Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Simcoe, County (CTY)More information: Ontario [Census division]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	533,169	...	...
Population, 2016¹	479,635^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	11.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	225,087	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	202,824	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	110.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	4,818.93	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	533,170	262,935	270,235
0 to 14 years	87,050	44,850	42,205
0 to 4 years	27,115	13,890	13,215
5 to 9 years	29,520	15,225	14,295
10 to 14 years	30,420	15,730	14,690
15 to 64 years	340,195	169,370	170,830
15 to 19 years	29,245	15,005	14,235
20 to 24 years	28,720	15,190	13,525
25 to 29 years	31,335	16,060	15,280
30 to 34 years	34,770	17,405	17,365
35 to 39 years	35,080	17,370	17,710
40 to 44 years	32,430	15,925	16,505
45 to 49 years	32,935	16,285	16,650
50 to 54 years	34,705	16,940	17,760
55 to 59 years	41,580	20,190	21,395
60 to 64 years	39,400	19,005	20,395
65 years and over	105,920	48,715	57,205
65 to 69 years	33,060	15,625	17,435
70 to 74 years	28,235	13,475	14,760
75 to 79 years	19,330	9,085	10,250
80 to 84 years	12,610	5,685	6,925
85 years and over	12,675	4,845	7,835
85 to 89 years	7,715	3,265	4,450
90 to 94 years	3,875	1,305	2,570
95 to 99 years	955	245	710
100 years and over	125	20	105
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.1	15.6
15 to 64 years	63.8	64.4	63.2
65 years and over	19.9	18.5	21.2
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	42.6	41.6	43.6
Median age of the population	43.2	41.6	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	202,820	...	...
Single-detached house	148,130	...	...
Semi-detached house	7,415	...	...
Row house	14,360	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,165	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	16,860	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,745	...	...
Other single-attached house	425	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	725	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	202,825	...	...
1 person	46,750	...	...
2 persons	71,550	...	...
3 persons	33,255	...	...
4 persons	31,815	...	...
5 or more persons	19,460	...	...
Number of persons in private households	525,085	259,220	265,865
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	446,115	218,085	228,030
Married or living common-law	265,075	132,400	132,670
Married	213,915	106,910	107,000
Living common-law	51,165	25,495	25,665
Living common law - Never married	33,850	16,965	16,885
Living common law - Separated	3,320	1,700	1,625
Living common law - Divorced	12,310	6,165	6,150
Living common law - Widowed	1,680	665	1,010
Not married and not living common-law	181,040	85,685	95,360
Not married and not living common law - Never married	113,085	62,595	50,495
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,225	6,145	8,075
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	27,875	11,140	16,740
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	25,855	5,805	20,055
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	155,150	...	...
2 persons	79,435	...	...
3 persons	33,275	...	...
4 persons	30,265	...	...
5 or more persons	12,170	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	155,155	...	...
Total couple families	130,145	...	...
Married couples	104,575	...	...
With children⁶	54,775	...	...
Without children	49,800	...	...
Common-law couples	25,570	...	...
With children⁶	10,795	...	...
Without children	14,775	...	...
Total one-parent families	25,010	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	19,090	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	5,920	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	525,085	259,220	265,860
Total - Persons in census families	444,585	221,255	223,330
Married spouses or common-law partners	260,290	129,920	130,370
Parents in one-parent families	25,005	5,915	19,085
Children⁶	159,285	85,420	73,870
In a two-parent family	120,565	64,010	56,560
In a one-parent family	38,720	21,410	17,315
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	80,500	37,965	42,535
Living alone	46,750	20,770	25,980
Living with other relatives⁷	13,755	5,760	7,995
Living with non-relatives only	19,995	11,440	8,555
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	202,825	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	129,815	...	...
Couple-family households	112,290	...	...
With children⁶	56,670	...	...
Without children	55,615	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,530	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,465	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,960	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	8,340	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	7,495	...	...
One-person households	46,750	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	438,130	214,430	223,700
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	423,875	207,070	216,805
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	48,000	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	424,240	207,275	216,970
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	379,565	189,405	190,160
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	44,000	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	306,955	158,865	148,090
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,800	30,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	383,995	184,805	199,190
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	7,850	11,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	42,275	18,805	23,480
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,600	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	125,930	60,600	65,330
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	438,150	214,430	223,715
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	424,385	207,380	217,000
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,000	60,900	45,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	424,745	207,575	217,170
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,320	49,640	39,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	379,840	189,225	190,615
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,920	57,050	38,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	306,950	158,430	148,525
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,520	55,100	39,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	384,270	184,915	199,360
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,190	9,900	12,380
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	42,210	18,620	23,595
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,570	6,155	6,890
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	125,940	60,680	65,260
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,910	8,570	9,230
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	438,145	214,430	223,715
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	143,965	81,840	62,120
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	70,000	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,100	80,000	64,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	120,880	55,570	65,310
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	21,200	15,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,560	32,240	23,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.8	85.6	75.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.8	69.2	59.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.1	14.5	25.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.5	7.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.1	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	438,130	214,430	223,700
Without total income	14,255	7,360	6,895
With total income	423,875	207,070	216,805
Under $10,000 (including loss)	32,005	13,435	18,575
$10,000 to $19,999	50,955	21,150	29,810
$20,000 to $29,999	66,260	28,050	38,210
$30,000 to $39,999	54,500	23,110	31,385
$40,000 to $49,999	47,505	21,505	26,005
$50,000 to $59,999	39,210	18,875	20,330
$60,000 to $69,999	31,465	16,680	14,780
$70,000 to $79,999	24,520	14,265	10,255
$80,000 to $89,999	18,565	11,400	7,170
$90,000 to $99,999	14,785	8,955	5,830
$100,000 and over	44,105	29,655	14,445
$100,000 to $149,999	31,610	20,460	11,145
$150,000 and over	12,495	9,195	3,305
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	438,130	214,430	223,700
Without after-tax income	13,890	7,155	6,730
With after-tax income	424,245	207,270	216,970
Under $10,000 (including loss)	34,200	14,170	20,025
$10,000 to $19,999	53,345	22,250	31,095
$20,000 to $29,999	74,985	31,755	43,225
$30,000 to $39,999	63,970	28,245	35,730
$40,000 to $49,999	55,105	26,175	28,925
$50,000 to $59,999	42,560	22,325	20,235
$60,000 to $69,999	31,230	18,150	13,085
$70,000 to $79,999	21,955	13,495	8,455
$80,000 to $89,999	17,240	10,030	7,210
$90,000 to $99,999	9,650	6,320	3,330
$100,000 and over	20,010	14,360	5,655
$100,000 to $124,999	10,745	7,585	3,165
$125,000 and over	9,270	6,775	2,495
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	438,130	214,430	223,700
Without employment income	131,175	55,560	75,615
With employment income	306,950	158,865	148,085
Under $5,000 (including loss)	45,555	21,735	23,825
$5,000 to $9,999	25,120	10,655	14,465
$10,000 to $19,999	36,300	15,875	20,430
$20,000 to $29,999	27,970	12,615	15,355
$30,000 to $39,999	27,215	12,630	14,590
$40,000 to $49,999	26,670	12,775	13,895
$50,000 to $59,999	23,290	12,210	11,075
$60,000 to $69,999	20,140	11,340	8,800
$70,000 to $79,999	16,115	9,960	6,155
$80,000 to $89,999	13,485	8,525	4,960
$90,000 to $99,999	12,130	7,145	4,990
$100,000 and over	32,960	23,400	9,560
$100,000 to $124,999	17,380	11,540	5,835
$125,000 and over	15,585	11,860	3,720
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	438,130	214,430	223,700
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	417,065	203,455	213,605
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	47,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	417,260	203,490	213,770
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	41,600	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	376,960	187,705	189,260
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	45,600	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	308,935	159,435	149,500
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,000	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	361,915	173,380	188,535
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,680	1,280	6,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	31,765	13,810	17,955
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,600	5,840
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	438,150	214,430	223,715
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	417,305	203,475	213,835
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,600	58,850	42,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	417,485	203,495	213,990
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,080	47,760	36,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	377,175	187,545	189,630
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,480	57,650	39,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	309,125	159,150	149,970
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,480	56,450	40,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	361,760	173,215	188,550
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,820	6,710	8,840
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	31,775	13,885	17,895
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,310	6,520	7,920
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	438,145	214,430	223,715
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	142,880	81,230	61,645
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	67,500	53,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,300	77,800	60,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	115,070	52,945	62,120
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	28,600	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,600	39,320	28,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	90.2	81.8
Employment income (%)	71.0	75.0	65.8
Government transfers (%)	13.4	9.7	18.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	202,825	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	46,750	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	156,075	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	202,825	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	110,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	46,675	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	156,155	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	202,825	...	...
