Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Halton, Regional municipality (RM)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	596,637	...	...
Population, 2016¹	548,435	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	214,322	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	208,601	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	617.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	965.71	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	596,640	290,330	306,310
0 to 14 years	111,035	56,690	54,345
0 to 4 years	29,670	15,005	14,670
5 to 9 years	37,840	19,295	18,550
10 to 14 years	43,520	22,395	21,125
15 to 64 years	390,115	191,470	198,640
15 to 19 years	41,775	21,560	20,215
20 to 24 years	34,055	17,685	16,370
25 to 29 years	29,450	15,090	14,360
30 to 34 years	33,595	15,920	17,675
35 to 39 years	40,335	18,820	21,510
40 to 44 years	44,490	20,765	23,730
45 to 49 years	46,775	22,720	24,055
50 to 54 years	44,580	21,975	22,610
55 to 59 years	40,950	20,300	20,650
60 to 64 years	34,115	16,645	17,470
65 years and over	95,485	42,170	53,325
65 to 69 years	26,945	12,470	14,475
70 to 74 years	24,390	10,910	13,480
75 to 79 years	18,210	8,230	9,980
80 to 84 years	12,710	5,585	7,130
85 years and over	13,230	4,975	8,255
85 to 89 years	8,175	3,300	4,875
90 to 94 years	3,905	1,365	2,535
95 to 99 years	1,035	285	745
100 years and over	115	20	95
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.6	19.5	17.7
15 to 64 years	65.4	65.9	64.8
65 years and over	16.0	14.5	17.4
85 years and over	2.2	1.7	2.7
Average age of the population	40.2	39.2	41.2
Median age of the population	40.8	40.0	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	208,600	...	...
Single-detached house	118,585	...	...
Semi-detached house	11,060	...	...
Row house	37,335	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,490	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,040	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	24,860	...	...
Other single-attached house	195	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	35	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	208,605	...	...
1 person	40,865	...	...
2 persons	60,995	...	...
3 persons	37,295	...	...
4 persons	44,665	...	...
5 or more persons	24,780	...	...
Number of persons in private households	589,770	287,490	302,280
Average household size	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	485,605	233,635	251,965
Married or living common-law	299,515	149,185	150,335
Married	269,295	134,095	135,195
Living common-law	30,215	15,085	15,135
Living common law - Never married	19,835	9,885	9,955
Living common law - Separated	1,655	885	775
Living common law - Divorced	7,880	3,925	3,955
Living common law - Widowed	845	395	450
Not married and not living common-law	186,090	84,455	101,630
Not married and not living common law - Never married	127,385	67,555	59,830
Not married and not living common law - Separated	11,385	4,485	6,905
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,705	7,730	15,975
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	23,610	4,685	18,925
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	169,665	...	...
2 persons	67,710	...	...
3 persons	38,970	...	...
4 persons	45,695	...	...
5 or more persons	17,295	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	169,665	...	...
Total couple families	146,545	...	...
Married couples	131,450	...	...
With children⁶	86,255	...	...
Without children	45,195	...	...
Common-law couples	15,100	...	...
With children⁶	5,890	...	...
Without children	9,210	...	...
Total one-parent families	23,120	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	18,295	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,830	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	589,770	287,490	302,280
Total - Persons in census families	525,955	261,350	264,600
Married spouses or common-law partners	293,090	146,440	146,655
Parents in one-parent families	23,120	4,825	18,290
Children⁶	209,740	110,085	99,660
In a two-parent family	173,770	90,805	82,965
In a one-parent family	35,975	19,280	16,690
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	63,815	26,140	37,680
Living alone	40,860	15,815	25,045
Living with other relatives⁷	12,105	4,350	7,760
Living with non-relatives only	10,845	5,975	4,875
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	208,600	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	147,045	...	...
Couple-family households	128,755	...	...
With children⁶	81,715	...	...
Without children	47,045	...	...
One-parent-family households	18,295	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	9,115	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,535	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,405	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,630	...	...
One-person households	40,860	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	478,785	230,820	247,955
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	456,660	219,840	236,815
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,400	58,000	42,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	456,985	220,000	236,980
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,000	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	421,455	206,870	214,585
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	55,600	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	346,710	177,130	169,585
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	57,600	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	401,010	189,235	211,775
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,360	4,040	8,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	35,575	14,245	21,325
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	125,120	59,600	65,525
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	478,780	230,820	247,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	456,660	219,725	236,935
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	71,600	87,800	56,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	456,995	219,865	237,130
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,750	65,900	46,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	421,675	206,700	214,975
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	68,800	86,100	52,250
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	346,710	176,675	170,040
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	69,200	84,400	53,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	401,085	188,965	212,120
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,180	7,880	10,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	35,580	13,835	21,740
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,860	5,795	7,540
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	125,030	59,270	65,760
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,950	8,710	9,160
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	478,785	230,820	247,965
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	178,055	99,295	78,760
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	82,000	91,000	73,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	105,700	121,700	85,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	126,170	56,490	69,675
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	19,000	15,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,200	41,960	27,880
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	88.8	92.2	83.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.4	77.2	67.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	11.3	7.7	16.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.9	2.9	5.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.4	2.7	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	478,780	230,825	247,960
Without total income	22,120	10,980	11,140
With total income	456,660	219,845	236,815
Under $10,000 (including loss)	44,895	18,575	26,325
$10,000 to $19,999	48,760	20,275	28,490
$20,000 to $29,999	56,505	23,415	33,090
$30,000 to $39,999	44,740	18,530	26,205
$40,000 to $49,999	39,385	16,910	22,475
$50,000 to $59,999	34,880	15,275	19,605
$60,000 to $69,999	30,170	14,240	15,930
$70,000 to $79,999	25,805	12,930	12,875
$80,000 to $89,999	21,960	11,600	10,365
$90,000 to $99,999	19,215	10,360	8,855
$100,000 and over	90,335	57,735	32,600
$100,000 to $149,999	53,005	31,065	21,940
$150,000 and over	37,335	26,670	10,665
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	478,780	230,825	247,960
Without after-tax income	21,800	10,820	10,975
With after-tax income	456,980	220,005	236,980
Under $10,000 (including loss)	47,395	19,425	27,970
$10,000 to $19,999	51,125	21,370	29,755
$20,000 to $29,999	63,150	26,135	37,015
$30,000 to $39,999	52,465	22,275	30,195
$40,000 to $49,999	47,560	20,850	26,710
$50,000 to $59,999	40,865	19,150	21,710
$60,000 to $69,999	33,345	16,940	16,400
$70,000 to $79,999	27,540	14,995	12,550
$80,000 to $89,999	24,780	12,975	11,805
$90,000 to $99,999	16,540	9,735	6,805
$100,000 and over	52,230	36,150	16,075
$100,000 to $124,999	23,045	14,985	8,055
$125,000 and over	29,190	21,170	8,025
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	478,780	230,825	247,960
Without employment income	132,070	53,700	78,375
With employment income	346,710	177,125	169,580
Under $5,000 (including loss)	49,890	23,640	26,245
$5,000 to $9,999	26,965	11,745	15,220
$10,000 to $19,999	33,755	15,010	18,750
$20,000 to $29,999	23,900	10,710	13,195
$30,000 to $39,999	22,025	9,650	12,370
$40,000 to $49,999	22,495	10,005	12,490
$50,000 to $59,999	22,325	10,320	12,005
$60,000 to $69,999	20,955	10,435	10,520
$70,000 to $79,999	18,060	9,305	8,755
$80,000 to $89,999	16,745	9,050	7,695
$90,000 to $99,999	16,190	8,565	7,620
$100,000 and over	73,410	48,690	24,720
$100,000 to $124,999	28,770	16,715	12,055
$125,000 and over	44,640	31,975	12,660
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	478,785	230,820	247,955
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	445,280	213,950	231,330
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	57,600	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	445,420	213,980	231,435
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	49,600	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	414,775	203,385	211,385
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,600	56,800	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	346,020	176,535	169,485
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	57,600	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	372,585	176,315	196,270
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,280	665	3,280
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	24,015	8,300	15,720
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,120	6,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	478,780	230,820	247,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	445,375	214,110	231,265
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,900	87,500	53,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	445,505	214,155	231,350
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,200	65,400	43,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	414,540	203,310	211,230
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,700	88,000	52,050
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	346,090	176,530	169,555
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,300	85,000	53,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	372,690	176,435	196,255
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,050	4,800	7,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	23,920	8,040	15,885
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,020	6,260	8,910
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	478,785	230,820	247,965
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	176,510	98,495	78,020
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	78,000	87,000	68,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	100,800	117,600	79,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	118,030	53,000	65,025
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	25,400	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	41,080	50,200	33,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.8	95.4	88.6
Employment income (%)	77.0	80.0	72.6
Government transfers (%)	7.2	4.5	11.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	208,605	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	40,860	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	167,740	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	208,600	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	156,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	122,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	40,900	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	70,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	167,705	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	178,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	208,605	...	...
