Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Halifax, Regional municipality (RGM)More information: Nova Scotia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	439,819^E
Population, 2016¹	403,131
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.1^E
Total private dwellings²	200,473
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	190,512
Population density per square kilometre	80.3
Land area in square kilometres	5,475.57
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	439,820
0 to 14 years	65,025
0 to 4 years	19,795
5 to 9 years	22,630
10 to 14 years	22,600
15 to 64 years	298,640
15 to 19 years	21,880
20 to 24 years	32,125
25 to 29 years	34,775
30 to 34 years	33,180
35 to 39 years	30,795
40 to 44 years	28,300
45 to 49 years	27,735
50 to 54 years	28,120
55 to 59 years	32,055
60 to 64 years	29,665
65 years and over	76,150
65 to 69 years	24,835
70 to 74 years	21,030
75 to 79 years	13,835
80 to 84 years	8,565
85 years and over	7,885
85 to 89 years	5,125
90 to 94 years	2,065
95 to 99 years	605
100 years and over	85
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8
15 to 64 years	67.9
65 years and over	17.3
85 years and over	1.8
Average age of the population	41.3
Median age of the population	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	190,510
Single-detached house	90,825
Semi-detached house	12,485
Row house	7,390
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,540
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	40,470
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	28,320
Other single-attached house	200
Movable dwelling⁴	4,270
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	190,510
1 person	56,935
2 persons	71,090
3 persons	29,105
4 persons	22,770
5 or more persons	10,615
Number of persons in private households	435,290
Average household size	2.3
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	374,790
Married or living common-law	209,905
Married	163,010
Living common-law	46,895
Living common law - Never married	35,505
Living common law - Separated	2,100
Living common law - Divorced	8,380
Living common law - Widowed	910
Not married and not living common-law	164,890
Not married and not living common law - Never married	114,600
Not married and not living common law - Separated	10,230
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	21,895
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	18,160
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	122,865
2 persons	68,870
3 persons	25,960
4 persons	20,675
5 or more persons	7,360
Average size of census families	2.8
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	122,865
Total couple families	103,045
Married couples	79,600
With children⁶	39,500
Without children	40,095
Common-law couples	23,445
With children⁶	7,140
Without children	16,305
Total one-parent families	19,820
in which the parent is a woman+	15,805
in which the parent is a man+	4,015
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	435,290
Total - Persons in census families	337,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	206,085
Parents in one-parent families	19,820
Children⁶	111,715
In a two-parent family	82,010
In a one-parent family	29,710
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	97,665
Living alone	56,940
Living with other relatives⁷	9,900
Living with non-relatives only	30,825
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	190,510
One-census-family households without additional persons	110,240
Couple-family households	94,585
With children⁶	43,080
Without children	51,505
One-parent-family households	15,650
Multigenerational households⁸	3,820
Multiple-census-family households⁹	800
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,305
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,410
One-person households	56,940
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	370,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	357,435
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	357,645
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	324,120
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	265,115
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	275,110
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	36,780
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,975
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	370,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	357,325
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,900
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	357,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	324,265
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	265,120
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	274,955
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,830
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	37,010
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,620
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,895
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	370,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	134,115
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	100,890
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	370,355
Without total income	12,920
With total income	357,430
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,820
$10,000 to $19,999	39,640
$20,000 to $29,999	54,510
$30,000 to $39,999	47,000
$40,000 to $49,999	41,710
$50,000 to $59,999	33,315
$60,000 to $69,999	26,330
$70,000 to $79,999	20,805
$80,000 to $89,999	17,685
$90,000 to $99,999	13,150
$100,000 and over	34,455
$100,000 to $149,999	23,760
$150,000 and over	10,700
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	370,355
Without after-tax income	12,705
With after-tax income	357,645
Under $10,000 (including loss)	31,065
$10,000 to $19,999	42,100
$20,000 to $29,999	64,860
$30,000 to $39,999	58,560
$40,000 to $49,999	48,365
$50,000 to $59,999	36,240
$60,000 to $69,999	26,920
$70,000 to $79,999	17,945
$80,000 to $89,999	10,570
$90,000 to $99,999	6,285
$100,000 and over	14,725
$100,000 to $124,999	7,480
$125,000 and over	7,245
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	370,355
Without employment income	105,240
With employment income	265,115
Under $5,000 (including loss)	34,470
$5,000 to $9,999	21,235
$10,000 to $19,999	31,435
$20,000 to $29,999	25,355
$30,000 to $39,999	24,730
$40,000 to $49,999	24,630
$50,000 to $59,999	20,780
$60,000 to $69,999	17,505
$70,000 to $79,999	15,095
$80,000 to $89,999	13,920
$90,000 to $99,999	10,420
$100,000 and over	25,540
$100,000 to $124,999	12,695
$125,000 and over	12,845
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	370,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	349,005
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	349,410
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	320,260
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	265,185
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	236,910
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	27,630
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	370,355
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	348,810
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	349,180
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	320,380
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	265,060
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	236,865
