Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Pickering, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	99,186	...	...
Population, 2016¹	91,771	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	34,327	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	33,425	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	429.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	231.10	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	99,185	48,095	51,090
0 to 14 years	16,405	8,275	8,125
0 to 4 years	5,275	2,625	2,650
5 to 9 years	5,510	2,780	2,735
10 to 14 years	5,615	2,870	2,740
15 to 64 years	66,350	32,345	34,010
15 to 19 years	5,915	3,025	2,895
20 to 24 years	6,275	3,245	3,025
25 to 29 years	6,430	3,340	3,090
30 to 34 years	6,820	3,365	3,450
35 to 39 years	6,955	3,305	3,650
40 to 44 years	6,235	2,950	3,280
45 to 49 years	6,100	2,910	3,190
50 to 54 years	6,750	3,125	3,620
55 to 59 years	7,885	3,725	4,160
60 to 64 years	6,985	3,345	3,645
65 years and over	16,435	7,480	8,955
65 to 69 years	5,535	2,615	2,920
70 to 74 years	4,395	2,080	2,315
75 to 79 years	2,785	1,295	1,490
80 to 84 years	1,865	810	1,055
85 years and over	1,855	675	1,180
85 to 89 years	1,150	440	710
90 to 94 years	555	195	360
95 to 99 years	135	40	95
100 years and over	20	0	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.5	17.2	15.9
15 to 64 years	66.9	67.3	66.6
65 years and over	16.6	15.6	17.5
85 years and over	1.9	1.4	2.3
Average age of the population	40.9	39.9	41.8
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	33,425	...	...
Single-detached house	19,915	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,510	...	...
Row house	4,980	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,825	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,105	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,060	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	20	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	33,425	...	...
1 person	5,740	...	...
2 persons	9,715	...	...
3 persons	6,445	...	...
4 persons	6,805	...	...
5 or more persons	4,720	...	...
Number of persons in private households	98,585	47,880	50,700
Average household size	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	82,785	39,820	42,965
Married or living common-law	48,125	24,030	24,095
Married	42,865	21,395	21,470
Living common-law	5,265	2,635	2,625
Living common law - Never married	3,580	1,790	1,790
Living common law - Separated	255	150	100
Living common law - Divorced	1,270	625	645
Living common law - Widowed	155	70	90
Not married and not living common-law	34,655	15,790	18,865
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,345	12,800	11,545
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,040	775	1,260
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,130	1,365	2,770
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,140	855	3,290
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,790	...	...
2 persons	12,025	...	...
3 persons	7,045	...	...
4 persons	6,960	...	...
5 or more persons	2,760	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,795	...	...
Total couple families	23,505	...	...
Married couples	20,870	...	...
With children⁶	13,425	...	...
Without children	7,450	...	...
Common-law couples	2,630	...	...
With children⁶	1,110	...	...
Without children	1,520	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,290	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,240	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,055	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	98,585	47,880	50,700
Total - Persons in census families	87,675	43,265	44,410
Married spouses or common-law partners	47,005	23,485	23,515
Parents in one-parent families	5,290	1,055	4,235
Children⁶	35,380	18,725	16,655
In a two-parent family	26,980	14,160	12,825
In a one-parent family	8,400	4,565	3,830
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	10,910	4,615	6,295
Living alone	5,740	2,360	3,375
Living with other relatives⁷	3,205	1,125	2,080
Living with non-relatives only	1,960	1,125	835
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	33,425	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,545	...	...
Couple-family households	18,995	...	...
With children⁶	11,850	...	...
Without children	7,145	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,550	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,530	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	455	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,365	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	790	...	...
One-person households	5,740	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	82,195	39,615	42,580
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,640	37,775	40,865
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,000	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,670	37,790	40,880
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	44,000	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,960	34,620	36,340
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	47,600	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	59,260	29,785	29,475
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,800	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,795	33,580	37,215
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	6,280	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,365	3,045	4,325
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,880	5,640	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,745	12,115	12,625
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	9,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	82,195	39,610	42,585
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,595	37,775	40,820
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,050	67,500	53,150
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,610	37,785	40,825
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,040	53,950	44,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,855	34,465	36,390
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,250	65,000	47,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	59,260	29,720	29,540
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,000	62,800	49,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,675	33,520	37,155
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,380	9,190	11,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,290	2,965	4,330
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,140	6,320	7,700
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,580	11,985	12,600
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,750	9,830	9,660
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	82,195	39,615	42,585
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,350	15,575	13,775
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,500	78,000	69,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	85,600	91,800	78,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,195	10,070	11,120
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	19,200	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,600	35,720	26,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	88.0	80.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	73.2	67.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.6	12.1	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.7	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.9	6.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.1	4.6	5.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	82,195	39,620	42,575
Without total income	3,555	1,840	1,710
With total income	78,640	37,775	40,865
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,730	2,925	3,810
$10,000 to $19,999	8,535	3,800	4,735
$20,000 to $29,999	11,320	4,965	6,350
$30,000 to $39,999	8,665	3,700	4,965
$40,000 to $49,999	7,705	3,460	4,240
$50,000 to $59,999	6,670	3,025	3,640
$60,000 to $69,999	5,635	2,670	2,960
$70,000 to $79,999	4,765	2,370	2,390
$80,000 to $89,999	4,005	2,125	1,880
$90,000 to $99,999	3,300	1,805	1,495
$100,000 and over	11,325	6,930	4,395
$100,000 to $149,999	7,690	4,415	3,275
$150,000 and over	3,640	2,515	1,120
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	82,195	39,620	42,575
Without after-tax income	3,525	1,830	1,695
With after-tax income	78,665	37,785	40,885
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,040	3,020	4,025
$10,000 to $19,999	8,990	4,010	4,985
$20,000 to $29,999	12,640	5,585	7,050
$30,000 to $39,999	10,175	4,475	5,700
$40,000 to $49,999	9,190	4,195	4,995
$50,000 to $59,999	7,725	3,650	4,075
$60,000 to $69,999	6,095	3,040	3,055
$70,000 to $79,999	4,825	2,650	2,170
$80,000 to $89,999	3,940	2,025	1,920
$90,000 to $99,999	2,380	1,340	1,040
$100,000 and over	5,670	3,800	1,875
$100,000 to $124,999	2,975	1,910	1,065
$125,000 and over	2,700	1,890	815
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	82,195	39,620	42,575
Without employment income	22,935	9,830	13,100
With employment income	59,260	29,785	29,475
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,970	4,280	4,695
$5,000 to $9,999	4,905	2,275	2,635
$10,000 to $19,999	5,890	2,725	3,165
