15
Edo	115	35	75
Éwé	40	25	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	85	40	45
Ganda	20	10	15
Gikuyu	10	0	10
Igbo	445	245	200
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10
Lingala	115	60	55
Luba-Kasai	25	10	15
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	35	20	20
Ndebele	30	20	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	15
Shona	150	75	70
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	0	20
Swahili	1,760	980	780
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	10	10
Yoruba	1,420	780	640
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	425	185	235
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	30	45
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	30	45
African, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Sign languages	825	370	460
American Sign Language	740	320	420
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	110	55	55
Sino-Tibetan languages	261,725	124,190	137,530
Chinese languages	261,505	124,090	137,410
Hakka	3,635	1,685	1,945
Mandarin	154,195	71,885	82,310
Min Dong	500	240	260
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,445	2,015	2,430
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,995	920	1,070
Yue (Cantonese)	146,300	69,055	77,245
Chinese, n.o.s.	950	510	440
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40
Tibeto-Burman languages	325	145	180
Burmese	250	115	140
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	40	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20
Tai-Kadai languages	1,440	655	785
Lao	1,085	540	545
Thai	490	175	315
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	75	30	50
Turkic languages	9,180	4,685	4,495
Azerbaijani	1,900	1,025	875
Kazakh	90	35	55
Turkish	7,505	3,820	3,685
Uyghur	40	15	30
Uzbek	210	105	105
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	245	105	140
Uralic languages	4,535	2,055	2,475
Estonian	310	145	165
Finnish	565	240	320
Hungarian	3,675	1,670	2,000
Other languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,165,615	569,515	596,095
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,875	2,820	3,050
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,415	2,620	2,795
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,225	1,580	1,655
Métis	2,080	990	1,090
Inuk (Inuit)	110	55	55
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	180	80	100
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	275	120	155
Non-Indigenous identity	1,159,740	566,690	593,050
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,165,615	569,515	596,095
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,970	905	1,065
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,163,640	568,610	595,035
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	391,035	...	...
Owner	321,375	...	...
Renter	69,640	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	20	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	391,035	...	...
Condominium	64,130	...	...
Not condominium	326,905	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	391,035	...	...
No bedrooms	1,360	...	...
1 bedroom	31,535	...	...
2 bedrooms	49,370	...	...
3 bedrooms	117,480	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	191,285	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	391,035	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	81,885	...	...
5 rooms	53,580	...	...
6 rooms	57,745	...	...
7 rooms	54,650	...	...
8 or more rooms	143,175	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	391,035	...	...
One person or fewer per room	380,375	...	...
More than one person per room	10,655	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	391,035	...	...
Suitable	369,250	...	...
Not suitable	21,785	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	391,035	...	...
1960 or before	20,470	...	...
1961 to 1980	50,350	...	...
1981 to 1990	70,890	...	...
1991 to 2000	72,400	...	...
2001 to 2005	52,635	...	...
2006 to 2010	46,470	...	...
2011 to 2015	39,325	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	38,495	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	391,035	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	378,195	...	...
Major repairs needed	12,840	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	391,035	...	...
One-maintainer household	158,950	...	...
Two-maintainer household	202,560	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	29,525	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	391,035	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,695	...	...
25 to 34 years	35,615	...	...
35 to 44 years	68,540	...	...
45 to 54 years	91,460	...	...
55 to 64 years	89,565	...	...
65 to 74 years	59,845	...	...
75 to 84 years	30,815	...	...
85 years and over	11,500	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	388,830	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	270,100	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	118,735	...	...
30% to less than 100%	101,570	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	391,035	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	141,630	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	107,950	...	...
Not suitable only	14,765	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,480	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	6,075	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	4,420	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	655	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	290	...	...
Acceptable housing	249,405	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	371,675	...	...
In core need	47,840	...	...
