Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ottawa, City (CV)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision] Remove	Ottawa - GatineauMore information: Ontario/Quebec [Census metropolitan area] Remove
	Counts	Counts
	Total	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,017,449	1,488,307
Population, 2016¹	934,243	1,371,576^r
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.9	8.5
Total private dwellings²	427,113	638,013
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	407,252	604,721
Population density per square kilometre	364.9	185.0
Land area in square kilometres	2,788.20	8,046.99
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,017,445	1,488,305
0 to 14 years	166,920	251,345
0 to 4 years	48,790	74,165
5 to 9 years	57,410	86,825
10 to 14 years	60,720	90,350
15 to 64 years	678,375	983,785
15 to 19 years	60,385	85,865
20 to 24 years	70,785	95,515
25 to 29 years	72,830	101,490
30 to 34 years	70,190	101,450
35 to 39 years	69,520	101,965
40 to 44 years	65,890	97,820
45 to 49 years	66,240	96,800
50 to 54 years	67,265	97,960
55 to 59 years	71,465	107,175
60 to 64 years	63,795	97,735
65 years and over	172,150	253,180
65 to 69 years	52,355	80,115
70 to 74 years	45,375	67,345
75 to 79 years	30,940	45,455
80 to 84 years	21,080	29,605
85 years and over	22,395	30,660
85 to 89 years	13,385	18,400
90 to 94 years	6,775	9,285
95 to 99 years	1,960	2,625
100 years and over	275	350
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4	16.9
15 to 64 years	66.7	66.1
65 years and over	16.9	17.0
85 years and over	2.2	2.1
Average age of the population	40.7	40.8
Median age of the population	40.0	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	407,250	604,725
Single-detached house	169,760	272,125
Semi-detached house	21,675	43,225
Row house	87,045	98,330
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,595	16,795
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	43,025	87,770
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	76,895	84,155
Other single-attached house	460	845
Movable dwelling⁴	795	1,480
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	407,255	604,720
1 person	116,370	175,875
2 persons	135,365	204,795
3 persons	61,740	90,600
4 persons	59,175	85,105
5 or more persons	34,605	48,355
Number of persons in private households	1,000,935	1,464,500
Average household size	2.5	2.4
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	850,525	1,236,965
Married or living common-law	474,220	698,880
Married	390,555	542,430
Living common-law	83,660	156,450
Living common law - Never married	63,475	120,225
Living common law - Separated	3,270	4,975
Living common law - Divorced	15,380	28,225
Living common law - Widowed	1,535	3,025
Not married and not living common-law	376,305	538,080
Not married and not living common law - Never married	265,265	373,635
Not married and not living common law - Separated	22,900	31,235
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	48,880	74,805
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	39,265	58,410
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	275,395	408,695
2 persons	135,105	205,070
3 persons	57,890	85,495
4 persons	56,630	81,435
5 or more persons	25,765	36,695
Average size of census families	2.9	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	275,395	408,695
Total couple families	231,060	341,435
Married couples	189,255	263,250
With children⁶	108,720	145,305
Without children	80,535	117,945
Common-law couples	41,805	78,180
With children⁶	12,885	30,480
Without children	28,920	47,710
Total one-parent families	44,335	67,260
in which the parent is a woman+	35,065	52,010
in which the parent is a man+	9,270	15,245
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,000,935	1,464,500
Total - Persons in census families	809,960	1,190,305
Married spouses or common-law partners	462,120	682,870
Parents in one-parent families	44,335	67,260
Children⁶	303,505	440,175
In a two-parent family	231,930	333,495
In a one-parent family	71,570	106,680
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	190,980	274,190
Living alone	116,365	175,875
Living with other relatives⁷	25,225	35,335
Living with non-relatives only	49,385	62,980
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	407,255	604,725
One-census-family households without additional persons	245,945	367,650
Couple-family households	210,295	312,915
With children⁶	110,890	161,380
Without children	99,405	151,535
One-parent-family households	35,650	54,735
Multigenerational households⁸	9,915	13,515
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,870	2,625
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	10,995	15,875
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	22,155	29,185
One-person households	116,370	175,875
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	834,205	1,213,380
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	799,200	1,167,200
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,000	49,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	799,650	1,167,885
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	43,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	728,470	1,065,725
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	45,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	592,955	868,770
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	46,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	708,155	1,005,450
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,650	7,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,350	92,315
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	197,900	287,365
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	834,140	1,213,350
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	799,175	1,167,295
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,500	61,900
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	799,595	1,167,985
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,450	50,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	728,550	1,065,735
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,750	58,450
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	592,955	868,785
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,650	57,700
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	708,130	1,006,065
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,340	9,930
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	55,125	92,405
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,990	7,130
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	196,650	286,475
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,100	8,890
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	834,140	1,213,355
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	313,220	459,015
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	77,500	74,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,800	85,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	211,910	309,765
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,480	29,080
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2	86.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8	69.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.8	13.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.0	4.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	3.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	834,205	1,213,380
Without total income	35,010	46,180
With total income	799,195	1,167,205
Under $10,000 (including loss)	64,735	88,990
$10,000 to $19,999	81,905	119,405
$20,000 to $29,999	99,655	147,010
$30,000 to $39,999	82,070	122,850
$40,000 to $49,999	72,320	112,950
$50,000 to $59,999	65,745	103,025
$60,000 to $69,999	60,485	93,830
$70,000 to $79,999	51,755	78,370
$80,000 to $89,999	44,255	65,490
$90,000 to $99,999	36,745	52,665
$100,000 and over	139,520	182,630
$100,000 to $149,999	96,335	129,670
$150,000 and over	43,185	52,965
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	834,205	1,213,380
Without after-tax income	34,560	45,495
With after-tax income	799,645	1,167,885
Under $10,000 (including loss)	68,945	95,395
$10,000 to $19,999	85,505	125,165
$20,000 to $29,999	112,255	168,220
$30,000 to $39,999	96,660	148,585
$40,000 to $49,999	87,825	139,310
$50,000 to $59,999	80,210	124,935
$60,000 to $69,999	65,560	98,765
$70,000 to $79,999	53,935	77,390
$80,000 to $89,999	45,245	61,295
$90,000 to $99,999	32,110	41,940
$100,000 and over	71,395	86,885
$100,000 to $124,999	38,570	48,115
$125,000 and over	32,825	38,770
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	834,205	1,213,380
Without employment income	241,250	344,610
With employment income	592,955	868,770
Under $5,000 (including loss)	76,830	109,580
$5,000 to $9,999	44,305	64,245
$10,000 to $19,999	60,500	89,565
$20,000 to $29,999	43,960	67,455
$30,000 to $39,999	40,800	63,000
$40,000 to $49,999	40,555	63,300
$50,000 to $59,999	41,380	64,655
$60,000 to $69,999	40,990	63,970
$70,000 to $79,999	35,050	53,095
$80,000 to $89,999	32,370	48,775
$90,000 to $99,999	29,120	41,365
$100,000 and over	107,100	139,760
$100,000 to $124,999	51,775	70,495
$125,000 and over	55,320	69,260
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	834,205	1,213,380
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	780,535	1,141,270
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	46,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	780,930	1,141,925
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	41,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	714,635	1,046,400
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	45,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	588,510	863,385
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,000	45,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	664,760	939,415
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,450	2,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	40,110	71,455
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	834,140	1,213,350
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	780,035	1,140,685
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,900	58,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	780,415	1,141,285
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,440	47,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	714,295	1,046,305
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,550	57,650
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	588,525	863,565
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,900	56,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	664,165	938,420
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,400	7,030