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,930
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,460
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,450
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	370,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	133,145
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	94,830
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,080
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	89.4
Employment income (%)	72.2
Government transfers (%)	10.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	190,510
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	56,940
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	133,575
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	190,505
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,200
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,300
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	56,965
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,400
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,920
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	133,540
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,600
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,700
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	190,510
Under $5,000	2,580
$5,000 to $9,999	1,185
$10,000 to $14,999	3,245
$15,000 to $19,999	2,945
$20,000 to $24,999	7,270
$25,000 to $29,999	6,100
$30,000 to $34,999	6,340
$35,000 to $39,999	6,970
$40,000 to $44,999	7,390
$45,000 to $49,999	7,545
$50,000 to $59,999	14,605
$60,000 to $69,999	14,255
$70,000 to $79,999	13,310
$80,000 to $89,999	12,465
$90,000 to $99,999	11,470
$100,000 and over	72,840
$100,000 to $124,999	22,610
$125,000 to $149,999	16,320
$150,000 to $199,999	18,875
$200,000 and over	15,035
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	190,510
Under $5,000	2,905
$5,000 to $9,999	1,230
$10,000 to $14,999	3,310
$15,000 to $19,999	3,190
$20,000 to $24,999	7,995
$25,000 to $29,999	7,535
$30,000 to $34,999	8,060
$35,000 to $39,999	8,965
$40,000 to $44,999	9,000
$45,000 to $49,999	8,940
$50,000 to $59,999	17,935
$60,000 to $69,999	17,340
$70,000 to $79,999	15,615
$80,000 to $89,999	13,830
$90,000 to $99,999	11,780
$100,000 and over	52,870
$100,000 to $124,999	21,875
$125,000 to $149,999	13,745
$150,000 and over	17,255
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	122,615
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000
Average family size of economic families	2.8
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	52,730
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	47,180
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	18,475
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,400
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	87,765
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	122,470
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,700
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,700
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	52,555
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,200
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,800
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,290
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,600
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,900
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,400
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,900
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,700
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	87,870
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	435,290
0 to 17 years	77,805
0 to 5 years	24,195
18 to 64 years	284,175
65 years and over	73,310
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	52,355
0 to 17 years	11,420
0 to 5 years	3,940
18 to 64 years	31,255
65 years and over	9,680
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.0
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7
0 to 5 years (%)	16.3
18 to 64 years (%)	11.0
65 years and over (%)	13.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	435,290
0 to 17 years	77,805
0 to 5 years	24,195
18 to 64 years	284,175
65 years and over	73,310
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	24,455
0 to 17 years	4,075
0 to 5 years	1,270
18 to 64 years	19,055
65 years and over	1,325
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.6
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.3
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7
65 years and over (%)	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	435,290
In bottom half of the distribution	231,300
In bottom decile	50,885
In second decile	46,260
In third decile	44,835
In fourth decile	44,705
In fifth decile	44,620
In top half of the distribution	203,995
In sixth decile	44,075
In seventh decile	44,215
In eighth decile	43,270
In ninth decile	39,170
In top decile	33,270
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	435,290
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.330
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.426
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.286
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	436,510
English only	380,205
French only	295
English and French	53,460
Neither English nor French	2,555
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	436,510
English	422,550
French	9,925
English and French	1,635
Neither English nor French	2,400
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	436,510
Single responses	424,930
Official languages	379,110
English	369,130
French	9,985
Non-official languages	45,820
Indigenous languages³⁹	75
Algonquian languages	65
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	15
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	10
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	45
Mi'kmaq	45
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,745
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,030
Berber languages	15
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	245
Bilen	0
Oromo	80
Somali	165
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	7,765
Amharic	160
Arabic	7,135
Aramaic languages	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15
Harari	0
Hebrew	210
Maltese	5
Tigrigna	230
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	755
Khmer (Cambodian)	10
Vietnamese	740
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5
Austronesian languages	2,670
Bikol	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55
Cebuano	165
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	45
Ilocano	70
Indonesian	40
Kankanaey	5
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,210
Waray-Waray	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45
Creole languages	85
Haitian Creole	10
Jamaican English Creole	0
Krio	10
Morisyen	30
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5
Dravidian languages	2,435
Kannada	75
Malayalam	1,190
Tamil	480
Telugu	685
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	20,175
Albanian	310
Armenian	25
Balto-Slavic languages	3,220
Baltic languages	45
Latvian	20
Lithuanian	20
Slavic languages	3,175
Belarusian	10
Bulgarian	45
Czech	115
Macedonian	25
Polish	625
Russian	1,525
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	515
Bosnian	120
Croatian	185
Serbian	180
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20
Slovak	75
Slovene (Slovenian)	20
Ukrainian	225