Not in core need	323,835	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	320,985	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	26.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,940	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,190	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,100,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,230,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	69,585	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	47.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,880	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,872	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	20	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	168	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	240	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,165,615	569,515	596,100
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,465	710	755
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,400	685	720
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,070	520	550
Métis single ancestry	285	145	145
Inuit single ancestry	45	20	20
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	60	25	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	20	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	0	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	6,610	3,200	3,410
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	6,475	3,120	3,350
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,540	2,170	2,370
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,860	900	960
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	55	25
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	130	75	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	120	70	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,157,540	565,605	591,930
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,165,610	569,515	596,100
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,030,990	506,800	524,190
Canadian citizens aged under 18	220,885	113,495	107,400
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	810,100	393,310	416,790
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	134,625	62,715	71,910
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,165,610	569,515	596,100
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	582,570	294,660	287,910
Immigrants⁸¹	557,025	261,900	295,125
Before 1980	95,400	45,210	50,195
1980 to 1990	74,120	36,315	37,805
1991 to 2000	143,595	68,410	75,185
2001 to 2010	132,280	60,865	71,415
2011 to 2021⁸²	111,630	51,100	60,530
2011 to 2015	58,135	26,715	31,425
2016 to 2021	53,490	24,390	29,105
Non-permanent residents⁸³	26,020	12,960	13,060
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	557,025	261,900	295,125
Under 5 years	42,930	21,850	21,085
5 to 14 years	89,845	44,985	44,860
15 to 24 years	109,955	50,255	59,700
25 to 44 years	251,420	116,340	135,085
45 years and over	62,870	28,475	34,390
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	557,025	261,900	295,125
Americas	44,005	19,945	24,060
Brazil	1,855	890	960
Colombia	2,135	985	1,150
El Salvador	1,120	570	555
Guyana	6,545	2,905	3,645
Haiti	165	65	100
Jamaica	8,545	3,775	4,770
Mexico	1,430	585	850
Peru	1,305	590	715
Trinidad and Tobago	3,890	1,740	2,155
United States of America	7,175	3,310	3,865
Other places of birth in Americas	9,830	4,525	5,300
Europe	108,480	51,265	57,215
Bosnia and Herzegovina	470	225	245
Croatia	865	440	425
France	925	440	485
Germany	3,175	1,505	1,670
Greece	3,805	1,820	1,985
Hungary	1,785	780	1,005
Italy	31,300	15,215	16,090
Netherlands	1,070	495	575
Poland	3,300	1,520	1,780
Portugal	4,420	2,135	2,280
Romania	5,710	2,780	2,925
Russian Federation	13,375	5,915	7,460
Serbia⁸⁶	980	485	490
Ukraine	10,185	4,665	5,520
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,645	6,100	6,550
Other places of birth in Europe	14,465	6,745	7,725
Africa	22,175	10,855	11,315
Algeria	135	60	75
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	280	165	120
Egypt	4,395	2,190	2,210
Eritrea	155	70	85
Ethiopia	320	150	170
Morocco	1,035	430	600
Nigeria	2,240	1,165	1,080
Somalia	440	195	250
South Africa, Republic of	3,510	1,705	1,800
Other places of birth in Africa	9,665	4,725	4,935
Asia	381,345	179,325	202,020
Afghanistan	4,255	2,015	2,235
Iran⁸⁸	43,705	21,855	21,850
Iraq	5,385	2,605	2,780
Lebanon	2,150	1,145	1,010
Syria⁸⁹	1,240	625	620
Turkey	3,265	1,670	1,590
China⁹⁰	122,725	55,990	66,740
Hong Kong⁹¹	52,795	24,950	27,850
Korea, South⁹²	13,255	6,275	6,975
Taiwan	4,440	2,040	2,395
Philippines	20,305	7,945	12,355
Viet Nam	11,695	5,345	6,350
Bangladesh	1,470	740	725
India	32,360	15,745	16,610
Pakistan	14,285	6,960	7,330
Sri Lanka	19,735	9,560	10,170
Other places of birth in Asia	28,295	13,870	14,425
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,020	510	510
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	53,490	24,390	29,100
Americas	3,565	1,700	1,870
Brazil	530	250	275
Colombia	175	90	85
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	430	225	205
Mexico	265	125	140
United States of America	1,205	610	600
Venezuela⁹⁵	205	70	135
Other places of birth in Americas	750	325	425
Europe	4,005	1,815	2,190
France	115	60	55
Germany	135	60	75
Ireland⁹⁶	105	65	40
Italy	155	75	80
Russian Federation	920	350	565
Ukraine	930	375	560
United Kingdom⁸⁷	435	275	165
Other places of birth in Europe	1,210	545	660
Africa	2,090	1,040	1,045
Algeria	40	15	20
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	25	20	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	0
Côte d'Ivoire	30	15	10
Egypt	425	205	220
Eritrea	40	25	20
Ethiopia	25	15	0
Morocco	30	0	25
Nigeria	825	420	410
Somalia	10	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	160	75	90
Sudan⁹⁷	95	60	35
