Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Capital, Regional district (RD)More information: British Columbia [Census division]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	415,451	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	383,360	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	198,435	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	185,206	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	177.7	...	...	177.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,338.22	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	415,455	200,970	214,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	52,380	26,725	25,655	12.6	13.3	12.0
0 to 4 years	15,655	7,970	7,685	3.8	4.0	3.6
5 to 9 years	18,325	9,300	9,025	4.4	4.6	4.2
10 to 14 years	18,405	9,455	8,950	4.4	4.7	4.2
15 to 64 years	263,425	129,180	134,245	63.4	64.3	62.6
15 to 19 years	19,030	9,680	9,350	4.6	4.8	4.4
20 to 24 years	24,240	11,965	12,280	5.8	6.0	5.7
25 to 29 years	27,070	13,655	13,415	6.5	6.8	6.3
30 to 34 years	28,360	14,100	14,255	6.8	7.0	6.6
35 to 39 years	28,460	14,170	14,290	6.9	7.1	6.7
40 to 44 years	26,245	13,010	13,235	6.3	6.5	6.2
45 to 49 years	24,655	11,970	12,690	5.9	6.0	5.9
50 to 54 years	26,190	12,690	13,500	6.3	6.3	6.3
55 to 59 years	28,835	13,805	15,035	6.9	6.9	7.0
60 to 64 years	30,340	14,135	16,205	7.3	7.0	7.6
65 years and over	99,645	45,065	54,580	24.0	22.4	25.4
65 to 69 years	29,775	13,725	16,045	7.2	6.8	7.5
70 to 74 years	27,140	12,690	14,450	6.5	6.3	6.7
75 to 79 years	18,105	8,475	9,630	4.4	4.2	4.5
80 to 84 years	11,525	5,140	6,385	2.8	2.6	3.0
85 years and over	13,105	5,035	8,065	3.2	2.5	3.8
85 to 89 years	7,390	3,110	4,280	1.8	1.5	2.0
90 to 94 years	4,280	1,480	2,805	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	1,280	410	870	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	145	35	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.6	13.3	12.0	12.6	13.3	12.0
15 to 64 years	63.4	64.3	62.6	63.4	64.3	62.6
65 years and over	24.0	22.4	25.4	24.0	22.4	25.4
85 years and over	3.2	2.5	3.8	3.2	2.5	3.8
Average age of the population	45.1	44.1	46.1	45.1	44.1	46.1
Median age of the population	45.2	44.0	46.8	45.2	44.0	46.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	185,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	74,635	...	...	40.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	6,655	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	11,520	...	...	6.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	27,395	...	...	14.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	47,560	...	...	25.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	14,650	...	...	7.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	320	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,475	...	...	1.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	62,480	...	...	33.7	...	...
2 persons	69,515	...	...	37.5	...	...
3 persons	23,890	...	...	12.9	...	...
4 persons	19,245	...	...	10.4	...	...
5 or more persons	10,080	...	...	5.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	406,080	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	363,070	174,245	188,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	203,960	101,785	102,180	56.2	58.4	54.1
Married	159,930	79,805	80,130	44.0	45.8	42.4
Living common-law	44,025	21,980	22,050	12.1	12.6	11.7
Living common law - Never married	32,120	16,035	16,090	8.8	9.2	8.5
Living common law - Separated	1,460	795	660	0.4	0.5	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	9,510	4,750	4,760	2.6	2.7	2.5
Living common law - Widowed	935	395	535	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	159,110	72,460	86,645	43.8	41.6	45.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	100,570	53,570	47,000	27.7	30.7	24.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	9,350	4,025	5,325	2.6	2.3	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	29,405	10,590	18,810	8.1	6.1	10.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	19,785	4,275	15,510	5.4	2.5	8.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	115,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	70,395	...	...	61.0	...	...
3 persons	21,755	...	...	18.9	...	...
4 persons	17,965	...	...	15.6	...	...
5 or more persons	5,245	...	...	4.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	115,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	99,345	...	...	86.1	...	...
Married couples	77,340	...	...	67.0	...	...
With children⁶	33,980	...	...	29.5	...	...
Without children	43,360	...	...	37.6	...	...
Common-law couples	22,005	...	...	19.1	...	...
With children⁶	5,755	...	...	5.0	...	...
Without children	16,250	...	...	14.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	16,005	...	...	13.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	12,200	...	...	10.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	3,810	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	305,575	150,885	154,690	75.3	76.7	73.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	198,700	99,205	99,490	48.9	50.4	47.5
Parents in one-parent families	16,005	3,810	12,195	3.9	1.9	5.8
Children⁶	90,870	47,865	43,005	22.4	24.3	20.5
In a two-parent family	68,235	35,670	32,570	16.8	18.1	15.6
In a one-parent family	22,630	12,195	10,430	5.6	6.2	5.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	100,500	45,845	54,660	24.7	23.3	26.1
Living alone	62,480	26,505	35,980	15.4	13.5	17.2
Living with other relatives⁷	8,825	3,660	5,160	2.2	1.9	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	29,200	15,680	13,520	7.2	8.0	6.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	99,425	...	...	53.7	...	...
Couple-family households	86,845	...	...	46.9	...	...
With children⁶	34,160	...	...	18.4	...	...
Without children	52,690	...	...	28.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	12,575	...	...	6.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,825	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,620	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	6,860	...	...	3.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,995	...	...	5.9	...	...
