Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Division No. 6, Census division (CDR)More information: Alberta [Census division]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,590,639	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,498,778	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	638,160	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	604,628	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	126.1	...	...	126.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	12,614.18	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,590,640	790,320	800,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	294,075	151,285	142,785	18.5	19.1	17.8
0 to 4 years	89,790	46,155	43,630	5.6	5.8	5.5
5 to 9 years	100,905	51,680	49,225	6.3	6.5	6.2
10 to 14 years	103,380	53,450	49,930	6.5	6.8	6.2
15 to 64 years	1,074,770	535,540	539,230	67.6	67.8	67.4
15 to 19 years	92,025	47,355	44,675	5.8	6.0	5.6
20 to 24 years	91,515	47,260	44,260	5.8	6.0	5.5
25 to 29 years	101,235	50,320	50,915	6.4	6.4	6.4
30 to 34 years	123,235	60,255	62,980	7.7	7.6	7.9
35 to 39 years	132,045	64,950	67,095	8.3	8.2	8.4
40 to 44 years	121,735	60,110	61,625	7.7	7.6	7.7
45 to 49 years	111,345	55,485	55,860	7.0	7.0	7.0
50 to 54 years	103,325	51,835	51,490	6.5	6.6	6.4
55 to 59 years	101,580	50,260	51,320	6.4	6.4	6.4
60 to 64 years	96,735	47,710	49,020	6.1	6.0	6.1
65 years and over	221,795	103,495	118,300	13.9	13.1	14.8
65 to 69 years	78,095	38,250	39,845	4.9	4.8	5.0
70 to 74 years	58,785	28,310	30,475	3.7	3.6	3.8
75 to 79 years	36,570	17,235	19,340	2.3	2.2	2.4
80 to 84 years	23,750	10,405	13,350	1.5	1.3	1.7
85 years and over	24,595	9,300	15,290	1.5	1.2	1.9
85 to 89 years	15,285	6,230	9,050	1.0	0.8	1.1
90 to 94 years	7,425	2,580	4,850	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	1,655	445	1,210	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	225	45	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.5	19.1	17.8	18.5	19.1	17.8
15 to 64 years	67.6	67.8	67.4	67.6	67.8	67.4
65 years and over	13.9	13.1	14.8	13.9	13.1	14.8
85 years and over	1.5	1.2	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.9
Average age of the population	38.9	38.3	39.6	38.9	38.3	39.6
Median age of the population	38.4	38.0	39.2	38.4	38.0	39.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	351,925	...	...	58.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	39,065	...	...	6.5	...	...
Row house	57,180	...	...	9.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	21,855	...	...	3.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	89,225	...	...	14.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	40,750	...	...	6.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	380	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,250	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	151,770	...	...	25.1	...	...
2 persons	196,980	...	...	32.6	...	...
3 persons	96,165	...	...	15.9	...	...
4 persons	97,780	...	...	16.2	...	...
5 or more persons	61,930	...	...	10.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,571,935	782,210	789,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,296,570	639,035	657,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	773,480	387,015	386,465	59.7	60.6	58.8
Married	657,160	328,650	328,510	50.7	51.4	50.0
Living common-law	116,320	58,365	57,960	9.0	9.1	8.8
Living common law - Never married	87,265	43,935	43,330	6.7	6.9	6.6
Living common law - Separated	4,035	2,145	1,890	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	23,185	11,490	11,690	1.8	1.8	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	1,835	790	1,045	0.1	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	523,090	252,020	271,065	40.3	39.4	41.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	364,145	197,890	166,255	28.1	31.0	25.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	29,375	12,665	16,710	2.3	2.0	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	79,920	30,945	48,970	6.2	4.8	7.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	49,640	10,520	39,125	3.8	1.6	6.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	438,900	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	204,395	...	...	46.6	...	...
3 persons	94,815	...	...	21.6	...	...
4 persons	97,660	...	...	22.3	...	...
5 or more persons	42,025	...	...	9.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	438,900	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	377,050	...	...	85.9	...	...
Married couples	318,890	...	...	72.7	...	...
With children⁶	190,345	...	...	43.4	...	...
Without children	128,545	...	...	29.3	...	...
Common-law couples	58,160	...	...	13.3	...	...
With children⁶	19,165	...	...	4.4	...	...
Without children	38,995	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	61,850	...	...	14.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	47,785	...	...	10.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	14,065	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,571,935	782,210	789,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,308,650	651,540	657,110	83.3	83.3	83.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	754,090	377,085	377,010	48.0	48.2	47.7
Parents in one-parent families	61,855	14,065	47,790	3.9	1.8	6.1
Children⁶	492,710	260,395	232,315	31.3	33.3	29.4
In a two-parent family	396,580	208,580	188,000	25.2	26.7	23.8
In a one-parent family	96,130	51,815	44,315	6.1	6.6	5.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	263,280	130,670	132,615	16.7	16.7	16.8
Living alone	151,765	71,605	80,165	9.7	9.2	10.2
Living with other relatives⁷	40,060	17,085	22,975	2.5	2.2	2.9
Living with non-relatives only	71,460	41,975	29,480	4.5	5.4	3.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	375,185	...	...	62.1	...	...
Couple-family households	328,515	...	...	54.3	...	...
With children⁶	182,665	...	...	30.2	...	...
Without children	145,845	...	...	24.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	46,670	...	...	7.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	20,165	...	...	3.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	4,730	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	22,485	...	...	3.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	30,295	...	...	5.0	...	...
One-person households	151,765	...	...	25.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,278,370	631,180	647,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,214,945	600,280	614,665	95.0	95.1	95.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	52,400	39,200	44,800	52,400	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,215,665	600,680	614,980	95.1	95.2	95.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,000	36,000	40,400	46,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,105,625	556,335	549,290	86.5	88.1	84.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	50,000	32,400	40,800	50,000	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	922,195	474,800	447,395	72.1	75.2	69.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	50,800	34,800	42,400	50,800	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,061,305	515,795	545,510	83.0	81.7	84.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,600	5,600	9,100	7,600	5,600	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	136,975	64,415	72,555	10.7	10.2	11.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,760	5,880	5,800	5,760	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	384,535	184,820	199,710	30.1	29.3	30.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,278,375	631,155	647,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,214,380	599,940	614,440	95.0	95.1	94.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	65,500	78,400	52,850	65,500	78,400	52,850
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,215,100	600,300	614,800	95.1	95.1	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,050	61,750	44,560	53,050	61,750	44,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,105,945	556,435	549,510	86.5	88.2	84.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,300	76,300	48,160	62,300	76,300	48,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	922,200	475,075	447,125	72.1	75.3	69.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,800	73,200	47,640	60,800	73,200	47,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,060,140	515,090	545,050	82.9	81.6	84.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,020	8,930	11,050	10,020	8,930	11,050
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	136,685	64,550	72,135	10.7	10.2	11.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,070	6,620	7,480	7,070	6,620	7,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	383,100	184,610	198,485	30.0	29.2	30.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,270	9,160	9,380	9,270	9,160	9,380
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,278,370	631,155	647,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	432,255	245,295	186,965	33.8	38.9	28.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	80,000	65,000	73,000	80,000	65,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	94,000	107,000	76,900	94,000	107,000	76,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	374,345	173,060	201,290	29.3	27.4	31.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,400	23,400	18,400	20,400	23,400	18,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,960	40,480	28,360	33,960	40,480	28,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.6	90.2	81.4	86.6	90.2	81.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	74.0	65.6	70.6	74.0	65.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.4	9.8	18.5	13.4	9.8	18.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.7	1.2	0.9	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	3.9	6.5	5.0	3.9	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	3.6	5.7	4.5	3.6	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,278,375	631,180	647,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	63,430	30,900	32,525	5.0	4.9	5.0
With total income	1,214,950	600,280	614,670	95.0	95.1	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	107,500	44,415	63,085	8.8	7.4	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	115,465	47,780	67,690	9.5	8.0	11.0
$20,000 to $29,999	178,230	78,800	99,430	14.7	13.1	16.2
$30,000 to $39,999	142,910	61,170	81,740	11.8	10.2	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	122,655	55,960	66,690	10.1	9.3	10.8
$50,000 to $59,999	101,530	48,280	53,245	8.4	8.0	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	85,080	42,725	42,355	7.0	7.1	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	68,705	36,885	31,825	5.7	6.1	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	53,900	30,515	23,385	4.4	5.1	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	45,345	25,570	19,775	3.7	4.3	3.2
$100,000 and over	193,625	128,165	65,460	15.9	21.4	10.6
$100,000 to $149,999	113,250	69,295	43,955	9.3	11.5	7.2
$150,000 and over	80,375	58,870	21,505	6.6	9.8	3.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,278,375	631,180	647,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	62,710	30,505	32,210	4.9	4.8	5.0
With after-tax income	1,215,660	600,680	614,985	95.1	95.2	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	112,205	46,185	66,020	9.2	7.7	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	120,545	50,115	70,430	9.9	8.3	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	201,940	89,680	112,255	16.6	14.9	18.3
$30,000 to $39,999	166,565	73,405	93,160	13.7	12.2	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	143,135	67,430	75,705	11.8	11.2	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	114,565	57,190	57,380	9.4	9.5	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	87,375	47,045	40,330	7.2	7.8	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	65,115	36,810	28,305	5.4	6.1	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	51,690	28,935	22,760	4.3	4.8	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	35,160	21,215	13,945	2.9	3.5	2.3
$100,000 and over	117,360	82,665	34,700	9.7	13.8	5.6
$100,000 to $124,999	48,950	32,240	16,710	4.0	5.4	2.7
$125,000 and over	68,410	50,430	17,985	5.6	8.4	2.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,278,375	631,180	647,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	356,175	156,380	199,795	27.9	24.8	30.9
With employment income	922,200	474,800	447,395	72.1	75.2	69.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	116,020	54,130	61,895	12.6	11.4	13.8
$5,000 to $9,999	73,350	31,190	42,165	8.0	6.6	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	101,970	44,705	57,260	11.1	9.4	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	78,390	35,640	42,745	8.5	7.5	9.6
$30,000 to $39,999	73,695	34,455	39,235	8.0	7.3	8.8
$40,000 to $49,999	71,335	34,515	36,815	7.7	7.3	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	67,050	32,805	34,245	7.3	6.9	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	60,120	30,900	29,220	6.5	6.5	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	49,420	27,665	21,750	5.4	5.8	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	40,555	23,400	17,160	4.4	4.9	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	37,010	20,630	16,375	4.0	4.3	3.7
$100,000 and over	153,280	104,755	48,525	16.6	22.1	10.8
$100,000 to $124,999	61,175	36,970	24,210	6.6	7.8	5.4
$125,000 and over	92,100	67,780	24,320	10.0	14.3	5.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,278,370	631,180	647,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,186,950	585,375	601,575	92.8	92.7	93.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	53,200	37,600	44,400	53,200	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,187,385	585,475	601,910	92.9	92.8	93.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,400	34,400	40,000	46,400	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,090,850	548,795	542,060	85.3	86.9	83.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	52,800	35,600	43,600	52,800	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	923,490	475,205	448,285	72.2	75.3	69.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,800	53,600	37,600	44,800	53,600	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,003,255	489,055	514,200	78.5	77.5	79.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,190	960	3,040	1,190	960	3,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	85,480	38,765	46,720	6.7	6.1	7.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,680	7,200	6,450	5,680	7,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,278,375	631,155	647,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,186,410	585,100	601,310	92.8	92.7	92.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,500	80,000	51,400	65,500	80,000	51,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,186,820	585,185	601,635	92.8	92.7	93.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,650	62,600	43,000	52,650	62,600	43,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,091,545	549,110	542,435	85.4	87.0	83.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,600	80,800	50,200	65,600	80,800	50,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	923,490	475,385	448,110	72.2	75.3	69.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,100	77,600	49,760	64,100	77,600	49,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,003,375	489,190	514,180	78.5	77.5	79.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,130	5,076	7,130	6,130	5,076	7,130