$20,000 to $29,999	4,295	1,915	2,380
$30,000 to $39,999	4,110	1,975	2,130
$40,000 to $49,999	4,325	1,985	2,340
$50,000 to $59,999	4,315	1,980	2,330
$60,000 to $69,999	4,035	1,975	2,055
$70,000 to $79,999	3,500	1,760	1,740
$80,000 to $89,999	3,090	1,725	1,370
$90,000 to $99,999	2,755	1,430	1,320
$100,000 and over	9,070	5,750	3,325
$100,000 to $124,999	4,220	2,415	1,805
$125,000 and over	4,850	3,330	1,515
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	82,195	39,615	42,580
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,915	36,880	40,035
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	49,200	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,950	36,880	40,065
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,200	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,230	34,290	35,935
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	48,800	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,415	29,860	29,555
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	49,600	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,450	31,505	34,945
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,640	820	3,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,015	1,850	3,165
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,160	5,520	6,700
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	82,195	39,610	42,585
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,040	36,990	40,055
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,450	65,400	50,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,090	36,995	40,095
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,720	51,900	41,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,205	34,235	35,965
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,900	65,900	48,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,285	29,850	29,435
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,300	64,300	50,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,255	31,350	34,905
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,510	5,200	7,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,845	1,825	3,020
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,120	6,650	9,000
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	82,195	39,615	42,585
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,130	15,440	13,690
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	75,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,400	89,400	74,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	19,945	9,565	10,380
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	26,800	23,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,160	44,240	32,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	93.2	86.6
Employment income (%)	76.8	79.4	73.6
Government transfers (%)	9.7	6.7	13.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	33,425	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	5,740	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,685	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	33,425	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	141,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	5,745	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	66,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,350	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,685	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	156,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	33,425	...	...
Under $5,000	205	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	80	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	165	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	225	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	515	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	565	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	600	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	645	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	725	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	765	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,625	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,755	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,920	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,785	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,885	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,980	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,355	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,890	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,510	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,225	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	33,425	...	...
Under $5,000	245	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	170	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	245	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	555	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	655	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	680	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	765	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	845	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	920	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,055	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,250	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,325	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,295	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,235	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,100	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,105	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,005	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,985	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,300	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,340	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,570	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,495	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	7,705	3,490	4,215
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,800	52,000	46,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	45,200	41,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,315	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	155,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,415	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	139,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,630	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,400	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	101,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	7,700	3,445	4,255
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	61,250	66,800	56,750
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,280	53,250	47,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	98,585	47,880	50,700
0 to 17 years	19,880	10,030	9,850
0 to 5 years	6,405	3,195	3,210
18 to 64 years	62,775	30,525	32,245
65 years and over	15,935	7,325	8,605
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	5,215	2,420	2,800
0 to 17 years	1,370	705	665
0 to 5 years	460	235	225
18 to 64 years	2,830	1,360	1,470
65 years and over	1,015	355	660
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.3	5.1	5.5
0 to 17 years (%)	6.9	7.0	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	7.2	7.3	7.1
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5	4.5	4.6
65 years and over (%)	6.4	4.8	7.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	98,580	47,880	50,700
0 to 17 years	19,880	10,030	9,845
0 to 5 years	6,405	3,195	3,210
18 to 64 years	62,775	30,525	32,245
65 years and over	15,930	7,325	8,610
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,870	1,435	1,435
0 to 17 years	660	325	335
0 to 5 years	230	110	120
18 to 64 years	1,885	980	900
65 years and over	330	130	200
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.9	3.0	2.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3	3.2	3.4
0 to 5 years (%)	3.6	3.4	3.8
18 to 64 years (%)	3.0	3.2	2.8
65 years and over (%)	2.1	1.8	2.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	98,585	47,880	50,700
In bottom half of the distribution	34,130	16,105	18,030
In bottom decile	4,545	2,180	2,360
In second decile	5,990	2,715	3,275
In third decile	7,070	3,285	3,785
In fourth decile	7,705	3,635	4,070
In fifth decile	8,815	4,290	4,525
In top half of the distribution	64,450	31,775	32,675
In sixth decile	9,720	4,770	4,945
In seventh decile	11,255	5,455	5,800
In eighth decile	13,125	6,430	6,695
In ninth decile	14,760	7,255	7,500
In top decile	15,590	7,865	7,730
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	98,580	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.314	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.413	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.271	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	98,760	47,930	50,825
English only	90,255	44,455	45,800
French only	60	20	45
English and French	7,130	2,980	4,145
Neither English nor French	1,315	475	840
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	98,760	47,930	50,825
English	95,855	46,755	49,100
French	1,115	490	625
English and French	500	225	275