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	350	160	190
Asia	43,685	19,760	23,920
Afghanistan	640	320	315
Bangladesh	180	90	85
China⁹⁰	18,800	8,030	10,775
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,455	630	825
India	5,050	2,550	2,500
Iran⁸⁸	5,295	2,570	2,720
Iraq	430	200	230
Israel	710	335	375
Japan	110	15	90
Jordan	70	45	30
Korea, South⁹²	1,010	405	605
Lebanon	135	75	60
Nepal	20	15	10
Pakistan	2,100	1,110	995
Philippines	2,865	1,115	1,755
Saudi Arabia	160	70	85
Sri Lanka	710	335	370
Syria⁸⁹	415	215	200
Turkey	1,115	555	560
United Arab Emirates	320	165	160
Viet Nam	475	170	310
Other places of birth in Asia	1,625	740	880
Oceania and other⁹³	150	75	80
Australia	110	60	45
Other places of birth⁹⁸	40	15	30
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,165,615	569,515	596,095
First generation¹⁰⁰	594,525	280,570	313,950
Second generation¹⁰¹	345,385	175,175	170,210
Third generation or more¹⁰²	225,710	113,770	111,940
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	461,625	216,690	244,935
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	263,555	130,480	133,075
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	104,450	67,205	37,245
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	159,105	63,275	95,830
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	132,090	51,680	80,415
Refugees¹⁰⁸	58,220	30,900	27,325
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	7,755	3,635	4,120
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	461,625	216,690	244,935
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	32,010	17,485	14,520
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	28,280	13,390	14,890
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	15,435	7,575	7,860
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	25,640	11,455	14,190
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,925	840	1,090
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	358,330	165,950	192,380
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,165,615	569,515	596,095
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	641,195	310,410	330,790
South Asian	127,960	63,610	64,350
Chinese	287,320	138,685	148,640
Black	32,845	15,650	17,195
Filipino	27,730	11,610	16,130
Arab	14,010	7,145	6,865
Latin American	17,285	8,295	8,990
Southeast Asian	15,390	7,210	8,180
West Asian	62,310	31,080	31,230
Korean	19,965	9,540	10,420
Japanese	2,390	1,085	1,305
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	10,640	5,105	5,540
Multiple visible minorities	23,345	11,405	11,940
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	524,420	259,105	265,310
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,165,615	569,515	596,100
Canadian	75,990	38,805	37,180
English	86,435	42,780	43,655
Irish	66,465	32,000	34,470
Scottish	65,430	32,075	33,355
French, n.o.s.¹²²	23,010	11,000	12,005
German	32,175	15,925	16,250
Chinese	263,900	126,965	136,930
Italian	145,695	73,205	72,490
Indian (India)	57,990	28,520	29,475
Ukrainian	21,095	10,100	10,990
Dutch	13,805	6,630	7,170
Polish	24,470	11,915	12,560
Québécois	625	315	320
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,030	10,535	10,495
Filipino	28,590	12,000	16,585
French Canadian	4,835	2,275	2,565
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	8,420	4,175	4,240
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,400	1,160	1,245
Métis	2,325	1,135	1,200
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	12,940	6,360	6,575
Russian	36,780	17,360	19,420
Norwegian	2,200	1,065	1,130
Welsh	6,560	3,170	3,390
Portuguese	18,480	9,110	9,365
American	5,995	2,990	3,015
Spanish	11,150	5,300	5,845
Swedish	2,105	950	1,160
Hungarian	8,515	4,240	4,275
Acadian	835	395	440
Pakistani	18,930	9,430	9,505
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	8,105	3,815	4,295
Jewish	38,670	19,505	19,160
Punjabi	5,740	3,050	2,695
Vietnamese	13,560	6,430	7,130
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,875	2,545	2,330
Greek	19,725	9,880	9,840
Jamaican	12,470	6,080	6,390
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	20,075	9,580	10,495
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	240	100	140
Korean	20,310	9,775	10,540
Romanian	9,755	4,785	4,975
Lebanese	3,615	1,895	1,720
Iranian	43,545	21,700	21,850
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	7,130	3,420	3,715
Danish	2,185	1,090	1,095
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	975	490	490
Sikh	3,210	1,620	1,595
Austrian	3,965	1,930	2,035
Belgian	1,180	595	585
Haitian	385	165	220
Hindu	9,960	5,050	4,905
Mexican	2,545	1,185	1,360
Mennonite	340	185	155
Swiss	1,785	820	965
Finnish	2,840	1,425	1,415
Sri Lankan	17,820	8,615	9,205
Croatian	3,440	1,845	1,600
Japanese	3,700	1,705	1,990
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	8,250	4,155	4,090
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	495	245	245
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,125	515	615
Muslim	5,085	2,525	2,565
Egyptian	6,115	3,145	2,970
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,525	1,685	1,840
Tamil	16,240	8,005	8,245
Icelandic	650	305	350
Colombian	2,860	1,430	1,435
Moroccan	2,375	1,055	1,315
Czech	1,675	800	880
Syrian	1,655	820	830
Guyanese	7,570	3,550	4,020
Afghan	7,140	3,505	3,635
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	3,155	1,555	1,595
Serbian	2,575	1,290	1,285
Ojibway	650	335	315
Newfoundlander	1,180	630	550
Hong Konger	20,810	10,260	10,550
Ontarian	2,035	1,015	1,020
Persian	16,745	8,475	8,280
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	4,020	1,950	2,070
Turkish	5,510	2,765	2,745
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	160	90	70
Bangladeshi	1,500	735	765
Algerian	165	80	85
Brazilian	2,355	1,170	1,185
Nigerian	2,055	1,010	1,045
Armenian	6,250	3,140	3,105
