Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	St. John's, City (CY)More information: Newfoundland and Labrador [Census subdivision] Remove	St. John'sMore information: Newfoundland and Labrador [Population centre] Remove	St. John'sMore information: Newfoundland and Labrador [Census metropolitan area] Remove
	Counts	Counts	Counts
	Total	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	110,525	185,565	212,579
Population, 2016¹	108,860	181,955^r	208,418^r
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.5	2.0	2.0
Total private dwellings²	54,067	86,189	97,429
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	49,298	79,537	89,999
Population density per square kilometre	247.8	1,042.5	228.2
Land area in square kilometres	446.02	178.00	931.56
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	110,525	185,575	212,580
0 to 14 years	14,550	26,910	31,570
0 to 4 years	4,425	7,870	9,135
5 to 9 years	4,915	9,130	10,775
10 to 14 years	5,205	9,910	11,655
15 to 64 years	74,255	124,595	142,400
15 to 19 years	5,385	9,695	11,235
20 to 24 years	8,375	12,320	13,645
25 to 29 years	8,205	12,360	13,605
30 to 34 years	8,090	13,115	14,630
35 to 39 years	7,715	13,110	15,020
40 to 44 years	7,185	12,685	14,735
45 to 49 years	6,590	12,400	14,490
50 to 54 years	7,120	12,785	14,850
55 to 59 years	7,955	13,460	15,570
60 to 64 years	7,635	12,670	14,610
65 years and over	21,720	34,070	38,615
65 to 69 years	6,725	11,160	12,870
70 to 74 years	5,740	9,310	10,645
75 to 79 years	4,145	6,375	7,185
80 to 84 years	2,705	3,900	4,325
85 years and over	2,410	3,325	3,585
85 to 89 years	1,475	2,090	2,280
90 to 94 years	700	925	985
95 to 99 years	220	280	285
100 years and over	20	30	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.2	14.5	14.9
15 to 64 years	67.2	67.1	67.0
65 years and over	19.7	18.4	18.2
85 years and over	2.2	1.8	1.7
Average age of the population	42.8	42.1	42.1
Median age of the population	42.0	42.0	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	49,300	79,535	90,000
Single-detached house	20,865	40,200	49,215
Semi-detached house	3,095	3,970	4,210
Row house	5,115	6,205	6,285
Apartment or flat in a duplex	12,895	21,230	22,210
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	6,555	7,135	7,225
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	540	545	550
Other single-attached house	120	150	155
Movable dwelling⁴	120	95	150
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	49,295	79,540	90,000
1 person	16,605	23,460	25,505
2 persons	17,655	28,775	32,670
3 persons	7,465	13,260	15,195
4 persons	5,395	10,345	12,300
5 or more persons	2,175	3,700	4,330
Number of persons in private households	107,655	181,995	208,820
Average household size	2.2	2.3	2.3
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,980	158,665	181,015
Married or living common-law	48,595	87,790	102,295
Married	37,910	69,370	81,265
Living common-law	10,690	18,420	21,030
Living common law - Never married	8,605	14,470	16,500
Living common law - Separated	270	505	570
Living common law - Divorced	1,620	3,115	3,585
Living common law - Widowed	190	330	380
Not married and not living common-law	47,380	70,875	78,715
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,920	48,760	54,140
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,265	3,620	4,030
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,415	9,735	10,715
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,780	8,760	9,830
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,650	52,595	60,900
2 persons	16,865	28,415	32,485
3 persons	6,560	12,205	14,155
4 persons	4,770	9,460	11,335
5 or more persons	1,455	2,510	2,925
Average size of census families	2.7	2.8	2.8
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	1.6	1.6
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,650	52,590	60,895
Total couple families	23,720	43,155	50,360
Married couples	18,375	33,945	39,840
With children⁶	9,100	17,630	20,855
Without children	9,275	16,315	18,995
Common-law couples	5,345	9,210	10,520
With children⁶	1,600	3,185	3,765
Without children	3,740	6,030	6,750
Total one-parent families	5,930	9,440	10,540
in which the parent is a woman+	4,780	7,520	8,305
in which the parent is a man+	1,150	1,915	2,230
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,655	181,995	208,820
Total - Persons in census families	80,235	144,525	168,150
Married spouses or common-law partners	47,440	86,310	100,720
Parents in one-parent families	5,930	9,440	10,540
Children⁶	26,865	48,775	56,890
In a two-parent family	18,245	35,060	41,545
In a one-parent family	8,620	13,715	15,350
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,420	37,475	40,665
Living alone	16,605	23,460	25,505
Living with other relatives⁷	2,895	4,335	4,855
Living with non-relatives only	7,920	9,670	10,315
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	49,300	79,540	90,000
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,880	47,805	55,320
Couple-family households	21,945	40,010	46,675
With children⁶	9,945	19,430	22,955
Without children	11,995	20,580	23,720
One-parent-family households	4,935	7,790	8,640
Multigenerational households⁸	850	1,585	1,905
Multiple-census-family households⁹	160	260	305
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,240	1,985	2,215
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,560	4,440	4,745
One-person households	16,605	23,460	25,505
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,125	155,110	177,280
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,950	149,760	171,155
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	42,400	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,975	149,805	171,215
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	37,600	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,910	131,530	150,485
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	38,400	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	63,990	109,650	125,810
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,600	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,615	116,990	133,185
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,900	11,400	11,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,485	20,510	24,210
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	6,000	6,200
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,820	41,225	46,705
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,020	155,015	177,275
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,825	149,645	171,130
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,450	55,900	56,300
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,855	149,710	171,205
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,600	45,080	45,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,840	131,455	150,395
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,650	52,900	53,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,875	109,485	125,805
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,850	52,550	53,050
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,500	116,820	132,970
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,310	12,110	12,150
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,620	20,555	24,155
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,990	8,020	8,230
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,570	40,760	46,205
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,060	8,920	8,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,020	155,015	177,275
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,995	54,400	62,570
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	65,500	66,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,600	79,700	80,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,125	41,240	47,420
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,800	17,000	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,000	29,240	29,920
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.4	83.0	83.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.6	68.8	69.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.7	16.9	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.9	2.0	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.3	4.9	4.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	4.4	4.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,125	155,110	177,275
Without total income	3,175	5,350	6,120
With total income	89,955	149,760	171,160
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,940	10,945	12,495
$10,000 to $19,999	10,965	17,070	19,270
$20,000 to $29,999	15,140	23,055	26,135
$30,000 to $39,999	11,860	19,325	21,860
$40,000 to $49,999	10,190	17,565	19,920
$50,000 to $59,999	7,630	13,665	15,670
$60,000 to $69,999	5,915	10,630	12,150
$70,000 to $79,999	4,580	8,250	9,510
$80,000 to $89,999	3,640	6,690	7,710
$90,000 to $99,999	3,070	5,555	6,455
$100,000 and over	10,020	17,005	19,980
$100,000 to $149,999	6,260	11,050	12,980
$150,000 and over	3,755	5,950	7,000
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,125	155,110	177,275
Without after-tax income	3,150	5,305	6,060
With after-tax income	89,975	149,805	171,215
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,370	11,620	13,260
$10,000 to $19,999	11,435	17,845	20,180
$20,000 to $29,999	18,090	27,765	31,445
$30,000 to $39,999	14,065	23,530	26,665
$40,000 to $49,999	11,340	20,095	22,950
$50,000 to $59,999	8,105	14,670	16,765
$60,000 to $69,999	5,755	10,440	12,060
$70,000 to $79,999	4,385	7,965	9,235
$80,000 to $89,999	2,645	4,740	5,575
$90,000 to $99,999	1,700	3,015	3,560
$100,000 and over	5,080	8,115	9,520
$100,000 to $124,999	2,345	3,910	4,645
$125,000 and over	2,735	4,210	4,880
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,125	155,110	177,275
Without employment income	29,135	45,460	51,465
With employment income	63,995	109,650	125,805