Neither English nor French	1,285	465	825
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	98,760	47,930	50,825
Single responses	93,590	45,480	48,105
Official languages	69,415	33,970	35,445
English	68,335	33,495	34,845
French	1,080	475	600
Non-official languages	24,170	11,510	12,660
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,175	11,510	12,660
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,460	750	715
Berber languages	5	5	0
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	0	5
Cushitic languages	65	30	35
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	60	25	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,375	705	670
Amharic	90	40	45
Arabic	1,205	635	580
Aramaic languages	15	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	5
Harari	5	5	5
Hebrew	10	10	0
Maltese	20	10	15
Tigrigna	25	10	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	160	70	90
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5
Vietnamese	145	65	85
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,020	805	1,215
Bikol	5	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Cebuano	55	25	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	5	20
Ilocano	80	25	50
Indonesian	50	20	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10
Pangasinan	5	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,750	700	1,050
Waray-Waray	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Creole languages	100	45	55
Haitian Creole	15	5	10
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	5	0	0
Morisyen	15	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Dravidian languages	3,420	1,675	1,745
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	280	140	135
Tamil	2,985	1,450	1,535
Telugu	135	75	65
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	14,360	7,000	7,360
Albanian	75	35	45
Armenian	235	120	110
Balto-Slavic languages	1,560	725	830
Baltic languages	40	15	25
Latvian	35	10	20
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	1,520	715	805
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	25	30
Czech	65	25	35
Macedonian	450	220	230
Polish	430	195	235
Russian	200	95	105
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	165	85	85
Bosnian	20	5	15
Croatian	80	40	35
Serbian	70	40	35
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	25	10	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20
Ukrainian	85	40	45
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	720	335	390
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	530	235	295
German	525	235	295
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	160	90	70
Afrikaans	10	5	5
Dutch	140	75	65
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	10	0	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	615	300	310
Indo-Iranian languages	8,135	4,035	4,100
Indo-Aryan languages	6,485	3,220	3,265
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	720	340	375
Gujarati	1,005	490	515
Hindi	655	325	325
Kacchi	110	55	55
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	20	5	10
Marathi	65	30	35
Nepali	10	10	10
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	645	335	315
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	170	80	90
Urdu	3,045	1,525	1,520
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Iranian languages	1,650	815	835
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	40	20	20
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	245	120	125
Persian languages	1,360	670	690
Dari	905	440	465
Iranian Persian	295	145	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	80	80
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,015	1,445	1,570
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,025	525	505
Portuguese	470	225	240
Romanian	405	180	220
Spanish	1,115	515	600
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	55	20	35
Korean	225	105	120
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	210	95	115
Akan (Twi)	35	20	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	0	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	20	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	5	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	5	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	5
Yoruba	40	15	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	5
American Sign Language	15	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,745	755	985
Chinese languages	1,720	750	970
Hakka	50	20	25
Mandarin	815	355	460
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	10	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10
Yue (Cantonese)	795	350	440
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	5	15
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	5	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10
Lao	0	0	5
Thai	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	95	45	55
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	80	35	45
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	285	130	160
Estonian	30	15	15
Finnish	45	25	25
Hungarian	210	95	120
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,175	2,450	2,720
English and French	415	185	235
English and non-official language(s)	4,205	2,020	2,180
French and non-official language(s)	80	35	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	45	60
Multiple non-official languages	360	165	195
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	98,760	47,930	50,825
English	70,730	34,645	36,090
French	255	120	135
Non-official language	5,420	2,505	2,910
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,420	2,505	2,910
English and French	1,110	455	660
English and non-official language(s)	20,030	9,685	10,345
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	30
English, French and non-official language(s)	660	280	385
Multiple non-official languages	510	235	275
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	98,760	47,930	50,825
Single responses	93,485	45,430	48,055
Official languages	81,340	39,595	41,750
English	80,970	39,420	41,550
French	370	175	195
Non-official languages	12,145	5,840	6,305
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,145	5,840	6,305
Afro-Asiatic languages	685	330	355
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	5
Cushitic languages	35	20	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	35	20	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	650	310	340
Amharic	30	10	15
Arabic	590	285	305
Aramaic languages	10	0	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	5	5	5
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	20	10	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	60	25	35
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	55	25	35
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	845	375	470
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	25	15	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	5	20
Ilocano	35	15	25
Indonesian	30	15	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	725	325	400
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	55	25	30
Haitian Creole	10	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	2,210	1,070	1,135
Kannada	15	5	10
Malayalam	150	80	75
Tamil	1,955	940	1,015
Telugu	80	40	40
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,845	3,330	3,510
Albanian	35	15	15
Armenian	130	70	60
Balto-Slavic languages	525	255	265
Baltic languages	5	0	5
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	525	255	265
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	5	15
Czech	10	10	5
Macedonian	155	75	85
Polish	170	85	85
Russian	105	50	55
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	35	20	15
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	20	10	5
Serbian	15	10	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	15	10	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	10	5	5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	45	15	25
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	40	20	20
German	40	20	20
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0
Afrikaans	5	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	175	80	95
Indo-Iranian languages	4,930	2,415	2,515
Indo-Aryan languages	3,920	1,935	1,990
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	445	210	235
Gujarati	595	285	310
Hindi	370	185	190
Kacchi	35	10	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	45	25	25
Nepali	5	5	5
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	375	195	180
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	40	35
Urdu	1,960	975	985
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,005	485	520
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	150	70	80
Persian languages	845	410	435
Dari	535	260	280
Iranian Persian	165	80	85
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	140	70	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,005	475	535
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	180	70	105
Portuguese	130	65	60
Romanian	180	80	105
Spanish	515	255	260
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	15	5	15
Korean	130	60	70
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	50	20	30
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	10
