Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Waterloo, Regional municipality (RM)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	587,165	...	...
Population, 2016¹	535,154	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	233,253	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	222,426	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	428.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,370.07	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	587,165	292,390	294,775
0 to 14 years	101,370	52,085	49,285
0 to 4 years	31,580	16,115	15,465
5 to 9 years	34,215	17,635	16,575
10 to 14 years	35,575	18,335	17,240
15 to 64 years	394,500	199,145	195,355
15 to 19 years	35,700	18,345	17,360
20 to 24 years	42,630	22,655	19,970
25 to 29 years	45,960	24,395	21,565
30 to 34 years	43,680	21,980	21,700
35 to 39 years	41,465	20,655	20,805
40 to 44 years	38,015	18,720	19,295
45 to 49 years	37,015	18,215	18,805
50 to 54 years	37,140	18,365	18,775
55 to 59 years	38,645	19,110	19,535
60 to 64 years	34,250	16,710	17,545
65 years and over	91,295	41,160	50,130
65 to 69 years	28,280	13,330	14,945
70 to 74 years	23,690	11,025	12,660
75 to 79 years	16,380	7,510	8,870
80 to 84 years	11,250	5,025	6,225
85 years and over	11,695	4,270	7,430
85 to 89 years	7,025	2,840	4,190
90 to 94 years	3,540	1,200	2,345
95 to 99 years	1,020	225	795
100 years and over	115	10	100
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.3	17.8	16.7
15 to 64 years	67.2	68.1	66.3
65 years and over	15.5	14.1	17.0
85 years and over	2.0	1.5	2.5
Average age of the population	39.4	38.4	40.4
Median age of the population	38.0	36.4	39.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	222,425	...	...
Single-detached house	118,890	...	...
Semi-detached house	13,235	...	...
Row house	25,630	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,275	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	29,150	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,680	...	...
Other single-attached house	305	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	260	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	222,425	...	...
1 person	54,845	...	...
2 persons	73,200	...	...
3 persons	36,150	...	...
4 persons	35,775	...	...
5 or more persons	22,455	...	...
Number of persons in private households	579,380	289,270	290,115
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	485,795	240,305	245,490
Married or living common-law	278,045	139,000	139,040
Married	234,230	117,155	117,080
Living common-law	43,810	21,850	21,960
Living common law - Never married	31,860	16,025	15,830
Living common law - Separated	2,395	1,250	1,150
Living common law - Divorced	8,675	4,230	4,450
Living common law - Widowed	885	355	530
Not married and not living common-law	207,755	101,300	106,450
Not married and not living common law - Never married	145,320	80,755	64,565
Not married and not living common law - Separated	13,570	5,720	7,850
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	25,940	9,950	15,985
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	22,925	4,875	18,055
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	161,260	...	...
2 persons	76,600	...	...
3 persons	34,985	...	...
4 persons	34,125	...	...
5 or more persons	15,555	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	161,265	...	...
Total couple families	135,685	...	...
Married couples	113,790	...	...
With children⁶	66,030	...	...
Without children	47,765	...	...
Common-law couples	21,895	...	...
With children⁶	8,015	...	...
Without children	13,885	...	...
Total one-parent families	25,575	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	20,165	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	5,410	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	579,380	289,270	290,115
Total - Persons in census families	479,495	238,090	241,400
Married spouses or common-law partners	271,370	135,515	135,855
Parents in one-parent families	25,575	5,410	20,165
Children⁶	182,545	97,170	85,380
In a two-parent family	142,175	75,150	67,020
In a one-parent family	40,375	22,020	18,355
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	99,890	51,175	48,710
Living alone	54,845	25,975	28,870
Living with other relatives⁷	14,310	6,205	8,105
Living with non-relatives only	30,735	18,995	11,735
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	222,430	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	139,560	...	...
Couple-family households	119,870	...	...
With children⁶	65,765	...	...
Without children	54,105	...	...
One-parent-family households	19,690	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	7,470	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,495	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	7,180	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	11,875	...	...
One-person households	54,845	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	478,145	237,260	240,885
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	457,230	226,715	230,515
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,800	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	457,445	226,825	230,625
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,200	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	411,950	209,510	202,435
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	46,000	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	345,310	181,665	163,645
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	47,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	410,285	200,285	210,000
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,250	5,000	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	41,225	18,125	23,100
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	131,085	65,090	65,995
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	478,140	237,235	240,910
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	457,090	226,605	230,485
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,750	63,300	46,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	457,315	226,745	230,570
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	51,400	39,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	411,745	209,290	202,455
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,040	60,550	41,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	345,315	181,340	163,970
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,200	59,450	42,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	410,335	200,055	210,275
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,770	8,370	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	40,905	17,825	23,075
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,520	5,835	7,050
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	131,300	65,395	65,905
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,410	8,120	8,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	478,140	237,235	240,910
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	171,065	98,615	72,445
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	71,000	58,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,700	85,500	67,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	133,560	62,255	71,305
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,400	21,000	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,560	31,480	24,140
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	88.4	78.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	75.2	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.0	11.7	21.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.7	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.1	6.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.7	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	478,140	237,255	240,885
Without total income	20,910	10,540	10,370
With total income	457,230	226,710	230,520
Under $10,000 (including loss)	38,745	16,655	22,085
$10,000 to $19,999	53,085	22,225	30,860
$20,000 to $29,999	67,290	28,655	38,635
$30,000 to $39,999	56,395	24,960	31,430
$40,000 to $49,999	50,835	23,550	27,280
$50,000 to $59,999	43,830	21,620	22,210
$60,000 to $69,999	34,310	18,070	16,235
$70,000 to $79,999	26,085	15,095	10,985
$80,000 to $89,999	19,565	11,805	7,755
$90,000 to $99,999	15,530	9,535	5,990
$100,000 and over	51,575	34,530	17,050
$100,000 to $149,999	35,345	22,625	12,715
$150,000 and over	16,235	11,900	4,330
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	478,140	237,255	240,885
Without after-tax income	20,695	10,435	10,265
With after-tax income	457,445	226,825	230,620
Under $10,000 (including loss)	40,325	17,225	23,105
$10,000 to $19,999	55,260	23,220	32,040
$20,000 to $29,999	76,150	32,525	43,620
$30,000 to $39,999	67,555	30,780	36,775
$40,000 to $49,999	60,630	29,695	30,935
$50,000 to $59,999	46,970	24,660	22,305
$60,000 to $69,999	32,935	18,840	14,100
$70,000 to $79,999	23,275	14,245	9,025
$80,000 to $89,999	18,370	10,640	7,730
$90,000 to $99,999	10,845	7,045	3,800
$100,000 and over	25,130	17,940	7,190
$100,000 to $124,999	12,785	8,850	3,940
$125,000 and over	12,340	9,090	3,250
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	478,140	237,255	240,885
Without employment income	132,830	55,590	77,235
With employment income	345,315	181,670	163,650
Under $5,000 (including loss)	43,980	20,725	23,260
$5,000 to $9,999	26,640	11,655	14,980
$10,000 to $19,999	40,025	18,165	21,860
$20,000 to $29,999	30,375	14,130	16,250
$30,000 to $39,999	30,880	14,510	16,375
$40,000 to $49,999	32,025	15,670	16,360
$50,000 to $59,999	29,070	15,470	13,600
$60,000 to $69,999	24,020	13,505	10,520
$70,000 to $79,999	18,870	11,500	7,365
$80,000 to $89,999	15,195	9,595	5,600
$90,000 to $99,999	13,240	8,210	5,025
$100,000 and over	40,995	28,540	12,455
$100,000 to $124,999	20,285	13,075	7,210
$125,000 and over	20,710	15,460	5,250
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	478,145	237,260	240,885
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	447,055	221,330	225,725
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	47,200	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	447,145	221,350	225,795
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	42,000	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	405,690	205,860	199,835
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,800	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	343,965	180,195	163,770
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,000	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	384,170	186,570	197,595
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,640	820	4,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	30,230	12,480	17,750
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	4,960	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	478,140	237,235	240,910
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	447,300	221,275	226,025
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,100	61,000	43,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	447,395	221,295	226,105
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,240	49,360	37,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	405,845	205,760	200,090
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,040	60,700	41,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	344,300	180,085	164,215
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,040	59,600	41,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	384,265	186,330	197,935
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,700	5,375	7,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	30,280	12,305	17,970
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,460	6,155	8,350
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	478,140	237,235	240,910
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	169,810	97,960	71,840
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	67,500	54,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,900	80,900	61,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	124,885	58,070	66,810
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	27,400	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,920	38,160	28,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.0	92.6	84.0
Employment income (%)	75.4	79.6	69.8
Government transfers (%)	11.1	7.4	16.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	222,425	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	54,845	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	167,585	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	222,425	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	93,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	54,820	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	167,605	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	222,425	...	...