Under $5,000	1,410	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	725	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,670	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,060	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,675	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,920	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,335	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,225	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,740	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,820	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,695	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,800	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,340	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,030	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,225	...	...
$100,000 and over	93,160	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	27,215	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	20,555	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	24,640	...	...
$200,000 and over	20,750	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	202,825	...	...
Under $5,000	1,750	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	780	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,725	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,235	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,020	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,720	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,170	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,190	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,100	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,855	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,585	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	16,550	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	16,150	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	15,350	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	14,180	...	...
$100,000 and over	74,460	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	28,025	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	18,830	...	...
$150,000 and over	27,605	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	150,880	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	57,090	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	66,275	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	22,265	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	66,740	32,210	34,535
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	42,000	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	37,600	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	150,980	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	57,135	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	66,240	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	153,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	22,335	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	66,505	32,010	34,495
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,520	53,050	48,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,680	43,880	41,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	525,080	259,220	265,865
0 to 17 years	104,720	53,920	50,800
0 to 5 years	32,940	16,865	16,075
18 to 64 years	319,845	158,375	161,470
65 years and over	100,520	46,930	53,590
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	42,435	19,885	22,545
0 to 17 years	9,475	4,930	4,540
0 to 5 years	3,005	1,585	1,420
18 to 64 years	23,125	11,155	11,975
65 years and over	9,830	3,800	6,030
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.1	7.7	8.5
0 to 17 years (%)	9.1	9.2	8.9
0 to 5 years (%)	9.1	9.4	8.9
18 to 64 years (%)	7.2	7.0	7.4
65 years and over (%)	9.8	8.1	11.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	523,385	258,420	264,960
0 to 17 years	104,315	53,725	50,590
0 to 5 years	32,825	16,800	16,025
18 to 64 years	318,745	157,855	160,890
65 years and over	100,320	46,840	53,480
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	14,675	7,850	6,830
0 to 17 years	2,435	1,270	1,170
0 to 5 years	720	380	335
18 to 64 years	10,970	6,005	4,970
65 years and over	1,270	575	695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.8	3.0	2.6
0 to 17 years (%)	2.3	2.4	2.3
0 to 5 years (%)	2.2	2.3	2.1
18 to 64 years (%)	3.4	3.8	3.1
65 years and over (%)	1.3	1.2	1.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	525,080	259,220	265,865
In bottom half of the distribution	241,750	116,345	125,405
In bottom decile	38,840	19,100	19,740
In second decile	46,420	21,370	25,050
In third decile	49,860	23,680	26,185
In fourth decile	52,645	25,565	27,075
In fifth decile	53,985	26,625	27,360
In top half of the distribution	283,335	142,875	140,455
In sixth decile	57,210	28,565	28,650
In seventh decile	59,020	29,340	29,680
In eighth decile	59,540	29,920	29,625
In ninth decile	58,370	29,800	28,570
In top decile	49,195	25,260	23,935
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	525,085	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.306	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.421	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.268	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	527,940	260,510	267,430
English only	489,855	244,155	245,695
French only	285	125	160
English and French	33,735	14,475	19,265
Neither English nor French	4,065	1,755	2,315
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	527,940	260,510	267,430
English	513,715	254,135	259,585
French	9,015	4,145	4,875
English and French	1,250	540	710
Neither English nor French	3,955	1,690	2,260
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	527,940	260,510	267,430
Single responses	514,970	254,310	260,660
Official languages	447,885	221,695	226,190
English	438,385	217,340	221,050
French	9,495	4,360	5,140
Non-official languages	67,085	32,610	34,475
Indigenous languages³⁹	200	95	105
Algonquian languages	175	80	95
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	165	80	85
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	160	80	85
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	15	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	140	65	75
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	5	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Non-Indigenous languages	66,890	32,520	34,370
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,020	1,545	1,475
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	5
Hausa	10	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	25	15	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,975	1,520	1,450
Amharic	50	25	25
Arabic	1,430	765	665
Aramaic languages	1,010	475	540
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	790	365	425
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	190	90	95
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	15	10
Harari	5	5	0
Hebrew	280	165	120
Maltese	175	80	90
Tigrigna	20	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,765	775	990
Khmer (Cambodian)	440	200	240
Vietnamese	1,320	570	750
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,555	920	1,630
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	25
Cebuano	80	25	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	20
Ilocano	170	70	100
Indonesian	60	25	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	10	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,115	755	1,365
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15
Creole languages	90	55	40
Haitian Creole	25	15	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Dravidian languages	2,210	1,160	1,050
Kannada	35	15	15
Malayalam	575	350	220
Tamil	1,470	715	760
Telugu	120	75	45
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	48,910	24,260	24,650
Albanian	190	100	90
Armenian	170	85	85
Balto-Slavic languages	12,095	5,760	6,335
Baltic languages	400	180	220
Latvian	135	60	80
Lithuanian	265	125	145
Slavic languages	11,690	5,580	6,110
Belarusian	10	5	10
Bulgarian	110	60	50
Czech	375	170	205
Macedonian	335	175	165
Polish	3,545	1,655	1,890
Russian	4,960	2,405	2,555
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	870	430	440
Bosnian	80	40	40
Croatian	430	205	235
Serbian	345	180	165
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	260	110	145
Slovene (Slovenian)	200	90	115
Ukrainian	1,015	475	540
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Celtic languages	30	10	15
Irish	15	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5
Welsh	10	5	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	6,155	2,830	3,325
Frisian	40	20	25
High German languages	3,825	1,710	2,115
German	3,700	1,660	2,045
Pennsylvania German	10	5	5
Swiss German	90	30	60
Yiddish	25	15	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,925	945	985
Afrikaans	90	50	45
Dutch	1,790	880	915
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	10	20
Scandinavian languages	360	155	205
Danish	230	100	130
Icelandic	5	0	10
Norwegian	30	15	15
Swedish	95	40	55
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	775	390	385
Indo-Iranian languages	9,845	5,155	4,685
Indo-Aryan languages	7,185	3,795	3,390
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	265	135	125
Gujarati	1,275	710	565
Hindi	805	445	365
Kacchi	25	15	15
Kashmiri	5	0	5
Konkani	15	5	10
Marathi	25	10	15
Nepali	65	30	30
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,390	1,300	1,095
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	65	80
Urdu	2,140	1,065	1,080
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Iranian languages	2,650	1,360	1,295
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	135	75	60
Parsi	10	5	0