Under $5,000	1,910	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	805	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,325	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,820	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,815	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,205	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,735	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,365	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,675	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,790	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	10,135	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	10,530	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	10,770	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	10,450	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,360	...	...
$100,000 and over	124,895	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	24,335	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	21,365	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	32,055	...	...
$200,000 and over	47,140	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	208,605	...	...
Under $5,000	2,385	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	855	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,380	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,980	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,085	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,740	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,425	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,155	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	5,945	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	12,545	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	12,980	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,040	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,350	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,705	...	...
$100,000 and over	107,380	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	28,675	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	23,065	...	...
$150,000 and over	55,645	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	164,935	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	47,810	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	92,335	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	170,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	21,095	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	51,710	21,785	29,920
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,000	53,600	47,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	46,400	42,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	164,830	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	178,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,690	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	149,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	116,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	92,485	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	209,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	160,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,965	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	107,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	51,800	21,490	30,305
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	65,200	72,900	59,650
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,550	57,250	49,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	589,770	287,490	302,280
0 to 17 years	136,980	70,045	66,935
0 to 5 years	36,800	18,615	18,185
18 to 64 years	362,120	176,695	185,425
65 years and over	90,670	40,750	49,915
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	39,630	18,015	21,620
0 to 17 years	10,590	5,330	5,265
0 to 5 years	2,715	1,390	1,325
18 to 64 years	21,615	10,040	11,580
65 years and over	7,420	2,645	4,775
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.7	6.3	7.2
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	7.6	7.9
0 to 5 years (%)	7.4	7.5	7.3
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	5.7	6.2
65 years and over (%)	8.2	6.5	9.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	589,770	287,490	302,280
0 to 17 years	136,980	70,045	66,940
0 to 5 years	36,800	18,615	18,185
18 to 64 years	362,120	176,690	185,430
65 years and over	90,665	40,755	49,915
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	22,640	10,910	11,730
0 to 17 years	5,690	2,890	2,800
0 to 5 years	1,310	680	630
18 to 64 years	14,450	7,025	7,425
65 years and over	2,495	995	1,505
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.8	3.8	3.9
0 to 17 years (%)	4.2	4.1	4.2
0 to 5 years (%)	3.6	3.7	3.5
18 to 64 years (%)	4.0	4.0	4.0
65 years and over (%)	2.8	2.4	3.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	589,770	287,490	302,280
In bottom half of the distribution	193,995	90,980	103,015
In bottom decile	34,910	16,310	18,595
In second decile	34,005	15,225	18,785
In third decile	37,165	17,290	19,870
In fourth decile	41,280	19,680	21,595
In fifth decile	46,640	22,470	24,175
In top half of the distribution	395,775	196,510	199,260
In sixth decile	52,630	25,545	27,085
In seventh decile	61,095	29,800	31,300
In eighth decile	71,815	35,535	36,285
In ninth decile	89,120	44,300	44,825
In top decile	121,110	61,340	59,775
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	589,770	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.376	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.451	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.318	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	591,845	288,245	303,600
English only	527,860	261,550	266,310
French only	360	140	220
English and French	54,205	22,975	31,230
Neither English nor French	9,420	3,585	5,835
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	591,845	288,245	303,600
English	569,530	278,940	290,590
French	8,435	3,710	4,725
English and French	4,695	2,120	2,580
Neither English nor French	9,180	3,475	5,700
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	591,845	288,245	303,600
Single responses	559,500	272,645	286,855
Official languages	394,260	194,500	199,760
English	386,360	191,030	195,335
French	7,895	3,475	4,425
Non-official languages	165,245	78,145	87,100
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	165,235	78,140	87,095
Afro-Asiatic languages	17,525	8,765	8,760
Berber languages	40	20	15
Kabyle	35	20	15
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	10
Hausa	10	0	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	75	35	35
Cushitic languages	165	75	95
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	5	10
Somali	145	65	80
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	17,230	8,625	8,610
Amharic	65	25	35
Arabic	16,080	8,070	8,010
Aramaic languages	635	310	325
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	345	175	175
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	230	105	125
Aramaic, n.o.s.	60	30	30
Harari	10	5	5
Hebrew	125	70	50
Maltese	265	115	150
Tigrigna	60	30	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,560	670	890
Khmer (Cambodian)	55	15	35
Vietnamese	1,505	655	855
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	6,555	2,620	3,930
Bikol	5	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	95	35	60
Cebuano	175	70	105
Fijian	5	5	5
Hiligaynon	85	35	50
Ilocano	295	120	170
Indonesian	295	135	160
Kankanaey	15	5	10
Kinaray-a	5	5	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	100	45	55
Pangasinan	15	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,375	2,130	3,250
Waray-Waray	15	5	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35
Creole languages	225	105	115
Haitian Creole	20	10	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	0	0	5
Morisyen	120	60	65
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	20	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Dravidian languages	4,810	2,405	2,405
Kannada	295	145	145
Malayalam	1,055	540	515
Tamil	2,175	1,070	1,105
Telugu	1,245	625	615
Tulu	30	15	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	101,935	48,595	53,340
Albanian	770	380	385
Armenian	305	140	155
Balto-Slavic languages	23,690	10,745	12,950
Baltic languages	475	190	290
Latvian	145	55	85
Lithuanian	335	130	200
Slavic languages	23,220	10,555	12,660
Belarusian	30	15	15
Bulgarian	540	265	280
Czech	515	225	295
Macedonian	680	330	350
Polish	7,975	3,570	4,405
Russian	3,920	1,700	2,220
Rusyn	5	0	5
Serbo-Croatian	6,870	3,295	3,570
Bosnian	370	185	185
Croatian	3,760	1,795	1,965
Serbian	2,670	1,280	1,390
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65	30	35
Slovak	620	265	350
Slovene (Slovenian)	340	140	200
Ukrainian	1,720	750	970
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Celtic languages	40	15	25
Irish	10	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	10
Welsh	20	5	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Germanic languages	6,005	2,700	3,310
Frisian	25	15	10
High German languages	3,220	1,410	1,815
German	3,125	1,355	1,765
Pennsylvania German	5	0	0
Swiss German	80	45	40
Yiddish	15	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,305	1,075	1,225
Afrikaans	525	255	265
Dutch	1,705	785	920
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	10	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	65	30	35
Scandinavian languages	445	195	250
Danish	240	100	135
Icelandic	15	10	5
Norwegian	60	25	35
Swedish	135	60	80
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Greek	1,380	680	705
Indo-Iranian languages	41,795	20,675	21,120
Indo-Aryan languages	37,245	18,430	18,815
Assamese	30	15	20
Bengali	1,205	600	595
Gujarati	2,475	1,200	1,275
Hindi	4,895	2,435	2,460
Kacchi	95	45	45
Kashmiri	65	30	35
Konkani	170	80	85
Marathi	570	265	305
