Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Kingston, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	132,485	...	...
Population, 2016¹	123,798	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	63,095	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	57,836	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	293.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	451.58	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	132,485	64,095	68,385
0 to 14 years	18,730	9,590	9,145
0 to 4 years	5,820	3,035	2,785
5 to 9 years	6,300	3,195	3,110
10 to 14 years	6,610	3,365	3,250
15 to 64 years	85,855	42,330	43,520
15 to 19 years	7,180	3,630	3,550
20 to 24 years	10,045	5,000	5,045
25 to 29 years	10,275	5,225	5,050
30 to 34 years	9,490	4,870	4,620
35 to 39 years	8,400	4,220	4,185
40 to 44 years	7,750	3,825	3,925
45 to 49 years	7,115	3,515	3,595
50 to 54 years	7,700	3,720	3,975
55 to 59 years	9,175	4,350	4,830
60 to 64 years	8,720	3,975	4,740
65 years and over	27,900	12,175	15,725
65 to 69 years	7,875	3,645	4,235
70 to 74 years	7,090	3,130	3,960
75 to 79 years	5,220	2,320	2,900
80 to 84 years	3,700	1,600	2,095
85 years and over	4,020	1,485	2,540
85 to 89 years	2,420	985	1,435
90 to 94 years	1,180	415	765
95 to 99 years	355	75	280
100 years and over	65	10	50
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1	15.0	13.4
15 to 64 years	64.8	66.0	63.6
65 years and over	21.1	19.0	23.0
85 years and over	3.0	2.3	3.7
Average age of the population	42.7	41.3	44.0
Median age of the population	41.2	39.6	43.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	57,840	...	...
Single-detached house	27,790	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,255	...	...
Row house	4,005	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,330	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,410	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	9,745	...	...
Other single-attached house	110	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	190	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	57,835	...	...
1 person	19,055	...	...
2 persons	20,950	...	...
3 persons	7,960	...	...
4 persons	6,550	...	...
5 or more persons	3,320	...	...
Number of persons in private households	129,110	62,020	67,095
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	113,755	54,510	59,245
Married or living common-law	59,885	29,855	30,035
Married	46,585	23,245	23,335
Living common-law	13,300	6,605	6,695
Living common law - Never married	9,770	4,840	4,925
Living common law - Separated	625	295	325
Living common law - Divorced	2,560	1,320	1,240
Living common law - Widowed	350	150	200
Not married and not living common-law	53,865	24,655	29,215
Not married and not living common law - Never married	35,605	18,985	16,620
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,455	1,420	2,035
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,835	2,790	5,045
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,975	1,465	5,510
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	35,615	...	...
2 persons	20,440	...	...
3 persons	7,065	...	...
4 persons	5,830	...	...
5 or more persons	2,275	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	35,620	...	...
Total couple families	29,245	...	...
Married couples	22,595	...	...
With children⁶	10,665	...	...
Without children	11,930	...	...
Common-law couples	6,650	...	...
With children⁶	2,165	...	...
Without children	4,485	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,370	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,010	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,360	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	129,110	62,020	67,095
Total - Persons in census families	97,510	47,885	49,625
Married spouses or common-law partners	58,490	29,145	29,345
Parents in one-parent families	6,370	1,360	5,010
Children⁶	32,650	17,375	15,270
In a two-parent family	23,195	12,250	10,945
In a one-parent family	9,450	5,125	4,325
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	31,600	14,140	17,465
Living alone	19,060	7,745	11,315
Living with other relatives⁷	2,865	1,205	1,665
Living with non-relatives only	9,680	5,190	4,490
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	57,835	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	31,790	...	...
Couple-family households	26,815	...	...
With children⁶	11,790	...	...
Without children	15,025	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,980	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,115	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	255	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,675	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,945	...	...
One-person households	19,055	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	110,400	52,445	57,955
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	106,615	50,410	56,200
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	45,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	106,645	50,425	56,215
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	40,800	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,515	45,675	49,840
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,600	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,505	37,745	37,755
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	30,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	96,965	45,185	51,785
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,400	7,800	10,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,360	3,885	4,475
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,270	13,180	15,090
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	110,400	52,445	57,955
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	106,485	50,300	56,185
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,750	60,050	48,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	106,515	50,305	56,205
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,160	49,480	41,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,500	45,615	49,885
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,040	56,700	42,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,505	37,625	37,875
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,640	50,720	40,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,570	44,760	51,810
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,760	9,690	11,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,480	3,855	4,630
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,520	5,990	6,960
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,145	13,005	15,140
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,850	8,730	8,950
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	110,400	52,445	57,960
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	34,540	18,470	16,070
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	67,500	59,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,600	80,500	67,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,720	13,400	16,320
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,500	16,400	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,160	25,920	22,700
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.8	85.6	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	60.2	63.2	56.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.2	14.4	22.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.8	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	4.2	6.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.8	5.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	110,400	52,445	57,960
Without total income	3,790	2,030	1,755
With total income	106,610	50,410	56,200
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,095	3,685	4,405
$10,000 to $19,999	12,995	5,490	7,505
$20,000 to $29,999	16,015	6,750	9,265
$30,000 to $39,999	14,150	6,200	7,955
$40,000 to $49,999	11,910	5,345	6,570
$50,000 to $59,999	9,655	4,315	5,340
$60,000 to $69,999	7,895	3,865	4,030
$70,000 to $79,999	6,185	3,345	2,845
$80,000 to $89,999	4,635	2,570	2,070
$90,000 to $99,999	3,680	1,960	1,715
$100,000 and over	11,395	6,890	4,505
$100,000 to $149,999	7,700	4,450	3,255
$150,000 and over	3,700	2,445	1,250
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	110,400	52,445	57,960
Without after-tax income	3,755	2,015	1,740
With after-tax income	106,645	50,430	56,215
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,635	3,810	4,820
$10,000 to $19,999	13,535	5,720	7,815
$20,000 to $29,999	18,105	7,770	10,340
$30,000 to $39,999	16,645	7,425	9,220
$40,000 to $49,999	13,415	6,040	7,375
$50,000 to $59,999	10,580	5,060	5,520
$60,000 to $69,999	7,805	4,210	3,595
$70,000 to $79,999	5,520	2,950	2,565
$80,000 to $89,999	4,045	2,150	1,890
$90,000 to $99,999	2,430	1,420	1,010
$100,000 and over	5,930	3,855	2,075
$100,000 to $124,999	3,030	1,885	1,145
$125,000 and over	2,900	1,970	930
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	110,400	52,445	57,960
Without employment income	34,895	14,695	20,200
With employment income	75,505	37,750	37,760
Under $5,000 (including loss)	12,830	6,240	6,585
$5,000 to $9,999	6,375	2,840	3,535
$10,000 to $19,999	9,060	4,075	4,990
$20,000 to $29,999	6,780	3,240	3,540
$30,000 to $39,999	6,710	3,270	3,440
$40,000 to $49,999	6,045	2,835	3,205
$50,000 to $59,999	5,710	2,655	3,060
$60,000 to $69,999	4,815	2,570	2,245
$70,000 to $79,999	3,860	2,230	1,635