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	40
Irish	5
Scottish Gaelic	20
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5
Germanic languages	2,100
Frisian	5
High German languages	1,200
German	1,140
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	50
Yiddish	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	640
Afrikaans	165
Dutch	450
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	10
Scandinavian languages	250
Danish	85
Icelandic	25
Norwegian	65
Swedish	80
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	610
Indo-Iranian languages	9,965
Indo-Aryan languages	8,320
Assamese	10
Bengali	810
Gujarati	1,000
Hindi	1,660
Kacchi	10
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	15
Marathi	165
Nepali	390
Oriya languages	10
Odia	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,160
Rohingya	5
Sindhi	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185
Urdu	850
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25
Iranian languages	1,640
Baluchi	5
Kurdish	205
Parsi	0
Pashto	95
Persian languages	1,335
Dari	180
Iranian Persian	1,050
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	3,905
Catalan	5
Italian	555
Portuguese	1,095
Romanian	245
Spanish	2,005
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	300
Korean	2,005
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	895
Akan (Twi)	65
Bamanankan	10
Edo	20
Éwé	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5
Ga	15
Ganda	30
Gikuyu	15
Igbo	90
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55
Lingala	5
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	10
Shona	50
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	185
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	10
Yoruba	185
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105
Nilo-Saharan languages	120
Dinka	30
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	130
American Sign Language	115
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,340
Chinese languages	7,315
Hakka	10
Mandarin	5,970
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75
Wu (Shanghainese)	30
Yue (Cantonese)	1,040
Chinese, n.o.s.	180
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	20
Burmese	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	100
Lao	5
Thai	90
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	435
Azerbaijani	25
Kazakh	0
Turkish	315
Uyghur	10
Uzbek	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	245
Estonian	30
Finnish	35
Hungarian	180
Other languages, n.i.e.	10
Multiple responses	11,580
English and French	3,375
English and non-official language(s)	7,095
French and non-official language(s)	245
English, French and non-official language(s)	310
Multiple non-official languages	550
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	436,510
English	374,200
French	2,215
Non-official language	12,975
Indigenous³⁹	15
Non-Indigenous	12,955
English and French	8,595
English and non-official language(s)	35,355
French and non-official language(s)	150
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,945
Multiple non-official languages	1,075
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	436,510
Single responses	426,370
Official languages	398,405
English	395,020
French	3,385
Non-official languages	27,965
Indigenous languages³⁹	20
Algonquian languages	20
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20
Mi'kmaq	20
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,945
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,070
Berber languages	5
Kabyle	5
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	185
Bilen	0
Oromo	45
Somali	145
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	4,870
Amharic	100
Arabic	4,455
Aramaic languages	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10
Harari	0
Hebrew	135
Maltese	0
Tigrigna	170
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530
Khmer (Cambodian)	5
Vietnamese	520
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	1,515
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30
Cebuano	90
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	35
Ilocano	20
Indonesian	10
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,295
Waray-Waray	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25
Creole languages	40
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	5
Morisyen	15
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5
Dravidian languages	1,700
Kannada	30
Malayalam	905
Tamil	345
Telugu	405
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	11,000
Albanian	135
Armenian	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,530
Baltic languages	5
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	5
Slavic languages	1,520
Belarusian	5
Bulgarian	15
Czech	35
Macedonian	5
Polish	175
Russian	960
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	225
Bosnian	50
Croatian	65
Serbian	95
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15
Slovak	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	90
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	10
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	5
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	405
Frisian	0
High German languages	210
German	200
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	10
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	145
Afrikaans	90
Dutch	55
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	55
Danish	15
Icelandic	15
Norwegian	5
Swedish	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	240
Indo-Iranian languages	6,800
Indo-Aryan languages	5,665
Assamese	0
Bengali	525
Gujarati	610
Hindi	1,045
Kacchi	5
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	5
Marathi	80
Nepali	310
Oriya languages	0
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,445
Rohingya	5
Sindhi	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100
Urdu	510
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	1,135
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	155
Parsi	0
Pashto	50
Persian languages	930
Dari	130
Iranian Persian	735
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,875
Catalan	0
Italian	135
Portuguese	675
Romanian	110
Spanish	950
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	90
Korean	1,600
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	345
Akan (Twi)	15
Bamanankan	5
Edo	5
Éwé	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	15
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35
Lingala	0
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	5
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	90
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	90
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	75
Dinka	20
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	200
American Sign Language	175
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,435
Chinese languages	5,435
Hakka	0
Mandarin	4,670
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	30
Yue (Cantonese)	580
Chinese, n.o.s.	120
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	50
Lao	0
Thai	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	225
Azerbaijani	5
Kazakh	0
Turkish	155
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	45
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	60
Estonian	5
Finnish	5
Hungarian	50
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	10,145
English and French	1,405
English and non-official language(s)	8,355
French and non-official language(s)	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	170