American Sign Language	25	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,055	505	545
Chinese languages	1,050	505	545
Hakka	15	10	5
Mandarin	595	290	300
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5
Yue (Cantonese)	415	200	220
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	65	25	35
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	50	20	30
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	95	45	55
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	5	5
Hungarian	85	35	45
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,275	2,500	2,770
English and French	245	90	150
English and non-official language(s)	4,855	2,330	2,525
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	25	40
Multiple non-official languages	80	35	40
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	98,760	47,930	50,830
None	80,735	39,310	41,430
English	5,465	2,710	2,755
French	935	385	550
Non-official language	9,225	4,370	4,850
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	9,220	4,370	4,850
English and French	75	30	40
English and non-official language(s)	850	445	405
French and non-official language(s)	350	150	200
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	5
Multiple non-official languages	1,120	530	590
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	98,585	47,880	50,700
Official languages	97,265	47,385	49,880
English	97,220	47,375	49,845
French	7,160	2,925	4,230
Non-official languages	34,680	16,520	18,155
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,680	16,520	18,155
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,360	1,230	1,130
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	35	10	25
Hausa	35	10	25
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	65	35	35
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	10	10
Somali	45	20	25
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,275	1,195	1,080
Amharic	190	75	110
Arabic	2,010	1,080	930
Aramaic languages	25	15	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	30	10	20
Hebrew	45	30	20
Maltese	10	10	0
Tigrigna	45	25	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	215	75	135
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	15
Vietnamese	195	70	125
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,745	1,075	1,665
Bikol	25	15	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Cebuano	115	55	60
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	50	20	30
Ilocano	150	40	110
Indonesian	60	20	35
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	40	25	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	10	0
Pangasinan	15	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,590	995	1,595
Waray-Waray	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Creole languages	435	185	245
Haitian Creole	30	15	20
Jamaican English Creole	55	30	30
Krio	15	10	0
Morisyen	65	20	40
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	205	90	110
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	25	40
Dravidian languages	4,880	2,395	2,480
Kannada	55	30	30
Malayalam	345	180	165
Tamil	4,320	2,100	2,225
Telugu	305	165	145
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	21,690	10,545	11,145
Albanian	125	55	60
Armenian	385	175	215
Balto-Slavic languages	2,095	940	1,160
Baltic languages	50	20	30
Latvian	50	20	30
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	2,045	920	1,125
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	80	40	35
Czech	90	45	50
Macedonian	755	340	410
Polish	570	240	330
Russian	335	135	200
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	220	115	105
Bosnian	10	0	10
Croatian	125	65	60
Serbian	110	60	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Slovak	45	25	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	30	35
Ukrainian	95	45	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	20	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0
Welsh	20	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,195	540	655
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	835	390	440
German	825	385	440
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	130	180
Afrikaans	55	15	40
Dutch	255	120	140
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	95	30	55
Danish	30	20	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	20	0	15
Swedish	50	10	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	955	405	555
Indo-Iranian languages	12,660	6,450	6,210
Indo-Aryan languages	10,925	5,600	5,325
Assamese	15	0	10
Bengali	1,295	675	625
Gujarati	1,575	785	790
Hindi	3,655	1,855	1,800
Kacchi	145	65	85
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	95	50	40
Marathi	180	115	60
Nepali	10	0	0
Oriya languages	15	0	10
Odia	15	0	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,645	870	765
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	65	40	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	505	260	245
Urdu	5,385	2,770	2,615
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Iranian languages	1,950	970	975
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	240	130	110
Persian languages	1,800	885	915
Dari	1,100	555	555
Iranian Persian	425	190	235
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	290	150	140
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Italic (Romance) languages	4,735	2,175	2,565
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,765	835	925
Portuguese	650	315	340
Romanian	500	215	285
Spanish	1,980	875	1,100
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	140	75	65
Korean	365	160	205
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	545	255	290
Akan (Twi)	80	35	45
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	0	15
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	15	10	10
Igbo	35	20	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	40	20	20
Luba-Kasai	15	0	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	55	30	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	175	95	85
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	95	55	40
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	100	60	40
American Sign Language	80	50	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,230	1,040	1,190
Chinese languages	2,210	1,035	1,180
Hakka	55	30	25
Mandarin	1,230	540	690
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	35	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,130	530	600
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	0	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	0	20
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	35	0	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	205	95	110
Azerbaijani	15	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	135	75	65
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	300	160	140
Estonian	10	0	0
Finnish	45	35	10
Hungarian	250	125	120
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	98,585	47,885	50,705
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,065	530	535
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,010	510	505
First Nations (North American Indian)	450	235	220
Métis	540	270	270
Inuk (Inuit)	15	0	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	15
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	15	15
Non-Indigenous identity	97,515	47,350	50,165
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	98,585	47,885	50,705
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	245	130	110
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	98,335	47,750	50,585
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	33,425	...	...
Owner	28,470	...	...
Renter	4,960	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	33,425	...	...
Condominium	5,865	...	...
Not condominium	27,560	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	33,425	...	...
No bedrooms	70	...	...
1 bedroom	1,685	...	...
2 bedrooms	3,765	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,820	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,085	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	33,425	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	4,890	...	...
5 rooms	4,320	...	...
6 rooms	5,280	...	...
7 rooms	5,255	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,680	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	33,425	...	...
One person or fewer per room	32,675	...	...
More than one person per room	745	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	33,425	...	...
Suitable	31,650	...	...
Not suitable	1,775	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	33,425	...	...
1960 or before	2,070	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,350	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,955	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,540	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,680	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,315	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,675	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,845	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	33,425	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	32,220	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,205	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	33,425	...	...