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,820	38,275	46,545	6.6	6.1	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,200	7,120	9,080	8,200	7,120	9,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,278,370	631,155	647,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	428,265	243,165	185,105	33.5	38.5	28.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500	78,500	62,000	70,500	78,500	62,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	92,000	105,800	74,000	92,000	105,800	74,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	353,070	163,500	189,570	27.6	25.9	29.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,800	33,200	25,600	28,800	33,200	25,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,720	53,050	35,720	43,720	53,050	35,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.0	94.6	88.2	92.0	94.6	88.2
Employment income (%)	76.2	78.8	72.2	76.2	78.8	72.2
Government transfers (%)	7.9	5.3	11.9	7.9	5.3	11.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4	0.9	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	604,630	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	151,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,400	...	...	50,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...	44,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	452,860	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	604,630	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	131,600	...	...	131,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...	106,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	151,830	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	67,800	...	...	67,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,250	...	...	55,250	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	452,795	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	152,800	...	...	152,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,800	...	...	123,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	6,730	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,245	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,475	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,245	...	...	1.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	16,055	...	...	2.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	16,860	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,380	...	...	2.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,415	...	...	2.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	17,790	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	17,750	...	...	2.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	36,405	...	...	6.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	37,740	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	37,230	...	...	6.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	35,705	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	34,355	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	303,255	...	...	50.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	74,975	...	...	12.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	58,215	...	...	9.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	76,310	...	...	12.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	93,755	...	...	15.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	7,625	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,380	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,615	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,745	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	17,335	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	19,015	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	16,770	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	19,345	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	21,320	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	21,155	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	44,695	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	45,520	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	44,095	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	42,705	...	...	7.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	38,715	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	251,600	...	...	41.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	78,970	...	...	13.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	56,565	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	116,060	...	...	19.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	431,155	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	151,045	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	209,715	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	56,700	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	223,225	113,580	109,645	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,400	46,000	43,200	44,400	46,000	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	40,800	38,800	40,000	40,800	38,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	431,010	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,400	...	...	153,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,800	...	...	123,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	151,205	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	141,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	113,400	...	...	113,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	209,670	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,800	...	...	180,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,600	...	...	144,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	56,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,200	...	...	90,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,200	...	...	78,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	223,320	113,715	109,605	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	60,050	61,950	58,050	60,050	61,950	58,050
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,640	50,640	48,560	49,640	50,640	48,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,571,935	782,210	789,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	349,785	179,925	169,860	22.3	23.0	21.5
0 to 5 years	109,785	56,290	53,495	7.0	7.2	6.8
18 to 64 years	1,013,015	502,890	510,125	64.4	64.3	64.6
65 years and over	209,135	99,390	109,740	13.3	12.7	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	134,160	64,550	69,610	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	35,370	18,260	17,110	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	11,490	5,880	5,610	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	78,110	37,880	40,225	...	...	...
65 years and over	20,680	8,400	12,270	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.5	8.3	8.8	8.5	8.3	8.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.1	10.2	10.1	10.1	10.2	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5	10.5	10.5	10.5	10.5	10.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.7	7.5	7.9	7.7	7.5	7.9
65 years and over (%)	9.9	8.5	11.2	9.9	8.5	11.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,571,935	782,210	789,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	349,790	179,930	169,855	22.3	23.0	21.5
0 to 5 years	109,785	56,290	53,500	7.0	7.2	6.8
18 to 64 years	1,013,015	502,890	510,130	64.4	64.3	64.6
65 years and over	209,130	99,390	109,740	13.3	12.7	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	81,680	42,310	39,370	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	18,085	9,305	8,780	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	5,625	2,890	2,730	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	57,155	29,990	27,170	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,440	3,015	3,420	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.2	5.4	5.0	5.2	5.4	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.2	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1
18 to 64 years (%)	5.6	6.0	5.3	5.6	6.0	5.3
65 years and over (%)	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,571,935	782,210	789,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	673,690	328,825	344,865	42.9	42.0	43.7
In bottom decile	124,250	62,485	61,770	7.9	8.0	7.8
In second decile	132,700	62,320	70,380	8.4	8.0	8.9
In third decile	133,855	64,900	68,960	8.5	8.3	8.7
In fourth decile	138,980	68,120	70,855	8.8	8.7	9.0
In fifth decile	143,905	71,000	72,900	9.2	9.1	9.2
In top half of the distribution	898,245	453,385	444,865	57.1	58.0	56.3
In sixth decile	150,845	75,135	75,710	9.6	9.6	9.6
In seventh decile	155,985	78,075	77,910	9.9	10.0	9.9
In eighth decile	164,975	82,995	81,980	10.5	10.6	10.4
In ninth decile	181,315	91,520	89,795	11.5	11.7	11.4
In top decile	245,130	125,660	119,470	15.6	16.1	15.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,571,935	...	...	1,571,935	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.374	...	...	0.374	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.467	...	...	0.467	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.326	...	...	0.326	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,578,665	784,990	793,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,440,365	723,615	716,745	91.2	92.2	90.3
French only	980	425	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	103,090	47,140	55,945	6.5	6.0	7.0
Neither English nor French	34,235	13,810	20,420	2.2	1.8	2.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,578,665	784,990	793,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,517,390	757,800	759,590	96.1	96.5	95.7
French	20,675	10,250	10,425	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and French	7,260	3,590	3,675	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	33,340	13,355	19,985	2.1	1.7	2.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,578,665	784,990	793,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,505,615	749,475	756,135	95.4	95.5	95.3
Official languages	1,090,565	550,685	539,875	69.1	70.2	68.0
English	1,070,475	540,715	529,760	67.8	68.9	66.7
French	20,090	9,970	10,115	1.3	1.3	1.3
Non-official languages	415,050	198,790	216,260	26.3	25.3	27.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	645	270	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	445	180	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	205	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	205	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	130	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	414,405	198,525	215,885	26.3	25.3	27.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	35,495	18,255	17,240	2.2	2.3	2.2
Berber languages	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	3,200	1,600	1,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,395	700	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,615	800	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	32,085	16,545	15,535	2.0	2.1	2.0
Amharic	4,515	2,170	2,345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arabic	21,355	11,215	10,145	1.4	1.4	1.3
Aramaic languages	660	325	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	350	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	480	240	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	4,965	2,545	2,420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	14,785	6,645	8,140	0.9	0.8	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	870	400	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	13,810	6,185	7,625	0.9	0.8	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	55,755	24,650	31,110	3.5	3.1	3.9
Bikol	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	970	415	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	2,010	900	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,070	460	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	3,610	1,630	1,980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	700	280	420	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	510	240	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	210	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45,300	20,005	25,290	2.9	2.5	3.2
Waray-Waray	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	465	195	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	605	300	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,750	3,470	3,280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	355	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,805	1,410	1,390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	2,215	1,160	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	1,295	685	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	203,750	100,055	103,695	12.9	12.7	13.1
Albanian	1,375	725	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	275	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	30,225	13,960	16,270	1.9	1.8	2.0
Baltic languages	490	225	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	185	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	305	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	29,740	13,735	16,005	1.9	1.7	2.0
Belarusian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	820	410	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,405	645	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	7,595	3,540	4,050	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	10,165	4,510	5,660	0.6	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,905	2,385	2,520	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	895	435	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,000	960	1,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,935	950	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,085	545	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	225	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,340	1,500	1,840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	17,580	8,490	9,090	1.1	1.1	1.1
Frisian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10,660	5,055	5,600	0.7	0.6	0.7