Multiple non-official languages	135
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	436,510
None	397,625
English	12,860
French	6,570
Non-official language	14,345
Indigenous³⁹	85
Non-Indigenous	14,260
English and French	275
English and non-official language(s)	1,960
French and non-official language(s)	965
English, French and non-official language(s)	60
Multiple non-official languages	1,860
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	435,290
Official languages	432,760
English	432,420
French	53,690
Non-official languages	66,460
Indigenous languages³⁹	270
Algonquian languages	215
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	25
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	170
Mi'kmaq	170
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	25
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	30
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	10
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	66,230
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,865
Berber languages	35
Kabyle	10
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	25
Hausa	25
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	310
Bilen	0
Oromo	120
Somali	195
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	11,575
Amharic	220
Arabic	10,560
Aramaic languages	80
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35
Harari	0
Hebrew	715
Maltese	10
Tigrigna	150
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030
Khmer (Cambodian)	20
Vietnamese	1,010
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	4,115
Bikol	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	155
Cebuano	265
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	40
Ilocano	170
Indonesian	115
Kankanaey	30
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	10
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10
Malay	60
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,840
Waray-Waray	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	160
Creole languages	440
Haitian Creole	35
Jamaican English Creole	55
Krio	15
Morisyen	100
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	100
Creole languages, n.i.e.	140
Dravidian languages	3,635
Kannada	330
Malayalam	1,580
Tamil	1,240
Telugu	1,090
Tulu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	31,875
Albanian	470
Armenian	45
Balto-Slavic languages	4,300
Baltic languages	90
Latvian	45
Lithuanian	50
Slavic languages	4,225
Belarusian	25
Bulgarian	95
Czech	170
Macedonian	40
Polish	765
Russian	2,295
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	765
Bosnian	235
Croatian	350
Serbian	340
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30
Slovak	115
Slovene (Slovenian)	30
Ukrainian	425
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	340
Irish	130
Scottish Gaelic	145
Welsh	50
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25
Germanic languages	4,320
Frisian	20
High German languages	3,030
German	2,995
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	55
Yiddish	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,035
Afrikaans	275
Dutch	745
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	15
Scandinavian languages	450
Danish	150
Icelandic	40
Norwegian	160
Swedish	115
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20
Greek	950
Indo-Iranian languages	13,985
Indo-Aryan languages	12,175
Assamese	0
Bengali	1,120
Gujarati	1,245
Hindi	7,965
Kacchi	10
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	65
Marathi	375
Nepali	415
Oriya languages	35
Odia	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,965
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	75
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320
Urdu	1,520
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70
Iranian languages	1,955
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	355
Parsi	0
Pashto	155
Persian languages	1,460
Dari	150
Iranian Persian	1,190
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25
Italic (Romance) languages	8,565
Catalan	25
Italian	1,465
Portuguese	1,435
Romanian	280
Spanish	5,970
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35
Japanese	1,015
Korean	2,365
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	2,795
Akan (Twi)	160
Bamanankan	25
Edo	30
Éwé	65
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30
Ga	45
Ganda	90
Gikuyu	15
Igbo	415
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115
Lingala	100
Luba-Kasai	25
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	45
Shona	125
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20
Swahili	635
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	60
Yoruba	965
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	405
Nilo-Saharan languages	370
Dinka	110
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	255
African, n.o.s.	25
Sign languages	975
American Sign Language	870
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	120
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,520
Chinese languages	8,455
Hakka	35
Mandarin	7,410
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115
Wu (Shanghainese)	55
Yue (Cantonese)	1,490
Chinese, n.o.s.	200
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	60
Burmese	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	135
Lao	15
Thai	120
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	875
Azerbaijani	45
Kazakh	0
Turkish	625
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	140
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	70
Uralic languages	310
Estonian	25
Finnish	65
Hungarian	220
Other languages, n.i.e.	230
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	435,290
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	16,615
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	15,670
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,385
Métis	6,785
Inuk (Inuit)	505
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	490
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	455
Non-Indigenous identity	418,675
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	435,290
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,660
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	431,630
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	190,505
Owner	109,540
Renter	80,965
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	190,505
Condominium	12,475
Not condominium	178,035
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	190,505
No bedrooms	1,470
1 bedroom	29,525
2 bedrooms	52,005
3 bedrooms	65,015
4 or more bedrooms	42,490
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	190,505
1 to 4 rooms	58,555
5 rooms	27,350
6 rooms	25,595
7 rooms	23,305
8 or more rooms	55,705
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	190,505
One person or fewer per room	187,570
More than one person per room	2,930
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	190,505
Suitable	181,890
Not suitable	8,615
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	190,505
1960 or before	34,670
1961 to 1980	50,975
1981 to 1990	27,710
1991 to 2000	26,560
2001 to 2005	13,275
2006 to 2010	12,275
2011 to 2015	11,180
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	13,860
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	190,505
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	178,390
Major repairs needed	12,115
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	190,505