One-maintainer household	13,785	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,260	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,380	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	33,425	...	...
15 to 24 years	200	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,400	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,045	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,745	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,100	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,375	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,615	...	...
85 years and over	950	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	33,270	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,240	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	8,030	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,355	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	33,425	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	10,220	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,355	...	...
Not suitable only	1,400	...	...
Major repairs needed only	705	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	260	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	380	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...
Acceptable housing	23,205	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	32,590	...	...
In core need	3,330	...	...
Not in core need	29,265	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,435	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,980	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,052	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	880,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	929,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	4,950	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,730	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	98,580	47,880	50,700
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	185	110	70
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	175	110	70
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	110	65	45
Métis single ancestry	65	45	20
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,245	610	640
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,195	580	610
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	785	370	410
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	400	205	195
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	55	30	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	30	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	97,150	47,160	49,990
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	98,580	47,880	50,700
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	92,515	45,020	47,500
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,165	9,650	9,515
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	73,345	35,365	37,985
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	6,065	2,865	3,205
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	98,580	47,880	50,700
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	61,835	30,795	31,040
Immigrants⁸¹	35,780	16,565	19,220
Before 1980	8,955	3,970	4,995
1980 to 1990	4,805	2,210	2,585
1991 to 2000	8,480	3,935	4,540
2001 to 2010	7,830	3,785	4,045
2011 to 2021⁸²	5,710	2,660	3,050
2011 to 2015	2,895	1,325	1,565
2016 to 2021	2,815	1,335	1,480
Non-permanent residents⁸³	965	525	435
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	35,780	16,560	19,220
Under 5 years	3,360	1,640	1,720
5 to 14 years	7,280	3,615	3,670
15 to 24 years	7,995	3,430	4,560
25 to 44 years	14,640	6,755	7,880
45 years and over	2,520	1,120	1,395
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	35,780	16,560	19,220
Americas	8,855	3,770	5,090
Brazil	70	25	40
Colombia	125	50	80
El Salvador	65	35	30
Guyana	2,370	1,055	1,320
Haiti	30	10	20
Jamaica	2,560	1,020	1,540
Mexico	90	25	70
Peru	55	20	35
Trinidad and Tobago	1,310	575	735
United States of America	615	265	350
Other places of birth in Americas	1,555	670	880
Europe	6,430	2,945	3,485
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	0	15
Croatia	70	40	30
France	80	25	50
Germany	390	200	185
Greece	330	145	185
Hungary	120	45	70
Italy	590	295	295
Netherlands	120	80	45
Poland	365	150	210
Portugal	280	120	155
Romania	405	175	230
Russian Federation	80	40	40
Serbia⁸⁶	45	20	20
Ukraine	80	35	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,490	1,125	1,365
Other places of birth in Europe	980	440	540
Africa	1,955	960	1,000
Algeria	15	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	25	30
Egypt	345	190	155
Eritrea	35	30	10
Ethiopia	150	60	85
Morocco	20	10	10
Nigeria	200	100	105
Somalia	40	10	25
South Africa, Republic of	125	50	80
Other places of birth in Africa	970	480	490
Asia	18,460	8,845	9,615
Afghanistan	870	450	425
Iran⁸⁸	310	165	145
Iraq	290	140	145
Lebanon	360	200	160
Syria⁸⁹	150	85	70
Turkey	80	45	35
China⁹⁰	955	380	575
Hong Kong⁹¹	310	145	165
Korea, South⁹²	265	100	170
Taiwan	65	30	35
Philippines	2,675	1,035	1,640
Viet Nam	215	90	125
Bangladesh	880	450	430
India	4,000	1,985	2,015
Pakistan	2,830	1,420	1,410
Sri Lanka	2,930	1,460	1,470
Other places of birth in Asia	1,280	675	605
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	50	35
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,820	1,335	1,485
Americas	415	185	230
Brazil	30	15	15
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	135	60	75
Mexico	15	0	15
United States of America	105	60	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	115	45	70
Europe	130	70	60
France	20	15	10
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	30	20	15
Other places of birth in Europe	55	30	30
Africa	210	95	115
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	15	10	0
Eritrea	20	15	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	80	35	45
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	20	0	10
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	10	20
Asia	2,065	980	1,080
Afghanistan	70	30	35
Bangladesh	100	50	55
China⁹⁰	160	55	105
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	835	415	420
Iran⁸⁸	15	10	10
Iraq	70	35	30
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	25	0	20
Lebanon	15	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	270	140	125
Philippines	165	55	110
Saudi Arabia	10	0	0
Sri Lanka	110	60	45
Syria⁸⁹	85	35	50
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	45	35	10
Viet Nam	10	0	0
Other places of birth in Asia	60	30	25
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	98,585	47,880	50,700
First generation¹⁰⁰	37,535	17,440	20,095
Second generation¹⁰¹	31,075	15,480	15,595
Third generation or more¹⁰²	29,970	14,965	15,010
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	26,825	12,595	14,225
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,760	6,345	6,415
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,040	3,125	1,915
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,715	3,220	4,500
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,410	3,785	5,625
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,275	2,270	2,005
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	375	190	190
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	26,825	12,595	14,225
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,325	1,260	1,060
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,380	1,110	1,270
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	405	155	250
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,185	560	630
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	120	55	65
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	20,405	9,450	10,950
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	98,585	47,880	50,700
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	51,125	24,470	26,650
South Asian	20,890	10,415	10,475
Chinese	2,935	1,430	1,505
Black	11,275	5,240	6,030
Filipino	4,085	1,750	2,335
Arab	1,640	870	775
Latin American	1,500	685	810
Southeast Asian	570	235	335
West Asian	2,060	1,015	1,045
Korean	420	180	240
Japanese	335	185	150
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,580	1,155	1,425
Multiple visible minorities	2,825	1,305	1,525
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	47,460	23,410	24,045
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	98,585	47,880	50,700
Canadian	10,485	5,225	5,260
English	13,810	6,750	7,060