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	40,730	72,635
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,840	7,750
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	834,140	1,213,355
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	310,985	456,130
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,500	69,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	83,700	79,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	196,430	287,915
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,480	34,120
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	90.2
Employment income (%)	73.0	72.8
Government transfers (%)	9.0	9.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	407,255	604,720
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	98,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	84,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	116,370	175,875
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,600	52,000
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	44,800
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	290,885	428,845
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,000	122,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	104,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	407,250	604,720
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,700	119,500
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,000	97,400
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	116,230	175,675
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	64,800	61,100
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100	50,080
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	291,025	429,050
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,400	143,400
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	116,800
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	407,250	604,720
Under $5,000	4,455	5,910
$5,000 to $9,999	2,405	3,395
$10,000 to $14,999	4,680	6,710
$15,000 to $19,999	5,985	9,410
$20,000 to $24,999	10,820	17,735
$25,000 to $29,999	9,080	14,480
$30,000 to $34,999	9,475	14,875
$35,000 to $39,999	10,320	16,660
$40,000 to $44,999	10,715	17,485
$45,000 to $49,999	11,070	17,955
$50,000 to $59,999	23,155	37,100
$60,000 to $69,999	24,780	38,860
$70,000 to $79,999	24,500	37,955
$80,000 to $89,999	24,185	36,715
$90,000 to $99,999	22,710	34,195
$100,000 and over	208,915	295,275
$100,000 to $124,999	50,875	76,280
$125,000 to $149,999	40,410	59,580
$150,000 to $199,999	54,675	78,240
$200,000 and over	62,955	81,175
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	407,250	604,720
Under $5,000	4,980	6,620
$5,000 to $9,999	2,470	3,505
$10,000 to $14,999	4,800	6,905
$15,000 to $19,999	6,240	9,880
$20,000 to $24,999	11,615	19,235
$25,000 to $29,999	10,425	17,005
$30,000 to $34,999	11,305	18,090
$35,000 to $39,999	12,425	20,750
$40,000 to $44,999	13,055	21,875
$45,000 to $49,999	13,980	22,635
$50,000 to $59,999	29,855	47,365
$60,000 to $69,999	29,930	46,675
$70,000 to $79,999	29,450	44,975
$80,000 to $89,999	28,010	42,550
$90,000 to $99,999	26,500	39,580
$100,000 and over	172,210	237,070
$100,000 to $124,999	54,115	79,740
$125,000 to $149,999	39,740	56,540
$150,000 and over	78,355	100,785
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	274,735	407,930
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,000	123,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	105,000
Average family size of economic families	3.0	3.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	101,595	154,340
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	112,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	94,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	122,135	176,745
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	162,000	157,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	131,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	41,580	63,410
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	79,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	70,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	165,755	238,855
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,400	45,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	40,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	274,750	407,915
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	153,400	144,800
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,100	117,600
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	101,380	154,025
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,800	131,200
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,800	105,500
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	122,400	177,200
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	186,600	178,400
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	143,800
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	41,480	63,125
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,900	89,500
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,200	77,000
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	165,700	238,730
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,900	55,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,360	45,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,000,940	1,464,495
0 to 17 years	202,130	302,195
0 to 5 years	59,530	90,720
18 to 64 years	638,295	926,500
65 years and over	160,515	235,805
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	89,205	128,500
0 to 17 years	21,565	29,545
0 to 5 years	7,035	9,805
18 to 64 years	52,460	74,555
65 years and over	15,185	24,395
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.9	8.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7	9.8
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.2	8.1
65 years and over (%)	9.5	10.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,000,935	1,464,500
0 to 17 years	202,125	302,200
0 to 5 years	59,525	90,720
18 to 64 years	638,295	926,495
65 years and over	160,515	235,800
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	59,550	79,070
0 to 17 years	11,235	14,485
0 to 5 years	3,615	4,720
18 to 64 years	43,190	57,005
65 years and over	5,120	7,580
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0	5.4
0 to 17 years (%)	5.6	4.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	5.2
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	6.2
65 years and over (%)	3.2	3.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,000,940	1,464,495
In bottom half of the distribution	380,325	587,380
In bottom decile	86,925	122,070
In second decile	70,295	106,190
In third decile	70,060	112,220
In fourth decile	72,780	118,035
In fifth decile	80,265	128,860
In top half of the distribution	620,610	877,115
In sixth decile	88,850	140,910
In seventh decile	100,465	154,165
In eighth decile	117,410	173,330
In ninth decile	146,625	201,925
In top decile	167,260	206,785
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,000,935	1,464,500
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.345	0.332
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.430	0.421
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.301	0.290
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	3.8
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,006,965	1,473,200
English only	610,175	713,765
French only	14,275	107,400
English and French	367,035	634,425
Neither English nor French	15,480	17,610
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,006,965	1,473,200
English	824,560	977,640
French	141,555	439,030
English and French	25,845	39,525
Neither English nor French	15,000	17,000
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,006,965	1,473,200
Single responses	944,105	1,389,400
Official languages	711,900	1,116,605
English	585,865	715,670
French	126,030	400,940
Non-official languages	232,210	272,795
Indigenous languages³⁹	595	780
Algonquian languages	205	335
Blackfoot	5	5
Cree-Innu languages	110	205
Atikamekw	5	5
Cree languages	105	195
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	5
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25	65
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	40	40
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	30	75
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0
Naskapi	5	5
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	20
Mi'kmaq	15	15
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	5
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	105
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	35
Oji-Cree	10	10
Ojibway languages	55	60
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	10
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	45
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5
Gwich'in	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0
Tahltan	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0
Tlingit	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	365	420
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	5
Inuvialuktun	0	0
Inuktitut	360	415
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	15
Cayuga	0	0
Mohawk	15	15
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0
Michif	0	0
Salish languages	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0
Squamish	0	0
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	0
Stoney	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	231,615	272,020
Afro-Asiatic languages	55,580	65,195
Berber languages	500	1,100
Kabyle	355	830
Tamazight	125	235
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	35
Chadic languages	80	180
Hausa	50	65
Mina	30	115
Coptic	30	35
Cushitic languages	7,610	7,945
Bilen	90	90
Oromo	210	210
Somali	7,150	7,475
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	165	175
Semitic languages	47,365	55,935
Amharic	1,615	1,680
Arabic	43,645	52,060
Aramaic languages	115	125
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	70
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	35
Harari	40	40
Hebrew	475	510
Maltese	35	40
Tigrigna	1,390	1,430
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	45	50
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,685	8,400
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,085	1,335
Vietnamese	6,590	7,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5
Austronesian languages	8,640	9,620
Bikol	30	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	150	180
Cebuano	340	430
Fijian	5	5
Hiligaynon	165	205
Ilocano	725	735
Indonesian	365	410
Kankanaey	20	20
Kinaray-a	15	25
Malagasy languages	70	155
Merina	20	65
Malagasy, n.o.s.	50	85
Malay	55	55
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	55
Pangasinan	20	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,440	7,090