One-person households	62,480	...	...	33.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	353,780	170,045	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	345,480	165,815	179,670	97.7	97.5	97.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,400	40,800	45,200	50,400	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	345,715	165,930	179,785	97.7	97.6	97.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	44,800	37,200	40,800	44,800	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	320,045	154,390	165,650	90.5	90.8	90.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,000	32,800	38,800	46,000	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	244,225	121,885	122,340	69.0	71.7	66.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	34,400	40,000	46,000	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	284,225	128,770	155,455	80.3	75.7	84.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,300	10,600	10,000	9,300	10,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,745	11,160	13,585	7.0	6.6	7.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,280	5,480	5,480	5,280	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,335	39,005	44,330	23.6	22.9	24.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	353,790	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	345,525	166,015	179,510	97.7	97.6	97.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,250	64,600	50,560	57,250	64,600	50,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	345,725	166,110	179,620	97.7	97.7	97.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,840	52,900	43,160	47,840	52,900	43,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	320,030	154,345	165,690	90.5	90.8	90.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,250	60,850	44,240	52,250	60,850	44,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	244,215	122,020	122,200	69.0	71.8	66.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,960	57,200	42,680	49,960	57,200	42,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	283,775	128,690	155,085	80.2	75.7	84.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,820	10,310	11,240	10,820	10,310	11,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,085	10,775	13,315	6.8	6.3	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,520	5,845	7,060	6,520	5,845	7,060
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,870	38,750	44,115	23.4	22.8	24.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,830	8,700	8,940	8,830	8,700	8,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	353,785	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	113,935	62,525	51,415	32.2	36.8	28.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	71,000	60,400	65,500	71,000	60,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,600	82,000	67,900	75,600	82,000	67,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	100,210	45,115	55,095	28.3	26.5	30.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	21,400	18,000	19,400	21,400	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,760	33,880	26,400	29,760	33,880	26,400
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	87.6	80.8	84.4	87.6	80.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.6	65.2	57.5	61.6	65.2	57.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	12.4	19.2	15.5	12.4	19.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.0	0.8	0.6	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	3.8	5.6	4.6	3.8	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	3.2	4.4	3.7	3.2	4.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,300	4,230	4,070	2.3	2.5	2.2
With total income	345,480	165,810	179,665	97.7	97.5	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,590	11,505	14,090	7.4	6.9	7.8
$10,000 to $19,999	34,470	14,340	20,125	10.0	8.6	11.2
$20,000 to $29,999	49,265	20,330	28,930	14.3	12.3	16.1
$30,000 to $39,999	43,030	18,340	24,690	12.5	11.1	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	39,565	17,630	21,935	11.5	10.6	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	34,115	15,535	18,580	9.9	9.4	10.3
$60,000 to $69,999	27,720	13,950	13,770	8.0	8.4	7.7
$70,000 to $79,999	21,995	11,880	10,120	6.4	7.2	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	17,095	9,585	7,515	4.9	5.8	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	13,135	7,475	5,660	3.8	4.5	3.2
$100,000 and over	39,500	25,250	14,250	11.4	15.2	7.9
$100,000 to $149,999	26,390	16,205	10,185	7.6	9.8	5.7
$150,000 and over	13,105	9,045	4,065	3.8	5.5	2.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	8,070	4,120	3,950	2.3	2.4	2.1
With after-tax income	345,710	165,925	179,785	97.7	97.6	97.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	27,305	12,045	15,255	7.9	7.3	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	36,060	14,990	21,070	10.4	9.0	11.7
$20,000 to $29,999	55,710	23,295	32,410	16.1	14.0	18.0
$30,000 to $39,999	50,630	22,015	28,615	14.6	13.3	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	46,075	20,750	25,330	13.3	12.5	14.1
$50,000 to $59,999	37,055	18,290	18,770	10.7	11.0	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	27,730	14,925	12,805	8.0	9.0	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	20,490	11,555	8,935	5.9	7.0	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	14,030	8,180	5,855	4.1	4.9	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	8,905	5,280	3,625	2.6	3.2	2.0
$100,000 and over	21,730	14,605	7,125	6.3	8.8	4.0
$100,000 to $124,999	10,705	6,980	3,725	3.1	4.2	2.1
$125,000 and over	11,025	7,625	3,400	3.2	4.6	1.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	109,555	48,160	61,395	31.0	28.3	33.4
With employment income	244,225	121,885	122,340	69.0	71.7	66.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	33,335	15,340	18,000	13.6	12.6	14.7
$5,000 to $9,999	18,450	7,970	10,485	7.6	6.5	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	27,375	11,980	15,400	11.2	9.8	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	21,915	9,955	11,965	9.0	8.2	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	21,015	9,810	11,210	8.6	8.0	9.2
$40,000 to $49,999	21,540	9,980	11,555	8.8	8.2	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	21,030	9,785	11,245	8.6	8.0	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	17,605	9,130	8,475	7.2	7.5	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	14,505	8,120	6,385	5.9	6.7	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	12,215	7,105	5,110	5.0	5.8	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	9,605	5,590	4,015	3.9	4.6	3.3
$100,000 and over	25,635	17,130	8,500	10.5	14.1	6.9
$100,000 to $124,999	12,680	7,860	4,820	5.2	6.4	3.9
$125,000 and over	12,950	9,275	3,680	5.3	7.6	3.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	353,780	170,045	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	337,685	161,670	176,015	95.5	95.1	95.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	49,200	38,000	42,800	49,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	338,290	161,815	176,475	95.6	95.2	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,200	34,000	38,000	43,200	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	316,800	152,485	164,320	89.5	89.7	89.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	46,400	33,200	39,200	46,400	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	255,360	126,565	128,785	72.2	74.4	70.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,000	32,400	37,600	44,000	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	230,255	98,230	132,025	65.1	57.8	71.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,100	6,700	7,300	7,100	6,700	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	17,655	7,740	9,910	5.0	4.6	5.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,760	5,960	5,280	4,760	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	353,790	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	338,050	161,905	176,140	95.6	95.2	95.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,600	62,750	47,120	54,600	62,750	47,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	338,640	162,065	176,575	95.7	95.3	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,440	51,350	40,000	45,440	51,350	40,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	316,915	152,685	164,225	89.6	89.8	89.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,950	61,050	43,520	51,950	61,050	43,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	255,360	126,800	128,560	72.2	74.6	70.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	55,100	40,200	47,600	55,100	40,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	230,060	97,520	132,545	65.0	57.3	72.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,670	8,630	8,710	8,670	8,630	8,710
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	17,505	7,490	10,010	4.9	4.4	5.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,240	6,065	8,120	7,240	6,065	8,120
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	353,785	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	112,860	61,835	51,020	31.9	36.4	27.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	67,500	55,600	61,600	67,500	55,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,900	78,000	62,250	70,900	78,000	62,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	95,620	42,950	52,670	27.0	25.3	28.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	27,200	22,400	24,400	27,200	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,800	40,280	30,360	34,800	40,280	30,360
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	91.8	86.0	89.2	91.8	86.0
Employment income (%)	65.8	68.8	62.3	65.8	68.8	62.3
Government transfers (%)	10.8	8.3	13.9	10.8	8.3	13.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.5	1.0	0.7	0.5	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	185,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	62,480	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	122,725	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	185,205	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	106,900	...	...	106,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,300	...	...	89,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	62,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,250	...	...	57,250	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,320	...	...	47,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	122,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,600	...	...	110,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,100	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	995	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,560	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,660	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,080	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,735	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,890	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,650	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,930	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,040	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,730	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,395	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,690	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,480	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,565	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	75,720	...	...	40.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,680	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,020	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	19,720	...	...	10.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	18,290	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,445	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,030	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,625	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,825	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,470	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,670	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,020	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,915	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,215	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,235	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,155	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,030	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,020	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,615	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,155	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	61,780	...	...	33.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,915	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,925	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	24,945	...	...	13.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	114,220	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	55,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	39,980	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,000	...	...	146,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	15,065	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	91,685	42,185	49,500	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	41,600	40,400	40,800	41,600	40,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,600	37,200	37,200	37,600	37,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	114,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,200	...	...	132,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,300	...	...	110,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	120,400	...	...	120,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,600	...	...	100,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	40,065	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,200	...	...	166,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,800	...	...	136,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,935	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,900	...	...	83,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,600	...	...	73,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	91,640	42,045	49,600	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,250	51,650	50,920	51,250	51,650	50,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,120	42,400	43,720	43,120	42,400	43,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	63,555	32,460	31,090	15.7	16.5	14.9
0 to 5 years	19,215	9,785	9,425	4.7	5.0	4.5
18 to 64 years	249,100	121,285	127,810	61.3	61.7	61.1
65 years and over	93,425	42,975	50,445	23.0	21.8	24.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	36,965	17,040	19,920	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,005	3,140	2,865	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,830	950	875	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	21,125	10,050	11,075	...	...	...