Pashto	100	55	45
Persian languages	2,395	1,220	1,180
Dari	865	435	430
Iranian Persian	1,220	615	605
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	315	165	145
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	19,650	9,930	9,725
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	6,385	3,395	2,990
Portuguese	5,985	3,040	2,945
Romanian	775	370	405
Spanish	6,475	3,105	3,375
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Japanese	200	60	140
Korean	1,175	540	635
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	620	300	315
Akan (Twi)	175	80	95
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	45	20	20
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	25	10	15
Gikuyu	5	5	0
Igbo	55	30	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	5	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	55	20	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	25	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	170	80	85
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	110	60	55
American Sign Language	100	45	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,650	1,655	1,995
Chinese languages	3,615	1,640	1,980
Hakka	20	5	10
Mandarin	2,350	1,085	1,270
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	35	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	1,100	490	610
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	10	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	15	20
Burmese	20	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	10	0	5
S'gaw Karen	10	0	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	285	110	180
Lao	190	90	100
Thai	95	20	75
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	580	305	275
Azerbaijani	55	30	25
Kazakh	5	0	5
Turkish	480	250	225
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	15	10	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Uralic languages	1,685	755	930
Estonian	185	80	105
Finnish	395	170	225
Hungarian	1,110	505	605
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Multiple responses	12,970	6,195	6,770
English and French	2,870	1,275	1,600
English and non-official language(s)	8,780	4,320	4,460
French and non-official language(s)	165	70	95
English, French and non-official language(s)	235	105	130
Multiple non-official languages	920	435	485
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	527,940	260,510	267,430
English	456,530	226,305	230,220
French	1,920	885	1,040
Non-official language	14,740	7,110	7,630
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	10
Non-Indigenous	14,720	7,100	7,615
English and French	6,355	2,735	3,620
English and non-official language(s)	45,530	22,140	23,390
French and non-official language(s)	60	25	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,405	620	785
Multiple non-official languages	1,400	685	720
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	527,940	260,510	267,430
Single responses	517,335	255,435	261,900
Official languages	487,325	240,700	246,625
English	484,540	239,435	245,100
French	2,790	1,260	1,525
Non-official languages	30,010	14,735	15,275
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	20	20
Algonquian languages	35	15	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	15	20
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	30	15	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,970	14,720	15,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,535	745	790
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	10	5
Cushitic languages	0	0	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,515	730	785
Amharic	25	10	15
Arabic	665	335	335
Aramaic languages	675	315	355
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	520	240	280
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	130	65	60
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Harari	5	5	0
Hebrew	115	60	60
Maltese	25	10	15
Tigrigna	15	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,125	505	620
Khmer (Cambodian)	260	120	140
Vietnamese	865	390	480
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,030	480	550
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Cebuano	40	20	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	110	45	60
Indonesian	25	10	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	815	380	435
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	40	25	15
Haitian Creole	15	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Dravidian languages	1,600	815	785
Kannada	15	10	10
Malayalam	405	250	160
Tamil	1,095	515	575
Telugu	80	45	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	20,045	9,920	10,130
Albanian	55	25	30
Armenian	75	30	45
Balto-Slavic languages	5,695	2,800	2,895
Baltic languages	90	40	50
Latvian	20	15	5
Lithuanian	70	30	40
Slavic languages	5,605	2,755	2,845
Belarusian	0	5	0
Bulgarian	55	30	25
Czech	75	35	40
Macedonian	95	45	50
Polish	1,345	660	690
Russian	3,415	1,685	1,725
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	230	115	110
Bosnian	25	15	15
Croatian	80	35	40
Serbian	125	65	60
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	45	25	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	310	150	160
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	530	235	290
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	385	165	220
German	360	150	210
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	10	5
Yiddish	5	5	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	60	65
Afrikaans	45	25	20
Dutch	75	35	40
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10
Danish	5	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	210	100	110
Indo-Iranian languages	6,380	3,250	3,130
Indo-Aryan languages	4,740	2,440	2,310
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	165	80	80
Gujarati	840	460	380
Hindi	460	235	225
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	5
Marathi	25	15	10
Nepali	40	15	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,680	875	800
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	35	45
Urdu	1,435	705	725
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Iranian languages	1,635	815	825
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	95	45	45
Parsi	10	0	5
Pashto	65	30	30
Persian languages	1,460	725	735
Dari	450	220	230
Iranian Persian	780	395	390
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	225	105	120
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,095	3,470	3,625
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,265	595	675
Portuguese	2,365	1,175	1,185
Romanian	290	135	155
Spanish	3,165	1,555	1,610
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	100	45	55
Korean	870	415	450
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	215	90	115
Akan (Twi)	70	30	35
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	60	30	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	165	100	70
American Sign Language	145	90	60
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,380	1,150	1,230
Chinese languages	2,360	1,140	1,220
Hakka	5	0	5
Mandarin	1,650	820	830
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	5	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	10	5
Yue (Cantonese)	630	285	340
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	5	15
Burmese	5	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	10	5	10
S'gaw Karen	10	5	10
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	120	60	65
Lao	100	45	45
Thai	20	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	350	175	170
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	315	160	160
Uyghur	5	5	0
Uzbek	5	5	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	390	190	200
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	65	35	30
Hungarian	320	155	160
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	10,605	5,075	5,530
English and French	1,270	550	715
English and non-official language(s)	8,970	4,360	4,615
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	65	80
Multiple non-official languages	190	85	105
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	527,940	260,505	267,430
None	482,190	238,580	243,615
English	12,805	6,330	6,475
French	4,565	1,950	2,610
Non-official language	23,430	11,215	12,215
Indigenous³⁹	220	105	115
Non-Indigenous	23,210	11,110	12,105
English and French	160	80	85
English and non-official language(s)	1,900	970	930
French and non-official language(s)	750	320	430
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	20	15
Multiple non-official languages	2,110	1,045	1,070
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	525,085	259,225	265,865
Official languages	521,005	257,510	263,495
English	520,785	257,400	263,385
French	33,740	14,535	19,205
Non-official languages	91,985	44,550	47,435
Indigenous languages³⁹	665	300	370
Algonquian languages	605	270	335
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	0	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	580	260	320
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	20	10	15
Ojibway languages	560	250	310
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	100	50	55
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	10	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	465	200	260
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	10	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	20	10	15
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	20	10	15
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	35	20	15
Non-Indigenous languages	91,350	44,250	47,100
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,225	2,600	2,630
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	20	10	10
Hausa	15	10	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	50	30	15
Cushitic languages	50	25	30