German	10,230	4,840	5,390	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	365	190	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5,565	2,755	2,810	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	1,230	595	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	3,870	1,930	1,935	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	295	135	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,290	635	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	765	395	370	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	210	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	270	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,520	710	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	106,625	53,665	52,955	6.8	6.8	6.7
Indo-Aryan languages	93,240	46,930	46,305	5.9	6.0	5.8
Assamese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,455	2,230	2,230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	6,565	3,380	3,180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	8,495	4,290	4,205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	1,080	475	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	995	500	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	2,265	1,175	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	49,105	24,690	24,420	3.1	3.1	3.1
Rohingya	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	305	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,030	505	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	17,875	8,975	8,905	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	645	340	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	13,350	6,720	6,630	0.8	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,100	540	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,020	1,035	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	10,100	5,080	5,020	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	3,045	1,520	1,525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	5,705	2,875	2,830	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,345	685	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	45,970	22,265	23,700	2.9	2.8	3.0
Catalan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,625	2,335	2,285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	4,540	2,160	2,375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	4,585	2,265	2,315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	32,170	15,475	16,695	2.0	2.0	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,395	800	1,595	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	10,745	4,940	5,800	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mongolian	465	210	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	6,430	3,245	3,185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	705	360	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	775	400	375	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	340	155	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	790	385	410	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,845	970	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	765	375	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,315	665	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	555	305	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	385	170	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	315	160	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	275	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	225	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	68,720	31,925	36,790	4.4	4.1	4.6
Chinese languages	67,430	31,300	36,130	4.3	4.0	4.6
Hakka	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	31,950	14,765	17,190	2.0	1.9	2.2
Min Dong	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,235	520	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	260	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	32,755	15,315	17,435	2.1	2.0	2.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	865	390	470	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,245	600	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	265	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	220	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	635	320	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,240	435	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	460	220	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	740	205	535	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,955	1,050	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	245	135	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,405	770	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	3,550	1,640	1,910	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	305	105	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	3,155	1,490	1,665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	73,050	35,515	37,535	4.6	4.5	4.7
English and French	6,360	3,080	3,285	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	58,650	28,715	29,930	3.7	3.7	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,230	605	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,130	525	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	5,680	2,595	3,085	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,578,665	784,990	793,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,104,225	556,180	548,045	69.9	70.9	69.1
French	4,775	2,390	2,390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	127,600	60,835	66,760	8.1	7.7	8.4
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	127,540	60,810	66,730	8.1	7.7	8.4
English and French	14,755	6,925	7,835	0.9	0.9	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	306,635	148,985	157,650	19.4	19.0	19.9
French and non-official language(s)	570	255	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,715	3,605	4,105	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	12,395	5,820	6,575	0.8	0.7	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,578,665	784,990	793,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,503,115	748,130	754,985	95.2	95.3	95.1
Official languages	1,243,700	622,455	621,250	78.8	79.3	78.3
English	1,236,475	618,890	617,585	78.3	78.8	77.8
French	7,230	3,560	3,665	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	259,415	125,675	133,740	16.4	16.0	16.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	259,295	125,620	133,675	16.4	16.0	16.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,515	11,260	11,260	1.4	1.4	1.4
Berber languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,145	1,040	1,105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,005	505	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,010	470	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20,280	10,165	10,115	1.3	1.3	1.3
Amharic	2,840	1,335	1,500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	12,825	6,490	6,335	0.8	0.8	0.8
Aramaic languages	510	250	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	265	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	245	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,805	1,940	1,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,940	4,535	5,405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	465	205	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	9,395	4,280	5,110	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35,275	16,595	18,675	2.2	2.1	2.4
Bikol	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	505	240	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,190	580	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	580	280	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,225	1,035	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	255	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	29,630	13,885	15,750	1.9	1.8	2.0
Waray-Waray	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	205	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	340	160	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,410	2,205	2,205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,900	940	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,495	760	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	785	390	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	122,940	60,715	62,220	7.8	7.7	7.8
Albanian	625	330	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	14,005	6,710	7,295	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baltic languages	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,790	6,605	7,190	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	380	180	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	410	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,015	1,450	1,560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	6,450	3,065	3,385	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,020	980	1,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	370	180	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	715	335	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	925	460	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	405	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	980	470	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,010	1,440	1,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,705	825	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	1,630	785	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,120	530	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	635	305	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	455	210	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	480	215	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	79,180	39,590	39,590	5.0	5.0	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	70,335	35,225	35,110	4.5	4.5	4.4
Assamese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,975	1,455	1,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	4,225	2,175	2,045	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	5,510	2,770	2,740	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	580	245	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	575	285	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,590	815	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40,675	20,425	20,245	2.6	2.6	2.6
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	555	270	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	12,930	6,420	6,510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	355	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,825	4,360	4,475	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	750	360	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,250	635	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	6,765	3,325	3,435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	1,880	905	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,970	1,965	2,015	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	910	460	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	25,440	12,340	13,100	1.6	1.6	1.7
Catalan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,000	450	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,410	1,180	1,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	2,175	1,085	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	19,825	9,605	10,215	1.3	1.2	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,160	495	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	8,130	3,835	4,295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mongolian	305	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,170	1,030	1,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	335	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	660	315	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	720	360	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	340	190	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	260	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	450	260	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	355	205	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,945	22,570	25,375	3.0	2.9	3.2
Chinese languages	47,025	22,110	24,915	3.0	2.8	3.1
Hakka	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	23,970	11,440	12,530	1.5	1.5	1.6
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	465	185	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	21,815	10,130	11,685	1.4	1.3	1.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	500	225	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	915	460	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	485	250	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	500	230	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	275	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,185	600	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	935	480	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,205	575	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,135	540	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	75,555	36,865	38,685	4.8	4.7	4.9
English and French	2,955	1,435	1,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	69,995	34,230	35,770	4.4	4.4	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	260	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	710	320	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,630	760	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,578,665	784,995	793,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,298,665	649,700	648,965	82.3	82.8	81.8
English	104,745	51,660	53,085	6.6	6.6	6.7
French	11,450	5,290	6,160	0.7	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	127,610	60,685	66,920	8.1	7.7	8.4
Indigenous³⁹	635	285	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	126,970	60,410	66,565	8.0	7.7	8.4
English and French	1,340	640	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	16,885	8,395	8,490	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	3,660	1,690	1,970	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	215	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	14,095	6,810	7,285	0.9	0.9	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,571,935	782,265	789,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,537,720	768,345	769,380	97.8	98.2	97.4
English	1,536,650	767,865	768,785	97.8	98.2	97.4
French	103,915	47,090	56,830	6.6	6.0	7.2
Non-official languages	562,910	270,945	291,960	35.8	34.6	37.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,740	685	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	1,155	440	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	470	190	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	605	245	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	605	245	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	260	80	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	235	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	225	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	561,340	270,320	291,010	35.7	34.6	36.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	54,595	28,250	26,345	3.5	3.6	3.3