Nepali	160	70	90
Oriya languages	85	40	45
Odia	50	25	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Punjabi (Panjabi)	7,590	3,740	3,850
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	350	195	160
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	560	265	295
Urdu	18,890	9,385	9,505
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	55	40
Iranian languages	4,545	2,245	2,300
Baluchi	10	5	5
Kurdish	150	80	70
Parsi	5	5	0
Pashto	695	340	350
Persian languages	3,685	1,810	1,870
Dari	1,135	555	585
Iranian Persian	2,235	1,110	1,130
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	310	150	155
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	27,940	13,265	14,675
Catalan	10	10	5
Italian	6,150	3,065	3,085
Portuguese	7,815	3,700	4,115
Romanian	2,160	995	1,160
Spanish	11,790	5,485	6,300
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	440	140	300
Korean	4,050	1,820	2,230
Mongolian	20	10	15
Niger-Congo languages	1,000	465	535
Akan (Twi)	195	90	110
Bamanankan	5	0	0
Edo	25	5	15
Éwé	20	5	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	15	10	5
Ganda	20	10	10
Gikuyu	30	10	15
Igbo	70	30	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	15	5	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5
Shona	50	20	30
Soninke	5	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	5
Swahili	90	40	45
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	0
Yoruba	300	145	150
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	55	65
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	165	85	85
American Sign Language	150	75	70
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,525	10,810	12,715
Chinese languages	23,435	10,770	12,665
Hakka	95	50	45
Mandarin	18,685	8,610	10,070
Min Dong	15	10	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	270	115	160
Wu (Shanghainese)	195	90	105
Yue (Cantonese)	4,080	1,855	2,220
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	35	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	35	50
Burmese	40	15	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	35	20	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tai-Kadai languages	205	70	140
Lao	60	25	30
Thai	140	40	100
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	1,485	770	715
Azerbaijani	40	15	25
Kazakh	15	10	5
Turkish	1,350	705	650
Uyghur	40	25	15
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Uralic languages	1,675	785	895
Estonian	130	65	60
Finnish	235	105	130
Hungarian	1,315	615	700
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Multiple responses	32,345	15,605	16,740
English and French	2,905	1,340	1,565
English and non-official language(s)	26,025	12,780	13,245
French and non-official language(s)	595	265	330
English, French and non-official language(s)	945	390	555
Multiple non-official languages	1,870	830	1,045
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	591,845	288,245	303,600
English	404,475	199,030	205,445
French	1,855	875	980
Non-official language	39,170	18,240	20,930
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0
Non-Indigenous	39,165	18,240	20,925
English and French	7,140	3,100	4,040
English and non-official language(s)	130,570	63,225	67,350
French and non-official language(s)	295	125	170
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,505	2,375	3,130
Multiple non-official languages	2,830	1,280	1,550
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	591,845	288,245	303,600
Single responses	557,445	271,485	285,955
Official languages	470,565	229,915	240,650
English	467,580	228,540	239,035
French	2,985	1,370	1,610
Non-official languages	86,885	41,575	45,305
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	86,880	41,570	45,305
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,415	4,600	4,820
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	5	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	35	15	20
Cushitic languages	75	25	45
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	60	20	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	9,300	4,550	4,750
Amharic	20	10	5
Arabic	8,775	4,300	4,475
Aramaic languages	390	185	205
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	195	95	95
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	155	70	85
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	50	30	25
Maltese	45	20	25
Tigrigna	20	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	780	365	420
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	10
Vietnamese	770	360	415
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,140	1,410	1,730
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	30	30
Cebuano	105	45	60
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	15	20
Ilocano	145	70	75
Indonesian	135	65	70
Kankanaey	5	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	25	20
Pangasinan	10	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,575	1,145	1,435
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Creole languages	150	75	75
Haitian Creole	0	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	100	55	45
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	2,755	1,345	1,410
Kannada	145	70	75
Malayalam	530	265	255
Tamil	1,330	645	685
Telugu	735	355	380
Tulu	20	5	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Georgian	5	0	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	48,690	23,390	25,300
Albanian	335	165	175
Armenian	95	40	55
Balto-Slavic languages	9,880	4,655	5,225
Baltic languages	120	55	60
Latvian	20	10	10
Lithuanian	100	45	55
Slavic languages	9,760	4,600	5,165
Belarusian	10	0	5
Bulgarian	240	120	115
Czech	100	45	55
Macedonian	295	150	145
Polish	3,125	1,460	1,665
Russian	2,510	1,155	1,355
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	2,675	1,280	1,395
Bosnian	145	75	65
Croatian	1,270	590	680
Serbian	1,245	605	640
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Slovak	190	95	95
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	25
Ukrainian	565	265	295
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	5
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Germanic languages	785	380	405
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	310	145	160
German	310	145	160
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	415	210	210
Afrikaans	275	140	135
Dutch	135	70	65
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30
Danish	15	10	5
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	10	5	0
Swedish	30	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Greek	330	160	170
Indo-Iranian languages	24,925	12,160	12,760
Indo-Aryan languages	22,270	10,890	11,380
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	690	335	355
Gujarati	1,355	655	705
Hindi	2,530	1,225	1,305
Kacchi	25	10	15
Kashmiri	5	5	5
Konkani	45	25	25
Marathi	335	160	180
Nepali	95	45	45
Oriya languages	35	15	20
Odia	20	10	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,790	2,360	2,430
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	220	115	110
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	295	140	150
Urdu	11,805	5,780	6,020
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Iranian languages	2,655	1,270	1,380
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	75	35	35
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	445	215	230
Persian languages	2,125	1,010	1,115
Dari	620	305	315
Iranian Persian	1,370	640	725
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	140	65	75
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,330	5,825	6,505
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,005	425	575
Portuguese	3,260	1,520	1,745
Romanian	995	470	525
Spanish	7,065	3,400	3,660
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	175	75	105
Korean	2,860	1,340	1,520
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	275	125	145
Akan (Twi)	85	40	45
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	5	5	0
Igbo	15	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	10	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	75	35	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	305	160	145
American Sign Language	265	145	120
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	16,945	8,015	8,930
Chinese languages	16,900	7,990	8,910
Hakka	15	5	5
Mandarin	14,480	6,840	7,640
Min Dong	10	5	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	40	50
Wu (Shanghainese)	165	80	80
Yue (Cantonese)	2,095	1,000	1,100
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	25	25
Burmese	30	15	15
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	40	35
Lao	10	5	5
Thai	55	30	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Turkic languages	880	435	435
Azerbaijani	20	10	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	820	410	410
Uyghur	25	15	10
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Uralic languages	405	195	205
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	55	30	25
Hungarian	335	160	180
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	34,405	16,760	17,640
English and French	1,515	670	845
English and non-official language(s)	31,780	15,610	16,170
French and non-official language(s)	140	55	85
English, French and non-official language(s)	565	250	310
Multiple non-official languages	405	170	230
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	591,845	288,245	303,600
None	474,035	232,065	241,970
English	40,570	19,845	20,725
French	6,130	2,625	3,510
Non-official language	56,965	26,985	29,975
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	10
Non-Indigenous	56,955	26,985	29,970
English and French	765	340	425
English and non-official language(s)	4,825	2,415	2,410
French and non-official language(s)	2,595	1,105	1,490
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	50	45
Multiple non-official languages	5,860	2,815	3,045