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	50	25	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,115	2,540	2,575
Amharic	115	60	50
Arabic	2,940	1,500	1,435
Aramaic languages	1,330	665	655
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,015	495	520
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	285	150	135
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	50	25
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	1,100	530	570
Maltese	265	115	150
Tigrigna	35	10	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,370	1,090	1,280
Khmer (Cambodian)	475	240	235
Vietnamese	1,915	855	1,050
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,545	1,300	2,255
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	20
Cebuano	190	75	110
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	110	60	55
Ilocano	205	70	135
Indonesian	80	40	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	50	30	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	15	25
Pangasinan	15	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,350	1,190	2,160
Waray-Waray	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	35	55
Creole languages	425	250	175
Haitian Creole	90	55	30
Jamaican English Creole	50	20	30
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	35	25	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	160	85	75
Creole languages, n.i.e.	100	65	35
Dravidian languages	3,005	1,560	1,445
Kannada	110	55	50
Malayalam	820	490	330
Tamil	2,150	1,050	1,105
Telugu	165	90	75
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
Georgian	45	25	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	68,050	33,695	34,355
Albanian	300	160	135
Armenian	290	155	130
Balto-Slavic languages	14,610	7,060	7,555
Baltic languages	525	260	270
Latvian	215	95	110
Lithuanian	310	160	155
Slavic languages	14,245	6,885	7,365
Belarusian	55	25	30
Bulgarian	170	85	85
Czech	490	220	265
Macedonian	460	245	210
Polish	4,500	2,170	2,325
Russian	6,710	3,205	3,505
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,220	630	590
Bosnian	135	70	60
Croatian	625	305	320
Serbian	575	305	270
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	20	15
Slovak	320	130	190
Slovene (Slovenian)	215	105	110
Ukrainian	1,755	855	895
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	130	55	75
Irish	45	20	25
Scottish Gaelic	25	10	15
Welsh	55	20	35
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	8,905	3,950	4,955
Frisian	80	35	45
High German languages	5,995	2,690	3,305
German	5,875	2,625	3,250
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	110	45	70
Yiddish	70	40	25
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,555	1,165	1,385
Afrikaans	305	170	140
Dutch	2,220	1,000	1,220
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	0	30
Scandinavian languages	640	260	380
Danish	330	140	195
Icelandic	15	0	15
Norwegian	80	35	50
Swedish	240	95	140
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Greek	1,385	695	690
Indo-Iranian languages	13,620	7,230	6,390
Indo-Aryan languages	10,465	5,580	4,885
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	310	160	150
Gujarati	1,895	1,065	830
Hindi	4,250	2,280	1,970
Kacchi	55	20	40
Kashmiri	20	15	0
Konkani	55	30	25
Marathi	80	50	25
Nepali	60	15	40
Oriya languages	15	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,000	2,145	1,860
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	30	25	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	370	170	195
Urdu	3,490	1,840	1,645
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Iranian languages	3,345	1,765	1,585
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	325	200	125
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	175	80	90
Persian languages	2,935	1,535	1,400
Dari	1,205	560	640
Iranian Persian	1,565	840	730
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	240	165	75
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages	30,655	15,270	15,385
Catalan	15	10	0
Italian	10,735	5,525	5,210
Portuguese	8,295	4,345	3,950
Romanian	1,010	465	545
Spanish	12,195	5,750	6,445
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Japanese	410	180	225
Korean	1,425	655	770
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,730	885	845
Akan (Twi)	295	170	130
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	130	65	65
Éwé	10	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	15	0
Ga	30	10	15
Ganda	75	30	45
Gikuyu	10	10	0
Igbo	170	90	85
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	55	25	25
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	20	15	10
Ndebele	15	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	90	45	40
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	260	135	120
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	15	10	0
Yoruba	550	270	290
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	145	75	65
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	805	215	590
American Sign Language	735	195	535
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	85	25	60
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,615	2,070	2,545
Chinese languages	4,525	2,030	2,495
Hakka	25	20	10
Mandarin	3,295	1,455	1,840
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	55	60
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,540	675	865
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	0	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	40	50
Burmese	35	15	20
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	40	15	25
S'gaw Karen	40	15	25
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	15	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	360	160	205
Lao	240	125	115
Thai	150	50	95
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,095	605	490
Azerbaijani	110	55	55
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	925	530	395
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	55	35	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20
Uralic languages	1,785	785	1,005
Estonian	205	90	115
Finnish	380	155	220
Hungarian	1,200	535	670
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	525,080	259,220	265,865
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	24,545	12,000	12,545
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	23,625	11,580	12,045
First Nations (North American Indian)	11,535	5,715	5,820
Métis	11,910	5,790	6,130
Inuk (Inuit)	180	75	100
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	415	210	205
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	500	210	290
Non-Indigenous identity	500,540	247,225	253,320
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	525,080	259,220	265,865
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,500	3,605	3,890
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	517,585	255,615	261,970
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	202,825	...	...
Owner	158,045	...	...
Renter	44,550	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	230	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	202,825	...	...
Condominium	16,735	...	...
Not condominium	186,090	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	202,825	...	...
No bedrooms	665	...	...
1 bedroom	13,975	...	...
2 bedrooms	38,400	...	...
3 bedrooms	81,660	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	68,120	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	202,825	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	34,940	...	...
5 rooms	29,600	...	...
6 rooms	33,670	...	...
7 rooms	30,060	...	...
8 or more rooms	74,555	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	202,825	...	...
One person or fewer per room	200,800	...	...
More than one person per room	2,030	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	202,825	...	...
Suitable	195,730	...	...
Not suitable	7,095	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	202,825	...	...
1960 or before	31,530	...	...
1961 to 1980	44,720	...	...
1981 to 1990	28,325	...	...
1991 to 2000	32,395	...	...
2001 to 2005	18,715	...	...
2006 to 2010	15,095	...	...
2011 to 2015	14,160	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	17,885	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	202,825	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	192,260	...	...
Major repairs needed	10,560	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	202,825	...	...
One-maintainer household	90,635	...	...
Two-maintainer household	101,445	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	10,740	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	202,825	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,720	...	...
25 to 34 years	23,445	...	...
35 to 44 years	33,820	...	...
45 to 54 years	36,665	...	...
55 to 64 years	45,245	...	...
65 to 74 years	34,905	...	...
75 to 84 years	19,180	...	...
85 years and over	6,850	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	200,540	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	154,670	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	45,865	...	...
30% to less than 100%	41,820	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	202,825	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	58,780	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	41,655	...	...
Not suitable only	5,400	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,055	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,170	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,980	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	465	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...
Acceptable housing	144,040	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	196,495	...	...
In core need	19,495	...	...