Slovak	1,300	655	645
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	3,940	1,975	1,965
Somali	715	330	385
Taiwanese	4,010	1,940	2,070
Iraqi	3,865	1,930	1,940
Salvadorean	1,325	610	715
African Caribbean	3,050	1,265	1,780
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	5,035	2,385	2,650
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	3,810	1,905	1,905
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,370	1,050	1,320
Algonquin	215	105	110
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	3,080	1,375	1,705
Lithuanian	2,760	1,385	1,380
South African	2,745	1,380	1,370
Australian	775	410	365
Palestinian	1,675	850	825
Chilean	1,120	575	540
Congolese	335	170	170
Nova Scotian	285	150	135
Ethiopian	405	225	180
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,770	880	890
Peruvian	1,370	650	720
Yoruba	1,020	545	475
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,080	995	1,085
Berber	165	75	90
Albanian	2,400	1,195	1,205
Maltese	2,230	1,060	1,165
Macedonian	6,050	3,115	2,935
Slovenian	1,695	845	850
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	635	345	295
New Brunswicker	250	135	110
Gujarati	2,560	1,260	1,310
Eritrean	195	90	110
African Canadian	805	365	440
Israeli	8,030	4,115	3,915
Mohawk	230	115	115
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	560	295	265
Bulgarian	1,445	670	765
Albertan	25	10	20
Ghanaian	830	385	450
Barbadian	1,340	640	700
African American	435	205	235
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	735	330	405
Tunisian	175	80	95
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,330	630	705
Cuban	835	360	470
Bosnian	405	205	200
Venezuelan	1,025	450	575
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	1,365	600	770
Bengali	570	305	265
Cameroonian	130	75	60
Guatemalan	405	220	185
Indonesian	1,000	460	540
Laotian	1,425	720	710
Ilocano	590	225	360
Northern Irish	845	415	425
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	375	205	170
British Columbian	40	25	20
Ecuadorian	2,715	1,345	1,370
Franco Ontarian	215	90	125
Argentinian	1,490	765	725
Estonian	1,080	515	565
Kurdish	1,665	890	770
Fijian	235	130	105
Jatt	460	225	235
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	415	210	205
Coptic	2,770	1,390	1,380
Thai	595	225	370
Dominican	600	280	325
Nepali	305	170	135
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	2,255	1,095	1,155
Igbo	495	240	255
Byelorussian	2,155	1,045	1,115
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	125	55	70
Abenaki	25	15	15
Moldovan	1,260	645	610
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	125	65	60
New Zealander	220	90	130
Sudanese	360	180	185
Breton	20	15	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	290	90	200
Malaysian	955	475	480
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	220	100	120
Huron (Wendat)	55	15	50
Saskatchewanian	40	25	15
Buddhist	1,870	870	1,000
Gaspesian	10	0	0
Norman	70	45	30
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,370	645	730
Ivorian	55	35	20
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70	35	35
Burundian	55	25	30
Tigrinya	70	40	30
Nicaraguan	385	180	205
Mauritian	570	310	255
Kenyan	775	405	370
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	450	210	240
Jordanian	415	200	210
Manitoban	55	20	35
Cape Bretoner	90	40	50
Rwandan	55	20	30
Grenadian	450	190	260
Malayali	465	230	235
Chaldean	1,025	510	510
Sinhalese	725	375	355
Mayan	185	110	75
Honduran	140	65	75
Cherokee	65	15	45
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	0	15
Indo-Caribbean	765	355	410
Flemish	60	20	40
United Empire Loyalist	315	145	170
Senegalese	30	20	15
Azerbaijani	2,010	1,045	960
Sicilian	645	320	325
Pashtun	355	185	175
Malay	260	130	130
Goan	845	430	415
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	45	15	30
Tibetan	55	30	25
Zimbabwean	215	105	110
Burmese	290	125	160
Mongolian	360	140	215
Azorean	235	110	125
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	755	350	400
Ugandan	205	80	125
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	915	420	490
Yemeni	290	125	165
Central African	55	25	30
Libyan	140	85	60
Basque	70	25	50
Uruguayan	495	230	260
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	130	80	50
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	130	55	75
Igorot	70	35	30
Fulani	10	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	40	25	15
St. Lucian	205	85	125
Prince Edward Islander	100	60	40
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	25	10	15
Telugu	340	180	155
Roma	170	90	80
Costa Rican	215	130	85
African Nova Scotian	55	20	40
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	345	150	195
Singaporean	370	155	205
Karen	10	10	0
Edo	165	65	100
Tajik	530	265	270
Amhara	45	20	25
Paraguayan	30	0	25
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,165,615	569,515	596,100
Buddhist	30,430	13,395	17,035
Christian	528,150	248,340	279,805
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	89,550	41,580	47,970
Anabaptist	695	320	375
Anglican	21,455	9,620	11,835
Baptist	10,015	4,495	5,520
Catholic	294,050	140,325	153,720
Christian Orthodox	48,965	23,365	25,595
Jehovah's Witness	2,475	995	1,475
Latter Day Saints	670	315	360
Lutheran	3,830	1,720	2,115
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,755	830	925
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	7,750	3,400	4,355
Presbyterian	10,850	5,075	5,770
Reformed	855	370	485
United Church	18,545	8,195	10,350
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	16,690	7,730	8,960
Hindu	58,140	28,675	29,460
Jewish	60,795	29,930	30,865
Muslim	91,465	45,105	46,360
Sikh	11,400	5,880	5,520
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	235	110	120
Other religions and spiritual traditions	6,775	3,140	3,640
No religion and secular perspectives	378,220	194,935	183,285