One-maintainer household	94,735
Two-maintainer household	87,670
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,100
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	190,505
15 to 24 years	8,985
25 to 34 years	32,610
35 to 44 years	32,490
45 to 54 years	32,220
55 to 64 years	36,580
65 to 74 years	28,115
75 to 84 years	14,615
85 years and over	4,895
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	190,355
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	148,795
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	41,560
30% to less than 100%	36,055
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	190,505
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	56,420
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	36,445
Not suitable only	6,075
Major repairs needed only	8,160
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,785
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,200
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	625
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130
Acceptable housing	134,080
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	184,855
In core need	22,540
Not in core need	162,315
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	109,505
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.6
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.8
% in core housing need⁶³	5.0
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,386
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	403,600
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	80,960
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.8
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.7
% in core housing need⁶³	22.4
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,251
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	435,290
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,925
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,770
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,540
Métis single ancestry	1,040
Inuit single ancestry	195
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	155
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	110
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	18,880
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	18,495
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,125
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,815
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	550
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	385
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	411,485
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	435,295
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	395,665
Canadian citizens aged under 18	71,490
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	324,175
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	39,625
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	435,295
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	367,730
Immigrants⁸¹	50,590
Before 1980	8,415
1980 to 1990	3,455
1991 to 2000	4,785
2001 to 2010	9,100
2011 to 2021⁸²	24,820
2011 to 2015	6,865
2016 to 2021	17,960
Non-permanent residents⁸³	16,970
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	50,595
Under 5 years	5,710
5 to 14 years	9,275
15 to 24 years	7,260
25 to 44 years	24,565
45 years and over	3,780
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	50,595
Americas	6,780
Brazil	365
Colombia	195
El Salvador	60
Guyana	180
Haiti	30
Jamaica	570
Mexico	245
Peru	80
Trinidad and Tobago	210
United States of America	3,550
Other places of birth in Americas	1,290
Europe	13,140
Bosnia and Herzegovina	230
Croatia	175
France	250
Germany	910
Greece	275
Hungary	120
Italy	375
Netherlands	435
Poland	560
Portugal	175
Romania	255
Russian Federation	620
Serbia⁸⁶	130
Ukraine	520
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,350
Other places of birth in Europe	1,765
Africa	5,745
Algeria	65
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	255
Egypt	895
Eritrea	120
Ethiopia	245
Morocco	115
Nigeria	1,625
Somalia	130
South Africa, Republic of	425
Other places of birth in Africa	1,870
Asia	24,555
Afghanistan	125
Iran⁸⁸	980
Iraq	405
Lebanon	1,335
Syria⁸⁹	2,080
Turkey	295
China⁹⁰	3,740
Hong Kong⁹¹	295
Korea, South⁹²	1,015
Taiwan	155
Philippines	3,420
Viet Nam	615
Bangladesh	510
India	4,790
Pakistan	780
Sri Lanka	350
Other places of birth in Asia	3,650
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	375
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	17,955
Americas	1,535
Brazil	225
Colombia	30
Haiti	0
Jamaica	245
Mexico	50
United States of America	550
Venezuela⁹⁵	25
Other places of birth in Americas	410
Europe	1,560
France	65
Germany	65
Ireland⁹⁶	60
Italy	30
Russian Federation	165
Ukraine	220
United Kingdom⁸⁷	530
Other places of birth in Europe	425
Africa	3,195
Algeria	0
Burundi	20
Cameroon	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160
Côte d'Ivoire	40
Egypt	350
Eritrea	50
Ethiopia	95
Morocco	45
Nigeria	1,405
Somalia	95
South Africa, Republic of	170
Sudan⁹⁷	155
Tunisia	20
Other places of birth in Africa	565
Asia	11,590
Afghanistan	30
Bangladesh	340
China⁹⁰	1,910
Hong Kong⁹¹	35
India	3,235
Iran⁸⁸	205
Iraq	90
Israel	170
Japan	30
Jordan	150
Korea, South⁹²	480
Lebanon	135
Nepal	60
Pakistan	330
Philippines	1,555
Saudi Arabia	215
Sri Lanka	60
Syria⁸⁹	1,830
Turkey	105
United Arab Emirates	105
Viet Nam	195
Other places of birth in Asia	335
Oceania and other⁹³	75
Australia	50
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	435,290
First generation¹⁰⁰	72,510
Second generation¹⁰¹	43,205
Third generation or more¹⁰²	319,570
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,175
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,330
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,320
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,015
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,370
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,150
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	320
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,175
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	835
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,700
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,745
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,220
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	305
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,375
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	435,290
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	72,940
South Asian	16,765
Chinese	9,750
Black	20,565
Filipino	4,485
Arab	9,455
Latin American	2,255
Southeast Asian	1,860
West Asian	1,705
Korean	2,385
Japanese	760
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	775
Multiple visible minorities	2,190
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	362,350
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	435,290
Canadian	59,540
English	99,790
Irish	93,165
Scottish	104,235
French, n.o.s.¹²²	50,630
German	39,275
Chinese	9,565
Italian	8,565
Indian (India)	10,945
Ukrainian	5,440
Dutch	11,480
Polish	5,750
Québécois	1,115
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	16,630
Filipino	4,055
French Canadian	3,400
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	25,320
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,485
Métis	6,310
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	22,640