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,185	15,840	18,010
$5,000 to $9,999	5,355	8,415	9,590
$10,000 to $19,999	7,645	12,165	13,745
$20,000 to $29,999	5,790	9,610	10,950
$30,000 to $39,999	5,215	9,040	10,260
$40,000 to $49,999	5,200	9,520	10,890
$50,000 to $59,999	4,385	8,340	9,545
$60,000 to $69,999	3,770	7,050	8,120
$70,000 to $79,999	3,185	5,995	6,950
$80,000 to $89,999	2,845	5,300	6,145
$90,000 to $99,999	2,500	4,655	5,395
$100,000 and over	7,915	13,720	16,215
$100,000 to $124,999	3,255	5,990	7,040
$125,000 and over	4,660	7,735	9,170
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,125	155,110	177,280
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,160	146,805	167,725
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	41,200	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,230	146,920	167,865
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,050	130,275	148,980
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,600	40,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,395	110,405	126,585
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,400	41,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,355	102,855	116,975
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,950	7,900	8,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	9,390	17,540	20,835
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,900	6,850	7,100
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,020	155,015	177,275
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,095	146,800	167,845
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	54,900	55,450
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,145	146,880	167,955
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,760	43,720	44,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,955	130,430	149,140
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,000	54,450	55,100
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,400	110,675	127,135
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,800	53,800	54,500
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,230	102,760	116,865
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,240	9,290	9,360
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,430	17,545	20,805
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,620	8,680	8,810
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,020	155,015	177,275
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,830	54,120	62,225
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	62,400	63,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,100	77,000	77,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,575	38,645	44,500
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,800	22,600	23,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,960	36,800	37,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.6	88.2	88.2
Employment income (%)	71.6	73.8	74.4
Government transfers (%)	12.3	11.8	11.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.9	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	49,295	79,535	90,000
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	75,000	83,000	85,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,000	71,000	72,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,605	23,460	25,505
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	39,600	39,600
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	35,200	35,600
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,690	56,075	64,495
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	106,000	108,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	90,000	91,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	49,260	79,530	90,000
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	101,100	105,200	107,000
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,400	84,900	86,300
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,585	23,525	25,500
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,680	50,680	51,040
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,720	41,880	42,120
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,675	56,000	64,495
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,700	128,200	129,200
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,500	102,900	103,700
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	49,295	79,535	90,000
Under $5,000	440	575	620
$5,000 to $9,999	595	710	750
$10,000 to $14,999	1,035	1,340	1,410
$15,000 to $19,999	1,175	1,515	1,625
$20,000 to $24,999	2,470	3,335	3,680
$25,000 to $29,999	2,130	2,920	3,165
$30,000 to $34,999	1,980	2,875	3,140
$35,000 to $39,999	2,095	3,125	3,500
$40,000 to $44,999	2,060	3,115	3,445
$45,000 to $49,999	2,015	3,010	3,330
$50,000 to $59,999	3,660	5,640	6,245
$60,000 to $69,999	3,440	5,320	5,910
$70,000 to $79,999	3,060	5,020	5,635
$80,000 to $89,999	2,900	4,750	5,355
$90,000 to $99,999	2,495	4,290	4,835
$100,000 and over	17,750	32,000	37,355
$100,000 to $124,999	4,945	8,855	10,165
$125,000 to $149,999	3,625	6,710	7,790
$150,000 to $199,999	4,510	8,425	9,920
$200,000 and over	4,675	8,010	9,475
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	49,295	79,535	90,000
Under $5,000	485	630	685
$5,000 to $9,999	605	725	770
$10,000 to $14,999	1,045	1,355	1,425
$15,000 to $19,999	1,220	1,590	1,710
$20,000 to $24,999	2,715	3,700	4,080
$25,000 to $29,999	2,520	3,485	3,770
$30,000 to $34,999	2,270	3,365	3,685
$35,000 to $39,999	2,565	3,780	4,210
$40,000 to $44,999	2,490	3,825	4,200
$45,000 to $49,999	2,305	3,455	3,850
$50,000 to $59,999	4,360	6,755	7,510
$60,000 to $69,999	3,975	6,465	7,265
$70,000 to $79,999	3,615	6,005	6,765
$80,000 to $89,999	3,025	5,330	6,080
$90,000 to $99,999	2,585	4,625	5,340
$100,000 and over	13,505	24,445	28,650
$100,000 to $124,999	4,900	9,085	10,515
$125,000 to $149,999	3,260	6,080	7,180
$150,000 and over	5,340	9,280	10,955
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,930	52,675	60,870
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	108,000	109,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	91,000	92,000
Average family size of economic families	2.8	2.8	2.8
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,265	20,900	24,050
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	95,000	95,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	81,000	81,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,845	21,075	24,945
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,000	148,000	149,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	122,000	122,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	3.8	3.8
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,630	8,915	9,905
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	63,600	64,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	56,000	58,000	58,400
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	2.6	2.6
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,530	33,135	35,815
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	35,600	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,800	32,400	32,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,980	52,630	60,925
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,800	130,200	131,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,300	104,000	104,800
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,260	20,840	24,055
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,600	114,400	114,400
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,600	91,700	91,800
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,825	21,070	24,975
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	175,600	170,400	169,800
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,200	133,600	133,400
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,670	8,905	9,885
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	75,900	76,900
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,400	65,400	66,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,455	33,235	35,805
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,400	45,720	46,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,280	38,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,660	181,995	208,815
0 to 17 years	17,540	32,560	38,155
0 to 5 years	5,410	9,690	11,270
18 to 64 years	70,080	117,565	134,370
65 years and over	20,040	31,870	36,295
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	15,885	21,385	23,495
0 to 17 years	3,345	4,595	5,025
0 to 5 years	1,150	1,530	1,650
18 to 64 years	9,560	12,390	13,410
65 years and over	2,975	4,395	5,060
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.8	11.8	11.3
0 to 17 years (%)	19.1	14.1	13.2
0 to 5 years (%)	21.3	15.8	14.7
18 to 64 years (%)	13.6	10.5	10.0
65 years and over (%)	14.8	13.8	13.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	107,655	181,995	208,820
0 to 17 years	17,540	32,565	38,155
0 to 5 years	5,405	9,685	11,265
18 to 64 years	70,075	117,565	134,370
65 years and over	20,045	31,875	36,295
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,565	9,535	9,895
0 to 17 years	1,155	1,595	1,650
0 to 5 years	405	535	555
18 to 64 years	6,055	7,455	7,740
65 years and over	355	485	505
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.0	5.2	4.7
0 to 17 years (%)	6.6	4.9	4.3
0 to 5 years (%)	7.6	5.5	4.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.6	6.3	5.8
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.5	1.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,660	182,000	208,815
In bottom half of the distribution	56,700	88,535	99,385
In bottom decile	15,735	20,285	21,935
In second decile	11,745	17,785	20,015
In third decile	10,170	16,830	18,940
In fourth decile	9,670	16,775	19,065
In fifth decile	9,380	16,870	19,435
In top half of the distribution	50,955	93,455	109,435