Berber languages	300	185	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	80	60	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	365	225	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	360	220	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	4,720	2,480	2,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	235	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	2,115	1,125	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	2,430	1,265	1,170	0.2	0.2	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	50,645	26,150	24,495	3.2	3.3	3.1
Amharic	8,465	4,170	4,295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Arabic	35,250	18,505	16,750	2.2	2.4	2.1
Aramaic languages	850	490	360	0.1	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	365	215	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	380	215	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	2,110	1,085	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	7,675	3,920	3,755	0.5	0.5	0.5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	125	90	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20,885	9,635	11,250	1.3	1.2	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,270	610	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	19,415	8,900	10,515	1.2	1.1	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	280	160	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	76,815	33,930	42,890	4.9	4.3	5.4
Bikol	635	325	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,175	510	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	3,705	1,700	2,000	0.2	0.2	0.3
Fijian	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,455	620	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	6,615	2,860	3,755	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indonesian	1,290	595	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	810	370	445	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,200	520	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	550	285	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	72,900	32,140	40,755	4.6	4.1	5.2
Waray-Waray	460	225	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,975	875	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,105	1,065	1,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	625	330	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	360	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	480	275	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	535	260	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10,600	5,455	5,140	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kannada	1,100	560	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	3,955	2,035	1,920	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	4,435	2,275	2,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	2,440	1,295	1,145	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	286,570	140,880	145,685	18.2	18.0	18.4
Albanian	1,865	1,015	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	465	265	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	37,905	17,730	20,175	2.4	2.3	2.6
Baltic languages	540	245	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	370	170	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	37,610	17,610	20,005	2.4	2.3	2.5
Belarusian	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,020	460	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	2,215	1,125	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	335	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	9,380	4,430	4,950	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian	15,410	7,245	8,165	1.0	0.9	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	6,725	3,165	3,560	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bosnian	1,790	855	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	3,390	1,585	1,805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	3,095	1,465	1,630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,530	715	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	335	130	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	4,845	2,125	2,720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	495	275	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	235	135	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	155	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	27,795	13,485	14,310	1.8	1.7	1.8
Frisian	85	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	18,325	8,925	9,400	1.2	1.1	1.2
German	17,910	8,715	9,200	1.1	1.1	1.2
Pennsylvania German	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	615	280	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	8,180	4,120	4,060	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	2,455	1,270	1,190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	5,235	2,625	2,610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	380	165	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,390	1,100	1,290	0.2	0.1	0.2
Danish	1,245	635	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	470	185	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	715	315	395	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,370	1,185	1,180	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	143,590	72,720	70,870	9.1	9.3	9.0
Indo-Aryan languages	128,685	65,260	63,425	8.2	8.3	8.0
Assamese	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	6,180	3,115	3,065	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	11,255	5,745	5,515	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hindi	45,340	22,980	22,370	2.9	2.9	2.8
Kacchi	2,325	1,035	1,300	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	460	215	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	2,295	1,185	1,110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nepali	3,010	1,565	1,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	68,525	34,920	33,610	4.4	4.5	4.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	685	385	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,450	700	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	31,710	16,195	15,515	2.0	2.1	2.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,400	750	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	17,245	8,665	8,570	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baluchi	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,425	720	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,985	1,510	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	13,270	6,700	6,570	0.8	0.9	0.8
Dari	4,765	2,320	2,440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	6,985	3,590	3,390	0.4	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,715	895	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	80,155	38,210	41,945	5.1	4.9	5.3
Catalan	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	9,805	4,810	4,985	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	6,925	3,405	3,515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	5,990	3,045	2,950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	60,770	28,640	32,125	3.9	3.7	4.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	145	90	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5,255	2,315	2,945	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	12,375	5,785	6,590	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mongolian	645	300	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	18,385	9,360	9,025	1.2	1.2	1.1
Akan (Twi)	1,400	720	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	360	190	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	190	120	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	300	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	3,040	1,595	1,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	300	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	405	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	270	150	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	670	325	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,435	1,805	1,630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	250	145	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	6,365	3,135	3,225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,555	1,280	1,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,895	965	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	860	455	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nuer	440	200	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	610	315	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,210	785	1,430	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	1,875	645	1,230	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	395	185	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	82,875	39,220	43,660	5.3	5.0	5.5
Chinese languages	81,080	38,330	42,750	5.2	4.9	5.4
Hakka	405	170	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	46,460	21,635	24,825	3.0	2.8	3.1
Min Dong	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,385	1,045	1,340	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	340	140	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	42,910	20,105	22,800	2.7	2.6	2.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	880	420	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,820	895	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	520	255	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	365	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	295	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	765	395	370	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,900	780	1,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	685	350	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,355	505	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,545	1,855	1,695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	550	285	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,625	1,470	1,155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	110	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	4,400	2,050	2,350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	435	210	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	3,810	1,780	2,030	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	525	295	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,571,935	782,265	789,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	53,700	25,250	28,450	3.4	3.2	3.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	51,520	24,220	27,300	3.3	3.1	3.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	22,470	10,235	12,230	1.4	1.3	1.5
Métis	28,475	13,685	14,790	1.8	1.7	1.9
Inuk (Inuit)	575	290	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,130	525	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,050	505	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	1,518,235	757,015	761,220	96.6	96.8	96.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,571,935	782,265	789,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	17,145	7,900	9,240	1.1	1.0	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,554,790	774,360	780,425	98.9	99.0	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	431,680	...	...	71.4	...	...
Renter	172,945	...	...	28.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	138,505	...	...	22.9	...	...
Not condominium	466,125	...	...	77.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,180	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	63,480	...	...	10.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	132,670	...	...	21.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	208,570	...	...	34.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	196,735	...	...	32.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	168,320	...	...	27.8	...	...
5 rooms	92,700	...	...	15.3	...	...
6 rooms	85,005	...	...	14.1	...	...
7 rooms	74,790	...	...	12.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	183,815	...	...	30.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	587,240	...	...	97.1	...	...
More than one person per room	17,390	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	576,220	...	...	95.3	...	...
Not suitable	28,410	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	48,925	...	...	8.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	146,775	...	...	24.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	67,920	...	...	11.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	93,515	...	...	15.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	63,060	...	...	10.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	64,550	...	...	10.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	62,005	...	...	10.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	57,870	...	...	9.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	578,295	...	...	95.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	26,340	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	286,505	...	...	47.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	282,890	...	...	46.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	35,230	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	15,275	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	95,360	...	...	15.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	132,875	...	...	22.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	121,200	...	...	20.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	114,325	...	...	18.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	78,705	...	...	13.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	34,680	...	...	5.7	...	...
85 years and over	12,200	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	599,605	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	466,085	...	...	77.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	133,520	...	...	22.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	119,800	...	...	20.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	604,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	174,520	...	...	28.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	121,340	...	...	20.1	...	...
Not suitable only	22,225	...	...	3.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	17,480	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,610	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	7,285	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,295	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	280	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	430,110	...	...	71.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	585,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	55,440	...	...	9.5	...	...