$80,000 to $89,999	3,075	1,755	1,320
$90,000 to $99,999	2,785	1,405	1,380
$100,000 and over	7,465	4,640	2,825
$100,000 to $124,999	3,595	2,075	1,520
$125,000 and over	3,865	2,565	1,305
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	110,400	52,445	57,955
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	104,715	49,440	55,275
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,000	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	104,750	49,445	55,305
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,600	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,440	45,065	49,370
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	42,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,140	37,870	38,270
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,800	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,705	42,660	49,045
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,640	1,370	6,280
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,415	2,870	3,540
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,320	5,760
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	110,400	52,445	57,955
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	104,660	49,315	55,345
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,000	57,750	45,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	104,715	49,325	55,390
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,880	47,680	38,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,475	44,980	49,490
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,000	56,900	41,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,040	37,660	38,380
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,560	51,040	40,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,460	42,530	48,930
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,760	6,770	8,620
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,475	2,955	3,525
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,180	7,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	110,400	52,445	57,960
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	34,300	18,335	15,965
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	65,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,300	76,300	63,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,220	12,640	15,580
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,800	21,200	18,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,960	31,880	26,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	89.8	83.0
Employment income (%)	65.0	67.6	61.9
Government transfers (%)	13.3	10.1	16.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	57,835	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	19,055	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	38,780	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	57,835	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	19,065	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,440	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	38,770	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	57,835	...	...
Under $5,000	680	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	390	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	955	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,325	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,180	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,140	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,020	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,190	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,355	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,305	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,445	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,255	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,060	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,660	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,335	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,540	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,485	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,675	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,555	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,820	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	57,835	...	...
Under $5,000	750	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	405	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	965	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,365	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,330	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,430	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,405	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,635	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,640	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,725	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,255	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,890	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,510	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,035	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,400	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,100	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,470	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,310	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,315	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	35,550	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	15,400	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,960	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,995	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	28,735	12,930	15,805
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	34,800	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,800	32,400	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	35,515	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,345	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,070	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	160,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,915	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	28,705	12,825	15,880
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,440	46,280	44,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,160	39,600	38,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	129,115	62,020	67,090
0 to 17 years	22,515	11,565	10,955
0 to 5 years	7,105	3,665	3,440
18 to 64 years	80,410	38,895	41,510
65 years and over	26,190	11,555	14,630
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,555	6,630	7,920
0 to 17 years	2,550	1,330	1,225
0 to 5 years	865	425	435
18 to 64 years	9,425	4,425	5,005
65 years and over	2,575	880	1,695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.3	10.7	11.8
0 to 17 years (%)	11.3	11.5	11.2
0 to 5 years (%)	12.1	11.7	12.6
18 to 64 years (%)	11.7	11.4	12.1
65 years and over (%)	9.8	7.6	11.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	129,110	62,020	67,095
0 to 17 years	22,520	11,565	10,950
0 to 5 years	7,105	3,665	3,445
18 to 64 years	80,405	38,895	41,515
65 years and over	26,185	11,560	14,630
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,845	3,895	3,950
0 to 17 years	795	425	365
0 to 5 years	265	140	125
18 to 64 years	6,645	3,315	3,330
65 years and over	405	155	255
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.1	6.3	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.5	3.7	3.3
0 to 5 years (%)	3.8	3.9	3.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.3	8.5	8.0
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.3	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	129,110	62,020	67,090
In bottom half of the distribution	64,745	30,325	34,420
In bottom decile	14,890	7,005	7,880
In second decile	12,810	5,825	6,990
In third decile	12,385	5,815	6,575
In fourth decile	12,325	5,795	6,525
In fifth decile	12,340	5,885	6,455
In top half of the distribution	64,365	31,695	32,670
In sixth decile	12,420	6,015	6,410
In seventh decile	12,490	6,090	6,400
In eighth decile	13,225	6,505	6,725
In ninth decile	13,340	6,620	6,720
In top decile	12,895	6,475	6,415
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	129,110	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.337	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.448	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.294	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	129,830	62,250	67,580
English only	111,430	54,065	57,360
French only	190	85	110
English and French	17,430	7,755	9,675
Neither English nor French	780	345	430
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	129,830	62,250	67,580
English	124,345	59,600	64,750
French	4,120	2,020	2,095
English and French	620	300	320
Neither English nor French	745	330	415
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	129,830	62,250	67,580
Single responses	126,730	60,830	65,900
Official languages	111,640	53,630	58,010
English	107,590	51,645	55,945
French	4,055	1,985	2,065
Non-official languages	15,090	7,195	7,890
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	20	25
Algonquian languages	25	10	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	5	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	0	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,050	7,180	7,870
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,380	720	660