Waray-Waray	40	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145	155
Creole languages	4,355	5,980
Haitian Creole	3,240	4,565
Jamaican English Creole	25	25
Krio	25	25
Morisyen	220	270
Sango	20	35
Creole, n.o.s.	750	975
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	85
Dravidian languages	5,840	6,105
Kannada	330	330
Malayalam	1,350	1,475
Tamil	2,920	3,030
Telugu	1,200	1,225
Tulu	25	30
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	15
Georgian	40	50
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5
Indo-European languages	97,715	117,310
Albanian	765	840
Armenian	450	555
Balto-Slavic languages	20,590	24,720
Baltic languages	405	455
Latvian	215	240
Lithuanian	185	220
Slavic languages	20,185	24,265
Belarusian	50	60
Bulgarian	870	1,120
Czech	780	915
Macedonian	100	105
Polish	5,110	5,800
Russian	7,295	8,555
Rusyn	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,520	4,860
Bosnian	700	975
Croatian	980	1,215
Serbian	1,755	2,525
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85	145
Slovak	530	585
Slovene (Slovenian)	180	200
Ukrainian	1,755	2,045
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Celtic languages	80	85
Irish	20	20
Scottish Gaelic	15	15
Welsh	40	40
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5
Germanic languages	7,545	9,450
Frisian	30	45
High German languages	4,615	5,800
German	4,305	5,370
Pennsylvania German	0	0
Swiss German	180	295
Yiddish	130	130
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,215	2,805
Afrikaans	210	245
Dutch	1,910	2,440
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0
Low Saxon	5	5
Plautdietsch	25	25
Vlaams (Flemish)	65	85
Scandinavian languages	660	780
Danish	270	320
Icelandic	20	25
Norwegian	130	150
Swedish	245	285
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	30
Greek	1,965	2,185
Indo-Iranian languages	35,860	37,890
Indo-Aryan languages	25,015	26,030
Assamese	10	10
Bengali	3,990	4,115
Gujarati	2,810	2,920
Hindi	4,225	4,395
Kacchi	150	150
Kashmiri	30	30
Konkani	125	125
Marathi	475	495
Nepali	1,005	1,025
Oriya languages	80	80
Odia	55	55
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,610	5,860
Rohingya	0	0
Sindhi	100	105
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	920	960
Urdu	5,390	5,660
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	100
Iranian languages	10,830	11,855
Baluchi	10	10
Kurdish	785	900
Parsi	20	20
Pashto	1,285	1,325
Persian languages	8,690	9,555
Dari	2,320	2,540
Iranian Persian	5,735	6,305
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	630	705
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	45
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages	30,450	41,565
Catalan	35	40
Italian	7,960	8,610
Portuguese	5,655	8,510
Romanian	2,630	3,810
Spanish	14,140	20,545
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	45
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Japanese	970	1,120
Korean	2,660	2,890
Mongolian	45	50
Niger-Congo languages	7,710	11,690
Akan (Twi)	365	405
Bamanankan	115	225
Edo	65	70
Éwé	95	220
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	125	355
Ga	50	55
Ganda	155	170
Gikuyu	65	65
Igbo	225	230
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	940	1,685
Lingala	380	565
Luba-Kasai	85	120
Mòoré	35	75
Mwani	40	40
Ndebele	20	30
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,885	2,830
Shona	120	135
Soninke	15	25
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	25
Swahili	1,420	1,940
Wojenaka	30	95
Wolof	145	480
Yoruba	640	700
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	685	1,155
Nilo-Saharan languages	355	440
Dinka	100	100
Nuer	70	70
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	170	245
African, n.o.s.	15	30
Sign languages	240	320
American Sign Language	170	205
Quebec Sign Language	20	55
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	60
Sino-Tibetan languages	34,275	36,640
Chinese languages	33,415	35,770
Hakka	125	135
Mandarin	22,310	24,175
Min Dong	30	30
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	600	660
Wu (Shanghainese)	295	305
Yue (Cantonese)	9,675	10,050
Chinese, n.o.s.	355	370
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	800	815
Burmese	175	175
Kuki-Chin languages	205	210
Karenic languages	300	300
S'gaw Karen	285	285
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	15
Tibetan	60	60
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65	65
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	55
Tai-Kadai languages	730	920
Lao	335	435
Thai	390	475
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Turkic languages	2,980	3,200
Azerbaijani	160	170
Kazakh	25	25
Turkish	2,600	2,755
Uyghur	55	60
Uzbek	55	90
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	85	100
Uralic languages	1,740	2,015
Estonian	125	150
Finnish	260	295
Hungarian	1,345	1,570
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	60
Multiple responses	62,860	83,795
English and French	22,595	35,860
English and non-official language(s)	27,990	30,270
French and non-official language(s)	5,620	9,425
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,925	5,095
Multiple non-official languages	2,735	3,150
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,006,965	1,473,200
English	618,285	750,170
French	57,370	297,010
Non-official language	59,420	69,640
Indigenous³⁹	85	120
Non-Indigenous	59,340	69,515
English and French	78,665	129,660
English and non-official language(s)	149,585	159,675
French and non-official language(s)	8,165	19,295
English, French and non-official language(s)	30,925	42,615
Multiple non-official languages	4,540	5,125
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,006,965	1,473,200
Single responses	942,180	1,386,940
Official languages	817,530	1,242,285
English	734,735	888,365
French	82,795	353,920
Non-official languages	124,650	144,655
Indigenous languages³⁹	170	230
Algonquian languages	40	85
Blackfoot	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	65
Atikamekw	0	0
Cree languages	20	65
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	30
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	30
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0
Naskapi	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5
Oji-Cree	0	0
Ojibway languages	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0
Tahltan	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5
Tlingit	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	120	130
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0
Inuktitut	115	130
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	5
Cayuga	5	5
Mohawk	5	5
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0
Michif	0	0
Salish languages	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0
Squamish	0	0
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	0
Stoney	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	124,480	144,425
Afro-Asiatic languages	32,290	37,520
Berber languages	210	455
Kabyle	145	350
Tamazight	60	90
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Chadic languages	30	55
Hausa	20	20
Mina	10	35
Coptic	5	5
Cushitic languages	4,260	4,410
Bilen	55	55
Oromo	105	105
Somali	3,980	4,130
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	120	120
Semitic languages	27,780	32,595
Amharic	870	885
Arabic	25,805	30,555
Aramaic languages	70	80
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	35
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	35
Harari	15	15
Hebrew	185	200
Maltese	5	10
Tigrigna	810	815
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,625	4,955
Khmer (Cambodian)	515	615
Vietnamese	4,115	4,340
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,440	4,805
Bikol	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	80
Cebuano	175	230
Fijian	0	0
Hiligaynon	70	105
Ilocano	395	395
Indonesian	120	120
Kankanaey	20	20
Kinaray-a	10	10
Malagasy languages	35	70
Merina	15	25
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	35
Malay	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	35
Pangasinan	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,425	3,645
Waray-Waray	20	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	60
Creole languages	2,235	2,880
Haitian Creole	1,650	2,175
Jamaican English Creole	5	5
Krio	15	15
Morisyen	135	170
Sango	10	15
Creole, n.o.s.	395	475
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	30
Dravidian languages	3,600	3,740
Kannada	175	175
Malayalam	810	870
Tamil	1,915	1,975
Telugu	685	705
Tulu	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Georgian	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0
Indo-European languages	46,210	56,080
Albanian	355	385
Armenian	195	255
Balto-Slavic languages	9,300	11,525
Baltic languages	85	90
Latvian	40	45
Lithuanian	40	45
Slavic languages	9,215	11,430
Belarusian	30	35
Bulgarian	375	525
Czech	180	210
Macedonian	35	45
Polish	1,765	1,960
Russian	4,365	5,175
Rusyn	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,600	2,495
Bosnian	310	470
Croatian	320	450
Serbian	955	1,535
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	45
Slovak	155	160
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	30
Ukrainian	680	805
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Celtic languages	10	20
Irish	5	5
Scottish Gaelic	5	5
Welsh	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Germanic languages	730	1,015
Frisian	0	95
High German languages	460	595
German	430	530
Pennsylvania German	0	0
Swiss German	25	60
Yiddish	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	190	230
Afrikaans	75	80
Dutch	115	150
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5
Scandinavian languages	70	85
Danish	20	20
Icelandic	5	5
Norwegian	10	15
Swedish	35	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5
Greek	570	640
Indo-Iranian languages	21,700	22,895
Indo-Aryan languages	14,950	15,535
Assamese	10	10
Bengali	2,425	2,500
Gujarati	1,585	1,660
Hindi	2,285	2,380
Kacchi	50	50
Kashmiri	5	5
Konkani	25	25
Marathi	195	210
Nepali	710	720
Oriya languages	35	35
Odia	25	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,825	3,975
Rohingya	0	0
Sindhi	40	40
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	505	540
Urdu	3,210	3,355
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	40
Iranian languages	6,745	7,350
Baluchi	0	0
Kurdish	455	515
Parsi	10	10
Pashto	865	895
Persian languages	5,400	5,915
Dari	1,325	1,460
Iranian Persian	3,695	4,040
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	375	415
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	13,355	19,345
Catalan	15	15
Italian	1,995	2,080
Portuguese	2,890	4,115
Romanian	1,185	1,870
Spanish	7,265	11,255
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Japanese	380	430
Korean	1,555	1,680
Mongolian	30	35
Niger-Congo languages	3,040	4,230
Akan (Twi)	120	140
Bamanankan	35	55
Edo	20	20
Éwé	20	45