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,156,655	564,895	591,760
Non-movers	1,044,000	509,510	534,495
Movers	112,650	55,385	57,265
Non-migrants	52,725	25,870	26,850
Migrants	59,925	29,510	30,415
Internal migrants	47,890	23,625	24,265
Intraprovincial migrants	45,325	22,370	22,945
Interprovincial migrants	2,570	1,250	1,320
External migrants	12,035	5,890	6,150
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,113,580	542,670	570,910
Non-movers	744,615	362,310	382,310
Movers	368,965	180,360	188,600
Non-migrants	110,545	54,015	56,530
Migrants	258,415	126,345	132,070
Internal migrants	200,360	98,445	101,915
Intraprovincial migrants	188,795	92,685	96,110
Interprovincial migrants	11,560	5,760	5,800
External migrants	58,055	27,900	30,160
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	974,535	471,370	503,165
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	148,580	72,050	76,530
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	825,950	399,320	426,635
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	633,195	304,015	329,180
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	50,055	26,440	23,615
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	583,145	277,580	305,565
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	974,535	471,365	503,165
No certificate, diploma or degree	139,045	66,100	72,940
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	244,645	120,185	124,460
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	590,850	285,085	305,765
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	225,820	111,300	114,520
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	36,465	24,940	11,525
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	18,635	11,190	7,445
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	17,830	13,755	4,080
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	159,220	72,810	86,410
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,135	13,550	16,585
Bachelor's degree or higher	365,030	173,785	191,245
Bachelor's degree	244,695	113,125	131,575
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	24,240	11,100	13,140
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	9,850	4,875	4,970
Master's degree	76,695	38,740	37,955
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,550	5,950	3,600
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	633,195	304,020	329,180
No certificate, diploma or degree	44,795	23,350	21,450
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	125,850	62,945	62,905
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	462,550	217,730	244,825
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	167,620	81,335	86,290
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,020	16,285	7,735
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	11,910	6,970	4,935
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	12,110	9,310	2,795
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	121,645	55,365	66,280
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,955	9,680	12,270
Bachelor's degree or higher	294,930	136,390	158,540
Bachelor's degree	194,620	88,110	106,505
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	18,765	8,065	10,700
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	7,975	3,615	4,365
Master's degree	66,070	32,220	33,855
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	7,500	4,385	3,115
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	974,530	471,365	503,165
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	383,685	186,285	197,400
Education	30,795	5,790	25,000
13. Education	30,795	5,790	25,000
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	22,055	8,880	13,175
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,040	1,445	600
50. Visual and performing arts	20,010	7,440	12,575
Humanities	32,305	10,345	21,965
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	4,875	875	4,000
23. English language and literature/letters	7,740	1,700	6,040
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	10,130	3,175	6,955
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	610	180	425
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,815	1,045	775
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,215	1,385	825
54. History	3,530	1,810	1,720
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,390	165	1,220
Social and behavioural sciences and law	76,140	25,350	50,790
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	850	140	710
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	7,390	2,760	4,630
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,305	740	9,570
22. Legal professions and studies	12,765	4,415	8,355
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,515	480	1,035
42. Psychology	11,870	2,590	9,280
45. Social sciences	31,445	14,230	17,210
Business, management and public administration	151,555	67,645	83,910
30.16 Accounting and computer science	280	105	175
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,630	1,430	5,200
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	144,650	66,110	78,535
Physical and life sciences and technologies	30,850	13,965	16,880
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	12,365	4,675	7,690
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	8,100	3,535	4,565
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	690	260	435
40. Physical sciences	8,760	5,195	3,570
41. Science technologies/technicians	930	305	625
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	44,115	28,955	15,155
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	33,615	23,535	10,080
25. Library science	1,015	115	905
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,955	4,340	3,620
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,515	970	550