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	40	20	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	40	20	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,330	690	635
Amharic	30	20	15
Arabic	1,225	640	590
Aramaic languages	5	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	15	10
Maltese	5	5	5
Tigrigna	30	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	305	140	165
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	30	40
Vietnamese	235	105	130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	645	240	400
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	20	5	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10
Ilocano	50	20	25
Indonesian	10	5	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	520	200	320
Waray-Waray	5	5	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	45	20	20
Haitian Creole	15	10	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Dravidian languages	490	265	220
Kannada	10	5	0
Malayalam	290	160	135
Tamil	120	60	55
Telugu	65	40	25
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	8,725	4,175	4,550
Albanian	35	15	20
Armenian	25	15	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,135	475	665
Baltic languages	40	10	25
Latvian	20	10	10
Lithuanian	15	0	15
Slavic languages	1,100	465	635
Belarusian	5	0	5
Bulgarian	30	15	15
Czech	90	30	55
Macedonian	20	10	10
Polish	390	165	230
Russian	290	125	170
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	105	45	55
Bosnian	10	5	10
Croatian	30	15	20
Serbian	45	20	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Slovak	35	10	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	135	60	70
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,360	575	780
Frisian	15	5	5
High German languages	725	310	415
German	690	290	400
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	15	10
Yiddish	5	0	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	510	220	295
Afrikaans	35	15	15
Dutch	460	190	265
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10
Scandinavian languages	105	40	65
Danish	75	30	45
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	25	5	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Greek	290	145	150
Indo-Iranian languages	2,725	1,440	1,280
Indo-Aryan languages	2,085	1,110	970
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	240	130	110
Gujarati	415	230	185
Hindi	335	190	150
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	10
Marathi	25	15	10
Nepali	50	20	30
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	525	270	250
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20
Urdu	425	225	205
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Iranian languages	640	330	310
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	45	30	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	30	15	15
Persian languages	550	280	275
Dari	55	25	35
Iranian Persian	455	235	220
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,135	1,505	1,635
Catalan	10	5	0
Italian	480	240	240
Portuguese	1,460	695	760
Romanian	110	45	70
Spanish	1,075	515	565
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Japanese	85	25	60
Korean	510	235	275
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	215	115	105
Akan (Twi)	30	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	15	10
Shona	15	10	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	45	15	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	20	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	20	15
American Sign Language	35	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,195	1,035	1,160
Chinese languages	2,180	1,025	1,150
Hakka	10	0	5
Mandarin	1,630	770	855
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10
Yue (Cantonese)	445	210	235
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	15	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	10
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	0	5
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	20
Lao	5	0	0
Thai	30	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Turkic languages	195	105	85
Azerbaijani	15	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	170	100	80
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Uralic languages	190	70	120
Estonian	20	5	20
Finnish	50	10	40
Hungarian	120	55	60
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,100	1,420	1,680
English and French	1,055	470	585
English and non-official language(s)	1,690	785	905
French and non-official language(s)	105	50	60
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	50	50
Multiple non-official languages	155	75	80
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	129,830	62,250	67,580
English	111,065	53,280	57,785
French	1,205	590	615
Non-official language	3,460	1,635	1,830
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,460	1,630	1,830
English and French	3,050	1,425	1,625
English and non-official language(s)	9,925	4,785	5,145
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	775	355	420
Multiple non-official languages	275	145	125
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	129,830	62,250	67,580
Single responses	127,310	61,060	66,245
Official languages	120,130	57,595	62,535
English	118,335	56,695	61,635
French	1,800	900	900
Non-official languages	7,180	3,470	3,710
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,170	3,465	3,710
Afro-Asiatic languages	850	415	430
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	30	15	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	815	400	415
Amharic	15	10	5
Arabic	775	385	395
Aramaic languages	5	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	165	75	90
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	20
Vietnamese	130	55	70
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	275	120	155
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0
Ilocano	30	15	15
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	215	95	125
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	5	0	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	305	160	145
Kannada	5	0	0
Malayalam	190	100	95
Tamil	60	30	30
Telugu	50	25	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,615	1,745	1,870
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	20	10	5
Balto-Slavic languages	360	165	190
Baltic languages	10	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	350	165	190
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	5	0
Czech	20	5	15
Macedonian	10	0	5
Polish	105	50	50
Russian	160	70	90
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	20	5	15
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	5	5	5
Serbian	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	5	0	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0
Ukrainian	30	15	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	130	60	65
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	85	35	45
German	75	35	45
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	20	10
Afrikaans	10	5	0
Dutch	25	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10
Danish	10	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	105	45	60
Indo-Iranian languages	1,715	875	840
Indo-Aryan languages	1,280	665	620
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	150	75	70
Gujarati	265	140	125
Hindi	165	85	75
Kacchi	5	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	0	5
Nepali	25	10	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	375	205	170
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10
Urdu	265	130	135
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	430	210	225
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	15	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	10	10
Persian languages	375	185	190
Dari	35	10	25
Iranian Persian	310	160	150
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,280	590	695
Catalan	5	5	0
Italian	105	45	55
Portuguese	635	285	350
Romanian	30	15	15
Spanish	505	235	265
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	10	15
Korean	335	150	185
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	80	35	40
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	25	10	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	25	20
American Sign Language	40	20	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,330	665	665
Chinese languages	1,330	665	665
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,070	545	525
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	205	90	115
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	115	60	55
Azerbaijani	10	0	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	110	55	55
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	25	10	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	5	5
Hungarian	20	10	15
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,525	1,190	1,335
English and French	550	270	285
English and non-official language(s)	1,835	855	980
French and non-official language(s)	35	20	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	15
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	129,830	62,250	67,580
None	117,830	56,485	61,340
English	3,525	1,750	1,775
French	2,130	955	1,175
Non-official language	4,915	2,370	2,545
Indigenous³⁹	40	20	20
Non-Indigenous	4,880	2,355	2,525
English and French	90	40	50
English and non-official language(s)	400	195	200
French and non-official language(s)	430	205	230
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	495	250	250
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	129,115	62,020	67,090
Official languages	128,395	61,720	66,670