65 years and over	9,835	3,855	5,980	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.1	8.7	9.5	9.1	8.7	9.5
0 to 17 years (%)	9.5	9.7	9.2	9.5	9.7	9.2
0 to 5 years (%)	9.5	9.7	9.3	9.5	9.7	9.3
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5	8.3	8.7	8.5	8.3	8.7
65 years and over (%)	10.5	9.0	11.9	10.5	9.0	11.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	400,710	194,160	206,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	62,690	32,045	30,645	15.6	16.5	14.8
0 to 5 years	18,980	9,660	9,320	4.7	5.0	4.5
18 to 64 years	246,180	119,850	126,330	61.4	61.7	61.2
65 years and over	91,840	42,270	49,570	22.9	21.8	24.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	17,880	8,975	8,910	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,585	1,275	1,310	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	635	330	300	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,605	6,915	6,685	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,695	780	910	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.5	4.6	4.3	4.5	4.6	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.1	4.0	4.3	4.1	4.0	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.4	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.2
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.8	5.3	5.5	5.8	5.3
65 years and over (%)	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	178,995	84,185	94,810	44.1	42.8	45.3
In bottom decile	38,600	18,435	20,160	9.5	9.4	9.6
In second decile	33,265	14,985	18,275	8.2	7.6	8.7
In third decile	33,635	15,755	17,880	8.3	8.0	8.5
In fourth decile	35,545	16,870	18,675	8.8	8.6	8.9
In fifth decile	37,945	18,130	19,815	9.3	9.2	9.5
In top half of the distribution	227,085	112,540	114,540	55.9	57.2	54.7
In sixth decile	40,300	19,630	20,670	9.9	10.0	9.9
In seventh decile	42,535	20,930	21,605	10.5	10.6	10.3
In eighth decile	45,610	22,690	22,920	11.2	11.5	10.9
In ninth decile	49,485	24,665	24,825	12.2	12.5	11.9
In top decile	49,150	24,625	24,525	12.1	12.5	11.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	406,075	...	...	406,075	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.423	...	...	0.423	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.293	...	...	0.293	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	409,930	198,370	211,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	364,650	178,440	186,210	89.0	90.0	88.0
French only	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	41,705	18,420	23,285	10.2	9.3	11.0
Neither English nor French	3,425	1,440	1,980	0.8	0.7	0.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	409,930	198,370	211,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	399,115	193,395	205,720	97.4	97.5	97.2
French	6,435	3,140	3,300	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	1,115	485	630	0.3	0.2	0.3
Neither English nor French	3,265	1,350	1,915	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	409,930	198,370	211,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	400,075	193,825	206,255	97.6	97.7	97.5
Official languages	344,705	168,815	175,890	84.1	85.1	83.1
English	338,195	165,660	172,535	82.5	83.5	81.6
French	6,515	3,165	3,350	1.6	1.6	1.6
Non-official languages	55,365	25,005	30,365	13.5	12.6	14.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	200	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	55,170	24,915	30,260	13.5	12.6	14.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,275	1,200	1,075	0.6	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,080	1,110	975	0.5	0.6	0.5
Amharic	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,640	890	745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,345	575	770	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,215	515	705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,170	2,045	3,125	1.3	1.0	1.5
Bikol	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	245	85	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	255	100	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,145	1,640	2,500	1.0	0.8	1.2
Waray-Waray	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	680	380	295	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	290	175	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	185	100	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,935	13,085	14,850	6.8	6.6	7.0
Albanian	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,710	2,070	2,635	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baltic languages	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,605	2,015	2,585	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	385	190	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,155	515	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	1,355	555	795	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	775	355	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	450	210	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	250	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	560	230	335	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,070	3,115	3,960	1.7	1.6	1.9
Frisian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,200	1,790	2,415	1.0	0.9	1.1
German	4,035	1,720	2,315	1.0	0.9	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,080	960	1,120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	280	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,725	785	935	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	770	350	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	355	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	195	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	190	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	365	200	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8,300	4,210	4,090	2.0	2.1	1.9
Indo-Aryan languages	6,870	3,475	3,395	1.7	1.8	1.6
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	275	160	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	245	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,105	615	490	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,350	2,125	2,220	1.1	1.1	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	435	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,425	735	690	0.3	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,295	655	640	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,105	555	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,240	3,360	3,875	1.8	1.7	1.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,095	530	565	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,770	805	960	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	345	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,010	1,850	2,160	1.0	0.9	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,635	450	1,185	0.4	0.2	0.6
Korean	1,925	830	1,090	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	385	200	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,015	5,340	6,670	2.9	2.7	3.2
Chinese languages	11,915	5,285	6,630	2.9	2.7	3.1
Hakka	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,540	2,835	3,700	1.6	1.4	1.7
Min Dong	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	245	100	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	4,820	2,225	2,605	1.2	1.1	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	360	85	275	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	330	75	260	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	345	195	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	305	180	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	920	425	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	270	105	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	595	300	290	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,855	4,550	5,305	2.4	2.3	2.5
English and French	2,065	995	1,065	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	6,700	3,085	3,620	1.6	1.6	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	225	95	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	705	290	415	0.2	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	409,930	198,370	211,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	350,525	171,070	179,450	85.5	86.2	84.8
French	1,255	605	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	12,165	5,665	6,500	3.0	2.9	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,130	5,640	6,490	3.0	2.8	3.1
English and French	5,250	2,365	2,880	1.3	1.2	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	37,995	17,460	20,530	9.3	8.8	9.7
French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,670	715	955	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	1,000	455	545	0.2	0.2	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	409,930	198,370	211,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	401,650	194,550	207,105	98.0	98.1	97.9
Official languages	376,725	182,800	193,925	91.9	92.2	91.7
English	374,750	181,845	192,905	91.4	91.7	91.2
French	1,980	960	1,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	24,920	11,745	13,175	6.1	5.9	6.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,875	11,720	13,160	6.1	5.9	6.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,270	635	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,180	590	590	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	975	510	470	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	750	350	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	680	320	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,650	1,195	1,455	0.6	0.6	0.7
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,245	1,010	1,240	0.5	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	335	180	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	85	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,800	4,755	5,045	2.4	2.4	2.4
Albanian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,450	675	780	0.4	0.3	0.4
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,450	670	775	0.4	0.3	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	265	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	670	300	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	200	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	810	380	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	470	215	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	455	210	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	275	130	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	4,570	2,330	2,240	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,770	1,920	1,850	0.9	1.0	0.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	545	315	235	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,545	1,265	1,290	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	285	150	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	800	410	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	730	365	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	635	320	315	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,750	1,265	1,480	0.7	0.6	0.7
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	200	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	690	305	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,745	820	925	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	585	215	365	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,295	600	695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	155	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,515	3,440	4,070	1.8	1.7	1.9
Chinese languages	7,460	3,410	4,050	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hakka	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,590	2,110	2,475	1.1	1.1	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,655	1,205	1,455	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,280	3,820	4,455	2.0	1.9	2.1