Irish	11,290	5,405	5,885
Scottish	10,820	5,340	5,485
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,215	1,545	1,670
German	4,955	2,405	2,545
Chinese	3,805	1,745	2,060
Italian	5,570	2,760	2,815
Indian (India)	9,455	4,520	4,930
Ukrainian	1,510	835	675
Dutch	1,960	1,060	900
Polish	2,015	990	1,025
Québécois	60	20	40
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,515	1,755	1,760
Filipino	4,210	1,850	2,355
French Canadian	945	460	480
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,065	515	555
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	350	190	155
Métis	525	280	245
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,060	510	550
Russian	620	270	350
Norwegian	310	140	165
Welsh	1,450	730	720
Portuguese	2,280	1,150	1,130
American	745	365	380
Spanish	1,370	600	770
Swedish	225	95	130
Hungarian	745	405	345
Acadian	135	60	75
Pakistani	3,450	1,750	1,700
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,275	1,090	1,180
Jewish	465	250	220
Punjabi	625	320	305
Vietnamese	360	175	185
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	780	445	330
Greek	2,095	995	1,100
Jamaican	4,220	1,970	2,255
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,060	475	580
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	50	30	25
Korean	415	170	240
Romanian	610	265	350
Lebanese	570	290	280
Iranian	415	185	225
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	600	325	275
Danish	250	150	105
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	120	70	60
Sikh	185	80	105
Austrian	535	265	275
Belgian	185	100	90
Haitian	120	45	70
Hindu	1,450	730	715
Mexican	225	90	135
Mennonite	35	0	25
Swiss	150	80	65
Finnish	300	180	120
Sri Lankan	3,255	1,620	1,630
Croatian	235	110	130
Japanese	425	240	190
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,675	850	825
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	125	55	70
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	135	90	45
Muslim	780	395	385
Egyptian	540	295	245
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	325	160	170
Tamil	2,205	1,120	1,085
Icelandic	30	25	10
Colombian	140	55	85
Moroccan	40	20	20
Czech	210	90	120
Syrian	270	170	95
Guyanese	2,725	1,270	1,455
Afghan	1,640	845	795
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,160	540	620
Serbian	145	95	50
Ojibway	120	50	65
Newfoundlander	255	125	130
Hong Konger	105	50	60
Ontarian	305	150	155
Persian	310	120	185
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,455	685	775
Turkish	230	115	115
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0
Bangladeshi	975	530	445
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	60	40	20
Nigerian	155	65	90
Armenian	565	255	310
Slovak	220	115	105
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	140	65	75
Somali	120	45	70
Taiwanese	90	40	45
Iraqi	160	95	65
Salvadorean	90	55	30
African Caribbean	1,250	560	690
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	185	85	100
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	380	180	200
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,020	440	580
Algonquin	35	25	10
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,135	515	620
Lithuanian	135	75	55
South African	155	95	60
Australian	95	65	30
Palestinian	220	105	115
Chilean	90	45	45
Congolese	75	30	45
Nova Scotian	160	90	75
Ethiopian	165	50	115
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	185	75	110
Peruvian	125	55	70
Yoruba	65	20	45
Cambodian (Khmer)	65	30	35
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	125	55	70
Maltese	140	70	70
Macedonian	1,060	500	560
Slovenian	190	95	90
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	60	30	30
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	200	120	80
Eritrean	50	30	20
African Canadian	285	105	180
Israeli	100	75	25
Mohawk	95	35	60
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	35	20	20
Bulgarian	70	35	35
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	125	50	80
Barbadian	745	355	385
African American	190	90	100
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	100	65	35
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	85	30
Cuban	220	100	120
Bosnian	20	10	10
Venezuelan	90	30	60
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	115	40	75
Bengali	360	185	175
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	85	45	40
Indonesian	70	35	30
Laotian	10	0	10
Ilocano	30	10	20
Northern Irish	145	70	70
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	40	15
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	170	65	110
Franco Ontarian	20	10	10
Argentinian	55	30	25
Estonian	100	45	50
Kurdish	25	15	10
Fijian	30	25	10
Jatt	30	10	20
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	10	15
Coptic	205	95	110
Thai	30	0	30
Dominican	90	55	30
Nepali	15	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	65	35	35
Igbo	30	10	15
Byelorussian	20	10	10
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	20	0	20
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	10
New Zealander	0	0	0
Sudanese	115	50	60
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	10	20
Malaysian	50	15	35
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	15	10	0
Saskatchewanian	20	10	10
Buddhist	10	0	0
Gaspesian	30	10	20
Norman	10	10	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	155	70	85
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	80	40	40
Mauritian	50	30	20
Kenyan	100	60	45
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	155	90	60
Jordanian	20	10	0
Manitoban	0	0	0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	35	15	20
Grenadian	150	65	80
Malayali	45	20	30
Chaldean	25	15	10
Sinhalese	215	115	90
Mayan	40	10	30
Honduran	30	15	20
Cherokee	10	0	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	225	105	125
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	25	20	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	15	0	15
Sicilian	40	20	25
Pashtun	50	30	25
Malay	15	0	10
Goan	120	60	55
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	15	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	85	55	35
Burmese	35	20	15
Mongolian	10	0	0
Azorean	10	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	170	90	80
Ugandan	20	10	15
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	40	15	25
Yemeni	35	20	15
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	25	0	25
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	40	30	15
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	45	15	30
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	155	55	100
Prince Edward Islander	45	0	40
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	45	25	15
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	15	15	0
African Nova Scotian	55	30	25
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	45	15	30
Singaporean	20	0	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	110	50	60
Amhara	50	10	40
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	98,580	47,885	50,705
Buddhist	510	220	290
Christian	52,975	24,450	28,520
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,890	4,205	4,685
Anabaptist	30	10	20
Anglican	3,815	1,670	2,145
Baptist	1,270	655	620
Catholic	25,315	11,760	13,555
Christian Orthodox	3,765	1,805	1,965
Jehovah's Witness	515	225	290
Latter Day Saints	45	20	25
Lutheran	485	215	275
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	235	95	140
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,985	865	1,120
Presbyterian	1,390	620	760
Reformed	60	40	20
United Church	2,960	1,340	1,620
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,215	930	1,280
Hindu	8,210	4,065	4,150
Jewish	375	180	190
Muslim	12,380	6,220	6,160
Sikh	750	345	410
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	15	10
Other religions and spiritual traditions	470	210	260
No religion and secular perspectives	22,885	12,180	10,710
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	97,630	47,435	50,190
Non-movers	89,190	43,375	45,815
Movers	8,435	4,055	4,380
Non-migrants	3,265	1,595	1,675
Migrants	5,175	2,465	2,705
Internal migrants	4,720	2,250	2,475
Intraprovincial migrants	4,600	2,195	2,400
Interprovincial migrants	125	50	75
External migrants	445	215	230
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	93,395	45,305	48,090
Non-movers	62,410	30,240	32,170
Movers	30,985	15,065	15,920
Non-migrants	6,735	3,320	3,415
Migrants	24,250	11,745	12,505
Internal migrants	21,565	10,480	11,085
Intraprovincial migrants	20,900	10,160	10,740