English	128,215	61,645	66,570
French	17,510	7,725	9,785
Non-official languages	21,435	10,080	11,355
Indigenous languages³⁹	115	40	70
Algonquian languages	55	15	45
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	0	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	10	15
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	25	10	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	20	15
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	35	20	15
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,335	10,045	11,290
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,035	1,055	975
Berber languages	15	15	0
Kabyle	10	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	40	15	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	35	10	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,005	1,045	960
Amharic	85	40	45
Arabic	1,800	940	865
Aramaic languages	10	10	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	85	35	45
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	55	35	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	375	160	210
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	50	70
Vietnamese	255	110	140
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	820	325	495
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Cebuano	30	0	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	40	10	35
Indonesian	25	10	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	30	10	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	750	295	455
Waray-Waray	10	10	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Creole languages	85	40	45
Haitian Creole	20	15	10
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Dravidian languages	710	325	385
Kannada	35	30	0
Malayalam	350	125	230
Tamil	290	155	140
Telugu	100	55	45
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,475	6,455	7,015
Albanian	45	25	20
Armenian	60	40	20
Balto-Slavic languages	1,520	720	800
Baltic languages	70	25	50
Latvian	40	25	20
Lithuanian	30	0	30
Slavic languages	1,465	700	765
Belarusian	15	0	10
Bulgarian	40	10	30
Czech	165	55	110
Macedonian	10	0	10
Polish	490	225	265
Russian	425	245	180
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	205	105	100
Bosnian	40	20	20
Croatian	65	40	35
Serbian	140	80	60
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	65	35	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	180	105	80
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	70	35	35
Irish	45	25	20
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	30	10	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,490	1,130	1,360
Frisian	25	15	15
High German languages	1,715	800	915
German	1,685	785	905
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	20	20
Yiddish	15	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	675	280	395
Afrikaans	85	45	40
Dutch	575	235	340
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10
Scandinavian languages	175	90	80
Danish	50	10	40
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	75	55	10
Swedish	40	15	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	440	205	235
Indo-Iranian languages	3,795	1,975	1,825
Indo-Aryan languages	2,960	1,525	1,440
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	265	150	120
Gujarati	650	305	345
Hindi	1,495	770	725
Kacchi	20	15	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	0	15
Marathi	75	40	40
Nepali	30	15	15
Oriya languages	15	10	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	745	400	340
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	15	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	20
Urdu	770	410	360
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Iranian languages	895	480	410
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	105	50	60
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	15	20
Persian languages	740	410	330
Dari	40	20	15
Iranian Persian	635	370	265
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	35	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Italic (Romance) languages	5,605	2,590	3,010
Catalan	10	0	0
Italian	1,050	520	530
Portuguese	1,720	850	865
Romanian	90	55	40
Spanish	3,035	1,300	1,725
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Japanese	230	120	110
Korean	575	230	345
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	565	250	315
Akan (Twi)	85	35	60
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	30	10	20
Ganda	15	10	0
Gikuyu	30	10	15
Igbo	40	25	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	40	25
Lingala	35	10	25
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	35	25
Shona	30	10	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0
Swahili	215	95	125
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	85	35	50
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	350	150	200
American Sign Language	300	125	175
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,510	1,155	1,355
Chinese languages	2,465	1,145	1,325
Hakka	10	0	0
Mandarin	1,995	940	1,055
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	10	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20
Yue (Cantonese)	550	245	305
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	15	30
Burmese	15	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	20	10	15
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	35	35
Lao	35	25	10
Thai	60	20	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	255	145	110
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	245	135	110
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	225	70	160
Estonian	45	0	35
Finnish	65	0	60
Hungarian	115	50	65
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	129,115	62,015	67,095
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,470	2,565	2,905
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,225	2,460	2,765
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,335	1,545	1,790
Métis	1,775	855	920
Inuk (Inuit)	115	60	60
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	125	60	65
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	125	55	70
Non-Indigenous identity	123,645	59,450	64,190
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	129,115	62,015	67,095
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,315	600	715
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	127,795	61,415	66,375
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	57,835	...	...
Owner	32,295	...	...
Renter	25,540	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	57,835	...	...
Condominium	3,820	...	...
Not condominium	54,020	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	57,835	...	...
No bedrooms	410	...	...
1 bedroom	8,385	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,385	...	...
3 bedrooms	19,800	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	13,855	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	57,835	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,330	...	...
5 rooms	8,495	...	...
6 rooms	8,295	...	...
7 rooms	6,810	...	...
8 or more rooms	16,905	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	57,835	...	...
One person or fewer per room	57,290	...	...
More than one person per room	550	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	57,835	...	...
Suitable	55,675	...	...
Not suitable	2,155	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	57,835	...	...
1960 or before	12,435	...	...
1961 to 1980	18,065	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,650	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,470	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,360	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,170	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,790	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,900	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	57,835	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	54,055	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,780	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	57,835	...	...
One-maintainer household	30,025	...	...
Two-maintainer household	25,405	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,405	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	57,835	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,520	...	...
25 to 34 years	9,375	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,680	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,435	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,615	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,170	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,680	...	...
85 years and over	2,355	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	57,435	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	43,060	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	14,380	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,860	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	57,835	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,550	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,860	...	...
Not suitable only	1,485	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,485	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	420	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,040	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	195	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...
Acceptable housing	39,290	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	55,915	...	...
In core need	5,830	...	...