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	140
Ga	10	10
Ganda	35	35
Gikuyu	5	5
Igbo	45	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	415	650
Lingala	150	200
Luba-Kasai	25	25
Mòoré	5	10
Mwani	5	5
Ndebele	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,000	1,350
Shona	25	25
Soninke	10	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5
Swahili	645	815
Wojenaka	20	45
Wolof	50	185
Yoruba	225	240
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	170
Nilo-Saharan languages	130	150
Dinka	30	30
Nuer	25	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	95
African, n.o.s.	0	0
Sign languages	400	530
American Sign Language	295	340
Quebec Sign Language	20	75
Sign languages, n.i.e.	80	120
Sino-Tibetan languages	22,960	24,580
Chinese languages	22,375	23,995
Hakka	35	35
Mandarin	16,200	17,605
Min Dong	25	25
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	255
Wu (Shanghainese)	190	195
Yue (Cantonese)	5,515	5,680
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	180
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	535	535
Burmese	105	110
Kuki-Chin languages	140	145
Karenic languages	210	210
S'gaw Karen	200	200
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Tibetan	30	30
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	40
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	50	50
Tai-Kadai languages	295	355
Lao	170	215
Thai	120	130
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Turkic languages	1,895	1,990
Azerbaijani	60	60
Kazakh	15	15
Turkish	1,715	1,775
Uyghur	40	45
Uzbek	30	50
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	35
Uralic languages	380	430
Estonian	15	15
Finnish	25	25
Hungarian	345	395
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	20
Multiple responses	64,785	86,255
English and French	19,180	32,530
English and non-official language(s)	37,595	40,280
French and non-official language(s)	3,505	7,245
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,785	5,370
Multiple non-official languages	720	830
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,006,965	1,473,200
None	786,960	1,186,770
English	67,365	95,040
French	48,965	67,810
Non-official language	70,130	81,125
Indigenous³⁹	430	540
Non-Indigenous	69,695	80,585
English and French	5,080	7,460
English and non-official language(s)	9,150	12,295
French and non-official language(s)	11,250	13,470
English, French and non-official language(s)	580	780
Multiple non-official languages	7,485	8,450
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,000,935	1,464,500
Official languages	985,515	1,446,870
English	971,415	1,340,410
French	379,320	737,865
Non-official languages	339,240	411,975
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,390	1,805
Algonquian languages	625	890
Blackfoot	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	265	445
Atikamekw	0	0
Cree languages	245	415
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	20
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	10
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	50	150
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	90	90
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	35
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	15
Cree, n.o.s.	65	110
Innu (Montagnais)	0	15
Naskapi	10	10
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	65
Mi'kmaq	35	45
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	25	25
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	285	370
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30	95
Oji-Cree	20	30
Ojibway languages	245	260
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	85	95
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	15
Ojibway, n.o.s.	150	160
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	10
Athabaskan languages	25	30
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	30
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0
Gwich'in	0	10
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0
Tahltan	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0
Tlingit	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	640	745
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0
Inuktitut	630	740
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	10
Iroquoian languages	70	90
Cayuga	0	0
Mohawk	50	70
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	15	15
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0
Michif	15	20
Salish languages	15	15
Halkomelem	0	0
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	15
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0
Squamish	0	0
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	0
Stoney	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	15	15
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10
Non-Indigenous languages	338,015	410,375
Afro-Asiatic languages	82,330	96,775
Berber languages	730	1,550
Kabyle	520	1,190
Tamazight	205	380
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	55
Chadic languages	400	720
Hausa	300	405
Mina	100	310
Coptic	155	155
Cushitic languages	10,730	11,395
Bilen	170	170
Oromo	305	335
Somali	10,040	10,665
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	295	315
Semitic languages	72,430	85,775
Amharic	3,125	3,290
Arabic	66,380	79,340
Aramaic languages	235	250
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	105	115
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	50
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	85
Harari	85	85
Hebrew	2,170	2,405
Maltese	60	60
Tigrigna	2,045	2,075
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	130	170
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,935	10,845
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,520	1,835
Vietnamese	8,490	9,085
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	20
Austronesian languages	12,405	14,060
Bikol	20	35
Bisaya, n.o.s.	180	215
Cebuano	645	770
Fijian	0	0
Hiligaynon	375	520
Ilocano	1,445	1,475
Indonesian	855	965
Kankanaey	70	70
Kinaray-a	35	35
Malagasy languages	125	285
Merina	15	110
Malagasy, n.o.s.	110	190
Malay	380	395
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	65
Pangasinan	70	70
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,525	11,795
Waray-Waray	110	115
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	510	635
Creole languages	10,580	14,665
Haitian Creole	8,565	12,180
Jamaican English Creole	145	175
Krio	65	85
Morisyen	595	675
Sango	75	135
Creole, n.o.s.	1,355	1,700
Creole languages, n.i.e.	410	505
Dravidian languages	8,700	9,190
Kannada	840	860
Malayalam	1,920	2,105
Tamil	4,800	5,095
Telugu	2,150	2,220
Tulu	65	65
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	40	40
Georgian	90	95
Hmong-Mien languages	15	15
Indo-European languages	154,980	194,015
Albanian	950	1,060
Armenian	760	915
Balto-Slavic languages	26,665	32,305
Baltic languages	480	595
Latvian	230	305
Lithuanian	250	290
Slavic languages	26,270	31,815
Belarusian	195	230
Bulgarian	1,075	1,290
Czech	1,345	1,540
Macedonian	210	225
Polish	6,645	7,600
Russian	11,590	13,885
Rusyn	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,685	6,540
Bosnian	1,385	1,885
Croatian	2,135	2,835
Serbian	2,655	3,940
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	165
Slovak	945	1,030
Slovene (Slovenian)	235	250
Ukrainian	3,170	3,785
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	30
Celtic languages	455	595
Irish	300	370
Scottish Gaelic	80	115
Welsh	70	95
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	40
Germanic languages	17,165	21,555
Frisian	45	70
High German languages	12,755	16,040
German	12,375	15,555
Pennsylvania German	0	0
Swiss German	230	395
Yiddish	310	315
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,475	4,405
Afrikaans	660	745
Dutch	2,715	3,550
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10
Low Saxon	0	0
Plautdietsch	35	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	115	140
Scandinavian languages	1,500	1,780
Danish	505	595
Icelandic	25	40
Norwegian	360	425
Swedish	685	830
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	95
Greek	2,965	3,350
Indo-Iranian languages	52,110	55,190
Indo-Aryan languages	39,190	40,930
Assamese	30	30
Bengali	5,420	5,540
Gujarati	4,375	4,560
Hindi	18,430	19,240
Kacchi	340	345
Kashmiri	35	35
Konkani	275	290
Marathi	1,205	1,235
Nepali	1,270	1,300
Oriya languages	100	100
Odia	65	65
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,240	10,850
Rohingya	0	0
Sindhi	210	210
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,485	1,550
Urdu	10,495	10,990
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	305	305
Iranian languages	14,040	15,525
Baluchi	20	20
Kurdish	1,090	1,280
Parsi	40	60
Pashto	2,035	2,100
Persian languages	11,805	13,085
Dari	3,470	3,840
Iranian Persian	7,810	8,585
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	755	935
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	180
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	35
Italic (Romance) languages	61,090	88,095
Catalan	135	150
Italian	15,235	17,745
Portuguese	8,795	13,095
Romanian	3,310	4,970
Spanish	38,350	58,730
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	185	230
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	55
Japanese	2,835	3,465
Korean	3,615	4,085
Mongolian	95	110
Niger-Congo languages	18,815	27,855
Akan (Twi)	850	1,000
Bamanankan	360	670
Edo	200	235
Éwé	235	495
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	315	910
Ga	195	210
Ganda	385	455
Gikuyu	90	95
Igbo	1,085	1,130
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	2,030	3,320
Lingala	3,105	4,805
Luba-Kasai	510	665
Mòoré	125	265
Mwani	35	35
Ndebele	85	100
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,185	4,980
Shona	275	295
Soninke	0	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	75	85
Swahili	5,310	7,435
Wojenaka	115	290
Wolof	405	1,245
Yoruba	2,250	2,450
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,945	4,790
Nilo-Saharan languages	700	890
Dinka	155	155
Nuer	100	105
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	450	635
African, n.o.s.	175	280
Sign languages	2,095	2,695
American Sign Language	1,820	2,145
Quebec Sign Language	145	390
Sign languages, n.i.e.	235	310
Sino-Tibetan languages	41,125	44,235
Chinese languages	40,240	43,340
Hakka	225	245
Mandarin	29,995	32,670
Min Dong	40	40
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,035	1,165
Wu (Shanghainese)	490	525
Yue (Cantonese)	13,630	14,235
Chinese, n.o.s.	435	445
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	70	70
Tibeto-Burman languages	875	875
Burmese	310	310
Kuki-Chin languages	280	280
Karenic languages	360	360
S'gaw Karen	345	345
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tibetan	45	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	70	70