Interprovincial migrants	665	320	345
External migrants	2,685	1,260	1,420
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,195	39,610	42,585
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,425	5,230	5,200
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	71,770	34,385	37,385
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,080	25,935	28,150
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,590	1,925	1,665
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,495	24,010	26,485
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,195	39,610	42,585
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,500	4,685	4,820
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,440	11,290	12,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,250	23,640	25,610
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,005	12,125	11,880
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,000	2,910	1,085
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,945	1,235	710
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,060	1,680	380
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,880	8,155	9,720
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,125	1,055	1,075
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,245	11,520	13,730
Bachelor's degree	17,785	8,040	9,740
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,670	690	980
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	500	255	245
Master's degree	4,870	2,290	2,585
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	420	235	185
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,085	25,935	28,150
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,045	1,655	1,390
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,595	6,355	6,235
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	38,445	17,925	20,525
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,820	8,765	9,055
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,715	1,975	740
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,315	835	475
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,405	1,140	270
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,555	6,045	7,505
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,545	740	810
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,625	9,155	11,465
Bachelor's degree	14,325	6,380	7,940
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,375	535	845
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	445	220	220
Master's degree	4,150	1,830	2,315
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	330	190	140
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	82,195	39,610	42,585
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	32,945	15,970	16,975
Education	2,415	530	1,890
13. Education	2,415	530	1,890
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,635	720	915
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	260	195	70
50. Visual and performing arts	1,375	530	845
Humanities	2,300	790	1,515
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	160	40	120
23. English language and literature/letters	660	175	490
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	790	225	560
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	10	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	100	70
39. Theology and religious vocations	155	85	70
54. History	265	145	115
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	0	50
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,305	2,175	5,130
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	0	60
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	850	310	535
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,160	80	1,085
22. Legal professions and studies	1,235	260	975
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	215	60	160
42. Psychology	1,090	285	805
45. Social sciences	2,695	1,185	1,515
Business, management and public administration	12,565	5,675	6,890
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	20	30
44. Public administration and social service professions	880	140	745
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,640	5,525	6,120
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,350	990	1,360
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	985	375	610
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	685	285	400
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	10	45
40. Physical sciences	490	295	195
41. Science technologies/technicians	135	30	105
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,840	1,980	860
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,345	1,730	620
25. Library science	60	20	45
27. Mathematics and statistics	375	205	175
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	40	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,005	8,105	900
04. Architecture and related services	365	255	110
14. Engineering	2,805	2,275	530
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,080	1,885	190
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,680	1,670	10
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,445	1,405	40
48. Precision production	635	615	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	555	275	280
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	320	145	175
03. Natural resources and conservation	235	130	105
Health and related fields	6,090	1,325	4,765
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	605	280	320
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,355	960	4,400
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	15	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	115	70	45
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,170	1,075	1,090
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,055	300	750
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	875	575	295
49. Transportation and materials moving	225	185	40
Other¹⁷⁹	25	0	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	54,085	25,935	28,150
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	15,635	8,010	7,625
Education	1,785	330	1,455
13. Education	1,785	330	1,455
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,270	520	745
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	180	125	60
50. Visual and performing arts	1,085	400	685
Humanities	1,715	550	1,165
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	130	30	105
23. English language and literature/letters	480	115	365
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	600	160	435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	80	55
39. Theology and religious vocations	95	50	45
54. History	210	115	100
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,960	1,720	4,240
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	0	55
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	725	265	465
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	940	60	880
22. Legal professions and studies	1,055	205	850
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	185	50	135
42. Psychology	830	205	625
45. Social sciences	2,165	935	1,230
Business, management and public administration	10,165	4,495	5,665
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	20	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	690	75	615
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,430	4,400	5,030
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,735	690	1,050
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	800	290	505
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	450	170	280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	0	20
40. Physical sciences	360	205	155
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	15	90
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,430	1,715	720
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,055	1,510	545
25. Library science	50	15	35
27. Mathematics and statistics	280	160	120
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	35	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,600	5,845	755
04. Architecture and related services	235	180	55
14. Engineering	2,230	1,730	500
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,515	1,350	165
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,200	1,195	0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,050	1,025	30
48. Precision production	370	360	10
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	420	215	200