English and French	785	340	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	7,155	3,330	3,830	1.7	1.7	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	409,930	198,370	211,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	370,720	180,475	190,240	90.4	91.0	89.9
English	10,900	5,215	5,680	2.7	2.6	2.7
French	4,105	1,840	2,265	1.0	0.9	1.1
Non-official language	19,460	8,650	10,810	4.7	4.4	5.1
Indigenous³⁹	245	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	19,220	8,540	10,680	4.7	4.3	5.0
English and French	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,550	760	790	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	1,045	445	595	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,975	900	1,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	402,690	195,210	207,480	99.2	99.2	99.1
English	402,570	195,165	207,400	99.1	99.2	99.1
French	41,570	18,300	23,265	10.2	9.3	11.1
Non-official languages	82,285	37,660	44,620	20.3	19.1	21.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	810	345	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	255	100	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	130	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	255	100	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	190	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,565	37,360	44,200	20.1	19.0	21.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,820	1,965	1,855	0.9	1.0	0.9
Berber languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,635	1,880	1,760	0.9	1.0	0.8
Amharic	345	150	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	2,580	1,390	1,190	0.6	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	580	275	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	235	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,970	835	1,140	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,775	735	1,045	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,235	2,850	4,385	1.8	1.4	2.1
Bikol	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	165	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	365	125	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	145	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	430	200	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	280	110	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	185	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,505	2,525	3,980	1.6	1.3	1.9
Waray-Waray	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	275	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,245	690	555	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	95	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	470	275	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	480	255	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	410	235	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	46,395	21,830	24,565	11.4	11.1	11.7
Albanian	220	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,080	2,840	3,245	1.5	1.4	1.6
Baltic languages	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,965	2,770	3,195	1.5	1.4	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	440	215	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,450	665	785	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	2,260	1,025	1,235	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,080	530	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	635	300	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	430	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	240	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	830	385	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	175	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Irish	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	65	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	12,075	5,490	6,590	3.0	2.8	3.1
Frisian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	8,040	3,655	4,390	2.0	1.9	2.1
German	7,875	3,600	4,275	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	225	75	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,120	1,440	1,675	0.8	0.7	0.8
Afrikaans	880	475	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	2,210	955	1,255	0.5	0.5	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,415	650	760	0.3	0.3	0.4
Danish	565	245	315	0.1	0.1	0.2
Icelandic	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	420	220	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	525	245	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	620	315	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	10,970	5,690	5,280	2.7	2.9	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages	9,580	5,010	4,570	2.4	2.5	2.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	415	215	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	425	205	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	4,145	2,300	1,840	1.0	1.2	0.9
Kacchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	245	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,990	3,040	2,955	1.5	1.5	1.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	900	480	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,460	735	720	0.4	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,340	665	670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	65	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,210	590	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	18,340	8,285	10,055	4.5	4.2	4.8
Catalan	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,700	1,190	1,510	0.7	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	2,630	1,240	1,380	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	420	180	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	13,755	6,190	7,565	3.4	3.1	3.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,625	1,405	2,215	0.9	0.7	1.1
Korean	2,220	1,025	1,195	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	985	510	485	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	335	180	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	170	110	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	900	335	565	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	795	265	535	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120	90	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,250	6,520	7,730	3.5	3.3	3.7
Chinese languages	13,995	6,370	7,625	3.4	3.2	3.6
Hakka	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,375	4,210	5,160	2.3	2.1	2.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	535	205	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	6,140	2,750	3,390	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	265	160	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	140	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	545	205	340	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	530	195	335	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	715	360	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	645	325	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,175	570	605	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	95	20	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	355	185	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	725	365	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	406,080	196,725	209,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	20,195	9,600	10,590	5.0	4.9	5.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	19,315	9,230	10,090	4.8	4.7	4.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	11,260	5,460	5,805	2.8	2.8	2.8
Métis	7,920	3,705	4,215	2.0	1.9	2.0
Inuk (Inuit)	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	455	185	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	420	195	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	385,885	187,125	198,760	95.0	95.1	94.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	406,080	196,725	209,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,870	3,815	4,055	1.9	1.9	1.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	398,205	192,910	205,300	98.1	98.1	98.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	116,530	...	...	62.9	...	...
Renter	68,425	...	...	36.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	255	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	36,055	...	...	19.5	...	...
Not condominium	149,150	...	...	80.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,375	...	...	1.8	...	...
1 bedroom	37,730	...	...	20.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	54,565	...	...	29.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	48,855	...	...	26.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	40,685	...	...	22.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	71,110	...	...	38.4	...	...
5 rooms	27,390	...	...	14.8	...	...
6 rooms	22,575	...	...	12.2	...	...
7 rooms	19,040	...	...	10.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	45,100	...	...	24.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	182,595	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	2,610	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	177,475	...	...	95.8	...	...
Not suitable	7,730	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	39,165	...	...	21.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	55,785	...	...	30.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	25,135	...	...	13.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	21,045	...	...	11.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,465	...	...	4.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	11,215	...	...	6.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,845	...	...	4.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	15,555	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	175,285	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	9,925	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	91,800	...	...	49.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	83,055	...	...	44.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	10,350	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	185,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	6,545	...	...	3.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	24,950	...	...	13.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	29,165	...	...	15.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	29,015	...	...	15.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	34,910	...	...	18.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	34,945	...	...	18.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	18,565	...	...	10.0	...	...
85 years and over	7,115	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	181,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	134,750	...	...	74.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	46,925	...	...	25.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	41,830	...	...	23.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	185,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	59,450	...	...	32.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	42,365	...	...	22.9	...	...
Not suitable only	5,510	...	...	3.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,575	...	...	3.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,650	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,780	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	445	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	125	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	125,760	...	...	67.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	176,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	22,330	...	...	12.6	...	...