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	589,770	287,490	302,280
Official languages	580,365	283,815	296,550
English	580,050	283,705	296,345
French	54,190	22,945	31,240
Non-official languages	227,735	109,145	118,590
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	10	25
Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	227,700	109,135	118,565
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,815	13,555	13,260
Berber languages	35	20	15
Kabyle	35	20	15
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	75	40	40
Hausa	75	40	40
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	220	105	120
Cushitic languages	255	130	130
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	10	10
Somali	230	110	120
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	26,470	13,390	13,085
Amharic	145	70	75
Arabic	24,980	12,640	12,345
Aramaic languages	730	350	375
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	325	155	170
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	330	170	160
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	30	45
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	665	370	295
Maltese	405	185	220
Tigrigna	55	25	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,280	990	1,290
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	30	40
Vietnamese	2,210	955	1,250
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	9,110	3,595	5,520
Bikol	20	15	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	110	35	70
Cebuano	325	140	190
Fijian	15	0	10
Hiligaynon	170	55	115
Ilocano	520	190	330
Indonesian	365	160	210
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	15	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	0	0
Malay	200	75	115
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	190	85	110
Pangasinan	60	25	35
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,310	3,255	5,050
Waray-Waray	30	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	225	95	135
Creole languages	670	315	350
Haitian Creole	70	35	35
Jamaican English Creole	45	20	25
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	280	145	130
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	210	90	115
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55
Dravidian languages	7,865	3,970	3,890
Kannada	810	385	425
Malayalam	1,600	775	825
Tamil	4,060	2,040	2,025
Telugu	2,255	1,190	1,070
Tulu	90	45	45
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20
Georgian	25	15	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	146,460	71,115	75,340
Albanian	950	470	480
Armenian	360	130	225
Balto-Slavic languages	30,035	14,065	15,975
Baltic languages	615	225	390
Latvian	165	60	105
Lithuanian	460	170	285
Slavic languages	29,540	13,880	15,660
Belarusian	115	45	65
Bulgarian	775	410	360
Czech	770	360	410
Macedonian	955	460	485
Polish	10,390	4,740	5,650
Russian	5,715	2,635	3,085
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	9,720	4,770	4,945
Bosnian	825	435	395
Croatian	6,285	3,130	3,155
Serbian	3,805	1,850	1,960
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	70	35	35
Slovak	815	430	385
Slovene (Slovenian)	440	215	225
Ukrainian	2,705	1,205	1,500
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Celtic languages	180	65	115
Irish	80	30	50
Scottish Gaelic	45	10	30
Welsh	50	20	30
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Germanic languages	10,530	5,050	5,475
Frisian	45	40	0
High German languages	6,745	3,230	3,520
German	6,645	3,180	3,465
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	140	75	65
Yiddish	25	10	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,485	1,705	1,775
Afrikaans	1,215	625	590
Dutch	2,260	1,090	1,170
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	75	45	35
Scandinavian languages	715	340	375
Danish	290	145	140
Icelandic	20	15	0
Norwegian	115	55	60
Swedish	335	155	180
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Greek	2,260	1,125	1,140
Indo-Iranian languages	64,320	32,230	32,090
Indo-Aryan languages	59,290	29,705	29,585
Assamese	100	60	35
Bengali	1,820	925	890
Gujarati	4,160	2,020	2,140
Hindi	19,750	9,940	9,815
Kacchi	230	100	130
Kashmiri	105	60	45
Konkani	500	230	265
Marathi	1,385	695	690
Nepali	235	100	140
Oriya languages	170	80	90
Odia	80	45	35
Oriya, n.o.s.	90	40	55
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15,875	8,090	7,790
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	750	415	335
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,015	535	480
Urdu	30,880	15,520	15,365
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	395	220	175
Iranian languages	5,855	2,900	2,955
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	265	140	125
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	1,250	605	650
Persian languages	4,690	2,325	2,360
Dari	1,730	890	835
Iranian Persian	2,745	1,335	1,410
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	255	120	135
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	110	65	45
Italic (Romance) languages	41,135	19,525	21,605
Catalan	10	0	0
Italian	10,815	5,250	5,555
Portuguese	10,550	5,185	5,365
Romanian	2,510	1,160	1,350
Spanish	19,510	9,050	10,455
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	15	45
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Japanese	1,055	490	570
Korean	4,990	2,295	2,695
Mongolian	40	25	10
Niger-Congo languages	3,550	1,655	1,900
Akan (Twi)	430	195	230
Bamanankan	35	10	25
Edo	145	60	90
Éwé	10	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	40	25	10
Ganda	75	35	40
Gikuyu	80	35	45
Igbo	335	150	180
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	0	15
Lingala	150	75	80
Luba-Kasai	40	20	30
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	50	10	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	130	55	75
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	15	15
Swahili	620	280	345
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	15	15	0
Yoruba	1,420	710	710
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	450	220	220
Nilo-Saharan languages	115	40	75
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	95	40	65
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	940	360	585
American Sign Language	890	350	545
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	15	50
Sino-Tibetan languages	27,640	12,785	14,855
Chinese languages	27,535	12,740	14,795
Hakka	150	85	75
Mandarin	23,160	10,670	12,490
Min Dong	60	25	30
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	540	220	320
Wu (Shanghainese)	415	185	225
Yue (Cantonese)	6,130	2,815	3,315
Chinese, n.o.s.	120	50	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	125	50	75
Burmese	65	30	40
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	35	20	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	265	110	150
Lao	105	40	70
Thai	180	75	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Turkic languages	2,220	1,155	1,065
Azerbaijani	155	80	75
Kazakh	30	10	25
Turkish	2,065	1,075	990
Uyghur	50	30	20
Uzbek	40	15	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
Uralic languages	1,960	960	1,000
Estonian	155	70	85
Finnish	215	105	110
Hungarian	1,585	785	805
Other languages, n.i.e.	90	30	55
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	589,770	287,490	302,280
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,890	2,660	3,235
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,505	2,485	3,020
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,345	1,565	1,775
Métis	2,115	900	1,215
Inuk (Inuit)	50	15	30
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	100	25	70
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	285	145	140
Non-Indigenous identity	583,880	284,835	299,050
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	589,770	287,490	302,280
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,705	790	915
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	588,065	286,695	301,370
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	208,600	...	...
Owner	163,680	...	...
Renter	44,925	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	208,600	...	...
Condominium	37,105	...	...
Not condominium	171,500	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	208,600	...	...
No bedrooms	570	...	...
1 bedroom	16,250	...	...
2 bedrooms	34,415	...	...
3 bedrooms	76,270	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	81,100	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	208,600	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	40,460	...	...
5 rooms	27,655	...	...
6 rooms	31,210	...	...
7 rooms	29,220	...	...
8 or more rooms	80,060	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	208,600	...	...
One person or fewer per room	204,400	...	...
More than one person per room	4,200	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	208,600	...	...
Suitable	199,845	...	...
Not suitable	8,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	208,600	...	...
1960 or before	22,700	...	...
1961 to 1980	49,550	...	...
1981 to 1990	27,340	...	...
1991 to 2000	27,700	...	...
2001 to 2005	23,760	...	...
2006 to 2010	21,790	...	...
2011 to 2015	17,235	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	18,525	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	208,600	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	201,165	...	...
Major repairs needed	7,435	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	208,600	...	...
One-maintainer household	90,645	...	...
Two-maintainer household	109,460	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,495	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	208,600	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,430	...	...
25 to 34 years	19,390	...	...
35 to 44 years	41,665	...	...
45 to 54 years	50,090	...	...
55 to 64 years	42,585	...	...
65 to 74 years	28,380	...	...