Not in core need	177,005	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	156,600	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,624	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	752,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	44,425	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,436	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	230	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	8.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	588	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	600	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	525,085	259,220	265,860
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,755	4,340	4,415
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,555	4,270	4,290
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,325	2,635	2,695
Métis single ancestry	3,165	1,605	1,560
Inuit single ancestry	70	30	35
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	195	70	125
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	180	70	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	21,570	10,470	11,100
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	21,045	10,235	10,810
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,075	6,345	6,725
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	7,795	3,810	3,990
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	175	80	95
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	525	235	290
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	495	225	265
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	494,760	244,410	250,350
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	525,085	259,220	265,860
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	502,980	248,280	254,690
Canadian citizens aged under 18	102,370	52,690	49,680
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	400,605	195,590	205,015
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	22,105	10,940	11,170
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	525,085	259,220	265,860
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	438,010	217,090	220,915
Immigrants⁸¹	82,290	39,395	42,900
Before 1980	28,340	13,615	14,725
1980 to 1990	10,930	5,390	5,540
1991 to 2000	13,075	6,085	6,990
2001 to 2010	14,810	7,020	7,785
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,140	7,280	7,860
2011 to 2015	7,530	3,585	3,945
2016 to 2021	7,605	3,690	3,915
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,780	2,735	2,050
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	82,295	39,395	42,900
Under 5 years	9,785	4,925	4,860
5 to 14 years	17,570	8,860	8,715
15 to 24 years	18,925	8,650	10,280
25 to 44 years	30,995	14,650	16,340
45 years and over	5,010	2,310	2,705
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	82,295	39,395	42,900
Americas	13,605	6,170	7,430
Brazil	650	305	345
Colombia	700	325	380
El Salvador	575	305	265
Guyana	1,125	505	620
Haiti	80	50	30
Jamaica	2,100	930	1,165
Mexico	585	245	340
Peru	370	170	200
Trinidad and Tobago	895	405	490
United States of America	2,765	1,140	1,625
Other places of birth in Americas	3,755	1,785	1,970
Europe	40,625	19,725	20,895
Bosnia and Herzegovina	225	135	90
Croatia	295	130	160
France	435	180	250
Germany	3,230	1,430	1,795
Greece	570	285	280
Hungary	705	320	385
Italy	4,310	2,370	1,935
Netherlands	1,755	905	845
Poland	2,930	1,380	1,545
Portugal	3,995	2,180	1,815
Romania	805	400	405
Russian Federation	2,025	950	1,075
Serbia⁸⁶	300	155	145
Ukraine	1,545	695	845
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,765	5,940	6,820
Other places of birth in Europe	4,745	2,245	2,495
Africa	3,350	1,715	1,635
Algeria	10	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	110	60	55
Egypt	310	185	125
Eritrea	30	10	20
Ethiopia	80	40	40
Morocco	80	35	50
Nigeria	940	490	450
Somalia	30	10	25
South Africa, Republic of	535	225	305
Other places of birth in Africa	1,220	660	560
Asia	24,255	11,555	12,700
Afghanistan	900	455	445
Iran⁸⁸	1,290	725	560
Iraq	1,305	650	655
Lebanon	250	135	110
Syria⁸⁹	480	255	225
Turkey	545	320	230
China⁹⁰	2,360	1,025	1,335
Hong Kong⁹¹	385	185	195
Korea, South⁹²	890	405	480
Taiwan	160	65	95
Philippines	3,460	1,250	2,210
Viet Nam	1,390	620	770
Bangladesh	155	85	70
India	4,150	2,130	2,025
Pakistan	2,035	1,070	965
Sri Lanka	1,345	655	685
Other places of birth in Asia	3,170	1,515	1,655
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	460	230	230
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,605	3,690	3,910
Americas	1,150	540	610
Brazil	185	75	110
Colombia	90	35	50
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	115	65	50
Mexico	135	55	75
United States of America	290	145	150
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	15	25
Other places of birth in Americas	265	140	130
Europe	1,405	690	710
France	20	0	15
Germany	15	0	15
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	0
Italy	50	35	10
Russian Federation	255	100	155
Ukraine	270	100	170
United Kingdom⁸⁷	270	170	95
Other places of birth in Europe	505	250	260
Africa	585	300	285
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	20	10	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	35	20	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	20	10	10
Nigeria	295	165	130
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	20
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	140	70	65
Asia	4,400	2,100	2,295
Afghanistan	55	25	30
Bangladesh	10	0	0
China⁹⁰	220	75	145
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
India	1,405	735	665
Iran⁸⁸	120	60	60
Iraq	190	75	115
Israel	75	45	35
Japan	15	0	15
Jordan	35	25	15
Korea, South⁹²	120	45	80
Lebanon	45	25	20
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	500	255	250
Philippines	635	260	380
Saudi Arabia	20	15	10
Sri Lanka	95	50	50
Syria⁸⁹	325	180	140
Turkey	160	90	65
United Arab Emirates	70	45	20
Viet Nam	65	10	60
Other places of birth in Asia	225	95	135
Oceania and other⁹³	80	65	15
Australia	80	65	15
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	525,080	259,225	265,865
First generation¹⁰⁰	91,060	43,920	47,140
Second generation¹⁰¹	106,355	53,440	52,915
Third generation or more¹⁰²	327,675	161,860	165,810
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	53,950	25,775	28,175
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,780	11,830	11,945
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,445	5,700	3,745
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,330	6,125	8,200
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	19,195	8,085	11,110
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,070	5,440	4,630
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	915	430	490
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	53,950	25,775	28,175
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,620	2,605	2,015
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	6,020	2,770	3,255
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,085	510	575
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,475	1,195	1,280
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	365	135	235
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	39,385	18,575	20,815
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	525,080	259,225	265,865
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	65,245	32,360	32,885
South Asian	16,270	8,485	7,780
Chinese	5,690	2,545	3,145
Black	12,725	6,560	6,165
Filipino	5,090	2,080	3,010
Arab	2,415	1,335	1,080
Latin American	7,820	3,835	3,985
Southeast Asian	3,805	1,780	2,025
West Asian	4,070	2,100	1,970
Korean	1,715	810	905
Japanese	525	255	270
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,480	1,185	1,290
Multiple visible minorities	2,630	1,370	1,260
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	459,840	226,860	232,980
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	525,085	259,225	265,860
Canadian	89,460	45,045	44,415
English	139,580	67,885	71,700
Irish	109,845	52,530	57,310
Scottish	109,065	52,120	56,945
French, n.o.s.¹²²	45,595	21,875	23,725
German	46,415	22,500	23,915
Chinese	6,480	3,040	3,445
Italian	42,030	21,640	20,385
Indian (India)	8,770	4,550	4,215
Ukrainian	14,755	6,980	7,770
Dutch	23,465	11,480	11,985
Polish	18,480	8,995	9,485
Québécois	940	490	450
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	25,080	12,370	12,710
Filipino	5,140	2,175	2,965
French Canadian	8,000	3,710	4,290
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	10,795	5,400	5,395
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	7,920	3,840	4,090
Métis	11,665	5,710	5,955
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	8,025	4,000	4,025
Russian	7,680	3,665	4,015
Norwegian	2,700	1,340	1,360
Welsh	10,265	4,890	5,375
Portuguese	14,035	7,260	6,775
American	5,255	2,515	2,740
Spanish	5,235	2,465	2,770
Swedish	2,780	1,265	1,515
Hungarian	5,140	2,355	2,785
Acadian	1,500	745	755
Pakistani	2,740	1,460	1,280
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,580	1,290	1,295
Jewish	3,275	1,630	1,645
Punjabi	1,230	660	570
Vietnamese	2,290	1,090	1,195
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	780	415	370
Greek	4,510	2,220	2,290
Jamaican	4,895	2,470	2,425
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,650	695	950
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	900	415	485
Korean	1,700	795	900
Romanian	2,090	905	1,180
Lebanese	1,135	545	595
Iranian	1,330	735	600
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,510	1,140	1,370
Danish	3,100	1,390	1,705
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,220	1,560	1,660
Sikh	620	350	270