Not in core need	154,245	...	...	87.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	114,220	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.9	...	...	55.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,340	...	...	1,340	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...	1,640	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	939,000	...	...	939,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	67,965	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.9	...	...	10.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	...	...	40.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.2	...	...	24.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,444	...	...	1,444	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	255	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	14.0	...	...	14.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	548	...	...	548	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	512	...	...	512	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	406,075	196,730	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,555	3,195	3,360	1.6	1.6	1.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,440	3,155	3,280	1.6	1.6	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,340	2,590	2,750	1.3	1.3	1.3
Métis single ancestry	1,060	555	500	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	17,035	7,900	9,135	4.2	4.0	4.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	16,385	7,650	8,740	4.0	3.9	4.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	11,060	5,260	5,800	2.7	2.7	2.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,160	2,300	2,865	1.3	1.2	1.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	650	250	400	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	610	245	365	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	382,485	185,635	196,855	94.2	94.4	94.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	377,360	183,295	194,065	92.9	93.2	92.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	60,445	30,990	29,455	14.9	15.8	14.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	316,915	152,305	164,610	78.0	77.4	78.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	28,715	13,435	15,285	7.1	6.8	7.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	320,165	156,565	163,605	78.8	79.6	78.1
Immigrants⁸¹	77,095	35,715	41,380	19.0	18.2	19.8
Before 1980	26,995	12,545	14,450	6.6	6.4	6.9
1980 to 1990	8,815	4,215	4,600	2.2	2.1	2.2
1991 to 2000	9,990	4,445	5,540	2.5	2.3	2.6
2001 to 2010	13,130	5,995	7,130	3.2	3.0	3.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	18,165	8,510	9,660	4.5	4.3	4.6
2011 to 2015	7,860	3,675	4,180	1.9	1.9	2.0
2016 to 2021	10,305	4,835	5,475	2.5	2.5	2.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,815	4,445	4,365	2.2	2.3	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	77,095	35,715	41,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	8,090	3,955	4,135	10.5	11.1	10.0
5 to 14 years	13,340	6,735	6,600	17.3	18.9	15.9
15 to 24 years	14,795	6,635	8,165	19.2	18.6	19.7
25 to 44 years	33,485	15,045	18,445	43.4	42.1	44.6
45 years and over	7,385	3,350	4,030	9.6	9.4	9.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	77,095	35,715	41,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	12,005	5,405	6,600	15.6	15.1	15.9
Brazil	440	215	220	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombia	545	230	310	0.7	0.6	0.7
El Salvador	235	120	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyana	150	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	360	180	175	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexico	905	415	485	1.2	1.2	1.2
Peru	155	65	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	250	90	160	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	7,405	3,265	4,140	9.6	9.1	10.0
Other places of birth in Americas	1,490	705	780	1.9	2.0	1.9
Europe	30,885	14,830	16,055	40.1	41.5	38.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	135	55	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	330	145	190	0.4	0.4	0.5
France	635	250	385	0.8	0.7	0.9
Germany	2,840	1,295	1,540	3.7	3.6	3.7
Greece	275	150	120	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	435	205	230	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italy	655	355	300	0.8	1.0	0.7
Netherlands	1,585	730	850	2.1	2.0	2.1
Poland	985	490	495	1.3	1.4	1.2
Portugal	880	385	495	1.1	1.1	1.2
Romania	460	215	245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	750	310	440	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	220	120	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	540	270	270	0.7	0.8	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	16,455	8,025	8,435	21.3	22.5	20.4
Other places of birth in Europe	3,705	1,825	1,875	4.8	5.1	4.5
Africa	3,995	2,040	1,955	5.2	5.7	4.7
Algeria	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	195	130	60	0.3	0.4	0.1
Eritrea	155	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopia	310	150	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Morocco	155	90	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nigeria	295	150	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somalia	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,380	675	700	1.8	1.9	1.7
Other places of birth in Africa	1,350	680	665	1.8	1.9	1.6
Asia	28,720	12,575	16,140	37.3	35.2	39.0
Afghanistan	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	900	460	445	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iraq	125	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	545	285	260	0.7	0.8	0.6
Turkey	295	165	130	0.4	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	6,505	2,825	3,685	8.4	7.9	8.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,220	625	595	1.6	1.7	1.4
Korea, South⁹²	1,385	640	740	1.8	1.8	1.8
Taiwan	670	250	420	0.9	0.7	1.0
Philippines	6,200	2,405	3,790	8.0	6.7	9.2
Viet Nam	1,150	465	685	1.5	1.3	1.7
Bangladesh	165	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	4,905	2,460	2,440	6.4	6.9	5.9
Pakistan	480	245	235	0.6	0.7	0.6
Sri Lanka	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	3,775	1,400	2,375	4.9	3.9	5.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,490	865	625	1.9	2.4	1.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	10,310	4,830	5,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,540	675	870	14.9	14.0	15.9
Brazil	130	50	75	1.3	1.0	1.4
Colombia	120	35	85	1.2	0.7	1.6
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	135	70	70	1.3	1.4	1.3
United States of America	925	415	505	9.0	8.6	9.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	15	0.2	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	175	75	105	1.7	1.6	1.9
Europe	1,415	750	670	13.7	15.5	12.2
France	85	45	45	0.8	0.9	0.8
Germany	140	60	75	1.4	1.2	1.4
Ireland⁹⁶	80	50	25	0.8	1.0	0.5
Italy	50	40	10	0.5	0.8	0.2
Russian Federation	60	15	45	0.6	0.3	0.8
Ukraine	75	35	45	0.7	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	585	360	220	5.7	7.5	4.0
Other places of birth in Europe	355	145	205	3.4	3.0	3.7
Africa	835	420	410	8.1	8.7	7.5
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	10	0.1	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	20	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Eritrea	50	30	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ethiopia	80	35	40	0.8	0.7	0.7
Morocco	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Nigeria	185	95	90	1.8	2.0	1.6
Somalia	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	85	50	40	0.8	1.0	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	80	35	45	0.8	0.7	0.8
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	240	130	115	2.3	2.7	2.1
Asia	6,320	2,830	3,485	61.3	58.6	63.7
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.3	0.4	0.2
Bangladesh	50	20	30	0.5	0.4	0.5
China⁹⁰	1,195	475	720	11.6	9.8	13.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
India	1,210	645	565	11.7	13.4	10.3
Iran⁸⁸	85	40	45	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iraq	65	35	35	0.6	0.7	0.6
Israel	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japan	215	55	160	2.1	1.1	2.9
Jordan	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	280	120	160	2.7	2.5	2.9
Lebanon	55	20	40	0.5	0.4	0.7
Nepal	75	50	30	0.7	1.0	0.5
Pakistan	105	55	45	1.0	1.1	0.8
Philippines	1,750	750	1,000	17.0	15.5	18.3
Saudi Arabia	40	15	30	0.4	0.3	0.5
Sri Lanka	20	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	475	245	225	4.6	5.1	4.1
Turkey	140	80	60	1.4	1.7	1.1
United Arab Emirates	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	165	40	125	1.6	0.8	2.3
Other places of birth in Asia	270	110	155	2.6	2.3	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	195	155	40	1.9	3.2	0.7
Australia	135	105	35	1.3	2.2	0.6
Other places of birth⁹⁸	55	50	10	0.5	1.0	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	93,085	43,670	49,420	22.9	22.2	23.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	87,265	41,965	45,295	21.5	21.3	21.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	225,720	111,090	114,635	55.6	56.5	54.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	50,100	23,170	26,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,325	13,450	13,875	54.5	58.0	51.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	12,600	7,025	5,575	25.1	30.3	20.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,730	6,425	8,300	29.4	27.7	30.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	18,280	7,305	10,980	36.5	31.5	40.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,050	2,220	1,830	8.1	9.6	6.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	450	200	250	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	50,100	23,170	26,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	985	550	440	2.0	2.4	1.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,990	3,965	5,030	17.9	17.1	18.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,315	1,090	1,230	4.6	4.7	4.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,980	1,790	2,190	7.9	7.7	8.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	350	125	230	0.7	0.5	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,470	15,660	17,815	66.8	67.6	66.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	406,080	196,725	209,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	65,680	31,090	34,590	16.2	15.8	16.5
South Asian	13,825	7,050	6,775	3.4	3.6	3.2
Chinese	17,530	8,190	9,340	4.3	4.2	4.5
Black	5,175	2,705	2,475	1.3	1.4	1.2
Filipino	8,630	3,570	5,060	2.1	1.8	2.4
Arab	2,000	1,090	910	0.5	0.6	0.4
Latin American	4,015	1,840	2,175	1.0	0.9	1.0
Southeast Asian	3,860	1,765	2,095	1.0	0.9	1.0
West Asian	1,535	765	770	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	2,390	1,150	1,240	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	3,495	1,390	2,100	0.9	0.7	1.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	825	405	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	2,400	1,165	1,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	340,400	165,635	174,765	83.8	84.2	83.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	406,075	196,725	209,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	44,400	22,620	21,775	10.9	11.5	10.4
English	128,525	61,965	66,565	31.7	31.5	31.8
Irish	75,265	34,425	40,845	18.5	17.5	19.5
Scottish	96,475	45,860	50,620	23.8	23.3	24.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	32,905	15,310	17,595	8.1	7.8	8.4
German	50,700	24,070	26,630	12.5	12.2	12.7
Chinese	18,305	8,580	9,720	4.5	4.4	4.6
Italian	13,325	6,235	7,095	3.3	3.2	3.4
Indian (India)	9,280	4,690	4,590	2.3	2.4	2.2
Ukrainian	19,630	9,290	10,340	4.8	4.7	4.9
Dutch	18,015	8,665	9,355	4.4	4.4	4.5
Polish	13,375	6,400	6,980	3.3	3.3	3.3
Québécois	955	470	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	26,585	12,680	13,905	6.5	6.4	6.6
Filipino	8,645	3,580	5,065	2.1	1.8	2.4
French Canadian	4,700	2,300	2,400	1.2	1.2	1.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	8,515	4,415	4,100	2.1	2.2	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	7,940	3,845	4,090	2.0	2.0	2.0
Métis	6,970	3,145	3,825	1.7	1.6	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	11,340	5,680	5,650	2.8	2.9	2.7