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	60
Tai-Kadai languages	1,220	1,545
Lao	475	655
Thai	880	1,065
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	25
Turkic languages	4,425	4,915
Azerbaijani	385	420
Kazakh	170	175
Turkish	3,820	4,240
Uyghur	105	105
Uzbek	160	195
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	100	110
Uralic languages	2,410	2,870
Estonian	210	240
Finnish	435	490
Hungarian	1,775	2,160
Other languages, n.i.e.	300	395
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,000,935	1,464,500
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	26,395	46,545
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	25,110	44,415
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,300	23,395
Métis	10,545	19,290
Inuk (Inuit)	1,270	1,730
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	665	1,045
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	620	1,085
Non-Indigenous identity	974,540	1,417,955
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,000,935	1,464,500
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	6,635	10,345
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	994,300	1,454,155
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	407,250	604,720
Owner	260,220	395,725
Renter	147,030	208,990
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	407,250	604,720
Condominium	65,705	88,655
Not condominium	341,550	516,065
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	407,250	604,720
No bedrooms	3,830	4,735
1 bedroom	59,775	80,615
2 bedrooms	85,345	139,520
3 bedrooms	150,190	227,695
4 or more bedrooms	108,110	152,160
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	407,250	604,720
1 to 4 rooms	117,090	167,165
5 rooms	54,625	86,960
6 rooms	57,030	86,225
7 rooms	54,520	81,235
8 or more rooms	123,985	183,140
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	6.3
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	407,250	604,720
One person or fewer per room	398,225	593,880
More than one person per room	9,030	10,840
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	407,250	604,720
Suitable	385,180	576,360
Not suitable	22,070	28,360
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	407,250	604,720
1960 or before	64,815	93,315
1961 to 1980	115,070	162,085
1981 to 1990	63,195	93,520
1991 to 2000	46,095	74,180
2001 to 2005	28,865	43,620
2006 to 2010	29,380	46,505
2011 to 2015	28,490	43,660
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	31,355	47,830
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	407,250	604,720
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	385,390	571,405
Major repairs needed	21,860	33,315
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	407,250	604,720
One-maintainer household	198,960	298,490
Two-maintainer household	189,175	281,930
Three-or-more-maintainer household	19,115	24,305
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	407,250	604,720
15 to 24 years	14,640	20,230
25 to 34 years	62,300	91,460
35 to 44 years	72,630	109,280
45 to 54 years	76,580	112,480
55 to 64 years	80,140	122,015
65 to 74 years	58,720	89,160
75 to 84 years	31,270	45,510
85 years and over	10,970	14,590
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	404,915	601,110
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	323,340	490,335
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	81,575	110,775
30% to less than 100%	72,595	99,285
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	407,250	604,725
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	114,035	157,770
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	71,850	98,330
Not suitable only	16,150	21,345
Major repairs needed only	14,840	23,735
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,180	4,780
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,275	7,345
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,475	1,915
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	275	325
Acceptable housing	293,215	446,950
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	395,940	589,625
In core need	44,435	55,245
Not in core need	351,505	534,370
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	259,630	394,430
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.8	62.5
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.7	10.9
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6	3.8
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,560	1,440
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,668	1,562
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	624,000	548,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	672,000	585,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	146,985	208,920
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.1	12.9
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.1	32.7
% in core housing need⁶³	23.3	20.3
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	1,230
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,422	1,296
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,000,935	1,464,495
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,200	21,550
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	7,950	21,115
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,255	15,565
Métis single ancestry	1,945	4,515
Inuit single ancestry	750	1,035
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	255	435
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	200	370
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	45
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	33,190	58,965
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	32,460	57,780
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	23,370	43,795
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,340	12,985
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	755	995
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	730	1,185
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	640	1,050
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	105
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	15
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	959,545	1,383,980
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,000,940	1,464,495
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	905,590	1,348,435
Canadian citizens aged under 18	185,345	281,800
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	720,250	1,066,635
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	95,345	116,060
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,000,940	1,464,495
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	712,100	1,115,495
Immigrants⁸¹	259,215	313,845
Before 1980	42,685	49,870
1980 to 1990	29,930	34,740
1991 to 2000	51,775	60,105
2001 to 2010	56,115	70,535
2011 to 2021⁸²	78,715	98,590
2011 to 2015	31,305	40,295
2016 to 2021	47,415	58,295
Non-permanent residents⁸³	29,620	35,160
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	259,220	313,845
Under 5 years	25,575	31,690
5 to 14 years	46,995	57,090
15 to 24 years	47,450	56,540
25 to 44 years	116,090	141,845
45 years and over	23,105	26,685
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	259,220	313,845
Americas	36,600	47,395
Brazil	1,980	2,445
Colombia	1,755	3,535
El Salvador	2,045	2,640
Guyana	1,255	1,355
Haiti	6,705	9,480
Jamaica	3,175	3,440
Mexico	1,710	2,370
Peru	790	1,155
Trinidad and Tobago	1,280	1,395
United States of America	8,795	10,500
Other places of birth in Americas	7,110	9,070
Europe	54,405	69,055
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,630	2,530
Croatia	780	1,035
France	2,665	5,160
Germany	3,390	4,250
Greece	800	890
Hungary	700	840
Italy	4,625	5,005
Netherlands	1,640	2,110
Poland	3,965	4,485
Portugal	1,995	3,480
Romania	2,550	3,675
Russian Federation	3,245	3,750
Serbia⁸⁶	770	985
Ukraine	2,460	3,005
United Kingdom⁸⁷	14,765	17,445
Other places of birth in Europe	8,420	10,415
Africa	44,290	61,620
Algeria	1,905	3,405
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	3,975	5,805
Egypt	4,410	4,885
Eritrea	1,535	1,550
Ethiopia	2,815	2,955
Morocco	2,640	4,740
Nigeria	3,220	3,440
Somalia	4,520	4,710
South Africa, Republic of	1,235	1,430
Other places of birth in Africa	18,035	28,705
Asia	123,015	134,650
Afghanistan	2,850	3,110
Iran⁸⁸	6,000	6,640
Iraq	4,460	4,745
Lebanon	11,905	14,490
Syria⁸⁹	6,365	7,080
Turkey	1,655	1,880
China⁹⁰	20,320	22,020
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,205	3,315
Korea, South⁹²	2,195	2,470
Taiwan	1,025	1,090
Philippines	10,505	11,805
Viet Nam	6,155	6,565
Bangladesh	3,270	3,350
India	16,195	16,975
Pakistan	5,500	5,830
Sri Lanka	2,885	3,040
Other places of birth in Asia	18,530	20,240
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	905	1,130
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	47,415	58,300
Americas	5,050	6,500
Brazil	740	860
Colombia	270	525
Haiti	985	1,365
Jamaica	200	220
Mexico	325	420
United States of America	1,565	1,790
Venezuela⁹⁵	120	155
Other places of birth in Americas	855	1,165
Europe	3,680	5,020
France	505	995
Germany	180	220
Ireland⁹⁶	130	140
Italy	65	75
Russian Federation	475	555
Ukraine	505	665
United Kingdom⁸⁷	710	830
Other places of birth in Europe	1,120	1,555
Africa	12,725	17,595
Algeria	625	830
Burundi	1,300	1,885
Cameroon	480	1,235
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,060	1,465
Côte d'Ivoire	275	865
Egypt	670	775
Eritrea	580	580
Ethiopia	440	470
Morocco	955	1,290
Nigeria	1,790	1,900
Somalia	570	590
South Africa, Republic of	345	380
Sudan⁹⁷	175	175
Tunisia	450	715
Other places of birth in Africa	3,005	4,420
Asia	25,825	29,005
Afghanistan	755	795
Bangladesh	580	615
China⁹⁰	3,225	3,605
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	105
India	5,645	6,005
Iran⁸⁸	825	855
Iraq	955	995
Israel	145	155
Japan	60	75
Jordan	340	390
Korea, South⁹²	315	415
Lebanon	1,045	1,275
Nepal	110	110
Pakistan	925	1,045
Philippines	2,105	2,910
Saudi Arabia	580	635
Sri Lanka	260	275
Syria⁸⁹	4,450	4,940
Turkey	695	785
United Arab Emirates	570	615
Viet Nam	460	490
Other places of birth in Asia	1,705	1,910
Oceania and other⁹³	130	175
Australia	95	115
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	60
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,000,935	1,464,500
First generation¹⁰⁰	303,690	367,930
Second generation¹⁰¹	209,590	258,425
Third generation or more¹⁰²	487,660	838,145
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	216,530	263,975
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	104,175	127,620
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	44,555	55,125
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	59,620	72,500
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	56,285	68,975
Refugees¹⁰⁸	52,950	63,700
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,125	3,675