75 to 84 years	18,140	...	...
85 years and over	6,920	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	207,675	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	157,395	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	50,280	...	...
30% to less than 100%	44,115	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	208,605	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	61,655	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	46,005	...	...
Not suitable only	6,255	...	...
Major repairs needed only	4,660	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,960	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,235	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	460	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...
Acceptable housing	146,945	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	201,510	...	...
In core need	18,170	...	...
Not in core need	183,340	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	163,520	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,000	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,156	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,148,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	44,915	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	44.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,800	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,904	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	589,770	287,490	302,280
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,295	580	715
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,250	565	685
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	945	450	495
Métis single ancestry	290	110	185
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	45	20	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	45	20	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,370	3,490	3,885
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,210	3,410	3,805
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,165	2,475	2,690
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,975	900	1,075
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	35	40
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	160	80	80
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	140	70	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	581,100	283,425	297,680
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	589,770	287,490	302,280
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	529,380	258,510	270,870
Canadian citizens aged under 18	124,775	63,570	61,205
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	404,610	194,940	209,665
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	60,390	28,985	31,410
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	589,770	287,490	302,280
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	379,020	187,255	191,765
Immigrants⁸¹	201,665	95,670	105,990
Before 1980	38,580	17,935	20,645
1980 to 1990	19,810	9,355	10,455
1991 to 2000	34,375	16,280	18,090
2001 to 2010	49,875	23,655	26,225
2011 to 2021⁸²	59,020	28,445	30,580
2011 to 2015	27,635	13,170	14,465
2016 to 2021	31,385	15,275	16,110
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,085	4,565	4,525
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	201,665	95,670	105,990
Under 5 years	22,530	11,070	11,460
5 to 14 years	38,850	19,575	19,280
15 to 24 years	33,025	14,335	18,690
25 to 44 years	89,830	42,455	47,375
45 years and over	17,425	8,235	9,190
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	201,665	95,670	105,990
Americas	25,545	11,540	14,005
Brazil	1,635	745	885
Colombia	2,435	1,055	1,380
El Salvador	355	140	210
Guyana	1,230	535	690
Haiti	60	40	20
Jamaica	3,135	1,435	1,705
Mexico	1,525	730	790
Peru	1,110	455	650
Trinidad and Tobago	2,030	860	1,165
United States of America	6,135	2,815	3,320
Other places of birth in Americas	5,900	2,710	3,190
Europe	57,085	26,920	30,165
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,560	780	785
Croatia	2,430	1,165	1,270
France	585	270	315
Germany	2,505	1,175	1,335
Greece	765	365	395
Hungary	780	370	405
Italy	3,550	1,920	1,635
Netherlands	1,565	805	765
Poland	6,525	2,785	3,745
Portugal	4,205	2,045	2,165
Romania	2,135	995	1,135
Russian Federation	1,735	750	980
Serbia⁸⁶	1,050	505	545
Ukraine	1,565	670	895
United Kingdom⁸⁷	18,945	8,880	10,065
Other places of birth in Europe	7,185	3,435	3,745
Africa	15,980	7,940	8,040
Algeria	150	65	90
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	170	80	85
Egypt	6,240	3,190	3,055
Eritrea	20	10	10
Ethiopia	125	65	60
Morocco	270	140	130
Nigeria	2,370	1,190	1,175
Somalia	145	65	75
South Africa, Republic of	2,325	1,130	1,190
Other places of birth in Africa	4,175	2,000	2,175
Asia	102,270	48,850	53,420
Afghanistan	1,450	700	745
Iran⁸⁸	2,335	1,160	1,175
Iraq	4,380	2,180	2,200
Lebanon	1,440	780	665
Syria⁸⁹	2,070	1,045	1,025
Turkey	1,015	555	465
China⁹⁰	17,135	7,805	9,335
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,900	900	1,000
Korea, South⁹²	3,665	1,655	2,010
Taiwan	615	275	340
Philippines	8,665	3,480	5,180
Viet Nam	1,855	780	1,075
Bangladesh	765	380	385
India	23,255	11,540	11,720
Pakistan	18,335	9,175	9,160
Sri Lanka	1,930	935	995
Other places of birth in Asia	11,455	5,500	5,950
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	780	425	355
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	31,390	15,275	16,110
Americas	3,855	1,865	1,990
Brazil	745	350	395
Colombia	330	170	165
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	160	85	70
Mexico	310	140	170
United States of America	1,285	655	625
Venezuela⁹⁵	415	170	245
Other places of birth in Americas	620	300	325
Europe	2,735	1,395	1,340
France	100	45	55
Germany	70	50	20
Ireland⁹⁶	85	60	25
Italy	100	70	30
Russian Federation	285	125	165
Ukraine	165	70	100
United Kingdom⁸⁷	935	495	440
Other places of birth in Europe	995	480	510
Africa	3,575	1,725	1,855
Algeria	30	10	15
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	20	10	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0	15
Côte d'Ivoire	35	20	15
Egypt	1,265	610	650
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	15	10	0
Morocco	35	20	20
Nigeria	1,095	520	580
Somalia	25	20	0
South Africa, Republic of	620	315	305
Sudan⁹⁷	75	40	40
Tunisia	20	0	20
Other places of birth in Africa	335	155	180
Asia	21,140	10,250	10,890
Afghanistan	245	125	125
Bangladesh	125	55	70
China⁹⁰	4,375	2,030	2,350
Hong Kong⁹¹	110	55	55
India	6,075	3,005	3,075
Iran⁸⁸	275	115	160
Iraq	885	470	420
Israel	75	30	45
Japan	40	0	35
Jordan	285	140	140
Korea, South⁹²	395	205	185
Lebanon	220	115	105
Nepal	15	10	0
Pakistan	2,585	1,325	1,255
Philippines	1,440	590	850
Saudi Arabia	580	315	270
Sri Lanka	110	55	60
Syria⁸⁹	1,280	615	660
Turkey	400	220	175
United Arab Emirates	720	380	335
Viet Nam	170	75	95
Other places of birth in Asia	740	320	415
Oceania and other⁹³	80	45	40
Australia	70	40	35
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	589,770	287,490	302,280
First generation¹⁰⁰	217,110	103,295	113,810
Second generation¹⁰¹	159,675	79,480	80,190
Third generation or more¹⁰²	212,990	104,710	108,275
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	163,085	77,735	85,350
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	105,125	52,990	52,140
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	38,690	25,980	12,715
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	66,435	27,010	39,430
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	38,955	15,210	23,745
Refugees¹⁰⁸	17,945	9,025	8,920
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,060	520	540
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	163,085	77,735	85,350
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	7,510	3,920	3,585
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	13,300	6,105	7,185
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,315	2,240	2,070
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	7,290	3,670	3,615
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	770	380	385
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	129,915	61,410	68,500
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	589,770	287,490	302,280
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	209,505	101,680	107,825
South Asian	81,245	40,750	40,495
Chinese	31,835	14,915	16,920
Black	20,430	9,765	10,660
Filipino	13,135	5,715	7,415
Arab	21,935	11,080	10,855
Latin American	11,495	5,330	6,165
Southeast Asian	4,160	1,920	2,235
West Asian	5,850	2,950	2,895
Korean	5,820	2,750	3,065
Japanese	1,675	810	860
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,590	1,735	1,860
Multiple visible minorities	8,350	3,965	4,390
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	380,265	185,810	194,455
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	589,770	287,490	302,280
Canadian	60,905	30,125	30,775
English	104,310	51,020	53,285
Irish	82,250	39,180	43,070
Scottish	83,820	40,640	43,180
French, n.o.s.¹²²	29,865	14,145	15,720
German	40,260	19,590	20,670
Chinese	32,910	15,310	17,600
Italian	43,970	22,295	21,675
Indian (India)	38,950	19,240	19,710
Ukrainian	18,075	8,605	9,470
Dutch	17,790	8,810	8,975
Polish	26,940	12,905	14,035
Québécois	705	350	355
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	26,525	12,560	13,965
Filipino	13,460	5,885	7,575
French Canadian	6,180	2,975	3,205
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,105	3,590	3,515
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,705	1,340	1,365
Métis	2,450	1,095	1,360
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,375	3,715	3,660
Russian	7,095	3,325	3,765
Norwegian	2,635	1,240	1,405
Welsh	8,825	4,060	4,770
Portuguese	19,165	9,450	9,715
American	6,695	3,140	3,560
Spanish	7,615	3,525	4,085
Swedish	2,680	1,215	1,460
Hungarian	6,910	3,405	3,505
Acadian	1,270	590	680
Pakistani	25,600	12,840	12,755
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,950	2,440	2,510