Russian	8,795	4,060	4,735	2.2	2.1	2.3
Norwegian	13,665	6,350	7,320	3.4	3.2	3.5
Welsh	14,235	6,495	7,740	3.5	3.3	3.7
Portuguese	4,015	2,005	2,010	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	8,265	3,830	4,435	2.0	1.9	2.1
Spanish	4,370	1,935	2,445	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	10,290	4,695	5,590	2.5	2.4	2.7
Hungarian	4,960	2,375	2,580	1.2	1.2	1.2
Acadian	1,085	505	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistani	695	350	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,475	790	680	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jewish	3,895	1,995	1,890	1.0	1.0	0.9
Punjabi	1,490	745	745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	2,300	1,060	1,235	0.6	0.5	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	970	520	455	0.2	0.3	0.2
Greek	2,290	1,090	1,205	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	905	445	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,720	745	975	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,145	920	1,225	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	2,435	1,210	1,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	2,525	1,170	1,355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	880	455	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	1,290	640	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	800	440	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	6,760	3,305	3,455	1.7	1.7	1.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,580	780	800	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	1,335	660	675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	4,645	2,120	2,525	1.1	1.1	1.2
Belgian	2,365	1,135	1,230	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	765	400	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	2,090	1,010	1,085	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	1,315	650	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	2,905	1,295	1,605	0.7	0.7	0.8
Finnish	3,485	1,705	1,775	0.9	0.9	0.8
Sri Lankan	275	130	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,930	955	970	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	4,005	1,600	2,400	1.0	0.8	1.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	555	305	250	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	590	260	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,640	1,770	1,870	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	340	170	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	390	215	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	710	315	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	2,875	1,385	1,490	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombian	720	330	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	250	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,960	940	1,015	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	545	285	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	220	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	390	200	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	740	375	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	610	285	325	0.2	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	555	320	240	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	420	175	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	485	220	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	575	290	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	420	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	735	365	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	215	90	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	790	420	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	365	180	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	285	180	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	920	455	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,250	540	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	710	295	410	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	265	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	170	55	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	510	250	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	245	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	300	140	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,120	630	485	0.3	0.3	0.2
South African	1,410	645	760	0.3	0.3	0.4
Australian	1,700	880	820	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	195	115	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	480	215	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	300	145	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	305	130	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	350	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	340	135	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	295	125	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	340	150	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	445	190	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,265	615	645	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	210	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	180	100	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	340	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	250	105	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	505	195	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	345	150	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	405	170	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	335	190	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	475	220	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	440	220	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	205	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	150	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	625	320	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bengali	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	505	215	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	225	130	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern Irish	615	300	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	870	395	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	2,120	1,045	1,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ecuadorian	150	35	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	70	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	560	195	360	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	60	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	190	100	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jatt	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	370	195	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	580	250	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	145	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	220	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	220	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	975	435	540	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sudanese	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	200	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	285	125	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	305	160	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	120	90	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	95	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	300	155	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	195	105	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	140	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	125	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	155	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	100	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	215	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Costa Rican	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	406,080	196,725	209,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,395	1,860	2,540	1.1	0.9	1.2
Christian	131,645	58,255	73,390	32.4	29.6	35.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	25,790	11,845	13,940	6.4	6.0	6.7
Anabaptist	430	195	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	21,030	8,990	12,040	5.2	4.6	5.8
Baptist	4,730	2,125	2,605	1.2	1.1	1.2
Catholic	41,415	18,695	22,725	10.2	9.5	10.9
Christian Orthodox	2,310	1,090	1,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jehovah's Witness	1,595	635	960	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	1,335	590	740	0.3	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	3,610	1,585	2,020	0.9	0.8	1.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	810	365	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,935	1,310	1,620	0.7	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	3,080	1,375	1,705	0.8	0.7	0.8
Reformed	520	255	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	14,120	5,530	8,590	3.5	2.8	4.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	7,940	3,655	4,285	2.0	1.9	2.0
Hindu	3,120	1,690	1,430	0.8	0.9	0.7
Jewish	2,920	1,395	1,525	0.7	0.7	0.7
Muslim	4,985	2,630	2,360	1.2	1.3	1.1
Sikh	5,165	2,545	2,620	1.3	1.3	1.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	780	330	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	6,380	2,535	3,845	1.6	1.3	1.8
No religion and secular perspectives	246,680	125,490	121,185	60.7	63.8	57.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	403,310	195,195	208,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	341,140	165,185	175,955	84.6	84.6	84.5
Movers	62,170	30,010	32,160	15.4	15.4	15.5
Non-migrants	37,435	18,235	19,200	9.3	9.3	9.2
Migrants	24,735	11,770	12,960	6.1	6.0	6.2
Internal migrants	20,970	10,080	10,890	5.2	5.2	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	13,515	6,410	7,100	3.4	3.3	3.4
Interprovincial migrants	7,460	3,670	3,790	1.8	1.9	1.8
External migrants	3,765	1,695	2,070	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	390,450	188,745	201,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	214,590	103,360	111,225	55.0	54.8	55.1
Movers	175,860	85,385	90,475	45.0	45.2	44.9
Non-migrants	47,425	23,545	23,880	12.1	12.5	11.8
Migrants	128,430	61,840	66,600	32.9	32.8	33.0
Internal migrants	111,900	53,810	58,090	28.7	28.5	28.8
Intraprovincial migrants	84,515	40,425	44,085	21.6	21.4	21.9
Interprovincial migrants	27,380	13,380	14,000	7.0	7.1	6.9
External migrants	16,535	8,025	8,510	4.2	4.3	4.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	353,790	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	42,330	22,970	19,365	12.0	13.5	10.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	311,455	147,085	164,375	88.0	86.5	89.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	217,250	105,440	111,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,730	10,020	6,710	7.7	9.5	6.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	200,520	95,420	105,100	92.3	90.5	94.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	353,785	170,050	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	36,285	19,220	17,065	10.3	11.3	9.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	98,055	48,075	49,980	27.7	28.3	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	219,445	102,750	116,695	62.0	60.4	63.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	99,955	48,885	51,070	28.3	28.7	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	25,265	18,825	6,440	7.1	11.1	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,065	5,675	4,390	2.8	3.3	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	15,205	13,155	2,050	4.3	7.7	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	63,520	25,760	37,760	18.0	15.1	20.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,170	4,300	6,865	3.2	2.5	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	119,490	53,865	65,625	33.8	31.7	35.7
Bachelor's degree	72,570	31,955	40,620	20.5	18.8	22.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,505	3,130	4,375	2.1	1.8	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,245	1,875	1,375	0.9	1.1	0.7