Not in core need	50,090	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,200	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,438	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	533,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,535	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	42.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,318	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	129,110	62,020	67,095
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,895	920	970
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,855	920	940
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,525	745	780
Métis single ancestry	320	165	150
Inuit single ancestry	15	0	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	0	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	0	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	6,065	2,895	3,165
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,925	2,850	3,075
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,525	2,130	2,390
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,295	660	640
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	100	60	45
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	145	50	95
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	35	75
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	121,150	58,195	62,950
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	129,110	62,020	67,095
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	121,505	58,395	63,110
Canadian citizens aged under 18	21,565	11,195	10,375
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	99,940	47,205	52,735
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,605	3,620	3,980
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	129,110	62,020	67,095
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	108,280	52,190	56,085
Immigrants⁸¹	17,545	8,155	9,395
Before 1980	6,110	2,760	3,345
1980 to 1990	1,855	865	985
1991 to 2000	2,225	1,090	1,130
2001 to 2010	3,165	1,510	1,660
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,200	1,925	2,275
2011 to 2015	1,580	715	860
2016 to 2021	2,620	1,210	1,415
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,285	1,670	1,610
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	17,545	8,155	9,395
Under 5 years	2,055	995	1,055
5 to 14 years	3,705	1,885	1,820
15 to 24 years	3,225	1,405	1,820
25 to 44 years	7,385	3,380	4,005
45 years and over	1,185	490	700
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	17,545	8,155	9,395
Americas	2,760	1,245	1,510
Brazil	80	30	45
Colombia	130	55	80
El Salvador	140	75	60
Guyana	30	20	15
Haiti	10	0	10
Jamaica	200	100	100
Mexico	155	75	75
Peru	45	10	30
Trinidad and Tobago	160	75	85
United States of America	1,260	535	720
Other places of birth in Americas	550	275	280
Europe	7,105	3,310	3,795
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	10	15
Croatia	25	20	10
France	130	65	70
Germany	665	275	390
Greece	165	90	80
Hungary	75	20	50
Italy	335	205	135
Netherlands	510	250	255
Poland	295	150	150
Portugal	965	520	440
Romania	90	55	40
Russian Federation	95	55	35
Serbia⁸⁶	70	35	35
Ukraine	115	55	60
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,735	1,195	1,540
Other places of birth in Europe	800	325	470
Africa	1,290	635	660
Algeria	20	10	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	30	35
Egypt	300	150	155
Eritrea	20	15	0
Ethiopia	40	15	25
Morocco	25	10	10
Nigeria	130	70	65
Somalia	25	10	15
South Africa, Republic of	140	60	85
Other places of birth in Africa	535	265	265
Asia	6,305	2,920	3,380
Afghanistan	35	15	15
Iran⁸⁸	395	190	210
Iraq	70	40	30
Lebanon	55	25	30
Syria⁸⁹	460	250	210
Turkey	80	45	35
China⁹⁰	1,150	515	635
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	50	65
Korea, South⁹²	260	100	165
Taiwan	80	25	50
Philippines	750	295	460
Viet Nam	135	60	80
Bangladesh	210	110	105
India	1,180	575	605
Pakistan	500	270	235
Sri Lanka	135	55	75
Other places of birth in Asia	680	310	375
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	45	45
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,625	1,210	1,410
Americas	320	170	145
Brazil	30	10	20
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	25	10	15
Mexico	25	10	15
United States of America	180	105	75
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	10
Other places of birth in Americas	40	30	15
Europe	230	120	110
France	35	30	0
Germany	10	0	10
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	15	15	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	15	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	45	25
Other places of birth in Europe	60	20	40
Africa	425	175	250
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	35	25	10
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	90	35	60
Eritrea	15	15	0
Ethiopia	30	10	20
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	70	25	45
Somalia	25	10	15
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	140	55	80
Asia	1,635	740	895
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	45	25	20
China⁹⁰	225	110	120
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	400	185	210
Iran⁸⁸	60	35	25
Iraq	35	15	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	0
Jordan	25	0	25
Korea, South⁹²	30	0	30
Lebanon	25	0	25
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	70	25	40
Philippines	150	45	100
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	400	220	180
Turkey	35	25	15
United Arab Emirates	10	10	0
Viet Nam	15	15	0
Other places of birth in Asia	70	10	55
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	10
Australia	10	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	129,115	62,015	67,090
First generation¹⁰⁰	22,730	10,790	11,940
Second generation¹⁰¹	21,055	10,105	10,950
Third generation or more¹⁰²	85,325	41,125	44,205
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	11,440	5,395	6,050
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	6,550	3,275	3,275
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,610	1,545	1,065
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,945	1,735	2,210
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,110	1,230	1,880
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,725	860	865
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	55	25	30
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	11,440	5,395	6,050
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	415	215	200
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,335	615	710
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	620	305	310
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	795	430	365
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	50	20	30
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	8,235	3,800	4,435
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	129,115	62,015	67,090
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	17,330	8,445	8,880
South Asian	4,430	2,250	2,180
Chinese	3,155	1,440	1,715
Black	2,600	1,315	1,285
Filipino	1,050	420	630
Arab	1,565	840	720
Latin American	1,270	590	680
Southeast Asian	810	370	435
West Asian	735	405	320
Korean	565	230	335
Japanese	270	125	145
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	260	150	110
Multiple visible minorities	615	305	310
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	111,785	53,570	58,210
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	129,110	62,020	67,090
Canadian	20,990	10,325	10,665
English	32,920	15,805	17,115
Irish	33,410	15,480	17,930
Scottish	28,430	13,300	15,130
French, n.o.s.¹²²	14,315	6,660	7,655
German	12,210	5,570	6,640
Chinese	3,155	1,455	1,700
Italian	4,630	2,250	2,375
Indian (India)	2,760	1,395	1,365
Ukrainian	2,780	1,305	1,475
Dutch	6,395	2,985	3,410
Polish	3,550	1,675	1,875
Québécois	460	240	215
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,535	3,065	3,470
Filipino	1,155	480	670
French Canadian	2,655	1,200	1,445
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,995	1,885	2,110
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,545	1,185	1,355
Métis	1,775	880	895
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,680	1,410	1,275
Russian	1,160	545	615
Norwegian	940	420	520
Welsh	3,025	1,365	1,660
Portuguese	2,970	1,550	1,415
American	1,785	875	910
Spanish	1,085	490	595
Swedish	930	450	470
Hungarian	885	425	450
Acadian	725	360	370
Pakistani	680	385	300
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	640	290	345
Jewish	1,070	520	555
Punjabi	160	95	65
Vietnamese	365	180	185
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	860	455	410
Greek	1,055	485	565
Jamaican	475	250	225
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	335	165	170
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	215	115	95
Korean	570	230	350