Jewish	2,915	1,450	1,465
Punjabi	5,700	2,890	2,810
Vietnamese	3,215	1,450	1,765
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	8,345	4,290	4,060
Greek	6,280	3,130	3,150
Jamaican	6,565	3,190	3,370
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	4,815	2,345	2,475
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	370	190	175
Korean	5,835	2,735	3,100
Romanian	4,005	1,940	2,070
Lebanese	3,540	1,745	1,795
Iranian	2,730	1,325	1,400
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,170	1,550	1,615
Danish	2,705	1,300	1,405
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	835	370	470
Sikh	2,660	1,315	1,345
Austrian	3,445	1,680	1,770
Belgian	1,820	915	905
Haitian	135	75	60
Hindu	5,395	2,825	2,565
Mexican	2,385	1,240	1,150
Mennonite	560	240	320
Swiss	2,025	1,060	965
Finnish	2,200	1,175	1,025
Sri Lankan	2,010	990	1,020
Croatian	9,480	4,675	4,805
Japanese	2,290	1,105	1,175
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	4,520	2,300	2,225
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	790	350	440
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,480	700	780
Muslim	4,490	2,260	2,235
Egyptian	8,135	4,225	3,910
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,445	1,205	1,240
Tamil	1,620	795	830
Icelandic	735	355	385
Colombian	2,940	1,380	1,560
Moroccan	325	155	170
Czech	2,005	945	1,065
Syrian	2,885	1,410	1,475
Guyanese	2,555	1,285	1,275
Afghan	2,810	1,400	1,410
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,405	670	740
Serbian	4,370	2,170	2,200
Ojibway	480	230	250
Newfoundlander	1,000	470	530
Hong Konger	835	415	415
Ontarian	2,055	1,050	1,005
Persian	1,685	860	825
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,935	1,405	1,530
Turkish	2,555	1,355	1,195
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	100	40	60
Bangladeshi	990	460	525
Algerian	200	95	105
Brazilian	1,925	885	1,030
Nigerian	1,670	805	865
Armenian	1,105	560	545
Slovak	2,035	1,025	1,010
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,190	585	605
Somali	340	155	185
Taiwanese	580	235	345
Iraqi	3,150	1,530	1,620
Salvadorean	470	190	280
African Caribbean	1,370	645	720
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,350	680	670
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,585	1,375	1,210
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,305	580	720
Algonquin	120	55	65
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,235	580	655
Lithuanian	1,635	745	895
South African	2,005	930	1,080
Australian	960	490	470
Palestinian	2,700	1,400	1,300
Chilean	565	230	330
Congolese	185	90	95
Nova Scotian	525	245	280
Ethiopian	215	120	95
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,085	490	590
Peruvian	1,365	610	750
Yoruba	1,485	710	775
Cambodian (Khmer)	115	50	65
Berber	85	55	30
Albanian	1,295	655	640
Maltese	2,875	1,415	1,460
Macedonian	1,825	880	945
Slovenian	2,065	1,020	1,050
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	530	235	300
New Brunswicker	325	105	215
Gujarati	1,075	525	545
Eritrean	40	25	15
African Canadian	525	215	310
Israeli	555	295	260
Mohawk	345	180	165
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	495	220	275
Bulgarian	1,020	530	485
Albertan	85	35	45
Ghanaian	655	330	325
Barbadian	870	405	465
African American	360	175	185
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	780	360	420
Tunisian	175	75	100
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	925	440	485
Cuban	675	310	365
Bosnian	1,250	610	635
Venezuelan	1,660	830	830
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	30	20	10
Latvian	700	320	380
Bengali	400	235	165
Cameroonian	85	35	50
Guatemalan	305	110	190
Indonesian	530	215	315
Laotian	305	120	185
Ilocano	350	165	180
Northern Irish	985	465	520
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	380	190	195
British Columbian	30	10	20
Ecuadorian	610	260	350
Franco Ontarian	275	105	165
Argentinian	695	325	360
Estonian	890	425	465
Kurdish	300	165	135
Fijian	115	35	80
Jatt	280	160	120
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	320	135	185
Coptic	2,265	1,130	1,130
Thai	270	100	175
Dominican	370	165	200
Nepali	275	145	135
Kabyle	35	15	15
Assyrian	395	170	225
Igbo	490	235	255
Byelorussian	480	220	260
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	25	15
Abenaki	40	20	25
Moldovan	155	60	90
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	115	75	40
New Zealander	345	190	160
Sudanese	370	155	215
Breton	35	10	20
Pennsylvania Dutch	300	110	190
Malaysian	395	175	220
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	170	75	95
Huron (Wendat)	80	35	45
Saskatchewanian	75	20	55
Buddhist	190	80	115
Gaspesian	40	15	25
Norman	70	50	25
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	280	115	165
Ivorian	35	20	15
Saulteaux	15	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	75	30	40
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	130	50	80
Mauritian	305	155	150
Kenyan	300	155	150
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	225	120	110
Jordanian	850	455	395
Manitoban	75	20	55
Cape Bretoner	125	55	70
Rwandan	20	10	10
Grenadian	335	185	145
Malayali	315	170	140
Chaldean	580	300	275
Sinhalese	505	285	225
Mayan	30	25	0
Honduran	90	55	35
Cherokee	90	30	55
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	25	30
Indo-Caribbean	325	150	175
Flemish	95	40	50
United Empire Loyalist	330	175	155
Senegalese	10	10	0
Azerbaijani	245	120	130
Sicilian	200	105	95
Pashtun	395	200	195
Malay	280	140	140
Goan	570	255	315
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	140	60	80
Tibetan	115	50	65
Zimbabwean	185	80	105
Burmese	230	110	120
Mongolian	140	70	70
Azorean	395	210	190
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	235	90	140
Ugandan	190	110	80
Oromo	15	10	10
Tanzanian	175	60	120
Yemeni	270	105	165
Central African	25	20	0
Libyan	80	35	45
Basque	55	40	20
Uruguayan	295	165	130
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	120	45	70
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	115	55	55
Igorot	90	30	60
Fulani	40	20	20
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	10	0	10
St. Lucian	130	70	60
Prince Edward Islander	140	50	90
Maliseet	35	15	20
Beninese	65	25	40
Telugu	365	195	170
Roma	95	45	50
Costa Rican	135	55	75
African Nova Scotian	65	35	30
Malagasy	10	0	10
Kashmiri	535	265	270
Singaporean	140	90	50
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	115	50	65
Tajik	60	25	35
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	20	10	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	589,770	287,490	302,280
Buddhist	4,535	2,005	2,525
Christian	320,535	149,745	170,790
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	40,580	18,905	21,680
Anabaptist	1,000	505	490
Anglican	25,365	11,575	13,790
Baptist	5,125	2,330	2,800
Catholic	173,300	82,230	91,070
Christian Orthodox	18,090	8,920	9,165
Jehovah's Witness	1,395	595	805
Latter Day Saints	365	165	200
Lutheran	3,675	1,625	2,050
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,060	480	580
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	5,205	2,295	2,915
Presbyterian	10,135	4,480	5,655
Reformed	1,775	890	890
United Church	22,105	9,545	12,565
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	11,360	5,220	6,135
Hindu	22,610	11,475	11,140
Jewish	2,560	1,270	1,290
Muslim	61,560	30,855	30,705
Sikh	10,615	5,145	5,470
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	35	10	30
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,785	1,145	1,645
No religion and secular perspectives	164,530	85,840	78,690
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	584,730	284,950	299,775
Non-movers	519,805	253,185	266,625
Movers	64,920	31,765	33,155
Non-migrants	26,300	12,690	13,610
Migrants	38,620	19,075	19,540
Internal migrants	32,885	16,090	16,800
Intraprovincial migrants	31,015	15,240	15,775
Interprovincial migrants	1,875	845	1,025
External migrants	5,735	2,990	2,740
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	560,180	272,655	287,525
Non-movers	347,450	169,235	178,215
Movers	212,740	103,420	109,310
Non-migrants	67,240	32,310	34,935
Migrants	145,495	71,115	74,380
Internal migrants	111,255	54,230	57,025
Intraprovincial migrants	102,690	49,950	52,735
Interprovincial migrants	8,560	4,280	4,280
External migrants	34,245	16,885	17,360
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	478,785	230,820	247,965
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	57,885	29,450	28,425
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	420,900	201,370	219,535
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	312,510	150,550	161,955
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,155	8,565	6,585
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	297,355	141,985	155,370
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	478,780	230,820	247,960
No certificate, diploma or degree	53,625	26,870	26,755
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	114,325	55,565	58,760
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	310,830	148,380	162,445
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	118,825	58,005	60,820
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,870	12,645	5,220
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,925	5,460	3,460
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,945	7,185	1,765
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	89,215	40,000	49,215
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,740	5,360	6,380
Bachelor's degree or higher	192,005	90,380	101,625
Bachelor's degree	124,745	56,565	68,180
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	11,810	5,140	6,670
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,155	2,340	2,815
Master's degree	45,005	23,115	21,885
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,285	3,210	2,075
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	312,505	150,550	161,960
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,870	7,235	5,635