Master's degree	29,390	12,720	16,675	8.3	7.5	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,780	4,200	2,585	1.9	2.5	1.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	217,250	105,435	111,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,360	7,965	5,395	6.1	7.6	4.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	52,065	27,760	24,310	24.0	26.3	21.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	151,820	69,710	82,105	69.9	66.1	73.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	67,260	33,580	33,680	31.0	31.8	30.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,755	12,635	4,115	7.7	12.0	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,485	3,720	2,765	3.0	3.5	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	10,265	8,920	1,350	4.7	8.5	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	43,280	17,960	25,315	19.9	17.0	22.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,225	2,985	4,245	3.3	2.8	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	84,555	36,130	48,430	38.9	34.3	43.3
Bachelor's degree	52,745	22,675	30,070	24.3	21.5	26.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,995	1,945	3,045	2.3	1.8	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,160	1,055	1,100	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	20,935	8,415	12,520	9.6	8.0	11.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,725	2,030	1,690	1.7	1.9	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	353,785	170,045	183,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	134,340	67,295	67,045	38.0	39.6	36.5
Education	15,860	4,285	11,575	4.5	2.5	6.3
13. Education	15,860	4,285	11,575	4.5	2.5	6.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,855	3,950	5,905	2.8	2.3	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	695	495	200	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	9,160	3,455	5,705	2.6	2.0	3.1
Humanities	14,795	5,780	9,015	4.2	3.4	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,750	315	1,430	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	4,410	1,365	3,040	1.2	0.8	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,160	1,255	1,905	0.9	0.7	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	600	200	400	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,000	655	345	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	950	580	370	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,425	1,325	1,100	0.7	0.8	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	500	80	420	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	33,145	12,330	20,815	9.4	7.3	11.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	810	260	550	0.2	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,175	1,150	2,025	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,830	295	3,540	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	4,600	1,775	2,825	1.3	1.0	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	995	365	630	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	6,425	1,865	4,560	1.8	1.1	2.5
45. Social sciences	13,300	6,615	6,690	3.8	3.9	3.6
Business, management and public administration	39,400	15,795	23,605	11.1	9.3	12.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,385	1,160	3,225	1.2	0.7	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,960	14,615	20,345	9.9	8.6	11.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,310	6,055	5,255	3.2	3.6	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,275	2,370	2,910	1.5	1.4	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,920	875	1,055	0.5	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	290	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,545	2,600	945	1.0	1.5	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	280	90	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,335	6,390	2,945	2.6	3.8	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,955	5,160	1,795	2.0	3.0	1.0
25. Library science	800	150	650	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,320	880	435	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	260	200	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	35,010	31,590	3,420	9.9	18.6	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,715	1,080	635	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	7,980	6,720	1,265	2.3	4.0	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,705	6,880	825	2.2	4.0	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	9,180	8,895	290	2.6	5.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,035	4,815	220	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	3,375	3,210	165	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,495	2,965	2,525	1.6	1.7	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,930	1,380	1,555	0.8	0.8	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,560	1,585	975	0.7	0.9	0.5
Health and related fields	34,160	7,605	26,550	9.7	4.5	14.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,590	1,245	1,340	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,440	5,725	24,715	8.6	3.4	13.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,085	625	460	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,965	5,960	5,005	3.1	3.5	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,435	2,305	4,130	1.8	1.4	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	235	205	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	295	265	30	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,955	1,315	645	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,050	1,870	180	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	217,250	105,435	111,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	65,430	35,725	29,705	30.1	33.9	26.6
Education	8,520	2,175	6,345	3.9	2.1	5.7
13. Education	8,520	2,175	6,345	3.9	2.1	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,000	2,750	4,250	3.2	2.6	3.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	445	295	150	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,560	2,455	4,105	3.0	2.3	3.7
Humanities	9,610	3,660	5,955	4.4	3.5	5.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,135	175	960	0.5	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	2,835	835	2,005	1.3	0.8	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,240	870	1,365	1.0	0.8	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	360	140	220	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	725	495	230	0.3	0.5	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	460	275	180	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,580	810	765	0.7	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	285	50	235	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	24,180	8,290	15,885	11.1	7.9	14.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	665	215	450	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,625	880	1,750	1.2	0.8	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,850	235	2,615	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	3,330	1,050	2,280	1.5	1.0	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	760	260	500	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	4,225	1,075	3,145	1.9	1.0	2.8
45. Social sciences	9,735	4,580	5,150	4.5	4.3	4.6
Business, management and public administration	28,185	11,015	17,175	13.0	10.4	15.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,970	750	2,220	1.4	0.7	2.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	25,190	10,255	14,940	11.6	9.7	13.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,520	3,630	3,890	3.5	3.4	3.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,665	1,500	2,160	1.7	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,305	545	760	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,190	1,455	735	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	150	40	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,150	5,145	1,995	3.3	4.9	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,865	4,440	1,430	2.7	4.2	1.3
25. Library science	360	75	285	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	770	510	255	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	150	125	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	23,930	21,225	2,710	11.0	20.1	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,160	635	525	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	5,790	4,730	1,060	2.7	4.5	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,925	4,335	590	2.3	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,560	6,320	245	3.0	6.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,325	3,170	155	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	2,150	2,030	120	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,070	1,970	2,100	1.9	1.9	1.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,205	955	1,255	1.0	0.9	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,860	1,015	845	0.9	1.0	0.8
Health and related fields	23,490	5,470	18,020	10.8	5.2	16.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,960	925	1,040	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	20,840	4,200	16,635	9.6	4.0	14.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	665	340	330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,075	4,355	3,715	3.7	4.1	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,770	1,770	3,000	2.2	1.7	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	160	135	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	165	150	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,570	1,045	525	0.7	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,400	1,250	150	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	217,250	105,435	111,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	65,430	35,725	29,705	30.1	33.9	26.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	151,820	69,710	82,110	69.9	66.1	73.4
Location of study inside Canada	126,360	58,410	67,950	58.2	55.4	60.8
Same as province or territory of residence	92,470	42,020	50,450	42.6	39.9	45.1
Different than province or territory of residence	33,895	16,390	17,500	15.6	15.5	15.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	25,460	11,300	14,160	11.7	10.7	12.7
Americas	6,785	3,095	3,685	3.1	2.9	3.3
United States of America	5,060	2,325	2,735	2.3	2.2	2.4
Mexico	485	210	280	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	415	190	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	215	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	120	50	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	380	165	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	6,795	3,285	3,515	3.1	3.1	3.1
Belgium	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	365	155	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germany	515	220	295	0.2	0.2	0.3
Netherlands	255	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	145	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	275	100	180	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	265	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	205	105	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,455	1,735	1,715	1.6	1.6	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	710	375	335	0.3	0.4	0.3
Africa	955	485	475	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	435	215	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	9,745	3,780	5,965	4.5	3.6	5.3
Iran⁸⁸	340	140	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraq	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,650	655	995	0.8	0.6	0.9
Taiwan	190	60	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	110	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	630	125	505	0.3	0.1	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	710	275	435	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	2,975	1,025	1,955	1.4	1.0	1.7
Viet Nam	155	45	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,910	975	940	0.9	0.9	0.8
Pakistan	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	510	175	335	0.2	0.2	0.3
Oceania	1,175	655	520	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	925	505	425	0.4	0.5	0.4
New Zealand	235	150	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	353,785	170,050	183,740	...	...	...