Romanian	500	275	230
Lebanese	270	145	125
Iranian	660	355	305
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	455	225	230
Danish	875	425	445
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,280	610	670
Sikh	110	45	65
Austrian	690	300	390
Belgian	395	160	235
Haitian	75	30	45
Hindu	250	145	110
Mexican	355	190	165
Mennonite	90	40	50
Swiss	535	295	240
Finnish	780	325	445
Sri Lankan	180	85	95
Croatian	325	145	185
Japanese	345	170	175
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	180	90	90
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	350	185	165
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	640	330	310
Muslim	210	85	125
Egyptian	375	220	155
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	170	95	80
Tamil	85	55	30
Icelandic	240	125	115
Colombian	200	80	120
Moroccan	50	35	10
Czech	500	235	265
Syrian	365	175	190
Guyanese	150	70	80
Afghan	40	20	25
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	235	85	150
Serbian	265	140	130
Ojibway	305	130	170
Newfoundlander	500	230	270
Hong Konger	70	20	45
Ontarian	1,030	470	565
Persian	205	90	115
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	190	115	75
Turkish	205	110	90
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	160	80	85
Bangladeshi	200	115	85
Algerian	15	0	10
Brazilian	220	110	115
Nigerian	145	75	70
Armenian	90	60	30
Slovak	245	125	120
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	385	175	205
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	115	45	70
Iraqi	95	55	45
Salvadorean	185	80	105
African Caribbean	80	45	30
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	130	60	75
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	230	125	105
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	100	50	45
Algonquin	500	250	250
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	115	60	55
Lithuanian	270	120	150
South African	235	135	100
Australian	135	65	70
Palestinian	110	70	40
Chilean	75	25	55
Congolese	40	10	25
Nova Scotian	205	105	95
Ethiopian	50	30	15
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	120	50	70
Peruvian	105	55	55
Yoruba	105	55	55
Cambodian (Khmer)	155	65	90
Berber	20	15	0
Albanian	60	15	45
Maltese	100	35	60
Macedonian	45	10	30
Slovenian	145	65	75
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	210	85	125
New Brunswicker	145	75	65
Gujarati	90	50	45
Eritrean	55	25	25
African Canadian	40	25	20
Israeli	45	20	20
Mohawk	650	305	345
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	80	15	70
Bulgarian	50	10	30
Albertan	15	10	0
Ghanaian	85	30	55
Barbadian	60	20	40
African American	90	45	40
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	125	70	55
Tunisian	25	10	15
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	135	80	55
Cuban	30	20	10
Bosnian	50	10	40
Venezuelan	110	50	65
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	100	70	30
Bengali	80	45	35
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	60	30	30
Indonesian	115	35	75
Laotian	35	25	10
Ilocano	20	15	10
Northern Irish	130	65	60
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	190	80	110
British Columbian	35	15	20
Ecuadorian	25	10	10
Franco Ontarian	140	65	75
Argentinian	30	10	15
Estonian	215	70	140
Kurdish	125	55	75
Fijian	20	15	10
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	90	45	50
Coptic	60	30	35
Thai	95	50	45
Dominican	50	15	30
Nepali	15	10	10
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	35	25	15
Byelorussian	35	15	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	55	15	40
Abenaki	25	10	15
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	115	50	65
New Zealander	80	35	45
Sudanese	20	0	20
Breton	25	0	20
Pennsylvania Dutch	95	20	70
Malaysian	75	45	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	25	10
Huron (Wendat)	50	20	25
Saskatchewanian	90	25	55
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	60	30	30
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	30	10	25
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	15	35
Burundian	65	40	20
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	85	35	45
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	60	40	20
Manitoban	35	15	20
Cape Bretoner	60	30	30
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	15	10	0
Malayali	35	10	25
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	15	0	15
Mayan	25	10	15
Honduran	30	0	25
Cherokee	60	20	40
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10
Indo-Caribbean	25	0	25
Flemish	45	15	30
United Empire Loyalist	170	60	110
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	60	40	15
Sicilian	45	15	25
Pashtun	10	10	0
Malay	20	0	15
Goan	20	10	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	30	15
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	85	45	40
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	25	10	15
Azorean	95	55	40
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	40	20	20
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	20	10	10
Basque	10	0	0
Uruguayan	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	0	15
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	10
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	80	40	40
Maliseet	15	0	15
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	30	25	0
Costa Rican	35	0	30
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	40	15	25
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	30	10	15
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	30	15	10
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	129,115	62,015	67,095
Buddhist	480	175	300
Christian	65,490	29,505	35,990
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,500	3,020	3,480
Anabaptist	40	20	20
Anglican	8,600	3,655	4,940
Baptist	1,285	530	755
Catholic	30,385	14,125	16,260
Christian Orthodox	1,155	550	605
Jehovah's Witness	285	95	185
Latter Day Saints	215	140	80
Lutheran	645	250	390
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	875	390	480
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	885	400	485
Presbyterian	1,755	740	1,015
Reformed	300	105	195
United Church	8,575	3,700	4,870
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,985	1,775	2,210
Hindu	1,670	895	775
Jewish	875	395	475
Muslim	3,375	1,745	1,630
Sikh	495	245	250
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	65	35	35
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,310	475	835
No religion and secular perspectives	55,355	28,560	26,795
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	128,055	61,490	66,565
Non-movers	107,580	51,705	55,880
Movers	20,475	9,790	10,680
Non-migrants	12,305	5,855	6,445
Migrants	8,170	3,930	4,235
Internal migrants	7,040	3,375	3,665
Intraprovincial migrants	5,710	2,745	2,965
Interprovincial migrants	1,335	635	695
External migrants	1,130	555	575
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	123,330	58,995	64,340
Non-movers	67,025	31,970	35,055
Movers	56,305	27,015	29,290
Non-migrants	25,250	12,220	13,030
Migrants	31,055	14,800	16,255
Internal migrants	25,600	12,125	13,475
Intraprovincial migrants	20,730	9,660	11,070
Interprovincial migrants	4,870	2,465	2,405
External migrants	5,455	2,675	2,785
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,400	52,440	57,955
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,325	7,710	6,615
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	96,075	44,735	51,340
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,120	32,185	34,930
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,730	2,795	1,935
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	62,390	29,390	32,995
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,400	52,445	57,955
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,020	6,885	6,145
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	31,590	16,065	15,525
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	65,785	29,495	36,295
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,915	14,150	17,765
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,865	3,430	1,435
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,495	1,485	1,010
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,365	1,945	425
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,200	9,945	15,250
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,855	775	1,080
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,875	15,350	18,525
Bachelor's degree	19,525	8,185	11,340
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,420	575	845
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,450	780	670
Master's degree	8,420	3,880	4,540
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,055	1,925	1,135
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,120	32,190	34,930
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,165	2,460	1,710