Under $5,000	2,495	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,060	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,195	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,455	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,145	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,435	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,925	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,830	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,300	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,635	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,115	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,065	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,515	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,790	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	13,265	...	...
$100,000 and over	101,205	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	28,660	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	21,715	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	26,510	...	...
$200,000 and over	24,315	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	222,425	...	...
Under $5,000	2,760	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,105	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,250	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,620	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,570	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,315	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,115	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,980	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,875	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,030	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	17,860	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,960	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	16,980	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	16,295	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	14,850	...	...
$100,000 and over	81,875	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	29,845	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	20,115	...	...
$150,000 and over	31,915	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	158,635	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	55,670	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	74,425	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	23,415	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	85,575	44,970	40,605
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	40,000	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,400	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	158,595	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,615	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	74,565	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	161,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,275	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	85,435	44,535	40,900
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,160	50,400	45,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,080	42,320	39,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	579,385	289,265	290,110
0 to 17 years	122,190	62,675	59,515
0 to 5 years	38,300	19,530	18,775
18 to 64 years	370,980	187,045	183,935
65 years and over	86,210	39,545	46,665
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	53,710	25,270	28,445
0 to 17 years	13,145	6,755	6,390
0 to 5 years	4,480	2,270	2,210
18 to 64 years	31,285	15,135	16,150
65 years and over	9,285	3,375	5,910
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.7	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.8	10.8	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7	11.6	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.4	8.1	8.8
65 years and over (%)	10.8	8.5	12.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	579,380	289,270	290,115
0 to 17 years	122,190	62,675	59,515
0 to 5 years	38,295	19,525	18,770
18 to 64 years	370,980	187,045	183,935
65 years and over	86,210	39,550	46,660
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	35,690	18,760	16,925
0 to 17 years	6,455	3,385	3,075
0 to 5 years	2,120	1,095	1,025
18 to 64 years	26,695	14,340	12,355
65 years and over	2,535	1,040	1,500
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.5	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3	5.4	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.5	5.6	5.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.2	7.7	6.7
65 years and over (%)	2.9	2.6	3.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	579,385	289,270	290,115
In bottom half of the distribution	271,515	133,055	138,460
In bottom decile	52,450	26,350	26,100
In second decile	52,050	24,295	27,750
In third decile	53,865	26,135	27,730
In fourth decile	54,950	27,250	27,700
In fifth decile	58,210	29,025	29,180
In top half of the distribution	307,865	156,215	151,655
In sixth decile	59,880	30,145	29,745
In seventh decile	61,840	31,180	30,655
In eighth decile	63,460	32,180	31,280
In ninth decile	63,970	32,720	31,250
In top decile	58,715	29,985	28,730
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	579,380	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.329	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.431	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.287	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	582,210	290,600	291,605
English only	534,055	269,995	264,060
French only	260	120	140
English and French	36,705	15,830	20,870
Neither English nor French	11,185	4,650	6,530
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	582,210	290,600	291,605
English	562,960	282,130	280,825
French	5,630	2,650	2,980
English and French	2,705	1,305	1,400
Neither English nor French	10,915	4,515	6,400
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	582,210	290,600	291,605
Single responses	559,980	279,405	280,575
Official languages	408,650	204,125	204,525
English	403,060	201,490	201,570
French	5,590	2,630	2,955
Non-official languages	151,325	75,280	76,050
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	15	15
Algonquian languages	20	5	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	151,300	75,260	76,035
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,235	8,320	7,915
Berber languages	10	10	5
Kabyle	10	10	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	5	5
Hausa	15	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	20	5	10
Cushitic languages	2,230	1,090	1,145
Bilen	570	300	270
Oromo	135	55	75
Somali	1,405	670	735
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120	65	60
Semitic languages	13,965	7,210	6,755
Amharic	1,070	505	570
Arabic	9,535	4,965	4,565
Aramaic languages	510	255	255
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	315	170	145
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	100	50	50
Aramaic, n.o.s.	105	40	65
Harari	30	10	15
Hebrew	150	85	60
Maltese	55	25	30
Tigrigna	2,605	1,350	1,250
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,080	1,905	2,175
Khmer (Cambodian)	255	110	145
Vietnamese	3,805	1,790	2,015
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10
Austronesian languages	3,420	1,435	1,985
Bikol	10	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	100	50	50
Cebuano	140	50	90
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	70	30	45
Ilocano	145	65	80
Indonesian	200	85	120
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	35	15	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10
Pangasinan	15	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,595	1,085	1,515
Waray-Waray	20	10	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Creole languages	280	135	145
Haitian Creole	50	25	25
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	15	10	10
Morisyen	55	25	30
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	45	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Dravidian languages	4,770	2,710	2,060
Kannada	195	110	90
Malayalam	2,030	1,185	845
Tamil	1,390	730	660
Telugu	1,115	670	445
Tulu	15	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Georgian	15	5	10
Hmong-Mien languages	430	210	225
Indo-European languages	98,925	49,350	49,580
Albanian	1,085	555	530
Armenian	655	315	335
Balto-Slavic languages	18,065	8,645	9,420
Baltic languages	155	75	80
Latvian	75	35	35
Lithuanian	85	35	50
Slavic languages	17,905	8,565	9,340
Belarusian	20	10	10
Bulgarian	180	85	95
Czech	590	255	330
Macedonian	245	120	125
Polish	4,915	2,275	2,640
Russian	2,295	1,085	1,210
Rusyn	140	75	65
Serbo-Croatian	7,875	3,905	3,965
Bosnian	650	320	330
Croatian	1,930	935	995
Serbian	5,175	2,590	2,585
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	115	55	65
Slovak	500	215	285
Slovene (Slovenian)	230	110	115
Ukrainian	920	425	495
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	25	15	10
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	5
Welsh	10	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Germanic languages	14,885	7,085	7,805
Frisian	25	15	15
High German languages	12,150	5,765	6,385
German	9,275	4,340	4,940
Pennsylvania German	2,785	1,380	1,400
Swiss German	90	35	45
Yiddish	10	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,490	1,195	1,295
Afrikaans	115	65	45
Dutch	1,755	820	935
Low German, n.o.s.	130	70	55
Low Saxon	30	15	15
Plautdietsch	410	205	205
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	20	35
Scandinavian languages	205	100	105
Danish	135	60	70
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	15	10	10
Swedish	50	25	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Greek	1,265	635	630
Indo-Iranian languages	36,180	19,275	16,905
Indo-Aryan languages	29,875	16,070	13,805
Assamese	10	0	5
Bengali	1,345	710	635
Gujarati	5,670	3,215	2,455
Hindi	4,120	2,280	1,840
Kacchi	130	60	70
Kashmiri	0	5	0
Konkani	55	30	25
Marathi	380	215	170
Nepali	910	460	450
Oriya languages	25	20	5
Odia	15	15	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,625	5,735	4,895
Rohingya	240	120	125