Austrian	3,280	1,625	1,655
Belgian	1,380	670	710
Haitian	175	90	80
Hindu	1,060	550	505
Mexican	1,295	645	660
Mennonite	335	175	165
Swiss	1,700	780	915
Finnish	3,415	1,680	1,730
Sri Lankan	1,350	655	695
Croatian	1,755	840	915
Japanese	775	385	390
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	620	325	300
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,325	645	680
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,750	885	865
Muslim	555	295	260
Egyptian	640	360	280
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,215	595	625
Tamil	1,060	515	540
Icelandic	675	295	380
Colombian	1,020	510	515
Moroccan	205	105	100
Czech	1,830	925	905
Syrian	530	245	285
Guyanese	1,990	985	1,000
Afghan	1,515	755	765
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	730	335	395
Serbian	955	460	495
Ojibway	3,240	1,575	1,665
Newfoundlander	2,145	1,005	1,140
Hong Konger	150	80	70
Ontarian	3,600	1,845	1,755
Persian	710	365	345
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,545	785	750
Turkish	995	515	480
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	275	110	165
Bangladeshi	180	95	85
Algerian	40	15	20
Brazilian	1,100	550	550
Nigerian	985	515	465
Armenian	610	335	270
Slovak	1,045	515	530
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	955	490	465
Somali	65	35	35
Taiwanese	170	80	90
Iraqi	885	460	425
Salvadorean	665	310	355
African Caribbean	765	355	415
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	225	125	105
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	460	270	190
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	715	340	380
Algonquin	555	235	325
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,100	540	560
Lithuanian	1,270	550	720
South African	730	360	375
Australian	750	380	370
Palestinian	215	115	100
Chilean	555	290	260
Congolese	60	45	15
Nova Scotian	450	225	225
Ethiopian	125	55	70
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	560	255	305
Peruvian	590	320	270
Yoruba	310	155	155
Cambodian (Khmer)	665	295	370
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	345	175	170
Maltese	2,085	960	1,120
Macedonian	1,485	820	665
Slovenian	1,015	480	535
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	520	265	255
New Brunswicker	295	160	135
Gujarati	460	245	220
Eritrean	40	10	20
African Canadian	345	170	175
Israeli	660	370	290
Mohawk	710	360	350
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	565	290	280
Bulgarian	490	225	265
Albertan	25	15	0
Ghanaian	425	220	200
Barbadian	545	270	280
African American	390	190	205
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	495	235	265
Tunisian	30	20	20
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	530	325	210
Cuban	605	315	290
Bosnian	220	110	110
Venezuelan	185	95	85
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	10	40
Latvian	895	405	490
Bengali	85	45	45
Cameroonian	25	20	10
Guatemalan	305	165	140
Indonesian	240	115	120
Laotian	365	205	160
Ilocano	175	50	120
Northern Irish	1,000	440	560
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	465	250	215
British Columbian	45	20	25
Ecuadorian	1,245	645	600
Franco Ontarian	425	240	185
Argentinian	755	415	335
Estonian	725	355	375
Kurdish	280	195	85
Fijian	60	15	40
Jatt	130	55	75
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	320	160	160
Coptic	110	70	50
Thai	200	65	140
Dominican	260	135	125
Nepali	55	20	40
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	720	355	360
Igbo	165	85	80
Byelorussian	440	225	215
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	205	120	85
Abenaki	10	10	0
Moldovan	325	135	190
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	205	85	120
New Zealander	200	135	70
Sudanese	25	15	10
Breton	10	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	455	150	300
Malaysian	60	50	10
Plains Cree	30	20	15
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	135	65	70
Saskatchewanian	50	20	30
Buddhist	155	60	95
Gaspesian	25	20	10
Norman	85	50	35
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	145	75	70
Ivorian	25	15	10
Saulteaux	10	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	395	170	225
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	120	45	75
Mauritian	80	40	40
Kenyan	125	70	60
Oji-Cree	30	10	25
Vincentian	220	95	125
Jordanian	125	60	60
Manitoban	50	25	20
Cape Bretoner	160	60	100
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	270	145	125
Malayali	105	50	55
Chaldean	415	180	235
Sinhalese	120	55	65
Mayan	175	80	90
Honduran	130	60	65
Cherokee	155	85	70
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	105	40	60
Indo-Caribbean	150	70	85
Flemish	135	75	60
United Empire Loyalist	220	130	90
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	185	115	65
Sicilian	325	200	130
Pashtun	90	35	55
Malay	35	15	20
Goan	100	50	50
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	10	15
Tibetan	45	20	25
Zimbabwean	115	65	45
Burmese	85	40	35
Mongolian	55	40	15
Azorean	285	110	175
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	45	30	15
Ugandan	75	25	45
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	110	60	50
Yemeni	50	20	25
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	50	20	35
Basque	35	15	20
Uruguayan	475	260	215
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	75	40	30
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	60	30	30
Igorot	30	10	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	20	20	0
St. Lucian	175	95	80
Prince Edward Islander	90	40	55
Maliseet	50	25	25
Beninese	10	10	0
Telugu	30	20	10
Roma	50	15	35
Costa Rican	140	60	75
African Nova Scotian	45	25	30
Malagasy	20	10	10
Kashmiri	35	15	15
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	70	35	35
Edo	100	60	35
Tajik	30	20	10
Amhara	35	20	10
Paraguayan	60	25	35
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	525,085	259,220	265,865
Buddhist	2,720	1,245	1,480
Christian	291,855	136,405	155,450
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	38,945	18,340	20,600
Anabaptist	450	210	240
Anglican	28,195	12,500	15,695
Baptist	7,795	3,725	4,070
Catholic	134,920	64,825	70,095
Christian Orthodox	7,310	3,590	3,720
Jehovah's Witness	2,725	1,200	1,525
Latter Day Saints	720	360	365
Lutheran	3,790	1,700	2,090
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,470	630	840
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	5,840	2,560	3,275
Presbyterian	13,110	5,975	7,140
Reformed	1,165	570	600
United Church	31,320	13,660	17,665
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	14,085	6,560	7,525
Hindu	6,005	3,170	2,840
Jewish	3,370	1,730	1,640
Muslim	9,260	4,825	4,440
Sikh	2,755	1,460	1,295
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	650	325	330
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,085	1,245	1,845
No religion and secular perspectives	205,375	108,825	96,550
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	520,135	256,840	263,285
Non-movers	455,320	224,980	230,340
Movers	64,810	31,860	32,950
Non-migrants	23,700	11,695	11,995
Migrants	41,115	20,165	20,950
Internal migrants	39,670	19,425	20,240
Intraprovincial migrants	38,200	18,725	19,475
Interprovincial migrants	1,470	695	770
External migrants	1,445	735	710
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	498,030	245,555	252,470
Non-movers	287,405	141,935	145,470
Movers	210,630	103,620	107,005
Non-migrants	54,380	26,610	27,765
Migrants	156,250	77,010	79,235
Internal migrants	146,970	72,275	74,695
Intraprovincial migrants	140,250	68,825	71,430
Interprovincial migrants	6,715	3,450	3,270
External migrants	9,280	4,740	4,540
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	438,145	214,430	223,715
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	81,270	44,670	36,605
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	356,880	169,760	187,110
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	280,010	137,700	142,310
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	33,695	20,500	13,195
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	246,315	117,200	129,110
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	438,145	214,430	223,715
No certificate, diploma or degree	72,425	38,890	33,535
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	138,420	69,840	68,580
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	227,305	105,705	121,600
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	145,735	72,020	73,710
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	29,200	22,110	7,090
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	13,350	8,570	4,785
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	15,845	13,545	2,300
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	108,345	46,300	62,040
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,195	3,610	4,580
Bachelor's degree or higher	81,570	33,685	47,885
Bachelor's degree	58,360	23,390	34,970
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,250	2,535	3,715
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,015	1,120	895
Master's degree	13,575	5,890	7,690
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,365	755	610
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	280,015	137,705	142,315
No certificate, diploma or degree	28,800	17,410	11,390
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	81,665	43,535	38,135
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	169,545	76,755	92,790
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,165	52,390	54,775
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	19,595	14,685	4,915
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,830	5,605	3,220
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	10,765	9,075	1,690