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	110,775	93,220	17,555
04. Architecture and related services	6,665	4,110	2,555
14. Engineering	55,345	43,235	12,110
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	18,965	16,695	2,270
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	15
46. Construction trades	13,005	12,820	190
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,710	11,515	200
48. Precision production	5,055	4,835	225
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,330	3,715	3,615
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,720	2,350	2,375
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,605	1,370	1,240
Health and related fields	63,220	16,890	46,335
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,530	3,500	3,035
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	54,245	12,165	42,080
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	165	60	105
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,280	1,165	1,115
Personal, protective and transportation services	21,565	10,270	11,295
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	13,195	3,885	9,315
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	35	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	75	75	0
43. Security and protective services	5,410	3,870	1,540
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,840	2,415	425
Other¹⁷⁹	145	55	90
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	633,200	304,015	329,175
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	170,645	86,290	84,355
Education	22,165	3,890	18,275
13. Education	22,165	3,890	18,275
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	17,270	6,825	10,445
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,515	1,055	460
50. Visual and performing arts	15,755	5,770	9,990
Humanities	24,420	7,475	16,950
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,880	560	3,325
23. English language and literature/letters	5,890	1,225	4,665
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,700	2,410	5,295
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	390	100	295
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,380	785	590
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,610	995	615
54. History	2,575	1,295	1,285
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	990	110	880
Social and behavioural sciences and law	60,800	19,370	41,430
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	745	135	610
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,930	2,090	3,840
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,755	435	7,315
22. Legal professions and studies	10,635	3,305	7,330
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,115	360	750
42. Psychology	9,230	1,935	7,300
45. Social sciences	25,390	11,105	14,280
Business, management and public administration	123,530	53,250	70,280
30.16 Accounting and computer science	205	75	125
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,180	1,020	4,160
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	118,140	52,155	65,985
Physical and life sciences and technologies	22,235	9,660	12,580
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	9,075	3,305	5,770
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,880	2,470	3,405
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	560	210	345
40. Physical sciences	6,095	3,480	2,615
41. Science technologies/technicians	630	195	435
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	37,960	24,835	13,120
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	29,760	20,665	9,095
25. Library science	655	75	580
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,255	3,280	2,970
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,285	815	470
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	83,965	69,395	14,570
04. Architecture and related services	5,240	3,160	2,080
14. Engineering	44,080	33,760	10,315
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	13,950	12,205	1,745
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	10
46. Construction trades	9,065	8,940	130
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,345	8,195	145
48. Precision production	3,275	3,130	145
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,590	2,700	2,885
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,540	1,665	1,875
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,045	1,035	1,010
Health and related fields	48,230	12,705	35,525
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,875	2,610	2,270
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	41,510	9,260	32,250
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	145	35	105
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,695	800	900
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,270	7,600	8,675
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,900	2,800	7,100
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	0
43. Security and protective services	4,365	3,090	1,275
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,945	1,650	290
Other¹⁷⁹	105	20	80
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	633,200	304,015	329,175
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	170,645	86,290	84,355
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	462,550	217,730	244,825
Location of study inside Canada	314,815	149,315	165,500
Same as province or territory of residence	297,495	140,890	156,605
Different than province or territory of residence	17,315	8,420	8,900
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	147,735	68,415	79,320
Americas	18,250	9,285	8,960
United States of America	12,245	6,550	5,700
Mexico	720	285	430
Cuba	175	105	70
Haiti	15	0	0
Jamaica	535	245	290
Brazil	950	445	510
Colombia	1,000	435	565