Russian	2,805
Norwegian	3,175
Welsh	8,975
Portuguese	1,960
American	3,495
Spanish	2,550
Swedish	2,195
Hungarian	1,695
Acadian	19,585
Pakistani	1,055
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,755
Jewish	2,540
Punjabi	1,240
Vietnamese	1,135
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,080
Greek	2,170
Jamaican	1,285
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,265
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	515
Korean	2,110
Romanian	795
Lebanese	4,970
Iranian	1,065
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,190
Danish	1,800
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,725
Sikh	785
Austrian	1,095
Belgian	1,290
Haitian	110
Hindu	1,210
Mexican	595
Mennonite	190
Swiss	1,395
Finnish	760
Sri Lankan	415
Croatian	595
Japanese	850
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	825
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	6,100
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,870
Muslim	695
Egyptian	1,210
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	655
Tamil	340
Icelandic	450
Colombian	390
Moroccan	230
Czech	605
Syrian	1,955
Guyanese	405
Afghan	215
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,825
Serbian	310
Ojibway	280
Newfoundlander	3,720
Hong Konger	190
Ontarian	675
Persian	380
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	415
Turkish	590
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	820
Bangladeshi	680
Algerian	35
Brazilian	530
Nigerian	960
Armenian	240
Slovak	375
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,000
Somali	200
Taiwanese	240
Iraqi	270
Salvadorean	95
African Caribbean	685
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	470
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,715
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	355
Algonquin	130
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	425
Lithuanian	395
South African	415
Australian	350
Palestinian	740
Chilean	200
Congolese	360
Nova Scotian	9,915
Ethiopian	290
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	210
Peruvian	135
Yoruba	850
Cambodian (Khmer)	60
Berber	50
Albanian	475
Maltese	285
Macedonian	110
Slovenian	145
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,200
New Brunswicker	810
Gujarati	245
Eritrean	135
African Canadian	3,840
Israeli	410
Mohawk	285
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	220
Bulgarian	250
Albertan	125
Ghanaian	195
Barbadian	470
African American	715
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170
Tunisian	60
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	265
Cuban	205
Bosnian	275
Venezuelan	125
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	90
Latvian	335
Bengali	185
Cameroonian	40
Guatemalan	65
Indonesian	215
Laotian	15
Ilocano	65
Northern Irish	230
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,075
British Columbian	110
Ecuadorian	95
Franco Ontarian	85
Argentinian	75
Estonian	225
Kurdish	280
Fijian	0
Jatt	85
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	525
Coptic	45
Thai	150
Dominican	125
Nepali	215
Kabyle	0
Assyrian	45
Igbo	310
Byelorussian	150
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	10
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	190
Abenaki	100
Moldovan	30
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	150
New Zealander	170
Sudanese	110
Breton	35
Pennsylvania Dutch	60
Malaysian	120
Plains Cree	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	130
Huron (Wendat)	50
Saskatchewanian	80
Buddhist	85
Gaspesian	10
Norman	100
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	65
Ivorian	10
Saulteaux	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70
Burundian	30
Tigrinya	35
Nicaraguan	30
Mauritian	80
Kenyan	215
Oji-Cree	0
Vincentian	20
Jordanian	170
Manitoban	50
Cape Bretoner	1,975
Rwandan	90
Grenadian	40
Malayali	155
Chaldean	0
Sinhalese	70
Mayan	50
Honduran	15
Cherokee	190
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	495
Indo-Caribbean	115
Flemish	130
United Empire Loyalist	220
Senegalese	25
Azerbaijani	60
Sicilian	45
Pashtun	60
Malay	90
Goan	30
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50
Tibetan	20
Zimbabwean	120
Burmese	90
Mongolian	125
Azorean	15
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	0
Indo-Guyanese	20
Ugandan	95
Oromo	115
Tanzanian	35
Yemeni	160
Central African	30
Libyan	405
Basque	115
Uruguayan	20
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	190
Igorot	115
Fulani	0
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	0
St. Lucian	40
Prince Edward Islander	435
Maliseet	70
Beninese	15
Telugu	110
Roma	85
Costa Rican	25
African Nova Scotian	2,595
Malagasy	15
Kashmiri	25
Singaporean	25
Karen	0
Edo	35
Tajik	15
Amhara	30
Paraguayan	15
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	435,290
Buddhist	2,195
Christian	231,255
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,700
Anabaptist	100
Anglican	36,470
Baptist	16,090
Catholic	102,325
Christian Orthodox	3,645
Jehovah's Witness	1,540
Latter Day Saints	675
Lutheran	1,485
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,105
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,660
Presbyterian	3,940
Reformed	220
United Church	28,125
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,180
Hindu	6,840
Jewish	1,750
Muslim	13,220
Sikh	3,495
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	210
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,315
No religion and secular perspectives	173,005
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	431,555
Non-movers	366,785
Movers	64,765
Non-migrants	44,685
Migrants	20,080
Internal migrants	16,085
Intraprovincial migrants	3,850
Interprovincial migrants	12,235
External migrants	4,000
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	415,495
Non-movers	237,185
Movers	178,310
Non-migrants	101,130
Migrants	77,180
Internal migrants	49,965
Intraprovincial migrants	14,880
Interprovincial migrants	35,085
External migrants	27,215
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	370,350
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	50,930
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	319,425
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	243,330
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,500
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	223,825
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	370,355
No certificate, diploma or degree	44,735
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	93,630
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	231,985
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,290
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,760
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	13,400
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,360
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	73,220
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,310
Bachelor's degree or higher	124,695
Bachelor's degree	81,385
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,265
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,045
Master's degree	28,345
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,650
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	243,330
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,290
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	52,070
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	174,965
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	76,240