Not in core need	530,445	...	...	90.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	429,490	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.7	...	...	65.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.3	...	...	5.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,792	...	...	1,792	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	452,000	...	...	452,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	529,500	...	...	529,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	172,840	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.5	...	...	8.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.5	...	...	34.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.2	...	...	20.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,414	...	...	1,414	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,571,935	782,270	789,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	17,860	8,295	9,570	1.1	1.1	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	17,385	8,070	9,315	1.1	1.0	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	11,610	5,320	6,285	0.7	0.7	0.8
Métis single ancestry	5,625	2,660	2,960	0.4	0.3	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	460	210	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	47,230	22,330	24,905	3.0	2.9	3.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	45,875	21,725	24,145	2.9	2.8	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25,470	12,020	13,445	1.6	1.5	1.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,960	9,480	10,475	1.3	1.2	1.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	450	230	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,355	600	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,230	550	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,506,840	751,645	755,195	95.9	96.1	95.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,571,935	782,265	789,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,397,315	698,330	698,985	88.9	89.3	88.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	325,765	167,940	157,820	20.7	21.5	20.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,071,555	530,390	541,165	68.2	67.8	68.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	174,615	83,940	90,680	11.1	10.7	11.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,571,935	782,265	789,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,069,940	539,680	530,260	68.1	69.0	67.1
Immigrants⁸¹	473,580	227,640	245,935	30.1	29.1	31.1
Before 1980	56,750	27,435	29,320	3.6	3.5	3.7
1980 to 1990	44,975	21,950	23,020	2.9	2.8	2.9
1991 to 2000	67,220	32,280	34,935	4.3	4.1	4.4
2001 to 2010	127,170	61,140	66,030	8.1	7.8	8.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	177,465	84,835	92,630	11.3	10.8	11.7
2011 to 2015	89,810	43,015	46,795	5.7	5.5	5.9
2016 to 2021	87,650	41,815	45,835	5.6	5.3	5.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	28,410	14,945	13,470	1.8	1.9	1.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	473,580	227,640	245,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	41,205	20,985	20,220	8.7	9.2	8.2
5 to 14 years	79,795	41,370	38,425	16.8	18.2	15.6
15 to 24 years	82,830	37,905	44,930	17.5	16.7	18.3
25 to 44 years	223,080	105,885	117,190	47.1	46.5	47.7
45 years and over	46,670	21,495	25,170	9.9	9.4	10.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	473,580	227,640	245,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	50,280	23,315	26,970	10.6	10.2	11.0
Brazil	2,205	965	1,245	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	6,240	2,860	3,380	1.3	1.3	1.4
El Salvador	2,755	1,300	1,455	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyana	810	375	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	565	320	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	3,605	1,735	1,870	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mexico	5,740	2,810	2,930	1.2	1.2	1.2
Peru	1,140	515	625	0.2	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	1,470	720	750	0.3	0.3	0.3
United States of America	13,395	5,940	7,455	2.8	2.6	3.0
Other places of birth in Americas	12,355	5,775	6,585	2.6	2.5	2.7
Europe	83,855	41,815	42,040	17.7	18.4	17.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,225	1,075	1,145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatia	1,510	705	800	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	1,455	735	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	6,175	2,815	3,355	1.3	1.2	1.4
Greece	955	505	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungary	1,780	865	915	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	3,430	1,805	1,625	0.7	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	3,730	1,920	1,805	0.8	0.8	0.7
Poland	6,520	3,025	3,495	1.4	1.3	1.4
Portugal	1,180	610	575	0.2	0.3	0.2
Romania	4,435	2,225	2,210	0.9	1.0	0.9
Russian Federation	4,540	1,930	2,610	1.0	0.8	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,060	505	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	3,355	1,510	1,845	0.7	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	27,675	14,575	13,095	5.8	6.4	5.3
Other places of birth in Europe	13,840	7,005	6,835	2.9	3.1	2.8
Africa	55,355	27,975	27,385	11.7	12.3	11.1
Algeria	650	320	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	905	445	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	3,500	1,840	1,665	0.7	0.8	0.7
Eritrea	4,785	2,505	2,280	1.0	1.1	0.9
Ethiopia	7,180	3,485	3,700	1.5	1.5	1.5
Morocco	950	485	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	13,365	6,835	6,530	2.8	3.0	2.7
Somalia	1,595	780	815	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	4,010	2,070	1,940	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	18,410	9,205	9,210	3.9	4.0	3.7
Asia	279,930	132,545	147,390	59.1	58.2	59.9
Afghanistan	4,275	2,115	2,160	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	5,720	2,990	2,730	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iraq	4,070	2,070	2,000	0.9	0.9	0.8
Lebanon	4,455	2,410	2,050	0.9	1.1	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	4,455	2,320	2,130	0.9	1.0	0.9
Turkey	1,105	545	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	36,925	16,915	20,015	7.8	7.4	8.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	10,965	5,240	5,725	2.3	2.3	2.3
Korea, South⁹²	8,690	4,045	4,645	1.8	1.8	1.9
Taiwan	2,210	935	1,270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Philippines	71,315	31,605	39,715	15.1	13.9	16.1
Viet Nam	16,350	7,325	9,030	3.5	3.2	3.7
Bangladesh	3,630	1,845	1,785	0.8	0.8	0.7
India	61,580	30,730	30,850	13.0	13.5	12.5
Pakistan	19,425	9,810	9,615	4.1	4.3	3.9
Sri Lanka	2,035	1,005	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	22,735	10,640	12,090	4.8	4.7	4.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,150	2,000	2,150	0.9	0.9	0.9
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	87,650	41,815	45,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,535	3,935	4,595	9.7	9.4	10.0
Brazil	915	390	525	1.0	0.9	1.1
Colombia	670	265	410	0.8	0.6	0.9
Haiti	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	555	260	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mexico	1,470	760	715	1.7	1.8	1.6
United States of America	2,490	1,160	1,330	2.8	2.8	2.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	915	400	515	1.0	1.0	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	1,415	645	770	1.6	1.5	1.7
Europe	7,510	3,815	3,695	8.6	9.1	8.1
France	245	115	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	280	130	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	495	320	170	0.6	0.8	0.4
Italy	290	175	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	690	245	445	0.8	0.6	1.0
Ukraine	760	340	425	0.9	0.8	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,820	1,000	825	2.1	2.4	1.8
Other places of birth in Europe	2,930	1,485	1,445	3.3	3.6	3.2
Africa	15,820	7,845	7,980	18.0	18.8	17.4
Algeria	60	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burundi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	430	190	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	615	300	310	0.7	0.7	0.7
Eritrea	2,545	1,340	1,205	2.9	3.2	2.6
Ethiopia	1,855	885	965	2.1	2.1	2.1
Morocco	230	105	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	6,175	3,045	3,130	7.0	7.3	6.8
Somalia	310	140	170	0.4	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	830	440	385	0.9	1.1	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	460	220	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tunisia	95	65	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,965	970	1,000	2.2	2.3	2.2
Asia	55,100	25,850	29,250	62.9	61.8	63.8
Afghanistan	865	415	455	1.0	1.0	1.0
Bangladesh	640	315	325	0.7	0.8	0.7
China⁹⁰	5,625	2,440	3,180	6.4	5.8	6.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	315	120	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
India	14,870	7,455	7,420	17.0	17.8	16.2
Iran⁸⁸	870	415	450	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iraq	955	450	510	1.1	1.1	1.1
Israel	345	195	155	0.4	0.5	0.3
Japan	170	25	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
Jordan	165	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	1,825	780	1,050	2.1	1.9	2.3
Lebanon	455	220	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nepal	550	280	265	0.6	0.7	0.6
Pakistan	2,395	1,145	1,245	2.7	2.7	2.7
Philippines	17,470	7,940	9,535	19.9	19.0	20.8
Saudi Arabia	270	160	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	3,135	1,645	1,490	3.6	3.9	3.3
Turkey	405	175	225	0.5	0.4	0.5
United Arab Emirates	370	205	170	0.4	0.5	0.4
Viet Nam	980	320	660	1.1	0.8	1.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,240	955	1,290	2.6	2.3	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	690	375	310	0.8	0.9	0.7
Australia	480	255	230	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	205	125	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,571,935	782,265	789,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	518,345	251,010	267,335	33.0	32.1	33.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	329,675	166,505	163,165	21.0	21.3	20.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	723,920	364,750	359,170	46.1	46.6	45.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	416,830	200,210	216,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	235,880	118,150	117,730	56.6	59.0	54.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	95,815	58,035	37,780	23.0	29.0	17.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	140,065	60,120	79,950	33.6	30.0	36.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	117,720	48,395	69,330	28.2	24.2	32.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	58,995	31,595	27,395	14.2	15.8	12.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	4,230	2,070	2,165	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	416,830	200,210	216,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	14,765	8,620	6,145	3.5	4.3	2.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	53,180	23,440	29,750	12.8	11.7	13.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	10,665	5,460	5,205	2.6	2.7	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	23,590	12,265	11,320	5.7	6.1	5.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,565	670	895	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	313,060	149,760	163,300	75.1	74.8	75.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,571,935	782,265	789,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	575,650	282,735	292,910	36.6	36.1	37.1
South Asian	154,385	78,430	75,955	9.8	10.0	9.6
Chinese	93,975	45,570	48,410	6.0	5.8	6.1
Black	76,470	38,665	37,800	4.9	4.9	4.8
Filipino	92,235	42,365	49,880	5.9	5.4	6.3
Arab	32,660	17,235	15,425	2.1	2.2	2.0
Latin American	35,155	16,925	18,235	2.2	2.2	2.3
Southeast Asian	28,720	13,405	15,310	1.8	1.7	1.9
West Asian	15,765	8,040	7,720	1.0	1.0	1.0
Korean	13,150	6,285	6,865	0.8	0.8	0.9
Japanese	6,455	2,780	3,675	0.4	0.4	0.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,845	2,855	2,985	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	20,840	10,195	10,645	1.3	1.3	1.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	996,285	499,530	496,755	63.4	63.9	62.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,571,935	782,265	789,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	168,075	87,325	80,750	10.7	11.2	10.2
English	276,300	136,835	139,465	17.6	17.5	17.7
Irish	202,260	98,040	104,225	12.9	12.5	13.2
Scottish	235,385	115,820	119,575	15.0	14.8	15.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	104,160	50,935	53,225	6.6	6.5	6.7
German	197,770	97,860	99,910	12.6	12.5	12.7
Chinese	99,705	48,045	51,650	6.3	6.1	6.5
Italian	44,840	22,330	22,510	2.9	2.9	2.9
Indian (India)	77,900	39,545	38,355	5.0	5.1	4.9
Ukrainian	89,615	43,675	45,940	5.7	5.6	5.8
Dutch	53,665	26,510	27,155	3.4	3.4	3.4
Polish	53,675	25,885	27,790	3.4	3.3	3.5
Québécois	1,965	990	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	53,825	27,135	26,690	3.4	3.5	3.4
Filipino	86,850	40,140	46,710	5.5	5.1	5.9
French Canadian	11,575	5,740	5,835	0.7	0.7	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	26,685	13,810	12,875	1.7	1.8	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	15,785	7,425	8,360	1.0	0.9	1.1
Métis	27,350	12,945	14,410	1.7	1.7	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	28,815	14,565	14,250	1.8	1.9	1.8
Russian	36,090	16,840	19,255	2.3	2.2	2.4
Norwegian	44,865	21,320	23,545	2.9	2.7	3.0
Welsh	27,905	13,365	14,540	1.8	1.7	1.8
Portuguese	8,110	4,060	4,045	0.5	0.5	0.5
American	23,975	11,565	12,415	1.5	1.5	1.6
Spanish	19,620	9,075	10,545	1.2	1.2	1.3
Swedish	28,290	13,540	14,750	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hungarian	20,785	10,045	10,740	1.3	1.3	1.4
Acadian	3,780	1,900	1,885	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	24,175	12,270	11,905	1.5	1.6	1.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	15,105	7,435	7,670	1.0	1.0	1.0
Jewish	7,450	3,730	3,715	0.5	0.5	0.5
Punjabi	20,085	10,145	9,940	1.3	1.3	1.3
Vietnamese	22,750	10,685	12,065	1.4	1.4	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	11,200	5,995	5,205	0.7	0.8	0.7
Greek	6,530	3,370	3,160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	6,875	3,435	3,435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	15,680	7,485	8,200	1.0	1.0	1.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	7,710	3,385	4,325	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	13,215	6,260	6,955	0.8	0.8	0.9
Romanian	12,805	6,050	6,760	0.8	0.8	0.9
Lebanese	12,885	6,725	6,160	0.8	0.9	0.8
Iranian	6,415	3,295	3,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,800	2,855	2,945	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	19,915	9,935	9,980	1.3	1.3	1.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	5,325	2,530	2,795	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sikh	16,100	8,300	7,800	1.0	1.1	1.0