Sindhi	145	80	70
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	375	195	175
Urdu	5,755	2,905	2,850
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40
Iranian languages	6,295	3,205	3,100
Baluchi	20	15	10
Kurdish	755	385	365
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	1,120	575	545
Persian languages	4,355	2,200	2,155
Dari	1,595	770	825
Iranian Persian	2,260	1,175	1,085
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	505	255	250
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	26,755	12,825	13,930
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	1,655	865	790
Portuguese	9,955	4,670	5,280
Romanian	4,975	2,370	2,605
Spanish	10,155	4,915	5,240
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Japanese	475	180	290
Korean	2,680	1,240	1,440
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,160	590	570
Akan (Twi)	145	80	70
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	5	10
Éwé	15	10	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	20	10	15
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	80	50	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	25	30
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	0
Ndebele	25	10	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	15
Shona	120	55	65
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	10
Swahili	190	105	85
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	15	10	5
Yoruba	245	115	130
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70
Nilo-Saharan languages	320	140	180
Dinka	10	5	5
Nuer	115	50	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	185	80	110
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Sign languages	130	75	55
American Sign Language	115	60	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,750	6,675	7,075
Chinese languages	13,255	6,425	6,830
Hakka	40	15	25
Mandarin	10,415	5,050	5,365
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	200	100	105
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	30	25
Yue (Cantonese)	2,305	1,095	1,210
Chinese, n.o.s.	220	120	100
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	480	240	235
Burmese	115	60	55
Kuki-Chin languages	205	100	105
Karenic languages	110	60	50
S'gaw Karen	95	45	50
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5
Tibetan	15	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Tai-Kadai languages	1,010	460	555
Lao	885	425	460
Thai	125	35	95
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,890	1,000	890
Azerbaijani	100	65	35
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	1,700	895	800
Uyghur	35	10	20
Uzbek	20	10	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Uralic languages	1,680	815	865
Estonian	75	30	45
Finnish	110	60	50
Hungarian	1,500	730	770
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Multiple responses	22,230	11,200	11,030
English and French	2,145	1,010	1,140
English and non-official language(s)	17,500	8,910	8,585
French and non-official language(s)	320	160	160
English, French and non-official language(s)	420	215	205
Multiple non-official languages	1,845	910	935
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	582,210	290,600	291,605
English	421,735	211,000	210,740
French	990	440	550
Non-official language	44,740	21,970	22,765
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	44,740	21,975	22,765
English and French	4,975	2,145	2,820
English and non-official language(s)	103,235	51,925	51,310
French and non-official language(s)	155	70	90
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,905	1,320	1,590
Multiple non-official languages	3,470	1,730	1,745
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	582,210	290,600	291,605
Single responses	557,380	278,215	279,165
Official languages	469,090	234,075	235,020
English	467,460	233,320	234,145
French	1,630	755	875
Non-official languages	88,290	44,140	44,150
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	88,280	44,135	44,150
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,060	5,520	5,540
Berber languages	15	10	5
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	5
Hausa	10	0	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	5	10
Cushitic languages	1,550	750	795
Bilen	525	290	235
Oromo	80	30	55
Somali	875	400	475
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Semitic languages	9,480	4,755	4,725
Amharic	640	290	350
Arabic	6,290	3,175	3,110
Aramaic languages	375	180	190
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	215	115	105
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	75	40	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	30	50
Harari	25	10	15
Hebrew	65	35	30
Maltese	5	5	5
Tigrigna	2,080	1,055	1,020
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,725	1,295	1,425
Khmer (Cambodian)	140	65	80
Vietnamese	2,570	1,230	1,340
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	5
Austronesian languages	1,750	855	900
Bikol	0	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65	40	30
Cebuano	60	25	40
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	40	20	20
Ilocano	75	40	35
Indonesian	65	30	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,380	665	710
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Creole languages	125	55	70
Haitian Creole	20	10	10
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	15	5	10
Morisyen	20	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	15	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Dravidian languages	3,010	1,690	1,320
Kannada	80	45	40
Malayalam	1,400	805	605
Tamil	805	410	400
Telugu	700	430	275
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	180	90	95
Indo-European languages	54,590	27,395	27,195
Albanian	655	350	310
Armenian	440	210	225
Balto-Slavic languages	9,155	4,480	4,680
Baltic languages	15	5	5
Latvian	5	5	5
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	9,145	4,470	4,675
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	70	35	30
Czech	175	80	95
Macedonian	120	55	65
Polish	2,120	1,005	1,115
Russian	1,370	650	720
Rusyn	85	50	35
Serbo-Croatian	4,550	2,255	2,300
Bosnian	365	170	200
Croatian	765	365	400
Serbian	3,385	1,700	1,685
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Slovak	140	65	70
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	475	250	220
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	5,800	2,845	2,955
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	5,010	2,445	2,560
German	2,715	1,295	1,420
Pennsylvania German	2,270	1,145	1,125
Swiss German	25	10	15
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	760	390	375
Afrikaans	55	30	25
Dutch	370	180	190
Low German, n.o.s.	105	60	45
Low Saxon	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	225	115	110
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10
Danish	15	5	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	5	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Greek	450	205	240
Indo-Iranian languages	24,850	13,085	11,765
Indo-Aryan languages	20,540	10,940	9,595
Assamese	5	0	5
Bengali	785	385	395
Gujarati	3,755	2,065	1,690
Hindi	2,620	1,450	1,170
Kacchi	45	20	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	20	10	10
Marathi	180	95	85
Nepali	735	375	350
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,130	4,390	3,735
Rohingya	185	85	95
Sindhi	95	50	40
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	195	100	90
Urdu	3,760	1,890	1,870
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Iranian languages	4,310	2,140	2,165
Baluchi	15	10	10
Kurdish	435	210	225
Parsi	5	5	0
Pashto	810	405	405
Persian languages	3,020	1,500	1,515
Dari	1,045	505	535
Iranian Persian	1,585	805	790
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	390	200	190
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,230	6,215	7,010
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	335	145	190
Portuguese	4,645	2,140	2,510
Romanian	2,400	1,135	1,270
Spanish	5,835	2,790	3,040
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	240	115	125
Korean	2,035	940	1,095
Mongolian	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	405	215	195
Akan (Twi)	55	30	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	15	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	10	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	5
Shona	45	20	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	85	50	40
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	70	35	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	145	60	90
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	65	20	40
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	30	45
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	215	125	90
American Sign Language	190	110	75
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,460	4,660	4,800
Chinese languages	9,085	4,480	4,610
Hakka	15	5	5
Mandarin	7,635	3,770	3,870
Min Dong	0	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	20
Yue (Cantonese)	1,170	575	600
Chinese, n.o.s.	140	75	65
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	365	175	190
Burmese	95	45	50
Kuki-Chin languages	150	70	80
Karenic languages	100	50	50
S'gaw Karen	85	40	40
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Tibetan	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	500	225	280
Lao	455	210	250
Thai	45	15	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Turkic languages	1,285	655	630
Azerbaijani	50	25	20
Kazakh	5	5	0
Turkish	1,200	610	595
Uyghur	20	10	5
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Uralic languages	510	235	280
Estonian	0	0	5
Finnish	5	5	5
Hungarian	505	230	275
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Multiple responses	24,825	12,390	12,440
English and French	900	405	495
English and non-official language(s)	23,160	11,630	11,530
French and non-official language(s)	90	50	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130
Multiple non-official languages	435	195	235
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	582,205	290,600	291,605
None	487,540	243,400	244,140
English	34,855	17,645	17,210