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,425	28,610	26,815
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	244,215	114,705	129,510
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	86,160	42,190	43,970
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,430	8,205	3,225
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,550	3,460	2,085
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,885	4,740	1,145
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	66,660	30,435	36,230
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,065	3,550	4,515
Bachelor's degree or higher	158,060	72,515	85,545
Bachelor's degree	100,755	44,825	55,930
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,625	4,020	5,605
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,240	1,690	2,545
Master's degree	39,310	19,645	19,670
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,135	2,340	1,795
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	478,780	230,820	247,960
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	167,955	82,435	85,520
Education	16,835	3,065	13,765
13. Education	16,835	3,065	13,765
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	11,280	4,295	6,980
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,030	725	305
50. Visual and performing arts	10,250	3,575	6,680
Humanities	18,285	5,740	12,545
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,710	310	1,405
23. English language and literature/letters	4,790	1,060	3,730
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,950	1,825	4,120
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	495	145	350
38. Philosophy and religious studies	985	485	500
39. Theology and religious vocations	955	515	440
54. History	2,570	1,335	1,235
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	835	70	765
Social and behavioural sciences and law	44,170	15,190	28,980
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	365	70	295
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,435	2,045	3,390
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,455	350	5,100
22. Legal professions and studies	6,230	2,205	4,025
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,000	355	645
42. Psychology	7,010	1,530	5,480
45. Social sciences	18,675	8,635	10,045
Business, management and public administration	81,920	39,325	42,600
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	10	60
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,820	675	3,150
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	78,030	38,640	39,385
Physical and life sciences and technologies	14,645	6,710	7,940
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,945	2,290	3,655
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,880	1,525	2,355
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	280	55	225
40. Physical sciences	4,100	2,675	1,420
41. Science technologies/technicians	445	160	285
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,515	12,045	6,470
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	14,155	9,945	4,210
25. Library science	730	100	630
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,035	1,570	1,475
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	600	440	160
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	53,570	45,495	8,070
04. Architecture and related services	3,205	1,955	1,250
14. Engineering	24,190	18,845	5,350
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,855	9,735	1,125
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	5,650	5,515	135
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,235	6,125	110
48. Precision production	3,430	3,330	95
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,515	2,375	2,140
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,945	1,500	1,450
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,570	875	695
Health and related fields	35,505	8,210	27,290
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,425	2,200	2,220
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,625	5,285	24,340
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	15	85
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,345	705	640
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,490	5,905	5,585
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,505	1,375	4,140
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	55	45	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	50	0
43. Security and protective services	4,105	2,840	1,270
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,765	1,595	170
Other¹⁷⁹	100	30	70
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	312,510	150,555	161,960
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	68,290	35,850	32,445
Education	12,250	2,095	10,155
13. Education	12,250	2,095	10,155
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,675	3,200	5,475
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	775	525	250
50. Visual and performing arts	7,900	2,675	5,225
Humanities	13,625	4,150	9,475
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,305	215	1,095
23. English language and literature/letters	3,605	785	2,820
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,435	1,335	3,100
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	355	95	260
38. Philosophy and religious studies	735	340	395
39. Theology and religious vocations	640	380	260
54. History	1,925	960	965
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	625	50	575
Social and behavioural sciences and law	35,510	11,695	23,815
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300	50	245
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,545	1,625	2,920
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,280	235	4,045
22. Legal professions and studies	5,165	1,645	3,520
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	705	250	455
42. Psychology	5,560	1,165	4,390
45. Social sciences	14,960	6,720	8,240
Business, management and public administration	67,295	31,890	35,405
30.16 Accounting and computer science	50	0	50
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,095	475	2,620
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	64,150	31,415	32,735
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,985	4,765	6,220
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,585	1,740	2,845
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,035	1,165	1,870
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	245	55	190
40. Physical sciences	2,840	1,715	1,125
41. Science technologies/technicians	280	85	195
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	16,015	10,550	5,470
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,640	8,900	3,740
25. Library science	445	75	365
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,460	1,215	1,245
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	475	355	120
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	40,730	33,680	7,050
04. Architecture and related services	2,600	1,560	1,040
14. Engineering	19,695	14,805	4,895
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,930	7,030	900
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	3,950	3,850	105
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,365	4,300	65
48. Precision production	2,180	2,135	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,435	1,740	1,695
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,145	1,040	1,110
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,295	700	595
Health and related fields	26,775	6,380	20,395
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,370	1,660	1,710
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,225	4,190	18,035
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	90	0	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,095	525	570
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,830	4,525	4,300
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,160	1,015	3,150
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	25	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	3,320	2,300	1,025
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,290	1,165	130
Other¹⁷⁹	80	30	55
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	312,510	150,555	161,960
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	68,290	35,850	32,445
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	244,220	114,705	129,515
Location of study inside Canada	171,485	80,750	90,725
Same as province or territory of residence	157,740	74,000	83,740
Different than province or territory of residence	13,745	6,750	6,995
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	72,735	33,955	38,785
Americas	14,600	7,055	7,545
United States of America	9,050	4,685	4,360
Mexico	805	340	470
Cuba	125	70	60
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	310	125	190
Brazil	1,025	445	585
Colombia	855	335	515
Peru	370	135	235
Venezuela⁹⁵	930	400	535
Other locations of study in Americas	1,115	520	595
Europe	14,255	7,430	6,825
Belgium	115	60	55
France	440	255	185
Germany	410	210	200
Netherlands	230	125	95
Switzerland	135	70	65
Hungary	135	85	50
Moldova¹⁸³	75	30	45
Poland	1,220	505	715
Romania	1,020	485	535
Russian Federation	790	350	435
Ukraine	765	340	425
Ireland⁹⁶	385	225	155
United Kingdom⁸⁷	5,940	3,400	2,540
Bosnia and Herzegovina	220	110	115
Italy	160	85	75
Serbia⁸⁶	360	195	165
Other locations of study in Europe	1,860	895	970
Africa	5,620	2,740	2,880
Nigeria	805	385	425
Algeria	70	20	50
Morocco	65	30	35
Tunisia	45	0	45
Egypt	3,070	1,470	1,595
South Africa, Republic of	970	510	460
Other locations of study in Africa	600	330	275
Asia	36,875	16,065	20,810
Iran⁸⁸	655	275	380
Iraq	1,445	705	730
Israel	210	115	90
Lebanon	450	155	290
Syria⁸⁹	530	220	310
Turkey	490	255	235
China⁹⁰	6,890	3,060	3,835
Taiwan	110	45	65
Hong Kong⁹¹	155	40	115
Japan	225	75	150
Korea, South⁹²	1,430	505	920
Philippines	3,645	1,245	2,400