Peru	315	135	180
Venezuela⁹⁵	435	180	260
Other locations of study in Americas	1,860	905	955
Europe	27,170	13,410	13,765
Belgium	170	100	70
France	755	370	385
Germany	575	330	240
Netherlands	290	135	155
Switzerland	240	115	125
Hungary	280	140	145
Moldova¹⁸³	690	285	405
Poland	680	315	365
Romania	2,625	1,320	1,300
Russian Federation	5,725	2,575	3,150
Ukraine	3,870	1,715	2,160
Ireland⁹⁶	320	175	145
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,530	3,565	2,970
Bosnia and Herzegovina	150	70	75
Italy	565	320	240
Serbia⁸⁶	215	120	95
Other locations of study in Europe	3,495	1,765	1,730
Africa	4,605	2,205	2,400
Nigeria	850	425	425
Algeria	30	15	20
Morocco	95	25	70
Tunisia	20	10	10
Egypt	1,875	910	970
South Africa, Republic of	1,055	525	530
Other locations of study in Africa	680	295	380
Asia	95,840	42,680	53,160
Iran⁸⁸	16,150	7,520	8,630
Iraq	1,020	470	555
Israel	3,330	1,615	1,715
Lebanon	345	175	175
Syria⁸⁹	250	120	130
Turkey	935	515	420
China⁹⁰	30,350	13,855	16,500
Taiwan	845	315	530
Hong Kong⁹¹	5,065	2,165	2,900
Japan	700	235	470
Korea, South⁹²	4,170	1,680	2,490
Philippines	7,945	2,585	5,355
Viet Nam	470	200	270
Bangladesh	425	180	245
Sri Lanka	1,755	860	895
India	13,380	6,225	7,165
Pakistan	4,100	1,885	2,215
Other locations of study in Asia	4,595	2,095	2,500
Oceania	1,870	835	1,035
Australia	1,650	755	900
New Zealand	205	70	130
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	974,535	471,365	503,165
In the labour force	622,430	322,315	300,110
Employed	543,545	285,950	257,595
Unemployed	78,880	36,365	42,520
Not in the labour force	352,105	149,055	203,055
Participation rate	63.9	68.4	59.6
Employment rate	55.8	60.7	51.2
Unemployment rate	12.7	11.3	14.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	974,535	471,365	503,165
Did not work¹⁸⁶	360,365	154,655	205,710
Worked	614,170	316,715	297,455
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	337,020	186,605	150,420
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	277,150	130,110	147,040
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.5	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	622,430	322,315	300,110
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,570	9,305	10,265
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	602,855	313,010	289,840
Employee	484,680	237,560	247,125
Permanent position	408,290	203,300	204,990
Temporary position	76,395	34,260	42,135
Fixed term (1 year or more)	28,860	12,395	16,465
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	47,535	21,865	25,675
Self-employed¹⁹²	118,180	75,455	42,720
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	622,430	322,315	300,110
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,570	9,305	10,265
All occupations¹⁹¹	602,855	313,010	289,840
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	10,765	8,145	2,625
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	136,940	46,325	90,615
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	75,995	56,620	19,370
3 Health occupations	38,825	9,850	28,970
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	64,850	19,380	45,475
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	18,720	8,675	10,045
6 Sales and service occupations	146,300	71,105	75,190
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	80,230	73,110	7,125
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	6,590	5,130	1,460
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	23,640	14,670	8,975
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	622,430	322,315	300,110
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,570	9,305	10,265
All industries¹⁹¹	602,855	313,010	289,840
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,730	1,550	1,175
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	710	525	185
22 Utilities	3,530	2,400	1,125
23 Construction	48,365	39,955	8,410
31-33 Manufacturing	50,850	32,290	18,560
41 Wholesale trade	27,475	16,415	11,060
44-45 Retail trade	67,375	33,345	34,030
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	24,285	18,110	6,175
51 Information and cultural industries	15,025	8,810	6,215
52 Finance and insurance	52,005	24,775	27,235
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	20,370	10,420	9,950
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	75,610	43,660	31,945
55 Management of companies and enterprises	3,515	1,725	1,790
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	22,820	13,040	9,780
61 Educational services	44,470	12,400	32,070
62 Health care and social assistance	58,445	12,830	45,610
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,380	4,970	4,415
72 Accommodation and food services	28,975	14,030	14,940
81 Other services (except public administration)	23,520	10,500	13,020
91 Public administration	23,415	11,265	12,150
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	664,755	341,665	323,095
English	581,880	302,495	279,385
French	905	150	760
Non-official language	19,100	9,810	9,290
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	19,100	9,810	9,290
English and French	6,920	2,285	4,630
English and non-official language(s)	53,155	25,580	27,575
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	765	310	445
Multiple non-official languages	2,020	1,030	990
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	664,755	341,665	323,095
Single responses	651,530	335,540	315,990
Official languages	617,000	318,460	298,540
English	615,075	318,145	296,930
French	1,925	320	1,605
Non-official languages	34,530	17,075	17,455
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,530	17,075	17,455
Afro-Asiatic languages	285	125	165
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	285	125	165
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	125	75	50