French	4,285	1,785	2,495
Non-official language	43,105	21,340	21,770
Indigenous³⁹	60	20	45
Non-Indigenous	43,050	21,320	21,730
English and French	425	215	215
English and non-official language(s)	5,715	3,020	2,700
French and non-official language(s)	1,365	610	755
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	55	40
Multiple non-official languages	4,825	2,545	2,280
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	579,385	289,245	290,140
Official languages	568,185	284,655	283,530
English	567,990	284,575	283,415
French	36,570	15,625	20,950
Non-official languages	194,930	96,995	97,935
Indigenous languages³⁹	140	55	85
Algonquian languages	105	35	70
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	15	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	15	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	20
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	60	15	45
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	60	15	45
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	0	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	15	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	25	10	15
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	20	10	15
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	194,830	96,960	97,875
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,445	11,395	11,050
Berber languages	45	25	20
Kabyle	35	25	10
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	70	35	30
Hausa	70	35	30
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	75	25	50
Cushitic languages	2,930	1,360	1,570
Bilen	785	415	370
Oromo	250	85	160
Somali	1,715	755	965
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225	125	95
Semitic languages	20,275	10,395	9,880
Amharic	2,165	1,115	1,055
Arabic	14,700	7,640	7,065
Aramaic languages	750	360	390
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	565	280	285
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90	50	45
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110	45	70
Harari	55	20	35
Hebrew	685	420	265
Maltese	60	40	20
Tigrigna	3,960	2,005	1,950
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	95	60	35
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,485	2,520	2,960
Khmer (Cambodian)	360	160	200
Vietnamese	5,090	2,350	2,745
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	15	25
Austronesian languages	4,945	2,110	2,840
Bikol	20	10	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	125	60	60
Cebuano	300	100	205
Fijian	10	10	0
Hiligaynon	145	60	90
Ilocano	220	100	120
Indonesian	295	135	155
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	30	10	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	110	45	65
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	20
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,210	1,800	2,410
Waray-Waray	55	20	40
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	190	90	105
Creole languages	1,030	475	555
Haitian Creole	205	95	110
Jamaican English Creole	95	60	35
Krio	60	15	50
Morisyen	205	80	125
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	325	150	185
Creole languages, n.i.e.	215	100	110
Dravidian languages	6,815	3,995	2,820
Kannada	415	200	215
Malayalam	2,875	1,775	1,100
Tamil	2,705	1,500	1,200
Telugu	1,695	1,015	680
Tulu	10	10	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Georgian	30	25	0
Hmong-Mien languages	425	230	200
Indo-European languages	130,760	65,400	65,360
Albanian	1,265	650	615
Armenian	810	380	430
Balto-Slavic languages	22,110	10,705	11,410
Baltic languages	240	125	115
Latvian	120	70	40
Lithuanian	125	55	70
Slavic languages	21,910	10,590	11,315
Belarusian	95	45	50
Bulgarian	310	155	150
Czech	770	385	385
Macedonian	355	165	190
Polish	5,885	2,700	3,185
Russian	3,800	1,870	1,930
Rusyn	135	75	60
Serbo-Croatian	10,055	5,030	5,025
Bosnian	1,100	540	560
Croatian	3,435	1,705	1,730
Serbian	7,015	3,480	3,530
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150	80	75
Slovak	680	305	370
Slovene (Slovenian)	315	130	185
Ukrainian	1,615	760	855
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Celtic languages	125	50	75
Irish	40	10	30
Scottish Gaelic	30	10	15
Welsh	45	30	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20,125	9,610	10,515
Frisian	30	10	20
High German languages	16,870	8,075	8,795
German	13,955	6,610	7,345
Pennsylvania German	3,020	1,505	1,515
Swiss German	170	75	95
Yiddish	55	40	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,865	1,815	2,050
Afrikaans	285	155	135
Dutch	2,915	1,330	1,575
Low German, n.o.s.	50	20	30
Low Saxon	55	30	25
Plautdietsch	525	270	260
Vlaams (Flemish)	55	20	35
Scandinavian languages	485	230	255
Danish	245	90	155
Icelandic	10	0	10
Norwegian	80	55	25
Swedish	160	95	65
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,950	940	1,010
Indo-Iranian languages	49,170	26,255	22,920
Indo-Aryan languages	42,590	22,980	19,615
Assamese	20	0	10
Bengali	1,925	1,000	925
Gujarati	7,870	4,435	3,435
Hindi	19,095	10,470	8,630
Kacchi	280	145	135
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	125	60	65
Marathi	840	440	395
Nepali	990	540	445
Oriya languages	45	20	20
Odia	20	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,175	8,945	7,230
Rohingya	310	125	190
Sindhi	180	85	95
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	585	315	270
Urdu	10,680	5,445	5,235
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	185	90	90
Iranian languages	7,625	3,800	3,825
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,105	565	535
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	1,475	740	735
Persian languages	5,415	2,700	2,715
Dari	1,925	950	975
Iranian Persian	3,030	1,510	1,515
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	555	285	260
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	25	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10
Italic (Romance) languages	38,675	18,495	20,180
Catalan	35	30	0
Italian	3,495	1,790	1,705
Portuguese	13,065	6,255	6,810
Romanian	6,235	2,975	3,260
Spanish	17,295	8,205	9,090
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	20	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Japanese	1,275	625	650
Korean	2,905	1,370	1,535
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	3,040	1,510	1,525
Akan (Twi)	315	155	155
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	60	15	45
Éwé	45	15	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	10	0
Ga	75	40	40
Ganda	25	10	15
Gikuyu	10	0	10
Igbo	410	215	195
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20
Lingala	80	50	30
Luba-Kasai	25	10	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	90	45	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10
Shona	225	100	125
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	0	10
Swahili	655	360	295
Wojenaka	10	0	0
Wolof	45	25	20
Yoruba	880	455	425
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	480	205	280
Nilo-Saharan languages	550	230	315
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	245	110	135
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	295	105	185
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20
Sign languages	990	415	575
American Sign Language	865	365	500
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140	45	95
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,990	7,885	8,105
Chinese languages	15,460	7,625	7,835
Hakka	40	15	25
Mandarin	12,735	6,300	6,440
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	430	200	230
Wu (Shanghainese)	100	50	45
Yue (Cantonese)	3,585	1,715	1,870
Chinese, n.o.s.	230	135	95
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	535	260	275
Burmese	300	150	150
Kuki-Chin languages	250	120	125
Karenic languages	65	25	30
S'gaw Karen	60	25	35
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
Tai-Kadai languages	1,485	680	805
Lao	1,325	625	705
Thai	300	105	195
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	2,775	1,425	1,350
Azerbaijani	270	125	140
Kazakh	25	15	0
Turkish	2,470	1,295	1,175
Uyghur	50	20	25
Uzbek	35	20	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	25	40
Uralic languages	2,100	985	1,115
Estonian	110	45	65
Finnish	105	60	45
Hungarian	1,880	875	1,005
Other languages, n.i.e.	125	55	70
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	579,380	289,240	290,140
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	9,960	4,560	5,400
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	9,315	4,300	5,015
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,750	2,650	3,100
Métis	3,380	1,555	1,820
Inuk (Inuit)	185	100	95
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	360	150	215
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	285	115	175
Non-Indigenous identity	569,425	284,685	284,740
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	579,380	289,240	290,140
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,615	1,155	1,465
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	576,765	288,085	288,675
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	222,425	...	...
Owner	144,515	...	...
Renter	77,910	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	222,425	...	...
Condominium	30,500	...	...
Not condominium	191,925	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	222,425	...	...
No bedrooms	1,005	...	...
1 bedroom	26,190	...	...
2 bedrooms	48,570	...	...
3 bedrooms	91,120	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	55,540	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	222,425	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	57,935	...	...
5 rooms	32,445	...	...
6 rooms	35,105	...	...
7 rooms	29,150	...	...
8 or more rooms	67,790	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	222,425	...	...
One person or fewer per room	216,430	...	...
More than one person per room	5,995	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	222,425	...	...
Suitable	209,150	...	...
Not suitable	13,275	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	222,425	...	...
1960 or before	40,845	...	...
1961 to 1980	58,570	...	...
1981 to 1990	30,460	...	...