Austrian	13,225	6,465	6,765	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belgian	7,255	3,475	3,780	0.5	0.4	0.5
Haitian	1,120	570	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	9,050	4,560	4,490	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mexican	9,145	4,490	4,655	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	5,145	2,565	2,580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	8,075	3,960	4,115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Finnish	6,840	3,325	3,515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	2,095	1,040	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	6,125	3,000	3,125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	8,860	3,910	4,950	0.6	0.5	0.6
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	5,040	2,520	2,525	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,845	905	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	8,605	4,150	4,455	0.5	0.5	0.6
Muslim	6,465	3,345	3,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	4,945	2,630	2,310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	6,575	3,255	3,320	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	1,450	760	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	7,935	4,120	3,825	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombian	6,755	3,225	3,535	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	975	470	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	7,875	3,870	4,010	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	4,405	2,245	2,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	1,350	665	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	6,890	3,395	3,495	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,735	1,435	1,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	3,345	1,585	1,760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	1,440	725	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	2,060	1,090	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	4,025	1,955	2,070	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ontarian	1,420	635	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	2,845	1,525	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,805	900	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	2,760	1,525	1,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	725	370	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	3,675	1,870	1,800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	665	335	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	2,835	1,375	1,460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	8,720	4,460	4,265	0.6	0.6	0.5
Armenian	1,030	535	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	4,430	2,200	2,225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	3,085	1,440	1,645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	2,855	1,485	1,370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	2,255	960	1,295	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	3,140	1,520	1,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	2,660	1,315	1,345	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	1,090	590	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,945	1,855	2,090	0.3	0.2	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,805	1,480	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,435	720	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	555	245	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	975	430	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	2,420	1,080	1,345	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	3,795	1,905	1,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	3,840	1,970	1,870	0.2	0.3	0.2
Palestinian	1,875	1,025	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	3,325	1,765	1,560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	1,100	515	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	1,075	515	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	6,810	3,265	3,545	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,210	1,515	1,690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	1,605	775	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	5,565	2,825	2,740	0.4	0.4	0.3
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,140	1,060	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	430	235	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,920	1,065	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	745	370	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	490	235	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,820	900	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,440	1,165	1,275	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	535	215	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,790	925	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	5,425	2,745	2,680	0.3	0.4	0.3
African Canadian	1,095	565	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	1,175	610	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	650	375	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,390	1,215	1,175	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bulgarian	1,390	670	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	7,585	3,815	3,775	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ghanaian	1,535	790	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	755	380	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	1,150	555	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,370	725	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	300	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,440	755	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	890	425	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	2,170	1,030	1,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	3,180	1,520	1,670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,225	605	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,245	615	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	1,060	545	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	1,380	655	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,820	865	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	1,165	575	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	2,705	1,255	1,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	1,140	560	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,015	505	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	660	370	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	420	220	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	150	100	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	1,250	625	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	1,175	565	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	1,120	555	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,250	590	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	1,575	785	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	940	490	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	455	230	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,395	430	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	410	250	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	2,340	1,200	1,135	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	435	225	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	3,480	1,820	1,665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Byelorussian	855	420	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	1,810	770	1,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	1,140	615	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	315	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,375	705	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	2,640	1,275	1,370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Breton	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	525	190	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	1,260	615	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	505	250	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	1,630	765	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	1,070	515	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	185	115	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,285	655	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	330	150	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	180	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	170	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	2,275	1,240	1,035	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nicaraguan	990	465	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	485	210	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	1,140	565	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	235	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	475	240	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	700	360	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	225	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	280	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	250	100	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	680	380	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	575	265	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	675	360	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	355	150	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	655	325	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	525	220	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	140	100	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	670	350	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	865	440	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	855	370	485	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	375	195	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	405	210	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	795	415	385	0.1	0.1	0.0
Zimbabwean	775	345	430	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burmese	600	285	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	1,015	470	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	165	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	370	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,570	875	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	845	440	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	595	295	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	450	265	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	360	160	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	355	210	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	1,195	560	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	75	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	285	110	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	285	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	260	145	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	240	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	205	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	820	405	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	345	135	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	390	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	665	370	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	820	440	385	0.1	0.1	0.0
Paraguayan	120	35	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,571,935	782,265	789,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	22,425	9,955	12,470	1.4	1.3	1.6
Christian	713,465	336,705	376,760	45.4	43.0	47.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	153,665	73,675	79,985	9.8	9.4	10.1
Anabaptist	2,730	1,325	1,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	35,625	16,415	19,210	2.3	2.1	2.4
Baptist	14,480	6,660	7,815	0.9	0.9	1.0
Catholic	312,410	149,290	163,120	19.9	19.1	20.7
Christian Orthodox	25,935	12,595	13,340	1.6	1.6	1.7
Jehovah's Witness	6,765	3,065	3,695	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	13,890	6,525	7,365	0.9	0.8	0.9
Lutheran	19,790	8,955	10,835	1.3	1.1	1.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,670	1,655	2,015	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	17,325	8,180	9,145	1.1	1.0	1.2
Presbyterian	10,200	4,585	5,615	0.6	0.6	0.7
Reformed	1,880	950	930	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	51,720	22,415	29,305	3.3	2.9	3.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	43,375	20,405	22,970	2.8	2.6	2.9
Hindu	35,335	18,180	17,155	2.2	2.3	2.2
Jewish	6,820	3,305	3,515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	101,285	51,675	49,610	6.4	6.6	6.3
Sikh	56,230	28,325	27,905	3.6	3.6	3.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,515	550	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	11,305	4,775	6,530	0.7	0.6	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	623,560	328,795	294,765	39.7	42.0	37.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,555,360	773,705	781,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,345,810	669,430	676,380	86.5	86.5	86.5
Movers	209,550	104,275	105,275	13.5	13.5	13.5
Non-migrants	147,415	73,505	73,910	9.5	9.5	9.5
Migrants	62,135	30,765	31,365	4.0	4.0	4.0
Internal migrants	47,380	23,440	23,940	3.0	3.0	3.1
Intraprovincial migrants	28,075	13,860	14,215	1.8	1.8	1.8
Interprovincial migrants	19,305	9,580	9,725	1.2	1.2	1.2
External migrants	14,755	7,325	7,430	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,482,335	736,360	745,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	863,155	429,060	434,095	58.2	58.3	58.2
Movers	619,175	307,300	311,880	41.8	41.7	41.8
Non-migrants	363,260	181,560	181,700	24.5	24.7	24.4
Migrants	255,920	125,740	130,180	17.3	17.1	17.5
Internal migrants	177,420	87,415	90,005	12.0	11.9	12.1
Intraprovincial migrants	112,590	55,855	56,735	7.6	7.6	7.6
Interprovincial migrants	64,830	31,560	33,270	4.4	4.3	4.5
External migrants	78,500	38,320	40,180	5.3	5.2	5.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,278,375	631,155	647,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	182,850	95,955	86,895	14.3	15.2	13.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,095,525	535,200	560,320	85.7	84.8	86.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	886,650	437,700	448,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	79,025	43,715	35,310	8.9	10.0	7.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	807,620	393,985	413,640	91.1	90.0	92.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,278,375	631,155	647,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	163,710	84,360	79,350	12.8	13.4	12.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	339,400	169,445	169,950	26.5	26.8	26.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	775,265	377,350	397,915	60.6	59.8	61.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	348,595	174,345	174,250	27.3	27.6	26.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	84,805	63,760	21,050	6.6	10.1	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	29,285	16,610	12,680	2.3	2.6	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	55,525	47,150	8,375	4.3	7.5	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	221,065	92,585	128,480	17.3	14.7	19.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	42,725	18,000	24,720	3.3	2.9	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	426,670	203,005	223,660	33.4	32.2	34.6