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	140	45	100
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	300	125	175
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	15	25
Vietnamese	255	110	145
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	65	25	40
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55	20	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	520	235	285
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	510	230	280
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	10	0
Indo-European languages	4,915	2,460	2,460
Albanian	10	0	10
Armenian	40	20	20
Balto-Slavic languages	1,240	460	775
Baltic languages	10	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	0	0
Slavic languages	1,230	460	775
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	10	10	0
Polish	40	15	20
Russian	1,165	425	740
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	20	0	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	10	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	0
German	10	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	20	0	10
Indo-Iranian languages	2,495	1,365	1,125
Indo-Aryan languages	410	260	150
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	30	25	0
Hindi	55	25	30
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	160	105	50
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	170	100	65
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	2,085	1,115	975
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	2,075	1,095	975
Dari	75	35	35
Iranian Persian	1,775	920	860
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	215	145	75
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,090	580	510
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	295	115	180
Portuguese	215	160	55
Romanian	40	20	25
Spanish	540	295	245
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	110	60	60
Korean	1,325	590	735
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	15	10
American Sign Language	20	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	26,715	13,310	13,400
Chinese languages	26,690	13,300	13,395
Hakka	20	10	10
Mandarin	14,605	7,305	7,305
Min Dong	15	10	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	15	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	11,970	5,940	6,035
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	15	10	10
Lao	10	10	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	180	95	85
Azerbaijani	15	0	15
Turkish	160	90	70
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	35	15	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	0	15
Hungarian	25	15	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	13,225	6,125	7,105
English and French	1,285	400	880
English and non-official language(s)	11,565	5,550	6,015
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	25	20
Multiple non-official languages	325	150	180
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	664,755	341,665	323,095
None	612,640	317,425	295,220
English	11,765	5,285	6,485
French	4,785	1,775	3,010
Non-official language	26,385	13,160	13,225
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	26,385	13,160	13,225
English and French	10	0	10
English and non-official language(s)	2,965	1,270	1,695
French and non-official language(s)	540	220	320
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	5,660	2,525	3,135
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	543,545	285,955	257,590
Worked at home	196,435	93,735	102,700
Worked outside Canada	2,690	1,895	795
No fixed workplace address	60,195	45,635	14,560
Usual place of work	284,230	144,685	139,540
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	284,225	144,680	139,540
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	104,310	47,425	56,885
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	69,105	35,585	33,520
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	110,315	61,410	48,915
Commute to a different province or territory	495	270	225
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	344,425	190,320	154,105
Car, truck or van	305,790	174,100	131,695
Car, truck or van - as a driver	280,405	164,895	115,510
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,390	9,200	16,185
Public transit	21,070	8,635	12,435
Walked	8,445	3,450	5,000
Bicycle	1,030	820	210
Other method	8,085	3,325	4,760
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	344,425	190,320	154,105
Less than 15 minutes	68,045	31,060	36,985
15 to 29 minutes	109,220	57,590	51,635
30 to 44 minutes	91,785	54,545	37,235
45 to 59 minutes	37,475	23,410	14,070
60 minutes and over	37,895	23,715	14,185
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	344,425	190,320	154,105
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	20,235	15,650	4,590
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	48,840	32,265	16,575
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	76,625	41,580	35,040
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	81,965	40,140	41,825
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	72,375	35,925	36,450
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	44,375	24,760	19,620
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	242,070	124,450	117,620
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,805	9,400	9,405
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	223,265	115,050	108,210
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	185,945	95,660	90,285
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,495	7,715	7,775
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,975	4,825	5,150
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,515	2,890	2,625
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	170,450	87,945	82,505

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table