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	216,530	263,975
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	20,290	24,140
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	18,040	21,380
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	6,945	8,270
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	14,565	17,080
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,390	1,660
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	155,295	191,440
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,000,935	1,464,500
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	324,960	386,925
South Asian	57,820	60,780
Chinese	46,170	50,030
Black	84,765	114,230
Filipino	14,320	16,105
Arab	58,180	69,210
Latin American	14,350	20,620
Southeast Asian	14,960	16,895
West Asian	13,255	14,525
Korean	4,125	4,680
Japanese	2,315	2,750
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,780	4,435
Multiple visible minorities	10,910	12,665
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	675,975	1,077,575
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,000,940	1,464,495
Canadian	114,205	233,275
English	156,485	196,190
Irish	192,250	256,320
Scottish	160,250	204,170
French, n.o.s.¹²²	140,710	250,030
German	73,625	95,710
Chinese	47,925	52,450
Italian	45,685	55,945
Indian (India)	31,385	33,800
Ukrainian	23,840	28,295
Dutch	25,770	32,670
Polish	30,300	37,120
Québécois	6,730	37,075
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	38,750	46,950
Filipino	14,365	16,175
French Canadian	32,825	63,460
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	20,120	32,545
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	11,410	24,700
Métis	11,175	18,985
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	15,605	23,255
Russian	13,005	15,470
Norwegian	6,875	8,500
Welsh	16,410	19,960
Portuguese	9,695	15,045
American	11,045	14,170
Spanish	10,990	15,110
Swedish	6,575	7,960
Hungarian	8,230	9,930
Acadian	7,460	12,510
Pakistani	7,485	7,885
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	15,090	20,640
Jewish	10,700	11,870
Punjabi	3,420	3,550
Vietnamese	10,085	11,170
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	21,480	25,195
Greek	7,290	8,550
Jamaican	6,675	7,755
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,085	5,680
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,815	2,860
Korean	4,265	4,805
Romanian	5,620	7,665
Lebanese	23,990	29,515
Iranian	7,265	8,185
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,845	7,860
Danish	5,015	6,180
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,065	8,200
Sikh	1,755	1,800
Austrian	4,670	5,795
Belgian	4,230	6,930
Haitian	9,780	14,455
Hindu	4,180	4,390
Mexican	3,200	4,560
Mennonite	1,190	1,395
Swiss	3,790	5,425
Finnish	4,090	4,805
Sri Lankan	2,960	3,190
Croatian	3,375	4,175
Japanese	3,105	3,725
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,335	3,460
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,315	4,100
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,290	4,160
Muslim	5,230	5,765
Egyptian	6,920	7,975
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,200	4,565
Tamil	2,350	2,470
Icelandic	1,460	1,790
Colombian	2,360	4,250
Moroccan	2,910	5,360
Czech	3,215	3,780
Syrian	6,610	7,785
Guyanese	2,010	2,365
Afghan	4,475	4,825
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,085	5,125
Serbian	2,535	3,505
Ojibway	1,320	1,785
Newfoundlander	2,465	3,015
Hong Konger	1,200	1,235
Ontarian	5,400	8,130
Persian	3,095	3,335
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,090	2,420
Turkish	4,175	4,805
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,635	2,220
Bangladeshi	3,680	3,765
Algerian	2,015	3,200
Brazilian	2,550	3,205
Nigerian	3,850	4,200
Armenian	1,670	2,190
Slovak	2,665	3,000
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,630	3,100
Somali	10,500	11,070
Taiwanese	1,270	1,380
Iraqi	3,890	4,145
Salvadorean	2,030	2,780
African Caribbean	2,575	3,090
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,710	1,810
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,030	5,425
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	2,395	2,855
Algonquin	4,015	11,200
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,075	1,145
Lithuanian	2,130	2,425
South African	1,540	1,735
Australian	1,285	1,635
Palestinian	4,915	5,155
Chilean	865	1,325
Congolese	5,130	8,110
Nova Scotian	1,185	1,405
Ethiopian	2,600	2,780
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,255	1,565
Peruvian	1,325	1,790
Yoruba	1,815	2,040
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,375	2,930
Berber	1,310	2,490
Albanian	1,160	1,325
Maltese	605	780
Macedonian	535	580
Slovenian	1,015	1,140
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,620	2,180
New Brunswicker	855	1,150
Gujarati	1,025	1,030
Eritrean	2,095	2,135
African Canadian	1,170	1,420
Israeli	955	1,090
Mohawk	1,780	2,510
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	665	820
Bulgarian	1,525	1,875
Albertan	220	290
Ghanaian	1,195	1,445
Barbadian	1,130	1,310
African American	780	1,010
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	800	1,095
Tunisian	885	1,740
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,420	1,600
Cuban	1,245	1,685
Bosnian	1,365	1,915
Venezuelan	1,045	1,330
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	325	870
Latvian	1,110	1,325
Bengali	1,255	1,290
Cameroonian	1,185	2,860
Guatemalan	405	710
Indonesian	970	1,085
Laotian	815	1,035
Ilocano	455	495
Northern Irish	1,005	1,240
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,205	1,465
British Columbian	225	285
Ecuadorian	350	440
Franco Ontarian	6,225	9,005
Argentinian	505	720
Estonian	865	1,010
Kurdish	1,140	1,305
Fijian	50	70
Jatt	185	185
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	470	990
Coptic	1,050	1,125
Thai	1,015	1,245
Dominican	805	1,105
Nepali	915	935
Kabyle	320	655
Assyrian	230	290
Igbo	1,340	1,390
Byelorussian	945	1,140
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	55
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	325	435
Abenaki	225	705
Moldovan	375	540
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	515	1,380
New Zealander	490	595
Sudanese	795	830
Breton	160	720
Pennsylvania Dutch	270	290
Malaysian	635	645
Plains Cree	60	100
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,095	1,465
Huron (Wendat)	390	1,250
Saskatchewanian	400	470
Buddhist	415	440
Gaspesian	60	410
Norman	450	935
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	785	800
Ivorian	785	1,940
Saulteaux	70	80
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	445	615
Burundian	2,695	4,520
Tigrinya	405	410
Nicaraguan	615	755
Mauritian	635	780
Kenyan	630	670
Oji-Cree	70	105
Vincentian	270	365
Jordanian	1,505	1,605
Manitoban	255	355
Cape Bretoner	330	380
Rwandan	1,530	2,845
Grenadian	280	335
Malayali	550	575
Chaldean	55	55
Sinhalese	660	670
Mayan	290	385
Honduran	260	330
Cherokee	315	410
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	160	195
Indo-Caribbean	290	315
Flemish	345	460
United Empire Loyalist	595	640
Senegalese	440	1,105
Azerbaijani	310	325
Sicilian	270	365
Pashtun	540	545
Malay	110	130
Goan	315	330
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	830	1,425
Tibetan	55	60
Zimbabwean	320	395
Burmese	465	490
Mongolian	425	485
Azorean	165	470
Atikamekw	0	110
Bamileke	380	950
Indo-Guyanese	220	235
Ugandan	590	640
Oromo	410	435
Tanzanian	380	435
Yemeni	985	1,055
Central African	630	1,170
Libyan	1,430	1,520
Basque	335	530
Uruguayan	135	230
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	290	505
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	450	685
Igorot	195	195
Fulani	310	775
Woodland Cree	0	25
Guinean	320	915
St. Lucian	635	690
Prince Edward Islander	230	270
Maliseet	135	240
Beninese	240	845
Telugu	220	245
Roma	150	175
Costa Rican	175	235
African Nova Scotian	200	210
Malagasy	220	450
Kashmiri	130	130
Singaporean	165	165
Karen	385	385
Edo	310	320
Tajik	370	370
Amhara	415	445
Paraguayan	60	65
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,000,935	1,464,500
Buddhist	10,800	12,185
Christian	528,700	824,655
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	64,320	95,005
Anabaptist	885	985
Anglican	41,175	50,900
Baptist	7,600	10,625
Catholic	303,820	524,040
Christian Orthodox	21,350	25,905
Jehovah's Witness	3,015	4,765
Latter Day Saints	1,175	1,540
Lutheran	6,350	7,965
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,995	2,790
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	11,585	14,725
Presbyterian	9,245	11,815
Reformed	1,115	1,410
United Church	34,445	44,005
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	20,610	28,180
Hindu	20,300	21,205
Jewish	10,600	11,395
Muslim	98,920	114,780
Sikh	6,375	6,730
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	445	745
Other religions and spiritual traditions	8,055	10,250
No religion and secular perspectives	316,740	462,555
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	992,100	1,450,630
Non-movers	860,725	1,261,530
Movers	131,375	189,100
Non-migrants	94,310	126,025
Migrants	37,060	63,075
Internal migrants	26,175	50,130
Intraprovincial migrants	15,845	31,965
Interprovincial migrants	10,335	18,160
External migrants	10,885	12,945
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	952,255	1,390,440
Non-movers	561,640	819,280
Movers	390,615	571,150
Non-migrants	226,395	305,585
Migrants	164,220	265,565
Internal migrants	102,750	190,655
Intraprovincial migrants	60,055	126,165
Interprovincial migrants	42,695	64,495
External migrants	61,470	74,910
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	834,140	1,213,355
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	100,305	171,450
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	733,835	1,041,905
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	543,310	797,120
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,045	67,490
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	508,265	729,625
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	834,135	1,213,355
No certificate, diploma or degree	92,035	154,760
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	192,100	283,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	550,000	775,330
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	204,535	333,395
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	29,735	69,880
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	16,420	42,380
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,315	27,505
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	157,470	235,770
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,325	27,740
Bachelor's degree or higher	345,465	441,935
Bachelor's degree	208,395	269,590
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	18,710	25,900