In sixth decile	9,535	17,655	20,435
In seventh decile	9,550	18,515	21,530
In eighth decile	10,035	19,240	22,735
In ninth decile	10,615	19,600	23,375
In top decile	11,220	18,445	21,360
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,655	181,995	208,820
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.372	0.344	0.340
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.490	0.453	0.448
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.320	0.296	0.292
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.3	3.9	3.8
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,065	182,945	209,890
English only	97,580	167,070	192,310
French only	45	60	65
English and French	9,910	15,220	16,905
Neither English nor French	530	600	620
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,065	182,945	209,890
English	106,690	181,285	208,110
French	695	905	1,010
English and French	195	215	230
Neither English nor French	490	540	550
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,065	182,945	209,890
Single responses	106,395	180,960	207,770
Official languages	99,200	173,050	199,565
English	98,560	172,185	198,595
French	645	870	975
Non-official languages	7,195	7,910	8,205
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	25	30
Algonquian languages	10	15	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	10	10
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	15	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	15	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,175	7,885	8,180
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,530	1,560	1,600
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	10	10
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	60	60	60
Bilen	10	10	10
Oromo	30	30	30
Somali	15	15	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Semitic languages	1,465	1,495	1,530
Amharic	25	25	25
Arabic	1,260	1,285	1,325
Aramaic languages	5	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	15	15
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	160	160	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	70	80	85
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	70	75	85
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	525	635	645
Bikol	5	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	10	15
Cebuano	15	25	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	15	15
Ilocano	15	20	20
Indonesian	15	20	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	435	535	545
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Creole languages	55	55	60
Haitian Creole	0	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	5	5
Morisyen	35	35	35
Sango	5	5	5
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Dravidian languages	250	265	270
Kannada	10	10	10
Malayalam	95	95	100
Tamil	100	110	115
Telugu	45	50	50
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,155	3,520	3,675
Albanian	40	40	45
Armenian	15	15	15
Balto-Slavic languages	305	370	390
Baltic languages	5	5	5
Latvian	5	10	10
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	295	365	385
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	35	35
Czech	20	20	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	45	55	55
Russian	145	175	180
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	45	50	50
Bosnian	10	10	10
Croatian	15	15	20
Serbian	25	25	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	15	20	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	5
Irish	5	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	250	320	370
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	115	155	175
German	110	150	175
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	80	90
Afrikaans	25	25	30
Dutch	40	50	55
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	65	80	95
Danish	20	25	35
Icelandic	10	10	15
Norwegian	25	35	40
Swedish	5	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Greek	25	35	35
Indo-Iranian languages	1,890	2,000	2,045
Indo-Aryan languages	1,480	1,570	1,605
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	535	540	545
Gujarati	120	125	125
Hindi	185	190	195
Kacchi	5	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	20	20	25
Nepali	40	45	45
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	310	350	360
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	85	85
Urdu	185	205	215
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Iranian languages	410	430	435
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	40	50	50
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	15	15	15
Persian languages	355	365	370
Dari	10	10	10
Iranian Persian	310	320	325
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	30	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	615	740	770
Catalan	5	5	5
Italian	40	65	70
Portuguese	140	170	180
Romanian	25	30	30
Spanish	405	470	485
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	25	25
Korean	70	85	100
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	355	365	375
Akan (Twi)	55	55	55
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	10	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	40	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	0	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	5
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	30	30	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5
Swahili	60	65	65
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	10	10
Yoruba	85	90	90
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	40	40
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	30	30
Dinka	10	15	15
Nuer	5	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	60	60
American Sign Language	35	45	45
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	965	1,065	1,105
Chinese languages	940	1,040	1,080
Hakka	5	5	5
Mandarin	700	755	780
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	20	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	200	225	230
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	30	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	25	25
Burmese	10	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	10	10	10
Karenic languages	10	10	10
S'gaw Karen	5	5	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	20	25
Lao	0	10	10
Thai	10	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	70	80	85
Azerbaijani	5	10	10
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	45	55	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Uralic languages	30	30	40
Estonian	0	5	10
Finnish	5	10	10
Hungarian	25	20	30
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,670	1,980	2,125
English and French	360	515	580
English and non-official language(s)	1,135	1,260	1,330
French and non-official language(s)	45	50	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	50	50
Multiple non-official languages	100	110	110
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,065	182,945	209,890
English	98,930	172,565	198,985
French	175	220	260
Non-official language	1,975	2,120	2,170
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,975	2,120	2,170
English and French	960	1,395	1,545
English and non-official language(s)	5,570	6,150	6,420
French and non-official language(s)	30	30	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	285	320	330
Multiple non-official languages	135	150	150
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,065	182,945	209,890
Single responses	106,625	181,370	208,245
Official languages	102,535	176,970	203,735
English	102,210	176,585	203,300
French	320	385	440
Non-official languages	4,090	4,400	4,505
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,085	4,395	4,500
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,035	1,045	1,050
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	45	45	45
Bilen	10	10	10
Oromo	20	20	20
Somali	10	10	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	995	1,000	1,010
Amharic	5	5	5
Arabic	865	875	880
Aramaic languages	5	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	110	110	110
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	45	50	50
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	45	50	50
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	290	335	345
Bikol	5	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Cebuano	10	15	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5
Ilocano	5	5	5
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	255	300	300
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	35	35	35
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	15	15
Sango	5	5	5
Creole, n.o.s.	0	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Dravidian languages	125	135	135
Kannada	5	5	5
Malayalam	50	50	50
Tamil	45	55	55
Telugu	20	30	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,670	1,795	1,840
Albanian	25	20	25
Armenian	10	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	120	155	155
Baltic languages	5	5	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	120	155	155
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	15	15
Czech	5	5	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	15	20	20
Russian	70	95	95
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	5	5	5
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	5	5	5
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	10	15	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	65	65	70
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	25	30	30
German	25	30	30
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	20	25
Afrikaans	15	15	20
Dutch	5	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	15	15
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	10	10
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	5	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages	1,170	1,225	1,250
Indo-Aryan languages	845	890	910
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	300	300	300