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,290	9,095	7,200
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,660	20,635	26,020
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,120	9,940	12,185
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,940	2,100	835
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,545	960	585
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,395	1,140	250
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,045	7,335	10,710
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,140	500	635
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,540	10,695	13,840
Bachelor's degree	13,775	5,680	8,100
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,020	400	620
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,110	515	600
Master's degree	6,455	2,835	3,615
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,175	1,265	910
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	110,400	52,445	57,955
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	44,615	22,945	21,665
Education	4,205	1,225	2,985
13. Education	4,205	1,225	2,985
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,200	855	1,345
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	120	55
50. Visual and performing arts	2,025	735	1,290
Humanities	4,250	1,730	2,525
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	340	45	300
23. English language and literature/letters	1,075	355	725
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	860	355	505
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	155	75	85
38. Philosophy and religious studies	390	210	185
39. Theology and religious vocations	370	230	145
54. History	895	445	450
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155	20	135
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,610	3,220	6,385
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	210	60	160
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	780	325	450
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,710	190	1,520
22. Legal professions and studies	1,135	315	820
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	550	155	395
42. Psychology	1,905	610	1,300
45. Social sciences	3,310	1,560	1,750
Business, management and public administration	10,290	4,060	6,230
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,420	340	1,080
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,860	3,715	5,145
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,120	2,135	1,985
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,260	1,055	1,200
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	450	165	285
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	15	50
40. Physical sciences	1,195	840	360
41. Science technologies/technicians	145	55	90
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,695	1,760	935
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,935	1,380	555
25. Library science	195	45	150
27. Mathematics and statistics	485	275	210
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	60	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,985	8,825	1,165
04. Architecture and related services	440	270	170
14. Engineering	3,395	2,715	675
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,520	2,295	230
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,850	1,820	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,280	1,255	25
48. Precision production	490	465	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,055	460	590
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	685	265	420
03. Natural resources and conservation	370	195	175
Health and related fields	13,190	3,020	10,170
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,020	535	490
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,565	2,135	9,430
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	10	35
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	560	345	210
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,160	2,205	1,955
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,060	655	1,400
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	215	190	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	85	10
43. Security and protective services	1,455	945	505
49. Transportation and materials moving	340	325	20
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	67,115	32,190	34,930
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,460	11,555	8,905
Education	2,565	725	1,835
13. Education	2,565	725	1,835
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,655	615	1,035
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	110	60	50
50. Visual and performing arts	1,545	560	985
Humanities	2,715	1,130	1,580
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	210	20	190
23. English language and literature/letters	660	245	425
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	595	265	330
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	95	45	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	255	145	110
39. Theology and religious vocations	185	110	80
54. History	615	310	305
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	90	0	85
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,090	2,250	4,840
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	45	115
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	665	275	395
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,270	150	1,125
22. Legal professions and studies	875	190	685
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	455	120	335
42. Psychology	1,360	415	950
45. Social sciences	2,300	1,060	1,240
Business, management and public administration	7,530	2,925	4,600
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,095	235	855
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,435	2,690	3,745
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,920	1,475	1,445
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,680	775	905
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	335	140	190
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	15	40
40. Physical sciences	790	525	255
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	15	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,095	1,385	710
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,620	1,160	460
25. Library science	135	35	100
27. Mathematics and statistics	280	145	130
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	40	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,925	5,950	970
04. Architecture and related services	325	185	140
14. Engineering	2,480	1,890	590
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,705	1,525	175
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,265	1,235	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	845	840	10
48. Precision production	305	285	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	780	315	465
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	490	165	330
03. Natural resources and conservation	290	150	140
Health and related fields	9,295	2,165	7,130
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	725	365	360
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,145	1,580	6,560
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	35
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	390	210	170
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,085	1,695	1,390
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,490	530	960
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	160	140	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	70	65	0
43. Security and protective services	1,140	740	395
49. Transportation and materials moving	230	220	10
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	67,115	32,190	34,930
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,460	11,555	8,905
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	46,660	20,635	26,025
Location of study inside Canada	40,780	17,990	22,795
Same as province or territory of residence	35,930	15,835	20,100
Different than province or territory of residence	4,845	2,155	2,690
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	5,880	2,645	3,230
Americas	1,605	750	855
United States of America	1,195	585	605
Mexico	90	25	70
Cuba	15	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	0	10
Brazil	125	45	75
Colombia	45	20	20
Peru	15	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	15
Other locations of study in Americas	80	40	40
Europe	1,330	675	650
Belgium	20	0	15
France	70	35	30
Germany	80	40	40
Netherlands	20	15	0
Switzerland	15	10	0
Hungary	15	0	10
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	45	25	20
Romania	25	15	10
Russian Federation	40	10	25
Ukraine	35	15	25
Ireland⁹⁶	120	35	80
United Kingdom⁸⁷	660	355	305