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,470
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,760
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,715
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	53,930
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,835
Bachelor's degree or higher	98,730
Bachelor's degree	64,145
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,700
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,395
Master's degree	23,065
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,425
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	370,355
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	138,365
Education	14,250
13. Education	14,250
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,490
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,020
50. Visual and performing arts	6,470
Humanities	12,740
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	765
23. English language and literature/letters	3,740
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,850
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	340
38. Philosophy and religious studies	945
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,025
54. History	2,425
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	645
Social and behavioural sciences and law	27,655
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	405
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,145
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,330
22. Legal professions and studies	3,965
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	705
42. Psychology	6,000
45. Social sciences	9,115
Business, management and public administration	54,510
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,415
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	50,990
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,130
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,535
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,795
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	255
40. Physical sciences	3,310
41. Science technologies/technicians	235
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,275
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,015
25. Library science	840
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,215
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,980
04. Architecture and related services	1,270
14. Engineering	10,795
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,945
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15
46. Construction trades	9,165
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,130
48. Precision production	3,665
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,585
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,925
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,665
Health and related fields	32,355
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,340
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	28,785
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,120
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,975
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,470
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	205
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	400
43. Security and protective services	2,035
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,870
Other¹⁷⁹	45
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	243,330
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	68,365
Education	9,335
13. Education	9,335
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,130
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	825
50. Visual and performing arts	5,305
Humanities	9,545
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	570
23. English language and literature/letters	2,915
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,135
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	260
38. Philosophy and religious studies	735
39. Theology and religious vocations	650
54. History	1,800
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	475
Social and behavioural sciences and law	22,255
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,750
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,480
22. Legal professions and studies	3,200
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	540
42. Psychology	4,800
45. Social sciences	7,175
Business, management and public administration	40,930
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,565
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	38,295
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,740
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,015
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,025
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	230
40. Physical sciences	2,350
41. Science technologies/technicians	120
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,090
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,480
25. Library science	590
27. Mathematics and statistics	840
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	31,030
04. Architecture and related services	985
14. Engineering	8,255
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,275
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	6,750
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,120
48. Precision production	2,630
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,975
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,555
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,420
Health and related fields	24,200
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,795
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	21,460
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	845
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,700
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,535
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	155
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	260
43. Security and protective services	1,605
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,150
Other¹⁷⁹	40
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	243,330
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	68,365
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	174,965
Location of study inside Canada	152,495
Same as province or territory of residence	113,585
Different than province or territory of residence	38,905
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,470
Americas	4,585
United States of America	3,240
Mexico	225
Cuba	65
Haiti	0
Jamaica	185
Brazil	390
Colombia	145
Peru	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	40
Other locations of study in Americas	270
Europe	5,025
Belgium	70
France	185
Germany	280
Netherlands	110
Switzerland	60
Hungary	30
Moldova¹⁸³	10
Poland	125
Romania	105
Russian Federation	355
Ukraine	245
Ireland⁹⁶	170
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,610
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35
Italy	65
Serbia⁸⁶	50
Other locations of study in Europe	515
Africa	1,835
Nigeria	660
Algeria	0
Morocco	40
Tunisia	15
Egypt	500
South Africa, Republic of	225
Other locations of study in Africa	395
Asia	10,525
Iran⁸⁸	365
Iraq	105
Israel	275
Lebanon	255
Syria⁸⁹	230
Turkey	140
China⁹⁰	1,295
Taiwan	65
Hong Kong⁹¹	70
Japan	135
Korea, South⁹²	795
Philippines	1,895
Viet Nam	150
Bangladesh	205