1991 to 2000	28,485	...	...
2001 to 2005	18,555	...	...
2006 to 2010	14,935	...	...
2011 to 2015	13,030	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	17,550	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	222,425	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	212,425	...	...
Major repairs needed	10,000	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	222,425	...	...
One-maintainer household	102,745	...	...
Two-maintainer household	107,080	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	12,605	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	222,425	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,980	...	...
25 to 34 years	36,370	...	...
35 to 44 years	41,490	...	...
45 to 54 years	41,700	...	...
55 to 64 years	42,160	...	...
65 to 74 years	30,055	...	...
75 to 84 years	16,695	...	...
85 years and over	5,975	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	220,640	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	172,450	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	48,190	...	...
30% to less than 100%	43,455	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	222,425	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	65,520	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	43,125	...	...
Not suitable only	9,975	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,625	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,410	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,490	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	730	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...
Acceptable housing	156,910	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	215,910	...	...
In core need	19,355	...	...
Not in core need	196,550	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	143,655	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,530	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,610	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	733,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	77,875	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	18.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	579,380	289,240	290,140
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,625	1,260	1,370
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,515	1,205	1,315
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,855	875	975
Métis single ancestry	560	265	290
Inuit single ancestry	100	55	45
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	110	55	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	75	30	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,935	5,435	6,500
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	11,665	5,315	6,345
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,800	4,000	4,795
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,650	1,225	1,430
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	210	90	120
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	275	120	150
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	100	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	25
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	564,820	282,550	282,275
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	579,385	289,240	290,140
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	513,965	255,165	258,805
Canadian citizens aged under 18	113,465	58,455	55,010
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	400,505	196,710	203,795
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	65,415	34,080	31,340
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	579,385	289,240	290,140
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	409,920	204,155	205,770
Immigrants⁸¹	147,190	71,910	75,285
Before 1980	28,875	14,030	14,840
1980 to 1990	16,935	8,430	8,510
1991 to 2000	25,085	12,275	12,815
2001 to 2010	31,590	15,085	16,510
2011 to 2021⁸²	44,705	22,100	22,605
2011 to 2015	16,865	8,175	8,685
2016 to 2021	27,840	13,920	13,915
Non-permanent residents⁸³	22,270	13,180	9,085
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	147,190	71,910	75,280
Under 5 years	15,520	7,945	7,580
5 to 14 years	27,935	14,455	13,485
15 to 24 years	28,680	13,040	15,635
25 to 44 years	63,825	31,210	32,615
45 years and over	11,230	5,260	5,970
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	147,190	71,910	75,280
Americas	20,975	9,820	11,150
Brazil	1,220	565	660
Colombia	2,120	965	1,155
El Salvador	2,070	1,025	1,045
Guyana	2,405	1,165	1,245
Haiti	145	65	80
Jamaica	2,335	1,165	1,165
Mexico	1,060	515	540
Peru	155	70	80
Trinidad and Tobago	885	395	485
United States of America	4,420	1,855	2,565
Other places of birth in Americas	4,165	2,035	2,130
Europe	47,965	23,430	24,540
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,890	1,460	1,430
Croatia	2,015	1,040	975
France	425	175	245
Germany	3,845	1,935	1,910
Greece	555	290	270
Hungary	675	290	390
Italy	1,155	620	530
Netherlands	1,345	720	625
Poland	4,025	1,850	2,175
Portugal	6,590	3,165	3,425
Romania	4,720	2,265	2,455
Russian Federation	990	430	560
Serbia⁸⁶	2,420	1,160	1,260
Ukraine	1,015	460	550
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,235	5,025	5,205
Other places of birth in Europe	5,080	2,555	2,525
Africa	13,795	6,910	6,885
Algeria	60	25	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	215	105	110
Egypt	1,335	710	620
Eritrea	3,125	1,600	1,525
Ethiopia	1,665	795	875
Morocco	55	15	40
Nigeria	1,465	790	670
Somalia	930	390	540
South Africa, Republic of	755	360	400
Other places of birth in Africa	4,190	2,115	2,075
Asia	63,975	31,490	32,485
Afghanistan	1,430	710	720
Iran⁸⁸	2,240	1,065	1,175
Iraq	2,325	1,150	1,175
Lebanon	910	440	470
Syria⁸⁹	3,525	1,755	1,765
Turkey	1,210	670	540
China⁹⁰	7,120	3,350	3,775
Hong Kong⁹¹	860	415	440
Korea, South⁹²	1,650	810	840
Taiwan	475	235	240
Philippines	4,170	1,700	2,475
Viet Nam	3,525	1,660	1,860
Bangladesh	1,000	475	525
India	18,280	9,425	8,855
Pakistan	6,140	3,080	3,060
Sri Lanka	870	445	430
Other places of birth in Asia	8,250	4,105	4,145
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	480	265	215
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	27,840	13,920	13,915
Americas	2,805	1,395	1,410
Brazil	695	335	355
Colombia	260	140	125
Haiti	20	20	0
Jamaica	310	145	170
Mexico	115	40	75
United States of America	595	325	275
Venezuela⁹⁵	200	100	105
Other places of birth in Americas	610	295	315
Europe	2,005	980	1,025
France	55	25	30
Germany	175	90	80
Ireland⁹⁶	45	25	25
Italy	30	15	15
Russian Federation	210	100	110
Ukraine	325	125	195
United Kingdom⁸⁷	235	170	70
Other places of birth in Europe	925	420	505
Africa	5,525	2,750	2,775
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	10	0	0
Cameroon	65	25	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	95	40	55
Côte d'Ivoire	15	0	10
Egypt	220	105	120
Eritrea	2,215	1,140	1,070
Ethiopia	480	215	265
Morocco	10	0	0
Nigeria	945	505	440
Somalia	260	110	150
South Africa, Republic of	200	85	115
Sudan⁹⁷	325	170	160
Tunisia	30	20	15
Other places of birth in Africa	660	325	335
Asia	17,410	8,725	8,685
Afghanistan	285	165	120
Bangladesh	195	110	90
China⁹⁰	1,440	670	775
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	25	25
India	6,580	3,490	3,090
Iran⁸⁸	400	165	235
Iraq	545	280	260
Israel	295	160	130
Japan	85	15	70
Jordan	220	125	100
Korea, South⁹²	280	145	140
Lebanon	180	55	125
Nepal	45	25	25
Pakistan	1,000	455	540
Philippines	1,015	460	550
Saudi Arabia	320	160	155
Sri Lanka	95	50	45
Syria⁸⁹	2,500	1,230	1,265
Turkey	755	415	340
United Arab Emirates	245	155	85
Viet Nam	300	115	185
Other places of birth in Asia	575	255	320
Oceania and other⁹³	100	80	15
Australia	75	60	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	25	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	579,385	289,245	290,140
First generation¹⁰⁰	174,480	87,445	87,035
Second generation¹⁰¹	120,375	61,035	59,340
Third generation or more¹⁰²	284,530	140,760	143,765
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	118,320	57,880	60,440
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	52,915	27,730	25,190
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	21,550	14,845	6,705
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	31,370	12,880	18,485
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	31,640	12,635	19,010
Refugees¹⁰⁸	32,725	17,015	15,710
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,035	505	530
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	118,320	57,880	60,440
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,735	3,535	3,200
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	9,110	4,510	4,600
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,955	1,485	1,470
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	6,825	3,980	2,850
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	535	190	350
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	92,155	44,175	47,975
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	579,380	289,245	290,140
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	159,060	81,420	77,635
South Asian	55,380	29,955	25,425
Chinese	17,235	8,525	8,710
Black	26,590	13,470	13,120
Filipino	5,990	2,655	3,330
Arab	10,960	5,750	5,210
Latin American	12,810	6,310	6,500
Southeast Asian	10,535	5,020	5,515
West Asian	6,040	3,105	2,935
Korean	3,155	1,540	1,615
Japanese	1,245	560	680
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,065	2,045	2,020
Multiple visible minorities	5,070	2,490	2,575
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	420,325	207,820	212,500
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	579,385	289,240	290,140
Canadian	74,710	37,885	36,825
English	105,330	51,855	53,470
Irish	86,040	40,930	45,105
Scottish	86,380	41,200	45,180
French, n.o.s.¹²²	36,810	18,020	18,790
German	102,780	50,455	52,325
Chinese	18,290	9,060	9,230
Italian	19,730	9,870	9,865
Indian (India)	31,080	16,975	14,105
Ukrainian	12,735	6,195	6,545
Dutch	23,815	11,775	12,045
Polish	23,490	11,305	12,185
Québécois	905	450	450
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	21,955	10,585	11,375
Filipino	6,010	2,655	3,355
French Canadian	6,005	2,870	3,140