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,015	9,560
Master's degree	91,830	114,980
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	18,520	21,900
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	543,305	797,115
No certificate, diploma or degree	30,180	56,900
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	95,710	147,150
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	417,415	593,070
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	148,475	245,090
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	19,900	50,765
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,930	30,990
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,965	19,775
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	117,225	175,650
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,355	18,670
Bachelor's degree or higher	268,935	347,980
Bachelor's degree	160,030	209,845
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,910	19,770
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,290	7,565
Master's degree	75,160	94,600
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	13,545	16,205
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	834,135	1,213,355
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	284,135	438,025
Education	27,600	42,710
13. Education	27,600	42,710
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	18,020	24,940
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,425	3,460
50. Visual and performing arts	15,590	21,485
Humanities	35,490	48,440
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	5,855	8,490
23. English language and literature/letters	8,820	10,105
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,885	11,400
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,025	1,195
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,640	3,350
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,795	2,460
54. History	6,250	7,700
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,215	3,740
Social and behavioural sciences and law	104,360	136,895
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,635	1,980
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	11,740	15,790
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,185	14,590
22. Legal professions and studies	15,980	21,160
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,410	4,355
42. Psychology	15,385	20,190
45. Social sciences	46,020	58,830
Business, management and public administration	110,230	161,650
30.16 Accounting and computer science	170	240
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,785	16,720
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	98,275	144,685
Physical and life sciences and technologies	30,225	38,370
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	14,880	18,200
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,840	6,220
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	405	1,365
40. Physical sciences	9,330	11,395
41. Science technologies/technicians	770	1,180
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	40,150	52,105
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	31,300	41,115
25. Library science	2,545	3,500
27. Mathematics and statistics	4,980	5,950
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,325	1,545
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	88,310	127,105
04. Architecture and related services	5,325	7,100
14. Engineering	43,170	50,290
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	19,460	28,350
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	80
46. Construction trades	8,690	19,025
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,370	15,520
48. Precision production	3,250	6,740
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,755	13,810
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,145	8,150
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,610	5,650
Health and related fields	64,635	91,530
30.37 Design for human health	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,930	8,085
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	55,880	80,105
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	125	190
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,700	3,160
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,090	37,610
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,455	19,050
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	895	1,035
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	435	720
43. Security and protective services	7,000	12,285
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,315	4,520
Other¹⁷⁹	130	165
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	543,305	797,115
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	125,895	204,045
Education	18,440	29,075
13. Education	18,440	29,075
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,675	18,925
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,780	2,470
50. Visual and performing arts	11,895	16,455
Humanities	24,905	33,635
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	4,275	6,215
23. English language and literature/letters	6,325	7,265
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,755	7,485
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	710	815
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,880	2,410
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,170	1,550
54. History	4,480	5,605
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,310	2,290
Social and behavioural sciences and law	81,765	108,275
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,330	1,610
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,625	13,080
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,665	11,250
22. Legal professions and studies	13,035	17,240
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,560	3,315
42. Psychology	11,700	15,530
45. Social sciences	35,855	46,245
Business, management and public administration	85,840	126,965
30.16 Accounting and computer science	120	175
44. Public administration and social service professions	9,370	13,385
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,350	113,410
Physical and life sciences and technologies	22,000	27,405
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,405	14,045
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,485	4,290
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	330	585
40. Physical sciences	6,295	7,775
41. Science technologies/technicians	480	720
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	32,695	42,710
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,615	35,100
25. Library science	1,500	2,150
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,480	4,185
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,095	1,280
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	66,285	96,680
04. Architecture and related services	3,950	5,420
14. Engineering	33,720	39,665
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,425	21,360
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	75
46. Construction trades	6,200	14,385
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,845	11,205
48. Precision production	2,085	4,565
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,675	10,725
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,705	6,000
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,970	4,730
Health and related fields	48,185	69,330
30.37 Design for human health	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,605	6,330
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	41,505	60,540
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	105	155
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,970	2,310
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,855	29,205
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,590	14,460
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	720	850
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	250	430
43. Security and protective services	5,575	9,900
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,720	3,560
Other¹⁷⁹	95	130
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	543,305	797,115
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	125,895	204,045
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	417,410	593,070
Location of study inside Canada	338,690	497,320
Same as province or territory of residence	279,830	391,670
Different than province or territory of residence	58,860	105,655
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	78,720	95,750
Americas	15,750	19,500
United States of America	9,810	11,415
Mexico	735	1,080
Cuba	365	505
Haiti	780	1,105
Jamaica	250	285
Brazil	1,450	1,690
Colombia	720	1,190
Peru	175	275
Venezuela⁹⁵	285	390
Other locations of study in Americas	1,180	1,570
Europe	18,820	24,270
Belgium	285	530
France	2,245	4,080
Germany	670	830
Netherlands	375	485
Switzerland	255	395
Hungary	160	195
Moldova¹⁸³	190	270
Poland	755	875
Romania	885	1,315
Russian Federation	1,385	1,650
Ukraine	995	1,250
Ireland⁹⁶	560	600
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,985	7,880
Bosnia and Herzegovina	330	495
Italy	280	345
Serbia⁸⁶	320	415
Other locations of study in Europe	2,145	2,660
Africa	9,755	13,760
Nigeria	1,440	1,525
Algeria	715	1,250
Morocco	790	1,425
Tunisia	330	585
Egypt	1,870	2,070
South Africa, Republic of	505	595
Other locations of study in Africa	4,105	6,310
Asia	32,895	36,485
Iran⁸⁸	1,625	1,760
Iraq	875	955
Israel	405	460
Lebanon	1,850	2,460
Syria⁸⁹	1,110	1,265
Turkey	715	805
China⁹⁰	5,820	6,470
Taiwan	215	235
Hong Kong⁹¹	185	205
Japan	495	580
Korea, South⁹²	870	990
Philippines	4,625	5,345
Viet Nam	445	460
Bangladesh	935	965
Sri Lanka	365	390
India	7,625	8,020
Pakistan	1,530	1,590
Other locations of study in Asia	3,205	3,525
Oceania	1,495	1,730
Australia	1,245	1,435
New Zealand	250	295
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	834,135	1,213,355
In the labour force	549,990	801,005
Employed	493,140	723,250
Unemployed	56,845	77,755
Not in the labour force	284,150	412,345
Participation rate	65.9	66.0
Employment rate	59.1	59.6
Unemployment rate	10.3	9.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	834,135	1,213,355
Did not work¹⁸⁶	285,610	412,055
Worked	548,525	801,300
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	321,175	470,250
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	227,350	331,050
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.2	42.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	549,985	801,005
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	18,745
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	535,960	782,265
Employee	470,435	689,090
Permanent position	386,980	570,395