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	25	20	0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10
Other locations of study in Europe	150	80	70
Africa	375	160	210
Nigeria	35	20	20
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	15	10	0
Tunisia	10	0	10
Egypt	130	60	60
South Africa, Republic of	50	20	30
Other locations of study in Africa	135	50	85
Asia	2,400	990	1,410
Iran⁸⁸	215	110	105
Iraq	20	10	0
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	35	20	15
Syria⁸⁹	60	35	20
Turkey	45	10	35
China⁹⁰	325	125	195
Taiwan	15	0	15
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
Japan	40	0	35
Korea, South⁹²	145	45	100
Philippines	280	70	215
Viet Nam	15	0	10
Bangladesh	55	25	25
Sri Lanka	35	15	25
India	765	340	425
Pakistan	150	55	90
Other locations of study in Asia	195	110	90
Oceania	170	70	105
Australia	145	60	85
New Zealand	20	10	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	110,400	52,445	57,955
In the labour force	66,980	33,375	33,610
Employed	58,165	29,375	28,795
Unemployed	8,815	4,000	4,815
Not in the labour force	43,420	19,070	24,350
Participation rate	60.7	63.6	58.0
Employment rate	52.7	56.0	49.7
Unemployment rate	13.2	12.0	14.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	110,400	52,445	57,955
Did not work¹⁸⁶	42,990	18,945	24,045
Worked	67,410	33,505	33,910
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	35,335	18,930	16,400
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,080	14,570	17,505
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.6	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	66,980	33,375	33,605
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,870	915	955
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	65,115	32,465	32,650
Employee	57,375	28,020	29,355
Permanent position	45,625	22,380	23,245
Temporary position	11,750	5,645	6,110
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,670	2,270	2,400
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,075	3,375	3,705
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,740	4,440	3,300
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	66,980	33,375	33,605
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,870	915	955
All occupations¹⁹¹	65,115	32,465	32,650
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	670	445	225
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,380	2,920	6,465
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,755	3,630	1,120
3 Health occupations	7,860	1,945	5,915
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	13,005	5,665	7,340
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,915	845	1,070
6 Sales and service occupations	17,430	8,000	9,430
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,910	7,250	665
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	780	600	185
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,405	1,160	250
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	66,980	33,375	33,605
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,870	915	955
All industries¹⁹¹	65,115	32,465	32,650
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	430	255	175
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	85	75	10
22 Utilities	345	265	75
23 Construction	3,765	3,360	405
31-33 Manufacturing	2,645	2,040	610
41 Wholesale trade	1,095	800	295
44-45 Retail trade	7,655	3,620	4,035
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,915	1,485	425
51 Information and cultural industries	805	415	390
52 Finance and insurance	1,870	845	1,025
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,320	740	570
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,810	2,290	1,515
55 Management of companies and enterprises	55	20	35
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,600	1,525	1,075
61 Educational services	8,855	3,490	5,365
62 Health care and social assistance	11,520	2,665	8,855
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,160	595	565
72 Accommodation and food services	5,200	2,530	2,670
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,290	975	1,310
91 Public administration	7,710	4,470	3,235
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	72,660	36,025	36,640
English	68,740	34,275	34,460
French	375	105	270
Non-official language	155	60	95
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	155	60	95
English and French	2,565	1,175	1,390
English and non-official language(s)	745	355	385
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	55	40
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	72,660	36,025	36,640
Single responses	72,285	35,860	36,420
Official languages	72,000	35,760	36,235
English	71,340	35,590	35,755
French	655	175	480
Non-official languages	290	100	190
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	275	100	175
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	0	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	25	0	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	25	0	25
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	120	60	65
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	15	0	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	15	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	30	20	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	10	0
German	10	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	15	20
Indo-Aryan languages	30	10	15
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	15	20
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	15	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	20	0	20
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	35	10	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	10
American Sign Language	10	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	70	25	45
Chinese languages	70	25	45
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	50	20	30
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	0	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	375	160	215
English and French	275	110	165
English and non-official language(s)	90	45	45
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	72,660	36,025	36,640
None	69,625	34,585	35,040
English	410	105	305
French	2,020	1,010	1,015
Non-official language	505	280	235
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	10
Non-Indigenous	490	265	225
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	70	40	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	15
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	58,165	29,375	28,795
Worked at home	14,865	6,810	8,060
Worked outside Canada	170	130	40
No fixed workplace address	5,820	4,175	1,650
Usual place of work	37,305	18,260	19,045
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	37,305	18,260	19,045
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	33,320	15,830	17,490
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	360	235	125
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,470	2,100	1,370
Commute to a different province or territory	155	100	55
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	43,130	22,435	20,695
Car, truck or van	35,135	18,825	16,310
Car, truck or van - as a driver	31,705	17,455	14,250
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,420	1,365	2,060
Public transit	2,680	1,080	1,600
Walked	3,665	1,715	1,955
Bicycle	660	400	260
Other method	990	415	575
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	43,130	22,435	20,695
Less than 15 minutes	18,470	9,395	9,075
15 to 29 minutes	18,150	9,085	9,070
30 to 44 minutes	4,220	2,460	1,755
45 to 59 minutes	1,085	655	435
60 minutes and over	1,205	840	365
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	43,130	22,435	20,695
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,755	1,135	620
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,410	4,355	3,050
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,075	6,525	5,550
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,930	4,435	5,495
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,580	2,700	2,880
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,380	3,285	3,095
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,965	11,805	11,160
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,305	1,705	1,600
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,655	10,105	9,555
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,735	8,575	8,160
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,465	1,275	1,190
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,580	810	770
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	885	470	425
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,270	7,295	6,970

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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