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	9,370	4,690	4,680
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	4,595	2,250	2,345
Métis	3,570	1,665	1,905
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	8,600	4,345	4,250
Russian	6,230	3,005	3,225
Norwegian	2,285	1,105	1,180
Welsh	8,355	4,045	4,305
Portuguese	19,995	9,985	10,015
American	5,960	2,985	2,975
Spanish	5,400	2,650	2,755
Swedish	2,325	1,160	1,165
Hungarian	8,325	4,055	4,270
Acadian	1,360	650	705
Pakistani	8,035	4,025	4,010
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,760	2,525	2,230
Jewish	2,040	1,035	1,000
Punjabi	4,620	2,515	2,105
Vietnamese	6,005	2,905	3,100
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,745	2,420	2,325
Greek	3,710	1,880	1,830
Jamaican	5,155	2,645	2,510
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,995	1,490	1,500
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	445	220	225
Korean	3,050	1,515	1,535
Romanian	9,145	4,525	4,620
Lebanese	1,845	910	940
Iranian	2,775	1,395	1,375
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,475	1,750	1,730
Danish	2,330	1,095	1,240
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,000	920	1,085
Sikh	2,805	1,530	1,275
Austrian	4,085	2,055	2,030
Belgian	2,455	1,270	1,190
Haitian	195	95	100
Hindu	4,065	2,265	1,795
Mexican	2,040	1,080	960
Mennonite	5,840	2,940	2,900
Swiss	8,130	4,020	4,110
Finnish	1,855	905	955
Sri Lankan	970	515	450
Croatian	5,030	2,555	2,475
Japanese	1,535	695	840
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,315	1,150	1,165
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,395	565	830
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,315	635	680
Muslim	3,045	1,585	1,460
Egyptian	1,760	955	805
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,660	1,330	1,330
Tamil	910	490	415
Icelandic	555	310	245
Colombian	2,305	1,090	1,210
Moroccan	95	40	55
Czech	2,240	1,035	1,205
Syrian	2,525	1,260	1,265
Guyanese	3,025	1,540	1,485
Afghan	2,360	1,180	1,180
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,410	695	715
Serbian	6,820	3,465	3,350
Ojibway	870	390	480
Newfoundlander	2,875	1,425	1,450
Hong Konger	470	205	265
Ontarian	3,070	1,485	1,585
Persian	1,320	660	655
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,465	730	735
Turkish	2,380	1,255	1,125
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	405	185	215
Bangladeshi	1,195	610	590
Algerian	70	30	40
Brazilian	1,940	955	990
Nigerian	1,340	680	665
Armenian	1,335	680	655
Slovak	1,800	950	850
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,325	610	715
Somali	1,795	830	970
Taiwanese	585	290	295
Iraqi	1,680	845	835
Salvadorean	2,250	1,125	1,125
African Caribbean	665	320	340
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,035	505	530
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,505	770	735
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	805	350	460
Algonquin	345	155	190
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,005	495	510
Lithuanian	960	465	490
South African	740	385	350
Australian	635	355	285
Palestinian	1,220	650	565
Chilean	510	250	260
Congolese	350	190	155
Nova Scotian	505	230	275
Ethiopian	1,585	770	815
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,005	480	530
Peruvian	305	155	145
Yoruba	825	395	435
Cambodian (Khmer)	600	275	320
Berber	155	65	90
Albanian	1,135	580	550
Maltese	790	375	410
Macedonian	730	360	370
Slovenian	1,120	590	530
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	615	335	285
New Brunswicker	295	110	180
Gujarati	1,785	1,100	690
Eritrean	3,240	1,630	1,610
African Canadian	465	215	250
Israeli	360	215	140
Mohawk	445	245	195
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	560	235	325
Bulgarian	635	340	295
Albertan	55	20	35
Ghanaian	495	225	270
Barbadian	585	275	310
African American	290	185	105
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,145	605	535
Tunisian	55	30	30
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	655	335	320
Cuban	550	255	295
Bosnian	1,485	740	740
Venezuelan	370	200	165
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	15	10
Latvian	550	310	240
Bengali	445	220	225
Cameroonian	120	55	65
Guatemalan	840	405	435
Indonesian	355	155	205
Laotian	1,970	945	1,030
Ilocano	160	85	70
Northern Irish	625	305	315
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	300	185	120
British Columbian	50	35	20
Ecuadorian	275	140	135
Franco Ontarian	245	125	115
Argentinian	365	160	205
Estonian	555	250	305
Kurdish	910	500	415
Fijian	30	10	20
Jatt	335	195	140
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	375	190	185
Coptic	420	215	205
Thai	465	190	280
Dominican	375	220	160
Nepali	555	305	245
Kabyle	25	10	20
Assyrian	375	190	185
Igbo	240	135	105
Byelorussian	320	150	170
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	105	45	55
Abenaki	40	15	25
Moldovan	290	155	135
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	100	45	50
New Zealander	240	155	90
Sudanese	810	390	415
Breton	25	15	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	1,900	815	1,080
Malaysian	205	85	125
Plains Cree	10	0	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	105	70	35
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	30
Saskatchewanian	45	35	15
Buddhist	350	160	185
Gaspesian	35	10	25
Norman	75	40	30
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	355	160	195
Ivorian	20	10	15
Saulteaux	15	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	155	50	105
Burundian	35	20	15
Tigrinya	1,095	575	525
Nicaraguan	835	430	405
Mauritian	135	50	80
Kenyan	265	130	135
Oji-Cree	10	0	10
Vincentian	160	100	60
Jordanian	365	200	165
Manitoban	55	20	35
Cape Bretoner	220	90	125
Rwandan	65	30	35
Grenadian	140	90	50
Malayali	450	240	215
Chaldean	130	60	70
Sinhalese	190	90	105
Mayan	285	155	130
Honduran	230	120	110
Cherokee	95	20	75
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	110	45	70
Indo-Caribbean	270	115	155
Flemish	155	90	65
United Empire Loyalist	245	110	130
Senegalese	20	15	0
Azerbaijani	200	90	110
Sicilian	175	105	70
Pashtun	445	235	205
Malay	85	45	45
Goan	140	80	60
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	35	15
Tibetan	25	10	10
Zimbabwean	245	105	140
Burmese	480	225	255
Mongolian	75	40	35
Azorean	575	270	305
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	270	125	140
Ugandan	100	50	45
Oromo	305	145	160
Tanzanian	135	75	60
Yemeni	130	70	65
Central African	30	15	20
Libyan	375	235	140
Basque	50	15	35
Uruguayan	115	40	75
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	140	60	75
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	135	65	75
Igorot	65	30	35
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	15	0	10
Guinean	40	15	25
St. Lucian	125	80	45
Prince Edward Islander	75	45	35
Maliseet	15	0	10
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	140	100	40
Roma	135	50	85
Costa Rican	140	80	60
African Nova Scotian	45	15	25
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	70	40	25
Singaporean	80	45	35
Karen	65	30	35
Edo	115	45	70
Tajik	185	100	90
Amhara	285	155	130
Paraguayan	70	20	50
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	579,380	289,240	290,140
Buddhist	5,600	2,595	3,000
Christian	307,540	145,175	162,360
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	50,360	24,075	26,285
Anabaptist	12,540	5,985	6,555
Anglican	17,280	7,775	9,510
Baptist	8,360	3,835	4,530
Catholic	131,270	62,865	68,410
Christian Orthodox	16,220	8,045	8,175
Jehovah's Witness	1,975	905	1,065
Latter Day Saints	865	440	430
Lutheran	16,740	7,800	8,935
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,840	910	925
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	8,070	3,725	4,350
Presbyterian	9,980	4,375	5,605
Reformed	1,775	855	920
United Church	17,810	7,725	10,085
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	12,445	5,860	6,590
Hindu	19,595	10,830	8,760
Jewish	1,490	810	680
Muslim	38,675	19,490	19,185
Sikh	12,310	6,665	5,645
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	125	55	70
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,460	1,905	2,555
No religion and secular perspectives	189,585	101,710	87,870
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	573,405	286,235	287,170
Non-movers	496,640	246,500	250,145
Movers	76,765	39,735	37,030
Non-migrants	40,145	21,060	19,085
Migrants	36,620	18,680	17,945
Internal migrants	30,890	15,745	15,145
Intraprovincial migrants	28,865	14,675	14,190
Interprovincial migrants	2,020	1,070	950
External migrants	5,735	2,930	2,805
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	547,965	273,150	274,810
Non-movers	321,625	158,090	163,535
Movers	226,330	115,060	111,275
Non-migrants	79,560	40,045	39,515
Migrants	146,775	75,015	71,760
Internal migrants	107,635	53,800	53,835
Intraprovincial migrants	98,235	48,925	49,305
Interprovincial migrants	9,400	4,875	4,525
External migrants	39,140	21,215	17,930
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	478,140	237,235	240,910
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	85,125	43,000	42,125
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	393,015	194,230	198,780
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	314,490	156,790	157,700
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	34,285	18,370	15,915
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	280,205	138,420	141,790
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	478,145	237,235	240,905
No certificate, diploma or degree	78,015	38,810	39,205
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	132,725	67,510	65,215
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	267,400	130,915	136,480
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	130,665	65,970	64,695
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,750	17,870	6,880
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	11,200	6,825	4,375
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,550	11,045	2,505
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	96,815	43,630	53,185
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,105	4,470	4,635
Bachelor's degree or higher	136,735	64,945	71,785
Bachelor's degree	89,560	41,535	48,025
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,805	3,495	4,310