Gujarati	55	60	65
Hindi	85	85	90
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	5	5	5
Nepali	35	40	40
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	210	230	235
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	40	40
Urdu	110	130	130
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	320	330	340
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	35	40	40
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	10	10
Persian languages	275	280	285
Dari	10	10	10
Iranian Persian	240	250	255
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	20	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	285	315	325
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	5	10	10
Portuguese	70	80	80
Romanian	10	10	10
Spanish	200	220	235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	10	10
Korean	45	45	55
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	120	130	135
Akan (Twi)	25	25	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	10
Shona	5	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	40	40
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	25	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	5	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	60	100	105
American Sign Language	55	85	95
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	615	665	690
Chinese languages	600	650	675
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	475	510	530
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	105	110	110
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	25	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	15	15
Burmese	5	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	5	5	5
Karenic languages	5	5	5
S'gaw Karen	5	5	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	30	30
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	20	20	20
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Uralic languages	10	10	20
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5
Multiple responses	1,440	1,575	1,645
English and French	145	185	210
English and non-official language(s)	1,255	1,335	1,390
French and non-official language(s)	15	15	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	15	20
Multiple non-official languages	15	20	20
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,070	182,945	209,890
None	102,290	176,220	202,800
English	1,805	1,960	2,025
French	765	1,140	1,260
Non-official language	2,365	2,705	2,860
Indigenous³⁹	30	50	50
Non-Indigenous	2,340	2,655	2,805
English and French	35	35	40
English and non-official language(s)	270	290	295
French and non-official language(s)	145	165	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	375	410	425
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,655	181,890	208,820
Official languages	107,115	181,280	208,195
English	107,060	181,215	208,120
French	9,940	15,270	17,005
Non-official languages	11,645	13,110	13,645
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	105	105
Algonquian languages	25	30	35
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	15	20	25
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	15	20	25
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	10	10
Mi'kmaq	0	10	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45	70	70
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	45	60	60
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	11,575	13,015	13,545
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,095	2,160	2,190
Berber languages	25	25	25
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	25	30	30
Hausa	20	30	30
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	40	40	40
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	10	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	20	20
Semitic languages	2,045	2,100	2,130
Amharic	40	40	40
Arabic	1,745	1,765	1,790
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	75	100	100
Maltese	0	0	15
Tigrigna	230	230	230
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	140	140
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	130	140	140
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	805	985	1,000
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	15	15
Cebuano	55	55	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	15	15
Ilocano	30	45	45
Indonesian	45	55	60
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	60	70	70
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	635	790	800
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	45	45
Creole languages	180	185	185
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	60	60	60
Sango	40	40	40
Creole, n.o.s.	25	25	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	50	50
Dravidian languages	405	430	430
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	170	185	185
Tamil	225	240	240
Telugu	75	75	75
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,790	6,590	6,895
Albanian	60	60	60
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	625	680	730
Baltic languages	10	10	10
Latvian	0	0	10
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	620	670	720
Belarusian	10	10	10
Bulgarian	40	50	50
Czech	35	45	55
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	40	40	50
Russian	365	390	410
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	135	135	135
Bosnian	45	45	45
Croatian	40	40	40
Serbian	80	80	80
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Slovak	0	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	55	85	85
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	60	60	70
Irish	35	45	45
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	25
Germanic languages	845	1,100	1,165
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	580	750	805
German	575	740	795
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	135	185	195
Afrikaans	20	35	45
Dutch	110	140	150
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	185	215	225
Danish	80	100	105
Icelandic	20	20	20
Norwegian	80	100	100
Swedish	40	40	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Greek	25	35	50
Indo-Iranian languages	2,750	2,865	2,930
Indo-Aryan languages	2,255	2,360	2,415
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	770	775	790
Gujarati	240	240	240
Hindi	1,070	1,095	1,130
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	10	10	10
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	15	15	15
Nepali	15	15	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	590	620	645
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	20	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	110	110
Urdu	370	375	390
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	30	30
Iranian languages	500	520	520
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	70	70	70
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	455	470	470
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	405	420	420
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	35	35
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages	1,740	2,135	2,235
Catalan	30	30	30
Italian	295	375	385
Portuguese	230	300	320
Romanian	85	90	95
Spanish	1,235	1,480	1,550
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	30	30
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	125	160	160
Korean	125	150	165
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	975	970	1,015
Akan (Twi)	125	125	125
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	20	20
Éwé	10	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	15	15	15
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	170	185	185
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	10
Lingala	35	35	35
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	20	20	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	190	180	190
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	0	25
Swahili	125	125	125
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	240	235	250
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	145	145	165
Nilo-Saharan languages	105	105	105
Dinka	65	65	65
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	40	40
African, n.o.s.	35	35	35
Sign languages	295	510	555
American Sign Language	285	495	540
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,140	1,295	1,375
Chinese languages	1,100	1,250	1,325
Hakka	10	10	10
Mandarin	905	1,010	1,065
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	30	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	250	285	300
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	50	50
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	45	45
Burmese	30	30	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	35	40
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	35	35	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	145	175	200
Azerbaijani	45	45	45
Kazakh	25	30	25
Turkish	80	115	130
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	15	15
Uralic languages	40	40	45
Estonian	0	10	10
Finnish	20	20	20
Hungarian	15	10	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	50	50
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,660	181,890	208,815
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,585	6,195	7,050
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,350	5,760	6,550
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,225	3,820	4,265
Métis	570	1,160	1,365
Inuk (Inuit)	560	780	915
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	50	80	95
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	180	355	400
Non-Indigenous identity	104,075	175,690	201,775
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,660	181,890	208,815
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,335	2,205	2,480
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,320	179,690	206,340
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	49,255	79,530	90,000
Owner	29,920	53,375	62,465
Renter	19,335	26,155	27,535