In the labour force	223,285	113,225	110,060	...	...	...
Employed	208,015	105,420	102,595	...	...	...
Unemployed	15,265	7,805	7,465	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	130,500	56,825	73,675	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.1	66.6	59.9	63.1	66.6	59.9
Employment rate	58.8	62.0	55.8	58.8	62.0	55.8
Unemployment rate	6.8	6.9	6.8	6.8	6.9	6.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	353,785	170,045	183,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	128,435	56,180	72,260	36.3	33.0	39.3
Worked	225,350	113,870	111,480	63.7	67.0	60.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	117,510	64,785	52,725	33.2	38.1	28.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	107,840	49,085	58,760	30.5	28.9	32.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.6	42.3	40.8	41.6	42.3	40.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	223,285	113,225	110,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,340	1,680	1,665	1.5	1.5	1.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	219,940	111,550	108,390	98.5	98.5	98.5
Employee	180,495	88,875	91,620	80.8	78.5	83.2
Permanent position	152,015	75,885	76,130	68.1	67.0	69.2
Temporary position	28,480	12,990	15,490	12.8	11.5	14.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	9,175	4,310	4,860	4.1	3.8	4.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	19,310	8,680	10,630	8.6	7.7	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	39,450	22,675	16,775	17.7	20.0	15.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	223,285	113,225	110,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,340	1,680	1,665	1.5	1.5	1.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	219,940	111,550	108,390	98.5	98.5	98.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,250	1,945	1,305	1.5	1.7	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	38,290	11,695	26,595	17.1	10.3	24.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	19,765	14,930	4,835	8.9	13.2	4.4
3 Health occupations	19,765	4,635	15,130	8.9	4.1	13.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	33,565	13,035	20,530	15.0	11.5	18.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	9,535	4,070	5,465	4.3	3.6	5.0
6 Sales and service occupations	55,035	25,755	29,280	24.6	22.7	26.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	32,245	29,135	3,110	14.4	25.7	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,825	3,485	1,340	2.2	3.1	1.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,665	2,855	810	1.6	2.5	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	223,285	113,225	110,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,340	1,680	1,665	1.5	1.5	1.5
All industries¹⁹¹	219,940	111,550	108,390	98.5	98.5	98.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,720	1,595	1,120	1.2	1.4	1.0
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	445	350	95	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	700	575	120	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	17,700	15,565	2,135	7.9	13.7	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	7,655	5,605	2,050	3.4	5.0	1.9
41 Wholesale trade	3,390	2,350	1,045	1.5	2.1	0.9
44-45 Retail trade	24,850	12,225	12,625	11.1	10.8	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,745	5,805	1,945	3.5	5.1	1.8
51 Information and cultural industries	3,930	2,315	1,615	1.8	2.0	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	5,990	2,550	3,445	2.7	2.3	3.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,460	2,360	2,100	2.0	2.1	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	21,450	12,195	9,265	9.6	10.8	8.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	290	165	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,170	6,170	4,005	4.6	5.4	3.6
61 Educational services	17,865	6,340	11,525	8.0	5.6	10.5
62 Health care and social assistance	31,405	7,175	24,225	14.1	6.3	22.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,845	2,835	3,015	2.6	2.5	2.7
72 Accommodation and food services	15,895	7,460	8,430	7.1	6.6	7.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	8,860	3,620	5,240	4.0	3.2	4.8
91 Public administration	28,565	14,305	14,265	12.8	12.6	13.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	241,365	121,725	119,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	233,305	118,045	115,260	96.7	97.0	96.3
French	355	80	270	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	830	465	365	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	815	465	355	0.3	0.4	0.3
English and French	2,725	1,290	1,440	1.1	1.1	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,870	1,700	2,175	1.6	1.4	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	255	140	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	241,365	121,725	119,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	240,525	121,345	119,180	99.7	99.7	99.6
Official languages	239,065	120,615	118,455	99.0	99.1	99.0
English	238,340	120,440	117,900	98.7	98.9	98.5
French	725	170	550	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	1,465	730	730	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,445	730	710	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	315	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	165	105	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	140	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	140	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	670	380	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	670	380	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	420	220	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	245	145	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	840	375	460	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and French	290	120	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	525	250	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	241,365	121,725	119,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	235,240	118,925	116,315	97.5	97.7	97.2
English	925	330	595	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	2,100	1,100	1,000	0.9	0.9	0.8
Non-official language	2,495	1,080	1,415	1.0	0.9	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,435	1,055	1,375	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and French	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	185	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	355	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	208,015	105,420	102,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	55,825	25,985	29,835	26.8	24.6	29.1
Worked outside Canada	470	320	150	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	27,490	20,110	7,385	13.2	19.1	7.2
Usual place of work	124,240	59,005	65,235	59.7	56.0	63.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	124,240	59,005	65,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	51,200	22,790	28,410	41.2	38.6	43.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	70,070	34,345	35,725	56.4	58.2	54.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,465	1,540	925	2.0	2.6	1.4
Commute to a different province or territory	510	330	180	0.4	0.6	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	151,730	79,115	72,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	112,575	59,695	52,880	74.2	75.5	72.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	104,260	56,475	47,790	68.7	71.4	65.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	8,315	3,225	5,085	5.5	4.1	7.0
Public transit	11,445	4,880	6,565	7.5	6.2	9.0
Walked	15,095	6,895	8,205	9.9	8.7	11.3
Bicycle	7,950	4,940	3,010	5.2	6.2	4.1
Other method	4,660	2,700	1,960	3.1	3.4	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	151,730	79,115	72,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	52,575	25,065	27,515	34.7	31.7	37.9
15 to 29 minutes	63,300	33,450	29,860	41.7	42.3	41.1
30 to 44 minutes	24,850	14,165	10,690	16.4	17.9	14.7
45 to 59 minutes	6,210	3,530	2,685	4.1	4.5	3.7
60 minutes and over	4,790	2,910	1,880	3.2	3.7	2.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	151,730	79,115	72,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,870	4,695	2,175	4.5	5.9	3.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	23,320	14,605	8,710	15.4	18.5	12.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	40,470	21,740	18,730	26.7	27.5	25.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	36,700	16,725	19,980	24.2	21.1	27.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,820	10,565	13,255	15.7	13.4	18.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	20,545	10,785	9,765	13.5	13.6	13.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	64,880	33,150	31,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,095	2,540	2,560	7.9	7.7	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	59,780	30,615	29,165	92.1	92.4	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	47,970	24,565	23,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,895	1,955	1,940	8.1	8.0	8.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,980	950	1,030	4.1	3.9	4.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,910	1,005	905	4.0	4.1	3.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	44,085	22,610	21,475	91.9	92.0	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 16, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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