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	82,225	35,415	46,805
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,350	2,285	3,060
Bachelor's degree or higher	62,380	24,365	38,015
Bachelor's degree	44,790	17,275	27,520
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,680	1,750	2,930
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,495	680	810
Master's degree	10,495	4,210	6,290
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	925	455	470
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	438,145	214,430	223,715
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	210,840	108,730	102,115
Education	13,650	3,130	10,515
13. Education	13,650	3,130	10,515
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,350	3,335	5,015
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	905	725	185
50. Visual and performing arts	7,445	2,615	4,835
Humanities	9,910	3,560	6,350
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	725	105	615
23. English language and literature/letters	2,675	625	2,050
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,605	930	1,675
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	285	120	170
38. Philosophy and religious studies	615	275	340
39. Theology and religious vocations	980	590	385
54. History	1,645	855	785
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	385	65	325
Social and behavioural sciences and law	29,830	8,290	21,535
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315	70	250
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,185	1,250	1,935
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,940	540	6,400
22. Legal professions and studies	4,865	1,150	3,715
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	715	200	520
42. Psychology	4,970	1,200	3,775
45. Social sciences	8,835	3,885	4,950
Business, management and public administration	43,235	16,590	26,645
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	40	35
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,340	660	3,680
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	38,825	15,895	22,935
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,545	2,945	3,605
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,660	960	1,700
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,830	815	1,015
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	140	60	80
40. Physical sciences	1,475	980	495
41. Science technologies/technicians	445	130	315
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,355	4,840	2,510
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,870	4,210	1,655
25. Library science	415	15	400
27. Mathematics and statistics	900	500	395
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	170	115	55
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	46,735	43,495	3,240
04. Architecture and related services	1,615	1,135	475
14. Engineering	6,475	5,370	1,105
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	11,125	10,100	1,025
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	10,930	10,745	185
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	10,630	10,435	205
48. Precision production	5,960	5,715	245
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,420	2,855	2,570
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,550	1,730	1,825
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,870	1,125	745
Health and related fields	37,710	6,655	31,060
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,025	1,815	2,205
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	33,035	4,500	28,535
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	110	20	90
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	545	315	230
Personal, protective and transportation services	18,425	9,975	8,455
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,410	2,330	6,080
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	40	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	130	115	10
43. Security and protective services	6,815	4,765	2,045
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,030	2,720	310
Other¹⁷⁹	145	40	100
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	280,010	137,700	142,310
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	110,465	60,945	49,520
Education	9,315	2,030	7,280
13. Education	9,315	2,030	7,280
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,140	2,330	3,810
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	545	405	140
50. Visual and performing arts	5,590	1,925	3,665
Humanities	6,890	2,360	4,540
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	515	70	445
23. English language and literature/letters	1,895	415	1,485
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,885	655	1,230
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	205	80	115
38. Philosophy and religious studies	435	180	255
39. Theology and religious vocations	620	350	260
54. History	1,115	580	530
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	240	25	215
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,220	5,845	17,375
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	240	45	195
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,640	995	1,645
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,570	350	5,220
22. Legal professions and studies	3,980	805	3,170
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	550	140	410
42. Psychology	3,695	790	2,905
45. Social sciences	6,550	2,715	3,830
Business, management and public administration	32,885	12,260	20,620
30.16 Accounting and computer science	60	35	30
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,465	510	2,950
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	29,355	11,715	17,640
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,785	2,020	2,765
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,990	715	1,275
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,345	535	805
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110	40	70
40. Physical sciences	1,035	645	385
41. Science technologies/technicians	310	80	230
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,960	4,070	1,885
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,965	3,645	1,320
25. Library science	255	10	250
27. Mathematics and statistics	605	325	280
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	130	90	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	33,655	31,030	2,630
04. Architecture and related services	1,255	865	395
14. Engineering	4,790	3,840	945
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,195	7,400	800
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	7,845	7,720	125
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,370	7,195	175
48. Precision production	4,195	4,005	185
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,110	2,010	2,095
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,690	1,220	1,475
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,420	790	625
Health and related fields	28,060	4,950	23,110
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,140	1,425	1,720
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	24,425	3,335	21,100
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	10	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	410	190	220
Personal, protective and transportation services	14,430	7,825	6,610
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,455	1,760	4,695
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	25	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	75	65	10
43. Security and protective services	5,660	3,980	1,680
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,210	2,000	215
Other¹⁷⁹	95	25	70
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	280,010	137,700	142,310
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	110,465	60,945	49,520
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	169,545	76,755	92,790
Location of study inside Canada	149,830	67,650	82,185
Same as province or territory of residence	141,880	63,845	78,035
Different than province or territory of residence	7,955	3,805	4,145
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	19,710	9,105	10,605
Americas	4,965	2,280	2,680
United States of America	3,225	1,500	1,730
Mexico	250	100	150
Cuba	115	40	70
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	170	105	65
Brazil	330	130	200
Colombia	255	105	150
Peru	65	30	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	40	65
Other locations of study in Americas	435	225	215
Europe	5,965	2,925	3,040
Belgium	35	25	15
France	115	65	50
Germany	215	100	115
Netherlands	100	60	40
Switzerland	45	10	40
Hungary	85	45	40
Moldova¹⁸³	200	80	115
Poland	510	240	270
Romania	265	120	150
Russian Federation	925	460	470
Ukraine	655	305	350
Ireland⁹⁶	110	60	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,865	940	930
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	15	0
Italy	90	60	25
Serbia⁸⁶	55	20	30
Other locations of study in Europe	685	315	370
Africa	810	450	360
Nigeria	275	150	130
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	30	10	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	110	65	45
South Africa, Republic of	150	85	65
Other locations of study in Africa	245	140	105
Asia	7,365	3,195	4,170
Iran⁸⁸	410	215	195
Iraq	145	70	75
Israel	265	145	120
Lebanon	60	25	35
Syria⁸⁹	55	30	25
Turkey	120	75	40
China⁹⁰	885	380	505
Taiwan	35	15	20
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	10	0
Japan	60	20	45
Korea, South⁹²	350	130	215
Philippines	1,445	420	1,025
Viet Nam	90	30	60
Bangladesh	50	20	30
Sri Lanka	140	45	95