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	0	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	49,255	79,530	90,000
Condominium	3,130	3,865	3,930
Not condominium	46,130	75,660	86,070
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	49,255	79,530	90,000
No bedrooms	230	270	275
1 bedroom	5,200	6,730	7,085
2 bedrooms	12,175	17,655	19,370
3 bedrooms	19,110	33,135	38,265
4 or more bedrooms	12,545	21,740	25,005
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	49,255	79,530	90,000
1 to 4 rooms	11,735	15,970	17,200
5 rooms	7,145	10,940	12,240
6 rooms	7,645	12,355	13,940
7 rooms	6,220	10,705	12,365
8 or more rooms	16,510	29,565	34,255
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	6.8	6.9
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	49,255	79,530	90,000
One person or fewer per room	48,865	79,100	89,550
More than one person per room	395	430	445
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	49,255	79,530	90,000
Suitable	48,030	77,865	88,220
Not suitable	1,230	1,665	1,775
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	49,255	79,530	90,000
1960 or before	10,920	12,520	13,720
1961 to 1980	14,875	21,725	23,815
1981 to 1990	6,195	11,470	12,830
1991 to 2000	5,055	9,990	11,340
2001 to 2005	3,050	5,825	6,635
2006 to 2010	3,565	7,170	8,320
2011 to 2015	3,715	7,180	8,730
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,880	3,645	4,610
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	49,255	79,530	90,000
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	46,810	76,160	86,265
Major repairs needed	2,450	3,365	3,735
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	49,255	79,530	90,000
One-maintainer household	26,540	39,690	43,915
Two-maintainer household	20,825	37,115	43,095
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,895	2,725	2,990
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	49,255	79,530	90,000
15 to 24 years	2,390	3,075	3,265
25 to 34 years	7,675	11,985	13,155
35 to 44 years	8,295	14,080	16,150
45 to 54 years	8,095	14,375	16,565
55 to 64 years	9,455	15,475	17,710
65 to 74 years	7,670	12,270	13,960
75 to 84 years	4,335	6,495	7,200
85 years and over	1,340	1,770	2,000
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,075	79,280	89,715
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	38,305	63,495	72,625
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,770	15,780	17,090
30% to less than 100%	9,695	14,490	15,675
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	49,255	79,530	90,000
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,645	19,695	21,375
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,055	14,765	15,965
Not suitable only	1,005	1,370	1,475
Major repairs needed only	1,810	2,465	2,740
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	145	190	205
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	555	795	890
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	70	70
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	30	30
Acceptable housing	35,610	59,835	68,625
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	48,000	77,985	88,300
In core need	5,435	7,710	8,165
Not in core need	42,565	70,275	80,135
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,900	53,340	62,415
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.4	63.8	63.7
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.9	13.1	12.6
% in core housing need⁶³	4.4	3.9	3.7
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290	1,380	1,380
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,414	1,434	1,434
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	306,000	304,000	312,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	343,200	340,000	344,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,340	26,155	27,530
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	22.6	19.1	18.6
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.4	33.9	33.7
% in core housing need⁶³	22.3	22.4	22.2
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	950	950	950
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	988	996	999
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	0	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,655	181,895	208,815
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,610	3,010	3,430
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,570	2,905	3,315
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,075	2,150	2,410
Métis single ancestry	150	310	370
Inuit single ancestry	350	445	535
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	40	100	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	45	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	15	15
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	35	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,810	6,900	7,780
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,725	6,715	7,570
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,975	5,165	5,860
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	355	770	840
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	395	780	875
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	85	185	210
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	70	80
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	65	75
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	50	50
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	10
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	102,235	171,985	197,615
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,655	181,890	208,820
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	100,150	173,705	200,330
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,560	31,460	37,035
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	83,585	142,245	163,290
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,510	8,185	8,490
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,655	181,890	208,820
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	96,020	168,685	194,935
Immigrants⁸¹	7,510	8,935	9,505
Before 1980	1,205	1,615	1,820
1980 to 1990	385	515	555
1991 to 2000	555	645	705
2001 to 2010	1,360	1,695	1,780
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,015	4,460	4,650
2011 to 2015	1,330	1,475	1,565
2016 to 2021	2,680	2,990	3,085
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,125	4,275	4,375
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	7,510	8,930	9,510
Under 5 years	835	995	1,060
5 to 14 years	1,460	1,665	1,750
15 to 24 years	1,060	1,305	1,410
25 to 44 years	3,590	4,295	4,570
45 years and over	565	675	720
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	7,510	8,930	9,510
Americas	985	1,315	1,480
Brazil	35	75	80
Colombia	105	120	120
El Salvador	15	20	20
Guyana	10	10	10
Haiti	0	0	10
Jamaica	90	135	145
Mexico	0	10	10
Peru	10	10	10
Trinidad and Tobago	25	45	45
United States of America	505	685	815
Other places of birth in Americas	175	200	215
Europe	1,795	2,355	2,585
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	40	40
Croatia	25	30	30
France	125	130	130
Germany	95	150	155
Greece	0	0	10
Hungary	10	10	10
Italy	30	60	65
Netherlands	40	40	40
Poland	25	25	35
Portugal	15	30	30
Romania	55	75	75
Russian Federation	100	105	110
Serbia⁸⁶	10	10	10
Ukraine	45	45	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	805	1,115	1,280
Other places of birth in Europe	375	495	520
Africa	1,380	1,480	1,520
Algeria	30	30	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	70	75
Egypt	105	125	135
Eritrea	155	155	155
Ethiopia	75	75	75
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	315	345	365
Somalia	15	15	15
South Africa, Republic of	70	100	110
Other places of birth in Africa	540	560	570
Asia	3,300	3,720	3,840
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	95	105	105
Iraq	110	110	110
Lebanon	65	65	65
Syria⁸⁹	450	450	450
Turkey	20	45	45
China⁹⁰	415	495	535
Hong Kong⁹¹	75	80	80
Korea, South⁹²	50	65	80
Taiwan	35	45	50
Philippines	625	780	785
Viet Nam	70	75	75
Bangladesh	195	200	205
India	480	515	535
Pakistan	150	160	170
Sri Lanka	40	70	70
Other places of birth in Asia	405	445	455
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	50	70	75
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,680	2,990	3,085
Americas	210	300	310
Brazil	20	25	25
Colombia	0	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	70	105	105
Mexico	0	10	10
United States of America	75	100	110
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	30	40	45
Europe	190	240	275
France	30	30	30
Germany	15	20	20
Ireland⁹⁶	20	35	35
Italy	10	10	10
Russian Federation	25	25	25
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	65	100
Other places of birth in Europe	45	55	55
Africa	725	735	760
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	10	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	50	50
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	20	20	20
Eritrea	100	100	100
Ethiopia	20	20	20
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	225	225	240
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	15	30	35
Sudan⁹⁷	65	65	65
Tunisia	35	35	35
Other places of birth in Africa	180	180	180
Asia	1,550	1,705	1,720
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	70	70	70
China⁹⁰	140	170	180
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	200	200	200
Iran⁸⁸	35	35	35
Iraq	50	50	50
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	20	20	20
Korea, South⁹²	20	35	35
Lebanon	55	55	55
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	80	80	80
Philippines	350	425	425
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	20	20
Syria⁸⁹	390	390	390
Turkey	15	25	25
United Arab Emirates	20	20	20
Viet Nam	20	25	25
Other places of birth in Asia	65	70	70
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	10
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,660	181,890	208,820
First generation¹⁰⁰	12,445	14,305	15,165