Temporary position	83,450	118,695
Fixed term (1 year or more)	30,765	43,175
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	52,685	75,520
Self-employed¹⁹²	65,530	93,175
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	549,985	801,005
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	18,745
All occupations¹⁹¹	535,960	782,265
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,485	12,235
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	109,065	161,890
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	81,345	103,005
3 Health occupations	39,930	57,325
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	95,710	136,995
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	20,320	27,735
6 Sales and service occupations	114,705	168,650
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	54,825	94,610
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,320	9,270
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,280	10,550
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	549,985	801,005
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,025	18,745
All industries¹⁹¹	535,960	782,265
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,455	4,795
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	550	1,095
22 Utilities	1,605	3,045
23 Construction	28,080	51,760
31-33 Manufacturing	16,225	24,690
41 Wholesale trade	10,925	14,695
44-45 Retail trade	53,365	79,030
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	18,585	26,685
51 Information and cultural industries	12,790	16,205
52 Finance and insurance	18,410	24,230
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,765	11,920
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	61,835	76,330
55 Management of companies and enterprises	840	1,010
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	22,300	33,160
61 Educational services	42,010	61,355
62 Health care and social assistance	62,860	93,495
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,670	14,135
72 Accommodation and food services	27,965	39,785
81 Other services (except public administration)	20,510	30,440
91 Public administration	116,235	174,400
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	583,615	851,290
English	437,365	523,870
French	13,590	94,175
Non-official language	2,245	2,640
Indigenous³⁹	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,245	2,640
English and French	115,695	213,135
English and non-official language(s)	11,465	12,390
French and non-official language(s)	165	465
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,015	4,535
Multiple non-official languages	75	80
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	583,615	851,290
Single responses	562,790	811,660
Official languages	558,345	806,430
English	532,150	658,605
French	26,195	147,825
Non-official languages	4,445	5,235
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	45
Algonquian languages	0	25
Blackfoot	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	25
Atikamekw	0	0
Cree languages	0	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	25
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0
Naskapi	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0
Tlingit	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Haida	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	20
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0
Inuktitut	20	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0
Mohawk	0	0
Oneida	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0
Michif	0	0
Salish languages	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0
Lillooet	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0
Squamish	0	0
Straits	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0
Dakota	0	0
Stoney	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0
Haisla	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,425	5,190
Afro-Asiatic languages	795	910
Berber languages	0	0
Kabyle	0	0
Tamazight	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0
Coptic	0	0
Cushitic languages	55	55
Bilen	0	0
Oromo	0	0
Somali	55	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Semitic languages	745	855
Amharic	10	10
Arabic	730	830
Aramaic languages	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0
Hebrew	10	15
Tigrigna	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	190
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	15
Vietnamese	175	180
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Austronesian languages	60	65
Bikol	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0
Cebuano	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0
Ilocano	0	0
Indonesian	20	20
Kankanaey	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0
Malay	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Creole languages	25	40
Haitian Creole	25	40
Jamaican English Creole	0	0
Morisyen	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Dravidian languages	25	25
Kannada	0	0
Malayalam	15	15
Tamil	10	15
Telugu	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Georgian	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,365	1,735
Albanian	0	0
Armenian	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	255	300
Baltic languages	0	0
Latvian	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0
Slavic languages	255	300
Bulgarian	10	10
Czech	10	10
Macedonian	0	0
Polish	25	30
Russian	180	205
Serbo-Croatian	15	20
Bosnian	0	10
Croatian	0	0
Serbian	10	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0
Slovak	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0
Ukrainian	20	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Germanic languages	130	160
Frisian	0	0
High German languages	90	115
German	90	95
Pennsylvania German	0	0
Swiss German	0	0
Yiddish	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	30
Afrikaans	0	0
Dutch	20	25
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	20
Danish	0	0
Icelandic	0	0
Norwegian	0	10
Swedish	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Greek	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages	355	355
Indo-Aryan languages	210	210
Bengali	20	20
Gujarati	15	15
Hindi	50	50
Kacchi	0	0
Marathi	0	0
Nepali	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70	70
Sindhi	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0
Urdu	45	45
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Iranian languages	145	145
Kurdish	15	15
Pashto	0	0
Persian languages	125	125
Dari	30	30
Iranian Persian	85	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	600	895
Catalan	0	0
Italian	40	50
Portuguese	135	195
Romanian	10	10
Spanish	420	645
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Japanese	40	45
Korean	165	170
Mongolian	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	50
Akan (Twi)	0	0
Edo	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0
Ga	0	0
Ganda	0	0
Igbo	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	15
Lingala	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	10
Shona	0	0
Swahili	10	15
Wolof	0	0
Yoruba	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0
Dinka	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Sign languages	40	55
American Sign Language	35	40
Quebec Sign Language	0	15
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,550	1,730
Chinese languages	1,540	1,720
Hakka	0	0
Mandarin	1,085	1,260
Min Dong	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	435	440
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10
Burmese	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tibetan	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	50
Lao	0	0
Thai	40	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Turkic languages	95	95
Azerbaijani	0	0
Turkish	95	95
Uyghur	0	0
Uzbek	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Uralic languages	20	25
Estonian	0	0
Finnish	0	10
Hungarian	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0
Multiple responses	20,825	39,625
English and French	18,230	36,610
English and non-official language(s)	2,210	2,400
French and non-official language(s)	95	190
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	410
Multiple non-official languages	15	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	583,615	851,290
None	473,205	659,080
English	14,330	55,045
French	85,670	124,700
Non-official language	7,275	8,225
Indigenous³⁹	185	205
Non-Indigenous	7,085	8,020
English and French	100	170
English and non-official language(s)	225	675
French and non-official language(s)	1,885	2,400
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	920	995
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	493,140	723,245
Worked at home	215,705	287,140
Worked outside Canada	1,745	2,125
No fixed workplace address	43,070	71,570
Usual place of work	232,625	362,410
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	232,625	362,410
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	219,180	288,790
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	5,745
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,025	36,065
Commute to a different province or territory	6,420	31,810
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	275,700	433,980
Car, truck or van	211,755	347,755
Car, truck or van - as a driver	190,190	315,900
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	21,565	31,855
Public transit	31,015	41,985
Walked	19,395	25,780
Bicycle	4,260	5,630
Other method	9,265	12,830
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	275,700	433,980
Less than 15 minutes	74,060	115,985
15 to 29 minutes	116,260	168,965
30 to 44 minutes	55,365	94,470
45 to 59 minutes	15,975	30,730
60 minutes and over	14,030	23,830
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	275,700	433,980
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	14,400	28,725
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	48,325	84,785
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	71,860	117,500
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	60,385	87,760
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	37,570	51,830
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	43,155	63,380
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	206,290	308,120
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	72,675	101,340
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	133,615	206,785
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	153,795	228,230
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	55,250	76,495
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	41,170	56,120
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	14,085	20,380
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	98,550	151,735

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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