Sri Lanka	130
India	3,695
Pakistan	285
Other locations of study in Asia	445
Oceania	495
Australia	415
New Zealand	75
Other locations of study in Oceania	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	370,355
In the labour force	242,690
Employed	215,070
Unemployed	27,620
Not in the labour force	127,665
Participation rate	65.5
Employment rate	58.1
Unemployment rate	11.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	370,355
Did not work¹⁸⁶	125,325
Worked	245,025
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	137,945
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	107,090
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	242,690
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	237,830
Employee	211,830
Permanent position	175,830
Temporary position	35,995
Fixed term (1 year or more)	12,940
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,060
Self-employed¹⁹²	26,005
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	242,690
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860
All occupations¹⁹¹	237,830
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,240
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	43,080
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	22,235
3 Health occupations	21,510
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	35,685
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,275
6 Sales and service occupations	61,755
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	34,695
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,730
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,635
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	242,690
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,860
All industries¹⁹¹	237,830
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,725
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	835
22 Utilities	2,035
23 Construction	16,235
31-33 Manufacturing	10,160
41 Wholesale trade	6,290
44-45 Retail trade	27,065
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,575
51 Information and cultural industries	5,850
52 Finance and insurance	12,125
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,190
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,110
55 Management of companies and enterprises	410
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	11,575
61 Educational services	20,065
62 Health care and social assistance	32,610
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,760
72 Accommodation and food services	14,940
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,330
91 Public administration	24,935
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	261,100
English	249,335
French	1,075
Non-official language	600
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	600
English and French	6,625
English and non-official language(s)	3,235
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200
Multiple non-official languages	15
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	261,100
Single responses	259,755
Official languages	258,595
English	256,725
French	1,870
Non-official languages	1,160
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,160
Afro-Asiatic languages	115
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	115
Amharic	0
Arabic	110
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	40
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	30
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	10
Kannada	0
Malayalam	10
Tamil	0
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	285
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	25
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	0
Russian	20
Serbo-Croatian	0
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	10
Scottish Gaelic	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	60
Frisian	0
High German languages	45
German	45
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	10
Indo-Iranian languages	85
Indo-Aryan languages	65
Bengali	0
Gujarati	0
Hindi	0
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10
Urdu	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	15
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	15
Dari	0
Iranian Persian	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	95
Catalan	0
Italian	0
Portuguese	35
Romanian	0
Spanish	60
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	10
Korean	35
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	30
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	25
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	50
American Sign Language	40
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	520
Chinese languages	520
Hakka	0
Mandarin	415
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90
Chinese, n.o.s.	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	15
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	15
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	1,350
English and French	730
English and non-official language(s)	600
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	261,100
None	252,290
English	1,310
French	5,120
Non-official language	2,000
Indigenous³⁹	35
Non-Indigenous	1,965
English and French	0
English and non-official language(s)	20
French and non-official language(s)	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	180
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	215,070
Worked at home	59,655
Worked outside Canada	635
No fixed workplace address	24,710
Usual place of work	130,070
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	130,070
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	125,585
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	60
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,285
Commute to a different province or territory	1,140
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	154,785
Car, truck or van	126,110
Car, truck or van - as a driver	114,120
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	11,990
Public transit	12,540
Walked	11,250
Bicycle	1,145
Other method	3,735
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	154,785
Less than 15 minutes	47,095
15 to 29 minutes	67,245
30 to 44 minutes	27,645
45 to 59 minutes	6,715
60 minutes and over	6,080
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	154,785
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,040
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	30,860
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	45,715
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	32,690
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	17,690
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	19,785
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	79,305
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,285
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	71,020
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	58,000
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,190
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,980
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,210
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	51,805

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^E
use with caution. Refer to the 2021 population and dwelling count amendments or the 2016 population and dwelling count amendments for further information.

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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