Viet Nam	125	55	75
Bangladesh	205	75	135
Sri Lanka	280	115	165
India	10,750	4,935	5,815
Pakistan	6,765	3,045	3,725
Other locations of study in Asia	2,505	1,130	1,380
Oceania	1,385	660	720
Australia	1,225	590	635
New Zealand	145	65	80
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	10	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	478,780	230,820	247,960
In the labour force	320,175	165,875	154,305
Employed	284,705	149,590	135,110
Unemployed	35,475	16,280	19,195
Not in the labour force	158,605	64,945	93,660
Participation rate	66.9	71.9	62.2
Employment rate	59.5	64.8	54.5
Unemployment rate	11.1	9.8	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	478,780	230,820	247,960
Did not work¹⁸⁶	160,020	66,600	93,420
Worked	318,760	164,220	154,545
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	183,530	102,890	80,640
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	135,230	61,335	73,900
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.6	42.7	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	320,180	165,870	154,305
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,495	3,975	4,515
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	311,685	161,900	149,790
Employee	261,100	130,750	130,350
Permanent position	223,755	113,830	109,925
Temporary position	37,340	16,920	20,425
Fixed term (1 year or more)	11,615	5,065	6,550
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	25,730	11,860	13,875
Self-employed¹⁹²	50,590	31,145	19,440
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	320,180	165,870	154,305
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,495	3,975	4,515
All occupations¹⁹¹	311,685	161,900	149,790
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	7,735	5,730	2,000
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	70,115	26,130	43,985
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	37,280	28,020	9,255
3 Health occupations	20,660	4,770	15,885
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	37,205	11,755	25,450
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	10,510	4,555	5,960
6 Sales and service occupations	75,535	36,320	39,215
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	38,430	34,375	4,055
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,790	2,680	1,105
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	10,425	7,555	2,865
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	320,180	165,870	154,305
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,495	3,975	4,515
All industries¹⁹¹	311,685	161,900	149,790
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,620	750	865
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	980	650	335
22 Utilities	2,210	1,605	610
23 Construction	18,920	15,965	2,950
31-33 Manufacturing	26,465	18,165	8,300
41 Wholesale trade	17,215	10,520	6,690
44-45 Retail trade	35,745	17,700	18,040
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	15,255	10,800	4,455
51 Information and cultural industries	8,190	5,110	3,080
52 Finance and insurance	25,890	13,475	12,415
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	7,820	3,925	3,895
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	39,395	22,965	16,435
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,275	1,105	1,170
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	11,515	6,560	4,955
61 Educational services	24,640	6,560	18,085
62 Health care and social assistance	31,090	6,395	24,695
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,280	2,660	2,620
72 Accommodation and food services	13,960	6,060	7,905
81 Other services (except public administration)	10,420	4,550	5,865
91 Public administration	12,800	6,365	6,430
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	339,980	174,690	165,285
English	320,095	165,415	154,685
French	715	135	575
Non-official language	1,900	1,010	895
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,900	1,010	895
English and French	6,000	2,280	3,720
English and non-official language(s)	10,820	5,660	5,165
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	410	170	240
Multiple non-official languages	30	20	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	339,980	174,690	165,285
Single responses	337,150	173,395	163,755
Official languages	333,385	171,485	161,900
English	331,930	171,185	160,745
French	1,455	295	1,155
Non-official languages	3,765	1,915	1,855
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,760	1,915	1,850
Afro-Asiatic languages	210	115	95
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	210	115	95
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	205	115	95
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	10	30
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	40	10	30
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	55	15	35
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	10	10	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	50	10	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,450	725	725
Albanian	30	20	15
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	260	125	135
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	260	125	135
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	10	10	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	80	40	40
Russian	85	35	50
Serbo-Croatian	55	30	25
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	35	20	10
Serbian	25	10	15
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	25	10	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	45	25	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	30	15	20
German	30	15	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	570	300	265
Indo-Aryan languages	530	285	245
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	10	10	0
Hindi	35	25	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	195	125	70
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	280	120	155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	35	20	20
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	35	15	20
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	35	15	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	555	260	295
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	10	0
Portuguese	180	95	85
Romanian	10	0	10
Spanish	350	150	195
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	10	35
Korean	230	115	115
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	120	45	70
American Sign Language	120	45	70
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,570	865	705
Chinese languages	1,570	865	705
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,430	770	660
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	140	95	45
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	10	20
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	30	10	20
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,830	1,295	1,530
English and French	845	235	610
English and non-official language(s)	1,950	1,050	905
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	0	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	339,980	174,690	165,285
None	325,285	167,715	157,560
English	2,425	965	1,455
French	4,475	1,910	2,570
Non-official language	6,405	3,355	3,055
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	6,405	3,355	3,050
English and French	30	10	15
English and non-official language(s)	140	75	70
French and non-official language(s)	310	135	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	910	535	380
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	284,705	149,595	135,110
Worked at home	110,750	53,905	56,840
Worked outside Canada	1,350	965	385
No fixed workplace address	25,820	19,110	6,710
Usual place of work	146,785	75,610	71,175
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	146,785	75,610	71,175
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	66,445	30,345	36,100
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	19,650	9,555	10,095
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	60,355	35,520	24,835
Commute to a different province or territory	335	185	150
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	172,605	94,720	77,885
Car, truck or van	153,240	85,585	67,655
Car, truck or van - as a driver	140,790	80,295	60,500
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,445	5,295	7,150
Public transit	8,045	3,775	4,270
Walked	5,840	2,685	3,150
Bicycle	835	615	215
Other method	4,650	2,060	2,590
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	172,605	94,720	77,885
Less than 15 minutes	48,740	22,760	25,980
15 to 29 minutes	52,635	27,115	25,515
30 to 44 minutes	38,870	24,125	14,745
45 to 59 minutes	16,715	10,445	6,270
60 minutes and over	15,650	10,275	5,375
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	172,605	94,720	77,885
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	11,295	8,665	2,630
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	26,125	17,050	9,080
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	42,315	22,670	19,645
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	40,960	19,235	21,725
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	26,975	13,160	13,820
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	24,925	13,945	10,990
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	139,890	71,550	68,340
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,035	6,065	5,980
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	127,850	65,490	62,365
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	107,715	55,305	52,410
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,835	4,945	4,895
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,575	2,755	2,820
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,265	2,190	2,075
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	97,875	50,365	47,515

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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