Bachelor's degree	294,610	137,240	157,375	23.0	21.7	24.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	22,475	10,080	12,390	1.8	1.6	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	10,785	5,050	5,735	0.8	0.8	0.9
Master's degree	86,005	42,875	43,130	6.7	6.8	6.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	12,795	7,765	5,030	1.0	1.2	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	886,650	437,700	448,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	66,625	36,450	30,175	7.5	8.3	6.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	197,715	102,665	95,045	22.3	23.5	21.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	622,315	298,585	323,730	70.2	68.2	72.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	266,590	133,640	132,950	30.1	30.5	29.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	63,270	48,090	15,175	7.1	11.0	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	20,715	12,025	8,685	2.3	2.7	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	42,560	36,060	6,495	4.8	8.2	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	170,270	71,565	98,700	19.2	16.4	22.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	33,050	13,985	19,070	3.7	3.2	4.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	355,720	164,940	190,775	40.1	37.7	42.5
Bachelor's degree	244,340	111,530	132,810	27.6	25.5	29.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	17,980	7,805	10,175	2.0	1.8	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	9,185	4,015	5,170	1.0	0.9	1.2
Master's degree	74,335	35,965	38,370	8.4	8.2	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,880	5,625	4,255	1.1	1.3	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,278,375	631,155	647,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	503,110	253,805	249,305	39.4	40.2	38.5
Education	46,605	10,200	36,405	3.6	1.6	5.6
13. Education	46,605	10,200	36,405	3.6	1.6	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	23,385	9,460	13,925	1.8	1.5	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,560	1,930	630	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	20,825	7,530	13,295	1.6	1.2	2.1
Humanities	34,000	12,365	21,635	2.7	2.0	3.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,675	735	2,940	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	7,415	1,915	5,495	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	11,560	4,095	7,460	0.9	0.6	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	525	185	340	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,325	1,255	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,860	2,195	1,665	0.3	0.3	0.3
54. History	3,810	1,820	1,990	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	830	165	665	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	83,860	28,790	55,065	6.6	4.6	8.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,155	220	930	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	11,400	4,015	7,380	0.9	0.6	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	9,690	735	8,955	0.8	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	15,515	5,275	10,245	1.2	0.8	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,605	560	1,045	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	13,800	3,115	10,680	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	30,700	14,865	15,830	2.4	2.4	2.4
Business, management and public administration	177,710	75,825	101,885	13.9	12.0	15.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	180	60	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,595	1,605	6,995	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	168,935	74,160	94,770	13.2	11.7	14.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	39,940	20,670	19,265	3.1	3.3	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	13,395	5,160	8,240	1.0	0.8	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	8,180	3,785	4,395	0.6	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	665	260	410	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	16,065	10,835	5,225	1.3	1.7	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,630	635	995	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	36,465	23,975	12,485	2.9	3.8	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	30,070	21,020	9,055	2.4	3.3	1.4
25. Library science	1,630	200	1,430	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,030	2,275	1,755	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	730	485	250	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	173,505	149,155	24,355	13.6	23.6	3.8
04. Architecture and related services	6,470	4,065	2,410	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	66,620	53,075	13,545	5.2	8.4	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	38,240	31,740	6,500	3.0	5.0	1.0
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	28,060	27,225	835	2.2	4.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	22,210	21,530	675	1.7	3.4	0.1
48. Precision production	11,885	11,515	375	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	15,905	7,900	8,005	1.2	1.3	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,210	5,025	5,180	0.8	0.8	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	5,695	2,870	2,825	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	111,080	22,865	88,215	8.7	3.6	13.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	9,155	4,305	4,845	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	98,680	16,900	81,780	7.7	2.7	12.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	180	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,060	1,580	1,485	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	32,595	16,030	16,565	2.5	2.5	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	20,215	6,265	13,950	1.6	1.0	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	140	130	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	170	145	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,150	4,050	2,095	0.5	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,925	5,440	480	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	220	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	886,650	437,700	448,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	264,340	139,115	125,220	29.8	31.8	27.9
Education	33,450	6,965	26,475	3.8	1.6	5.9
13. Education	33,450	6,965	26,475	3.8	1.6	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,955	7,590	11,360	2.1	1.7	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,900	1,360	540	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	17,045	6,230	10,815	1.9	1.4	2.4
Humanities	26,945	9,460	17,490	3.0	2.2	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,000	580	2,425	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	6,035	1,555	4,480	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	9,440	3,220	6,225	1.1	0.7	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	390	130	260	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,865	985	875	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,680	1,520	1,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
54. History	2,930	1,365	1,565	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	595	105	490	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	69,810	23,220	46,590	7.9	5.3	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	975	200	775	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	10,005	3,400	6,605	1.1	0.8	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,720	535	7,185	0.9	0.1	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	12,925	4,080	8,840	1.5	0.9	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,335	455	885	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	11,190	2,390	8,800	1.3	0.5	2.0
45. Social sciences	25,655	12,155	13,505	2.9	2.8	3.0
Business, management and public administration	145,930	61,450	84,480	16.5	14.0	18.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,965	1,215	5,750	0.8	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	138,835	60,195	78,640	15.7	13.8	17.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	30,605	14,930	15,680	3.5	3.4	3.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,695	3,995	6,695	1.2	0.9	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,400	2,855	3,545	0.7	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	555	215	340	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	11,875	7,435	4,435	1.3	1.7	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,085	425	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	31,330	20,720	10,615	3.5	4.7	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,680	18,555	8,125	3.0	4.2	1.8
25. Library science	1,040	135	900	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,015	1,650	1,365	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	600	380	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	138,260	116,630	21,630	15.6	26.6	4.8
04. Architecture and related services	5,185	3,050	2,130	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	55,310	43,055	12,260	6.2	9.8	2.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	30,335	24,710	5,630	3.4	5.6	1.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	21,755	21,035	720	2.5	4.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	16,875	16,295	580	1.9	3.7	0.1
48. Precision production	8,785	8,485	305	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	12,720	5,985	6,735	1.4	1.4	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,810	3,590	4,220	0.9	0.8	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,910	2,395	2,515	0.6	0.5	0.6
Health and related fields	88,715	18,735	69,980	10.0	4.3	15.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	7,355	3,465	3,885	0.8	0.8	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	78,745	14,010	64,730	8.9	3.2	14.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	145	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,480	1,195	1,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	25,425	12,820	12,610	2.9	2.9	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	15,385	4,880	10,500	1.7	1.1	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	100	90	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	85	80	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,140	3,420	1,725	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,710	4,340	370	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	886,650	437,700	448,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	264,340	139,115	125,220	29.8	31.8	27.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	622,310	298,585	323,730	70.2	68.2	72.1
Location of study inside Canada	455,590	220,680	234,910	51.4	50.4	52.3
Same as province or territory of residence	328,175	157,540	170,630	37.0	36.0	38.0
Different than province or territory of residence	127,410	63,135	64,275	14.4	14.4	14.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	166,725	77,905	88,820	18.8	17.8	19.8
Americas	28,670	14,305	14,360	3.2	3.3	3.2
United States of America	17,465	9,425	8,040	2.0	2.2	1.8
Mexico	2,410	1,065	1,345	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	250	145	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	470	215	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Brazil	1,670	690	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	2,125	915	1,210	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peru	400	155	250	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,850	780	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	1,945	870	1,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	29,575	15,435	14,145	3.3	3.5	3.2
Belgium	220	130	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	1,225	630	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	1,235	645	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	795	430	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	415	220	190	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	380	180	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	630	295	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	1,485	575	905	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	1,870	1,020	855	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	2,235	955	1,280	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	1,605	745	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	930	570	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	11,725	6,495	5,220	1.3	1.5	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	345	185	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	350	210	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	375	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	3,760	1,955	1,805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	13,270	6,695	6,570	1.5	1.5	1.5
Nigeria	4,965	2,375	2,590	0.6	0.5	0.6
Algeria	340	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	420	220	200	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisia	185	115	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,670	860	810	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	1,690	855	840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	3,985	2,105	1,880	0.4	0.5	0.4
Asia	91,990	39,695	52,295	10.4	9.1	11.6
Iran⁸⁸	2,155	1,010	1,145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iraq	920	450	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	425	230	195	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	640	300	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	735	380	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	390	235	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	11,260	5,010	6,250	1.3	1.1	1.4
Taiwan	585	145	440	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	805	315	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	1,045	275	770	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	3,925	1,615	2,305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Philippines	30,585	12,115	18,470	3.4	2.8	4.1
Viet Nam	855	335	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	1,405	540	870	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	485	250	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	25,005	11,780	13,225	2.8	2.7	2.9
Pakistan	6,330	2,815	3,520	0.7	0.6	0.8
Other locations of study in Asia	4,435	1,895	2,540	0.5	0.4	0.6
Oceania	3,225	1,775	1,450	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australia	2,545	1,385	1,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	555	315	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,278,375	631,155	647,220	...	...	...