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,750	1,280	1,475
Master's degree	30,315	14,585	15,725
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,305	4,055	2,250
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	314,490	156,790	157,700
No certificate, diploma or degree	30,300	16,200	14,095
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	74,935	39,640	35,300
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	209,260	100,950	108,305
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	98,655	49,440	49,210
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,940	12,115	4,825
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,450	4,465	2,990
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,485	7,655	1,835
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	75,305	34,250	41,050
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,410	3,075	3,340
Bachelor's degree or higher	110,600	51,505	59,100
Bachelor's degree	70,740	32,455	38,280
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,270	2,700	3,565
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,285	955	1,330
Master's degree	26,110	12,200	13,910
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,200	3,190	2,010
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	478,145	237,235	240,905
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	210,740	106,320	104,425
Education	13,185	2,885	10,300
13. Education	13,185	2,885	10,300
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,370	3,335	5,030
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	780	590	190
50. Visual and performing arts	7,590	2,750	4,840
Humanities	17,395	6,435	10,950
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,230	250	980
23. English language and literature/letters	4,450	1,160	3,295
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,680	1,610	3,070
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	430	135	290
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,355	655	705
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,080	1,245	835
54. History	2,330	1,245	1,080
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	845	145	700
Social and behavioural sciences and law	32,845	10,400	22,440
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	405	70	335
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,185	1,630	2,560
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,925	390	5,540
22. Legal professions and studies	3,970	1,155	2,815
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	940	320	620
42. Psychology	5,590	1,350	4,240
45. Social sciences	11,830	5,495	6,335
Business, management and public administration	52,805	22,525	30,280
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100	35	65
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,630	840	3,785
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	48,075	21,645	26,425
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,105	5,750	6,355
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,815	1,770	3,040
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,840	1,310	1,530
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	195	60	135
40. Physical sciences	3,770	2,410	1,360
41. Science technologies/technicians	490	190	300
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,440	12,495	5,945
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	13,345	9,580	3,765
25. Library science	705	125	580
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,795	2,355	1,435
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	595	430	165
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	58,055	51,025	7,030
04. Architecture and related services	1,865	1,095	770
14. Engineering	19,595	15,680	3,910
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	13,600	11,935	1,660
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	7,665	7,420	245
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,260	8,055	200
48. Precision production	7,070	6,835	230
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,600	2,905	2,690
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,475	1,770	1,705
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,120	1,135	990
Health and related fields	34,285	6,365	27,920
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,075	1,720	2,355
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,510	4,300	25,215
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	15	95
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	595	335	260
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,970	6,730	7,240
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,430	1,845	5,585
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	70	65	0
43. Security and protective services	4,460	2,995	1,465
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,000	1,820	180
Other¹⁷⁹	360	65	300
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	314,490	156,790	157,700
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	105,235	55,840	49,390
Education	9,600	1,950	7,655
13. Education	9,600	1,950	7,655
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,640	2,545	4,095
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	555	420	140
50. Visual and performing arts	6,080	2,125	3,950
Humanities	13,020	4,760	8,255
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	925	175	750
23. English language and literature/letters	3,445	900	2,550
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,410	1,140	2,270
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	310	105	205
38. Philosophy and religious studies	980	510	470
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,495	885	605
54. History	1,845	955	885
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	605	85	520
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,045	7,845	18,195
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	345	45	295
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,540	1,315	2,225
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,740	300	4,440
22. Legal professions and studies	3,240	820	2,415
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	755	260	500
42. Psychology	4,075	910	3,165
45. Social sciences	9,350	4,195	5,155
Business, management and public administration	42,205	17,545	24,660
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	20	50
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,755	580	3,180
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	38,375	16,950	21,430
Physical and life sciences and technologies	9,360	4,315	5,045
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,810	1,360	2,450
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,105	990	1,120
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	165	50	115
40. Physical sciences	2,935	1,805	1,135
41. Science technologies/technicians	340	105	230
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,360	10,490	4,865
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	11,580	8,365	3,215
25. Library science	500	100	400
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,815	1,690	1,130
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	455	335	125
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	44,970	39,005	5,965
04. Architecture and related services	1,560	900	660
14. Engineering	16,220	12,770	3,445
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,795	9,445	1,350
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	5,430	5,260	165
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,960	5,810	150
48. Precision production	5,000	4,820	180
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,455	2,165	2,285
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,680	1,220	1,450
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,775	940	835
Health and related fields	26,320	4,940	21,380
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,225	1,335	1,885
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,535	3,350	19,185
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	10	90
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	460	245	215
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,005	5,340	5,665
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,685	1,395	4,290
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0
43. Security and protective services	3,750	2,525	1,230
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,535	1,390	145
Other¹⁷⁹	285	45	240
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	314,490	156,790	157,700
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	105,235	55,840	49,390
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	209,255	100,945	108,310
Location of study inside Canada	164,165	78,530	85,640
Same as province or territory of residence	155,615	74,260	81,350
Different than province or territory of residence	8,560	4,265	4,290
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	45,090	22,420	22,670
Americas	8,970	4,545	4,420
United States of America	5,170	2,770	2,400
Mexico	380	170	205
Cuba	160	90	70
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	245	115	125
Brazil	1,065	495	575
Colombia	865	410	455
Peru	40	20	25
Venezuela⁹⁵	130	45	85
Other locations of study in Americas	900	415	480
Europe	9,295	4,800	4,495
Belgium	25	10	10
France	280	160	120
Germany	460	245	220
Netherlands	170	90	75
Switzerland	75	40	35
Hungary	145	55	90
Moldova¹⁸³	100	65	35
Poland	700	315	385
Romania	1,525	760	765
Russian Federation	445	220	230
Ukraine	500	255	250
Ireland⁹⁶	155	80	80
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,485	1,390	1,090
Bosnia and Herzegovina	450	215	235
Italy	105	70	40
Serbia⁸⁶	505	270	240
Other locations of study in Europe	1,170	575	595
Africa	2,670	1,345	1,320
Nigeria	640	320	315
Algeria	30	20	10
Morocco	40	0	30
Tunisia	25	10	15
Egypt	585	270	315
South Africa, Republic of	245	120	125
Other locations of study in Africa	1,105	600	505
Asia	23,320	11,310	12,010
Iran⁸⁸	720	315	405
Iraq	485	235	250
Israel	105	75	35
Lebanon	180	85	90
Syria⁸⁹	485	235	250
Turkey	420	225	195
China⁹⁰	2,395	1,070	1,325
Taiwan	105	35	75
Hong Kong⁹¹	110	40	75