Second generation¹⁰¹	7,000	9,845	10,810
Third generation or more¹⁰²	88,220	157,750	182,835
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	6,305	7,315	7,690
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	3,555	4,090	4,285
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	1,665	1,930	2,040
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	1,885	2,160	2,240
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,110	1,560	1,715
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,610	1,615	1,635
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	35	50	60
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	6,305	7,315	7,690
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	140	160	165
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,125	1,420	1,525
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	310	360	375
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	840	960	1,045
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	20	20	30
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	3,860	4,395	4,540
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,660	181,890	208,820
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	10,915	12,085	12,545
South Asian	2,985	3,220	3,340
Chinese	1,410	1,640	1,745
Black	2,510	2,755	2,865
Filipino	840	1,045	1,060
Arab	1,410	1,440	1,470
Latin American	515	615	640
Southeast Asian	300	350	365
West Asian	485	490	495
Korean	110	135	165
Japanese	30	40	50
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	90	115	115
Multiple visible minorities	235	240	245
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	96,745	169,810	196,270
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,655	181,890	208,820
Canadian	19,935	39,140	45,625
English	39,365	67,030	77,135
Irish	36,600	60,485	70,615
Scottish	9,100	14,950	17,145
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,075	8,170	9,510
German	2,200	3,505	3,935
Chinese	1,445	1,670	1,780
Italian	825	1,315	1,520
Indian (India)	1,630	1,785	1,835
Ukrainian	680	835	960
Dutch	550	910	1,060
Polish	550	710	780
Québécois	70	85	110
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,995	6,765	7,625
Filipino	830	1,055	1,080
French Canadian	200	265	315
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	5,335	9,680	11,085
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	965	1,540	1,720
Métis	590	1,285	1,440
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,210	3,665	4,025
Russian	385	440	475
Norwegian	495	820	1,060
Welsh	2,005	3,045	3,495
Portuguese	465	700	745
American	715	1,105	1,255
Spanish	500	675	760
Swedish	290	475	605
Hungarian	130	160	165
Acadian	320	520	600
Pakistani	195	200	210
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	505	535	560
Jewish	315	370	395
Punjabi	125	135	140
Vietnamese	115	145	145
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	665	670	685
Greek	145	220	260
Jamaican	115	180	200
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	270	345	355
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	65	100	115
Korean	105	140	170
Romanian	155	175	175
Lebanese	365	410	435
Iranian	395	415	415
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	345	640	720
Danish	255	345	390
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	385	585	625
Sikh	70	90	95
Austrian	110	150	185
Belgian	65	135	165
Haitian	0	0	10
Hindu	70	80	80
Mexican	40	65	65
Mennonite	10	30	35
Swiss	70	140	160
Finnish	55	105	120
Sri Lankan	75	90	90
Croatian	30	40	40
Japanese	70	80	90
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	115	115	115
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,980	3,725	4,290
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	400	575	640
Muslim	250	280	280
Egyptian	225	270	290
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	35	90	90
Tamil	60	60	60
Icelandic	75	70	85
Colombian	105	135	135
Moroccan	35	35	35
Czech	120	145	155
Syrian	240	275	275
Guyanese	20	25	25
Afghan	0	0	0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	110	130	135
Serbian	40	40	40
Ojibway	40	55	60
Newfoundlander	6,175	11,275	13,300
Hong Konger	15	15	15
Ontarian	60	130	160
Persian	85	85	85
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	30	55	55
Turkish	65	110	125
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	725	1,270	1,435
Bangladeshi	500	490	515
Algerian	25	25	25
Brazilian	115	165	165
Nigerian	350	375	380
Armenian	25	25	25
Slovak	15	45	45
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	75	150	180
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	35	55	55
Iraqi	65	65	70
Salvadorean	15	15	15
African Caribbean	15	45	50
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	90	90	95
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	160	170	180
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	10	35	35
Algonquin	20	20	20
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	45	50	50
Lithuanian	25	30	30
South African	120	135	140
Australian	105	105	130
Palestinian	115	120	120
Chilean	55	55	55
Congolese	100	105	105
Nova Scotian	120	225	245
Ethiopian	25	25	25
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	60	60	60
Peruvian	35	45	45
Yoruba	235	230	235
Cambodian (Khmer)	0	0	0
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	75	75	75
Maltese	50	65	80
Macedonian	0	0	0
Slovenian	20	20	20
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	220	345	360
New Brunswicker	40	60	85
Gujarati	25	30	30
Eritrean	180	180	180
African Canadian	0	0	15
Israeli	15	30	30
Mohawk	15	25	25
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	0	35	50
Bulgarian	65	70	70
Albertan	10	20	25
Ghanaian	75	75	75
Barbadian	45	65	65
African American	80	110	110
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30	40	50
Tunisian	70	70	70
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	35	45	45
Cuban	100	115	115
Bosnian	60	60	60
Venezuelan	45	50	50
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	135	205	240
Latvian	35	45	45
Bengali	120	150	150
Cameroonian	15	15	15
Guatemalan	0	30	30
Indonesian	30	40	40
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	10	10
Northern Irish	55	70	70
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	145	210	230
British Columbian	10	10	10
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	10	10	10
Argentinian	15	25	25
Estonian	10	15	15
Kurdish	25	25	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	45	45	45
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	135	215	250
Coptic	25	25	25
Thai	35	35	45
Dominican	15	15	15
Nepali	10	10	10
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	125	150	150
Byelorussian	20	25	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	10	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	15	15	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	10	15
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	110	110	110
Breton	10	10	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0
Malaysian	40	50	50
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	10	10
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	10	10
Buddhist	15	15	15
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	40	45	45
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	20	20
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	40	40	40
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	40	40	40
Kenyan	25	25	25
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	65	65	65
Manitoban	0	20	20
Cape Bretoner	55	55	55
Rwandan	15	15	15
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	50	50	50
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	50	50	50
Mayan	25	25	25
Honduran	10	25	25
Cherokee	45	70	70
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	420	1,110	1,220
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	25	25	25
United Empire Loyalist	0	10	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	10	10	10
Sicilian	0	0	10
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	20	20	20
Goan	15	15	15
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	95	110	115
Burmese	30	30	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	10	10
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	25	25	25
Yemeni	30	30	30
Central African	30	30	30
Libyan	85	85	85
Basque	45	60	95
Uruguayan	10	10	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	70	70	70
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	25	25	25
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	10	10	10
Telugu	30	30	30
Roma	10	10	10
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	20	20	20
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	10	10	10
Edo	10	25	25
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,660	181,890	208,815
Buddhist	285	325	360
Christian	75,965	135,950	158,575
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	3,990	6,325	6,915
Anabaptist	20	35	35
Anglican	13,515	29,690	34,810
Baptist	355	575	625
Catholic	41,450	68,445	81,475
Christian Orthodox	435	475	500
Jehovah's Witness	165	495	570
Latter Day Saints	45	90	105
Lutheran	70	145	165
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,515	5,490	5,970
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,180	3,910	4,435
Presbyterian	575	745	830
Reformed	10	15	15
United Church	9,635	17,945	20,325
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	990	1,575	1,785
Hindu	890	930	945
Jewish	175	190	205
Muslim	3,215	3,300	3,345
Sikh	475	505	525
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	25	25
Other religions and spiritual traditions	470	610	665
No religion and secular perspectives	26,170	40,060	44,180
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,800	180,350	207,110
Non-movers	92,120	159,375	183,935
Movers	14,680	20,980	23,175
Non-migrants	10,100	13,135	14,175
Migrants	4,575	7,845	9,000
Internal migrants	3,830	7,000	8,135
Intraprovincial migrants	2,275	4,805	5,600
Interprovincial migrants	1,550	2,195	2,535