In the labour force	882,705	463,170	419,540	...	...	...
Employed	776,015	408,675	367,335	...	...	...
Unemployed	106,695	54,490	52,205	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	395,665	167,985	227,680	...	...	...
Participation rate	69.0	73.4	64.8	69.0	73.4	64.8
Employment rate	60.7	64.8	56.8	60.7	64.8	56.8
Unemployment rate	12.1	11.8	12.4	12.1	11.8	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,278,375	631,155	647,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	422,665	183,645	239,020	33.1	29.1	36.9
Worked	855,710	447,510	408,200	66.9	70.9	63.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	450,195	257,535	192,655	35.2	40.8	29.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	405,520	189,970	215,550	31.7	30.1	33.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.5	39.8	40.7	41.5	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	882,710	463,165	419,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	29,010	14,020	14,995	3.3	3.0	3.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	853,695	449,150	404,550	96.7	97.0	96.4
Employee	715,140	365,090	350,050	81.0	78.8	83.4
Permanent position	600,125	311,480	288,645	68.0	67.3	68.8
Temporary position	115,020	53,615	61,405	13.0	11.6	14.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	37,760	16,790	20,970	4.3	3.6	5.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	77,260	36,820	40,435	8.8	7.9	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	138,550	84,060	54,500	15.7	18.1	13.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	882,710	463,165	419,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	29,010	14,020	14,995	3.3	3.0	3.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	853,695	449,150	404,550	96.7	97.0	96.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	11,440	8,585	2,850	1.3	1.9	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	161,170	53,245	107,930	18.3	11.5	25.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	94,565	72,340	22,225	10.7	15.6	5.3
3 Health occupations	69,305	13,810	55,490	7.9	3.0	13.2
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	92,850	30,655	62,195	10.5	6.6	14.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	24,120	10,450	13,675	2.7	2.3	3.3
6 Sales and service occupations	209,115	94,840	114,280	23.7	20.5	27.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	147,375	132,085	15,290	16.7	28.5	3.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	18,195	14,065	4,130	2.1	3.0	1.0
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	25,565	19,070	6,490	2.9	4.1	1.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	882,710	463,165	419,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	29,010	14,020	14,995	3.3	3.0	3.6
All industries¹⁹¹	853,695	449,150	404,550	96.7	97.0	96.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	8,270	5,105	3,165	0.9	1.1	0.8
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	39,750	26,465	13,290	4.5	5.7	3.2
22 Utilities	10,285	6,785	3,500	1.2	1.5	0.8
23 Construction	75,665	63,720	11,945	8.6	13.8	2.8
31-33 Manufacturing	41,545	30,255	11,295	4.7	6.5	2.7
41 Wholesale trade	27,195	18,765	8,430	3.1	4.1	2.0
44-45 Retail trade	96,885	46,555	50,330	11.0	10.1	12.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	56,135	40,670	15,470	6.4	8.8	3.7
51 Information and cultural industries	14,840	8,750	6,090	1.7	1.9	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	30,760	13,930	16,825	3.5	3.0	4.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	16,935	9,445	7,485	1.9	2.0	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	96,185	55,190	40,995	10.9	11.9	9.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,660	1,210	1,450	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	37,790	21,285	16,510	4.3	4.6	3.9
61 Educational services	55,510	16,805	38,700	6.3	3.6	9.2
62 Health care and social assistance	107,190	20,475	86,720	12.1	4.4	20.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	17,830	8,980	8,850	2.0	1.9	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	49,900	22,440	27,460	5.7	4.8	6.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	37,065	16,090	20,975	4.2	3.5	5.0
91 Public administration	31,305	16,235	15,075	3.5	3.5	3.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	926,320	483,455	442,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	878,705	460,305	418,400	94.9	95.2	94.5
French	1,250	340	915	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	6,970	3,525	3,440	0.8	0.7	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,955	3,525	3,430	0.8	0.7	0.8
English and French	7,700	3,085	4,615	0.8	0.6	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	30,355	15,535	14,825	3.3	3.2	3.3
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	740	340	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	575	325	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	926,320	483,455	442,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	919,325	479,835	439,490	99.2	99.3	99.2
Official languages	906,220	473,040	433,180	97.8	97.8	97.8
English	903,745	472,395	431,350	97.6	97.7	97.4
French	2,475	650	1,835	0.3	0.1	0.4
Non-official languages	13,105	6,795	6,310	1.4	1.4	1.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,090	6,795	6,300	1.4	1.4	1.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	470	250	215	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	450	235	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	335	170	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	840	330	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	820	320	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	555	290	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	495	260	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,395	2,930	2,465	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	455	185	270	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	455	185	270	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	180	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,355	2,015	1,345	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	3,220	1,960	1,260	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	130	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,745	1,740	1,005	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	225	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	135	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,425	650	780	0.2	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	60	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,255	540	715	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	105	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	810	445	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,665	2,410	2,255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese languages	4,645	2,395	2,245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,960	995	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,650	1,375	1,270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,000	3,625	3,375	0.8	0.7	0.8
English and French	1,000	445	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	5,765	3,065	2,695	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	926,320	483,455	442,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	893,045	467,350	425,695	96.4	96.7	96.1
English	6,235	2,990	3,245	0.7	0.6	0.7
French	5,615	2,385	3,230	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	17,585	8,825	8,760	1.9	1.8	2.0
Indigenous³⁹	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	17,465	8,780	8,690	1.9	1.8	2.0
English and French	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	660	330	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	500	245	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,665	1,335	1,335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	776,010	408,680	367,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	215,520	105,290	110,230	27.8	25.8	30.0
Worked outside Canada	2,820	2,095	725	0.4	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	113,260	83,885	29,375	14.6	20.5	8.0
Usual place of work	444,410	217,405	227,005	57.3	53.2	61.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	444,410	217,405	227,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	361,065	170,000	191,065	81.2	78.2	84.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	69,230	37,715	31,505	15.6	17.3	13.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	10,095	7,060	3,035	2.3	3.2	1.3
Commute to a different province or territory	4,020	2,625	1,395	0.9	1.2	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	557,670	301,290	256,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	473,465	261,055	212,410	84.9	86.6	82.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	441,645	249,990	191,655	79.2	83.0	74.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	31,820	11,060	20,755	5.7	3.7	8.1
Public transit	40,930	17,775	23,165	7.3	5.9	9.0
Walked	22,670	10,345	12,325	4.1	3.4	4.8
Bicycle	4,355	3,240	1,115	0.8	1.1	0.4
Other method	16,245	8,875	7,365	2.9	2.9	2.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	557,670	301,290	256,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	128,460	58,155	70,310	23.0	19.3	27.4
15 to 29 minutes	242,460	130,855	111,610	43.5	43.4	43.5
30 to 44 minutes	125,765	75,100	50,660	22.6	24.9	19.8
45 to 59 minutes	31,050	18,505	12,545	5.6	6.1	4.9
60 minutes and over	29,930	18,665	11,265	5.4	6.2	4.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	557,670	301,290	256,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	37,665	27,280	10,390	6.8	9.1	4.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	100,900	63,500	37,400	18.1	21.1	14.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	143,455	75,755	67,700	25.7	25.1	26.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	105,095	50,620	54,475	18.8	16.8	21.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	79,595	35,415	44,180	14.3	11.8	17.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	90,950	48,715	42,230	16.3	16.2	16.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	356,225	183,250	172,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,335	12,890	12,445	7.1	7.0	7.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	330,890	170,360	160,535	92.9	93.0	92.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	259,535	133,590	125,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,890	9,625	9,270	7.3	7.2	7.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,575	4,670	4,910	3.7	3.5	3.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,315	4,955	4,360	3.6	3.7	3.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	240,640	123,965	116,675	92.7	92.8	92.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 29, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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