India	2,095	1,050	1,050
Pakistan	595	265	330
Other locations of study in Asia	555	260	290
Oceania	615	260	350
Australia	545	230	315
New Zealand	60	25	35
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	438,145	214,430	223,715
In the labour force	275,620	144,515	131,110
Employed	242,975	129,785	113,195
Unemployed	32,650	14,725	17,920
Not in the labour force	162,525	69,920	92,605
Participation rate	62.9	67.4	58.6
Employment rate	55.5	60.5	50.6
Unemployment rate	11.8	10.2	13.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	438,145	214,430	223,715
Did not work¹⁸⁶	161,940	70,580	91,360
Worked	276,205	143,850	132,355
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	147,760	84,250	63,510
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	128,450	59,600	68,845
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.2	42.2	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	275,620	144,510	131,110
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,130	2,840	3,290
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	269,495	141,670	127,820
Employee	226,880	115,620	111,255
Permanent position	195,545	100,475	95,070
Temporary position	31,330	15,145	16,185
Fixed term (1 year or more)	8,750	3,870	4,880
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	22,575	11,270	11,305
Self-employed¹⁹²	42,615	26,055	16,560
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	275,620	144,510	131,110
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,130	2,840	3,290
All occupations¹⁹¹	269,495	141,670	127,820
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,940	2,130	805
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	40,465	10,915	29,555
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	15,930	12,500	3,440
3 Health occupations	21,020	3,440	17,580
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	31,205	10,515	20,690
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	6,750	2,805	3,945
6 Sales and service occupations	69,730	29,265	40,465
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	58,155	53,330	4,830
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	6,785	5,145	1,640
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	16,515	11,635	4,880
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	275,620	144,510	131,110
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,130	2,840	3,290
All industries¹⁹¹	269,495	141,670	127,820
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,810	2,375	1,440
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	695	605	95
22 Utilities	2,135	1,645	485
23 Construction	30,955	27,155	3,795
31-33 Manufacturing	29,610	21,165	8,440
41 Wholesale trade	8,790	6,000	2,790
44-45 Retail trade	33,315	15,210	18,105
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	12,700	9,105	3,595
51 Information and cultural industries	4,075	2,400	1,675
52 Finance and insurance	7,805	3,055	4,755
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,360	2,645	2,715
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	15,785	8,040	7,745
55 Management of companies and enterprises	600	290	310
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	13,080	7,465	5,615
61 Educational services	17,620	4,880	12,740
62 Health care and social assistance	33,680	5,295	28,390
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,995	3,120	2,875
72 Accommodation and food services	16,135	6,605	9,530
81 Other services (except public administration)	10,890	5,490	5,400
91 Public administration	16,445	9,125	7,320
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	295,880	153,530	142,355
English	286,140	149,240	136,900
French	785	160	625
Non-official language	830	400	440
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	830	400	440
English and French	3,955	1,565	2,385
English and non-official language(s)	3,980	2,100	1,880
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	50	110
Multiple non-official languages	25	15	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	295,880	153,530	142,355
Single responses	294,730	152,990	141,735
Official languages	293,210	152,235	140,980
English	291,965	151,975	139,985
French	1,250	255	995
Non-official languages	1,515	760	755
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10
Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,510	760	755
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	25	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	35	25	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	15	15	0
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	75	30	40
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	75	30	40
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	15	0	15
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	45	30	15
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	45	30	15
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	965	495	470
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	335	140	190
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	335	140	190
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	65	30	35
Russian	250	100	145
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	10	10	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	10	15
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	20	0	15
German	20	0	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	155	80	75
Indo-Aryan languages	115	55	60
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	20	10	10
Hindi	10	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	50	20	35
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	35	20	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	40	25	15
Kurdish	15	10	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	25	10	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	20	10	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	450	265	185
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	25	10	20
Portuguese	165	105	65
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	245	145	100
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	0
Korean	65	35	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	0	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	10	15
American Sign Language	25	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	245	105	140
Chinese languages	245	105	140
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	220	85	130
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	20	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	15	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	25	15	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,150	535	615
English and French	505	190	315
English and non-official language(s)	630	350	285
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	295,880	153,530	142,355
None	288,775	150,295	138,485
English	1,090	420	670
French	3,035	1,290	1,745
Non-official language	2,510	1,300	1,205
Indigenous³⁹	120	40	80
Non-Indigenous	2,390	1,260	1,125
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	45	25	25
French and non-official language(s)	110	45	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	320	155	165
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	242,975	129,780	113,190
Worked at home	50,500	21,720	28,780
Worked outside Canada	560	415	145
No fixed workplace address	37,770	29,430	8,340
Usual place of work	154,150	78,225	75,935
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	154,155	78,225	75,935
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	64,755	28,715	36,040
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	51,615	26,210	25,405
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	37,440	23,075	14,365
Commute to a different province or territory	345	220	125
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	191,925	107,655	84,270
Car, truck or van	177,560	100,950	76,600
Car, truck or van - as a driver	163,325	94,260	69,070
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	14,225	6,695	7,535
Public transit	3,420	1,475	1,950
Walked	6,535	2,985	3,550
Bicycle	930	640	290
Other method	3,485	1,605	1,880
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	191,925	107,655	84,270
Less than 15 minutes	60,185	27,915	32,270
15 to 29 minutes	51,400	25,665	25,740
30 to 44 minutes	31,755	19,160	12,590
45 to 59 minutes	19,620	13,335	6,285
60 minutes and over	28,960	21,575	7,385
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	191,925	107,655	84,270
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	21,180	16,150	5,030
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	36,385	23,690	12,695
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	45,740	25,105	20,640
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	36,075	15,355	20,710
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	21,325	8,860	12,465
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	31,225	18,505	12,720
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	106,720	54,960	51,760
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,695	4,930	4,760
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	97,030	50,035	46,995
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	77,545	40,030	37,515
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,380	3,725	3,655
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,245	2,085	2,160
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,130	1,635	1,490
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	70,170	36,310	33,860

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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