External migrants	745	845	865
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	103,220	174,060	199,770
Non-movers	63,755	113,705	132,155
Movers	39,465	60,360	67,615
Non-migrants	19,530	25,750	28,050
Migrants	19,935	34,610	39,565
Internal migrants	14,640	28,885	33,695
Intraprovincial migrants	10,215	22,530	26,330
Interprovincial migrants	4,420	6,360	7,365
External migrants	5,300	5,725	5,870
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,020	155,015	177,275
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,025	20,395	23,915
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	80,995	134,620	153,360
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,335	101,190	116,265
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,950	7,855	9,205
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,385	93,335	107,055
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,015	155,015	177,280
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,195	18,800	21,900
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,660	40,950	46,700
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,160	95,265	108,675
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,665	52,890	61,685
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,820	11,680	14,030
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,250	6,090	7,155
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,570	5,590	6,875
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	19,385	37,060	42,890
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,460	4,145	4,760
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,495	42,380	46,990
Bachelor's degree	17,775	26,935	29,890
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,360	1,880	2,085
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	970	1,185	1,300
Master's degree	7,665	10,370	11,520
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,730	2,010	2,205
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,340	101,190	116,260
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,360	6,765	7,830
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,225	20,955	24,130
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,750	73,475	84,300
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,080	39,955	46,935
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,235	8,605	10,455
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,345	4,440	5,280
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,890	4,170	5,175
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,330	28,585	33,260
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,510	2,765	3,220
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,670	33,515	37,365
Bachelor's degree	13,415	21,030	23,485
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,055	1,500	1,675
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	800	985	1,080
Master's degree	6,145	8,530	9,515
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,260	1,470	1,610
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,020	155,010	177,275
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	35,860	59,745	68,600
Education	4,700	7,390	8,430
13. Education	4,700	7,390	8,430
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,555	2,175	2,425
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	295	325
50. Visual and performing arts	1,390	1,880	2,100
Humanities	3,165	4,390	4,830
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	275	350	390
23. English language and literature/letters	930	1,210	1,305
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	705	1,040	1,170
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	150	185	205
38. Philosophy and religious studies	310	375	405
39. Theology and religious vocations	255	385	425
54. History	325	495	550
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	220	345	370
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,785	8,515	9,465
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	175	195
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	405	580	625
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	865	1,485	1,680
22. Legal professions and studies	950	1,185	1,360
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	95	105
42. Psychology	1,145	1,680	1,885
45. Social sciences	2,195	3,320	3,615
Business, management and public administration	13,115	22,125	25,125
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	40	50
44. Public administration and social service professions	905	1,415	1,595
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,185	20,665	23,480
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,745	3,860	4,195
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,255	1,740	1,895
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	405	700	770
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	100	100
40. Physical sciences	945	1,205	1,305
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	115	125
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,895	4,700	5,200
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,285	3,910	4,340
25. Library science	210	290	310
27. Mathematics and statistics	355	430	480
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	70	75
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,395	20,030	23,520
04. Architecture and related services	180	235	255
14. Engineering	3,275	4,635	5,155
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,775	5,670	6,670
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,060	4,715	5,575
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,370	3,185	3,900
48. Precision production	730	1,575	1,950
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	810	1,415	1,660
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	415	815	935
03. Natural resources and conservation	400	605	725
Health and related fields	8,750	14,400	16,265
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	555	885	1,000
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,810	13,025	14,710
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	55	65
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	370	445	500
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,240	6,260	7,550
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,695	3,100	3,590
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	15	20
43. Security and protective services	520	1,010	1,190
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,015	2,135	2,750
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,335	101,190	116,265
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,590	27,715	31,965
Education	2,820	4,775	5,480
13. Education	2,820	4,775	5,480
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,270	1,805	2,005
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	120	210	225
50. Visual and performing arts	1,150	1,595	1,775
Humanities	2,245	3,135	3,480
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	185	255	285
23. English language and literature/letters	660	860	920
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	515	765	880
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	110	140	155
38. Philosophy and religious studies	255	295	330
39. Theology and religious vocations	110	205	220
54. History	260	390	435
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	150	230	250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,555	6,895	7,655
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	155	175
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	330	495	520
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	710	1,270	1,415
22. Legal professions and studies	765	965	1,105
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	55	80	90
42. Psychology	870	1,305	1,485
45. Social sciences	1,685	2,625	2,865
Business, management and public administration	9,895	17,085	19,515
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	30	40
44. Public administration and social service professions	665	1,065	1,210
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,220	15,990	18,265
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,015	2,870	3,170
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	915	1,275	1,415
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	275	525	580
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	70	70
40. Physical sciences	735	945	1,035
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	60	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,480	4,155	4,605
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,020	3,540	3,940
25. Library science	170	240	255
27. Mathematics and statistics	260	325	360
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	50	50
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,870	15,455	18,210
04. Architecture and related services	135	170	190
14. Engineering	2,620	3,770	4,225
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,100	4,440	5,235
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	10	10
46. Construction trades	1,605	3,695	4,385
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	870	2,155	2,680
48. Precision production	535	1,215	1,485
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	635	1,185	1,390
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	295	655	750
03. Natural resources and conservation	335	525	640
Health and related fields	6,360	10,955	12,505
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	425	715	800
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,620	9,825	11,230
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	50	60
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	305	365	410
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,605	5,155	6,275
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,380	2,545	2,975
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	10	10