Japan	245	105	135
Korea, South⁹²	940	410	535
Philippines	2,030	740	1,290
Viet Nam	230	60	175
Bangladesh	315	110	200
Sri Lanka	195	115	80
India	11,350	6,085	5,270
Pakistan	1,840	825	1,015
Other locations of study in Asia	1,165	570	595
Oceania	835	415	420
Australia	730	355	375
New Zealand	105	60	50
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	478,145	237,235	240,905
In the labour force	317,990	168,975	149,015
Employed	283,810	153,165	130,655
Unemployed	34,175	15,810	18,365
Not in the labour force	160,155	68,265	91,890
Participation rate	66.5	71.2	61.9
Employment rate	59.4	64.6	54.2
Unemployment rate	10.7	9.4	12.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	478,145	237,235	240,905
Did not work¹⁸⁶	160,700	69,280	91,420
Worked	317,445	167,955	149,485
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	176,075	101,780	74,290
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	141,370	66,175	75,195
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.9	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	317,990	168,970	149,015
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,635	3,670	3,965
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	310,350	165,300	145,045
Employee	271,655	141,795	129,860
Permanent position	233,765	123,555	110,205
Temporary position	37,895	18,240	19,655
Fixed term (1 year or more)	12,735	6,050	6,685
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	25,160	12,185	12,970
Self-employed¹⁹²	38,695	23,510	15,190
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	317,990	168,970	149,015
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,635	3,670	3,965
All occupations¹⁹¹	310,350	165,300	145,045
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,655	2,670	985
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	51,635	16,370	35,265
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	35,725	27,220	8,505
3 Health occupations	19,660	3,520	16,140
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	34,830	11,710	23,120
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,115	3,265	4,845
6 Sales and service occupations	71,920	31,465	40,450
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	51,655	46,725	4,930
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,975	4,130	1,840
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	27,180	18,225	8,960
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	317,990	168,970	149,015
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,635	3,670	3,965
All industries¹⁹¹	310,350	165,300	145,045
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,440	2,665	1,770
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	370	285	85
22 Utilities	1,495	1,150	345
23 Construction	22,600	19,250	3,350
31-33 Manufacturing	47,950	33,800	14,150
41 Wholesale trade	11,415	7,595	3,820
44-45 Retail trade	33,030	16,085	16,950
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	15,035	11,475	3,565
51 Information and cultural industries	8,385	4,850	3,540
52 Finance and insurance	18,065	7,075	10,990
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,865	2,570	2,295
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	29,350	17,555	11,795
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,140	505	635
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	13,110	7,230	5,880
61 Educational services	27,060	9,140	17,925
62 Health care and social assistance	31,820	5,310	26,510
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,025	2,005	2,015
72 Accommodation and food services	15,400	6,570	8,830
81 Other services (except public administration)	10,790	5,215	5,575
91 Public administration	10,005	4,980	5,025
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	339,565	179,130	160,435
English	324,190	171,840	152,350
French	525	135	390
Non-official language	2,710	1,465	1,250
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,710	1,465	1,250
English and French	3,605	1,190	2,415
English and non-official language(s)	8,260	4,410	3,850
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	55	150
Multiple non-official languages	65	40	30
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	339,565	179,130	160,435
Single responses	337,660	178,335	159,330
Official languages	333,330	175,990	157,345
English	332,285	175,780	156,505
French	1,050	210	835
Non-official languages	4,330	2,345	1,985
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,330	2,345	1,985
Afro-Asiatic languages	295	175	115
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	0	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	280	175	110
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	235	160	75
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	35	15	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	150	65	90
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	150	60	90
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	40	25	20
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	20	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	20	0	10
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	10	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	2,830	1,555	1,280
Albanian	25	10	0
Armenian	10	10	0
Balto-Slavic languages	260	140	115
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	255	140	110
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	50	25	25
Russian	60	30	30
Serbo-Croatian	85	50	35
Bosnian	10	0	10
Croatian	10	10	0
Serbian	65	40	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	50	40	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,620	875	740
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,530	835	690
German	680	365	315
Pennsylvania German	835	470	365
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	45	45
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	85	40	40
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	420	245	180
Indo-Aryan languages	370	230	140
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	30	15	10
Hindi	55	25	25
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	245	170	80
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	25	0	20
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	55	15	40
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	40	0	30
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	40	0	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	500	260	235
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	160	100	50
Romanian	70	40	30
Spanish	275	120	155
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	35	20	20
Korean	90	65	25
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	60	25	35
American Sign Language	55	25	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	775	405	370
Chinese languages	775	405	370
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	690	345	345
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	0	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	55	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	0	20
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	25	0	20
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,895	795	1,100
English and French	515	110	405
English and non-official language(s)	1,365	685	680
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	339,565	179,130	160,435
None	329,105	174,120	154,985
English	1,990	875	1,110
French	2,595	1,005	1,590
Non-official language	4,890	2,625	2,270
Indigenous³⁹	20	0	20
Non-Indigenous	4,870	2,625	2,250
English and French	10	0	10
English and non-official language(s)	90	45	45
French and non-official language(s)	160	50	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	725	405	320
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	283,815	153,165	130,655
Worked at home	82,225	39,130	43,100
Worked outside Canada	995	730	265
No fixed workplace address	29,020	22,135	6,880
Usual place of work	171,575	91,170	80,405
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	171,575	91,165	80,405
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	81,150	38,150	43,005
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	58,690	32,600	26,085
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	31,430	20,215	11,215
Commute to a different province or territory	305	195	110
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	200,590	113,300	87,290
Car, truck or van	178,625	102,860	75,760
Car, truck or van - as a driver	163,280	96,225	67,055
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	15,345	6,635	8,705
Public transit	9,110	4,155	4,955
Walked	7,365	3,430	3,940
Bicycle	1,420	1,075	345
Other method	4,065	1,780	2,285
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	200,590	113,300	87,290
Less than 15 minutes	64,350	32,235	32,115
15 to 29 minutes	83,390	46,530	36,860
30 to 44 minutes	30,100	18,690	11,410
45 to 59 minutes	9,890	6,390	3,500
60 minutes and over	12,860	9,455	3,405
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	200,590	113,300	87,290
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	17,645	12,745	4,905
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	38,690	25,760	12,930
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	45,045	24,885	20,165
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	38,500	17,050	21,450
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,650	10,960	12,685
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	37,060	21,900	15,160
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	124,585	63,940	60,645
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,880	4,500	4,380
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	115,705	59,440	56,265
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	90,680	46,660	44,020
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,820	3,440	3,380
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,125	2,015	2,115
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,695	1,430	1,265
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	83,865	43,225	40,635

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 5, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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