43. Security and protective services	405	820	970
49. Transportation and materials moving	825	1,780	2,315
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,335	101,190	116,265
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,590	27,715	31,965
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,750	73,470	84,300
Location of study inside Canada	38,925	68,925	79,505
Same as province or territory of residence	32,065	58,390	67,515
Different than province or territory of residence	6,865	10,535	11,985
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	3,825	4,545	4,795
Americas	805	1,055	1,155
United States of America	540	725	805
Mexico	15	30	30
Cuba	10	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	55	80	80
Brazil	65	85	85
Colombia	15	15	15
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	20	20
Other locations of study in Americas	80	95	115
Europe	975	1,195	1,300
Belgium	20	20	20
France	70	75	75
Germany	65	80	85
Netherlands	0	10	10
Switzerland	0	15	15
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	10	10	10
Romania	15	20	20
Russian Federation	50	45	50
Ukraine	15	20	20
Ireland⁹⁶	100	125	125
United Kingdom⁸⁷	485	625	710
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	30	30	30
Serbia⁸⁶	10	10	10
Other locations of study in Europe	90	120	120
Africa	475	515	515
Nigeria	170	175	175
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	20	20	20
Tunisia	25	25	25
Egypt	65	70	70
South Africa, Republic of	15	35	35
Other locations of study in Africa	170	175	175
Asia	1,505	1,685	1,710
Iran⁸⁸	215	215	215
Iraq	35	35	35
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	30	30	30
Turkey	25	35	35
China⁹⁰	165	180	185
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	20	20
Japan	25	30	30
Korea, South⁹²	35	50	55
Philippines	370	460	465
Viet Nam	35	40	40
Bangladesh	110	105	110
Sri Lanka	30	35	35
India	305	315	315
Pakistan	45	45	45
Other locations of study in Asia	65	70	70
Oceania	70	95	115
Australia	65	95	110
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,015	155,015	177,280
In the labour force	57,385	98,540	112,880
Employed	50,760	87,925	100,790
Unemployed	6,620	10,610	12,095
Not in the labour force	35,640	56,475	64,395
Participation rate	61.7	63.6	63.7
Employment rate	54.6	56.7	56.9
Unemployment rate	11.5	10.8	10.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,020	155,010	177,275
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,830	56,420	63,935
Worked	57,190	98,590	113,340
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,560	55,255	63,565
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,630	43,335	49,780
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.4	41.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,380	98,540	112,880
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,590	2,435	2,700
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	55,790	96,105	110,180
Employee	50,395	87,285	99,985
Permanent position	38,155	67,505	77,230
Temporary position	12,240	19,780	22,750
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,045	6,430	7,120
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,195	13,350	15,630
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,395	8,825	10,190
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,380	98,540	112,880
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,590	2,435	2,700
All occupations¹⁹¹	55,790	96,105	110,180
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	690	1,070	1,235
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,300	16,855	19,425
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,340	9,030	10,195
3 Health occupations	5,385	9,160	10,360
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,440	13,745	15,570
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,070	2,925	3,230
6 Sales and service occupations	16,410	26,115	29,180
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,460	13,805	16,730
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	755	1,525	2,070
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	945	1,875	2,185
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,380	98,540	112,880
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,590	2,435	2,700
All industries¹⁹¹	55,790	96,105	110,180
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	450	810	1,170
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,210	2,645	3,240
22 Utilities	635	1,190	1,380
23 Construction	2,785	6,185	7,535
31-33 Manufacturing	1,470	2,880	3,395
41 Wholesale trade	1,110	2,290	2,605
44-45 Retail trade	7,130	12,350	13,855
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,165	4,140	4,955
51 Information and cultural industries	1,255	1,845	2,000
52 Finance and insurance	1,590	2,670	3,075
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	740	1,175	1,320
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,610	7,395	8,275
55 Management of companies and enterprises	80	135	165
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,310	3,660	4,125
61 Educational services	5,210	8,240	9,290
62 Health care and social assistance	8,895	15,305	17,335
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,290	1,910	2,135
72 Accommodation and food services	4,640	6,685	7,410
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,195	3,995	4,665
91 Public administration	6,020	10,610	12,250
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,115	104,895	120,515
English	59,685	102,770	118,180
French	160	220	255
Non-official language	50	85	85
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	50	85	85
English and French	930	1,440	1,575
English and non-official language(s)	250	340	370
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	35	50
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,115	104,895	120,515
Single responses	60,925	104,640	120,225
Official languages	60,845	104,520	120,100
English	60,480	103,990	119,525
French	370	530	580
Non-official languages	80	120	125
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	80	120	125
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	10	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10	10	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	10	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	35	60	60
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	15	15
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	15	15
German	10	15	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	15	15	15
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	10
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	10	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	15	35	35
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	0	25	25
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	30	35
American Sign Language	20	30	35
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10	15	15
Chinese languages	10	15	15
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	0	15	15
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	190	260	290
English and French	135	190	220
English and non-official language(s)	60	70	70
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,115	104,895	120,515
None	60,085	103,330	118,805
English	230	340	355
French	590	945	1,040
Non-official language	155	220	250
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	10
Non-Indigenous	150	210	240
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	30	35	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	20	20
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	50,760	87,925	100,785
Worked at home	10,140	16,665	18,785
Worked outside Canada	125	205	260
No fixed workplace address	5,380	10,150	11,890
Usual place of work	35,120	60,905	69,850
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	35,120	60,905	69,850
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	29,735	35,020	37,725
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,775	24,710	30,730
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	350	590	715
Commute to a different province or territory	260	580	675
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	40,495	71,055	81,745
Car, truck or van	34,195	62,590	72,495
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,105	56,050	65,255
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,090	6,540	7,235
Public transit	2,170	2,465	2,580
Walked	2,830	3,475	3,715
Bicycle	100	130	130
Other method	1,195	2,395	2,820
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	40,495	71,055	81,745
Less than 15 minutes	21,255	31,910	34,845
15 to 29 minutes	15,435	31,335	36,260
30 to 44 minutes	2,315	4,965	7,005
45 to 59 minutes	505	845	1,210
60 minutes and over	985	1,995	2,420
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	40,495	71,055	81,745
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,015	2,195	2,745
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,555	7,395	8,830
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,565	22,315	26,090
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	12,500	20,760	23,405
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,860	8,530	9,595
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,005	9,860	11,075
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,940	33,230	38,930
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	830	1,335	1,490
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,105	31,895	37,445
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	13,165	24,725	29,045
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	600	970	1,095
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	345	515	575
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	255	455	515
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,560	23,755	27,950

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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