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	225	115	110
03. Natural resources and conservation	195	105	95
Health and related fields	4,735	1,035	3,695
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	480	220	260
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,155	760	3,395
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	55	40
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,605	795	805
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	765	200	565
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	670	450	220
49. Transportation and materials moving	170	140	25
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	20
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	54,085	25,935	28,150
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,635	8,010	7,625
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	38,445	17,920	20,525
Location of study inside Canada	30,115	13,985	16,125
Same as province or territory of residence	28,785	13,365	15,415
Different than province or territory of residence	1,330	625	710
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,335	3,935	4,400
Americas	1,565	775	790
United States of America	895	495	400
Mexico	20	0	20
Cuba	55	30	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	115	55	60
Brazil	30	15	20
Colombia	45	25	20
Peru	20	0	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	25	15
Other locations of study in Americas	345	130	215
Europe	1,210	565	640
Belgium	0	0	0
France	40	10	30
Germany	30	10	20
Netherlands	25	15	15
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10
Poland	65	30	35
Romania	185	75	105
Russian Federation	60	35	25
Ukraine	60	30	30
Ireland⁹⁶	40	20	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	485	220	265
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	30	20	0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	165	75	90
Africa	360	190	165
Nigeria	65	25	35
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	10	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	120	65	55
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	160	95	60
Asia	5,040	2,315	2,725
Iran⁸⁸	80	40	40
Iraq	85	30	55
Israel	15	0	10
Lebanon	45	30	20
Syria⁸⁹	45	20	15
Turkey	15	10	0
China⁹⁰	250	100	145
Taiwan	10	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10
Japan	15	0	15
Korea, South⁹²	80	35	45
Philippines	885	320	565
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	260	125	135
Sri Lanka	275	135	140
India	1,785	855	925
Pakistan	955	480	475
Other locations of study in Asia	225	110	110
Oceania	155	85	70
Australia	145	80	65
New Zealand	10	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	82,195	39,610	42,585
In the labour force	53,705	27,550	26,155
Employed	46,795	24,190	22,605
Unemployed	6,910	3,365	3,545
Not in the labour force	28,490	12,060	16,430
Participation rate	65.3	69.6	61.4
Employment rate	56.9	61.1	53.1
Unemployment rate	12.9	12.2	13.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	82,195	39,610	42,585
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,530	12,715	16,815
Worked	52,665	26,895	25,770
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,100	16,105	13,995
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	22,565	10,790	11,775
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.4	42.1	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	53,700	27,555	26,150
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	885	830
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	51,980	26,665	25,320
Employee	44,475	21,800	22,670
Permanent position	38,300	18,920	19,380
Temporary position	6,175	2,880	3,295
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,055	980	1,070
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,120	1,900	2,220
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,505	4,860	2,645
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	53,700	27,555	26,150
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	885	830
All occupations¹⁹¹	51,980	26,665	25,320
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	800	525	275
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,605	3,930	7,675
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,375	4,055	1,320
3 Health occupations	3,400	750	2,650
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,490	1,865	4,625
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,540	780	760
6 Sales and service occupations	12,370	5,695	6,670
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,185	7,400	780
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	635	485	145
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,585	1,170	415
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	53,700	27,555	26,150
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,720	885	830
All industries¹⁹¹	51,980	26,665	25,320
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	260	140	120
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	55	15
22 Utilities	730	495	235
23 Construction	3,840	3,305	535
31-33 Manufacturing	3,135	2,170	960
41 Wholesale trade	1,905	1,090	810
44-45 Retail trade	5,510	2,905	2,605
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,915	2,285	630
51 Information and cultural industries	1,730	985	740
52 Finance and insurance	4,840	2,150	2,690
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,210	625	585
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,210	2,790	2,420
55 Management of companies and enterprises	315	185	130
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,520	1,440	1,080
61 Educational services	3,850	1,165	2,685
62 Health care and social assistance	5,730	1,090	4,645
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,000	515	480
72 Accommodation and food services	2,250	975	1,270
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,045	930	1,110
91 Public administration	2,915	1,355	1,560
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	56,825	28,955	27,870
English	54,390	27,860	26,530
French	90	30	60
Non-official language	245	90	155
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	245	90	155
English and French	780	250	530
English and non-official language(s)	1,255	685	570
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	20
Multiple non-official languages	30	20	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	56,825	28,955	27,870
Single responses	56,455	28,800	27,655
Official languages	56,045	28,600	27,445
English	55,845	28,550	27,295
French	210	50	155
Non-official languages	405	195	210
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	405	195	210
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	15	0	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	50	25	15
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	50	25	15
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	150	65	85
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	10	10
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	25	10	10
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	15	0	10
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	105	40	65
Indo-Aryan languages	80	30	55
Bengali	25	10	20
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	20	0	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	30	15	15
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	25	15	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	25	15	10
Dari	25	15	10
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	15	0	10
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	25	10	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	155	80	75
Chinese languages	155	80	75
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	105	60	50
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	40	15	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	370	155	215
English and French	145	45	110
English and non-official language(s)	220	110	110
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	56,825	28,955	27,870
None	55,085	28,135	26,945
English	235	100	135
French	530	185	345
Non-official language	810	435	375
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	810	435	375
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	20	15	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	140	80	60
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	46,790	24,190	22,605
Worked at home	16,745	7,470	9,275
Worked outside Canada	180	115	65
No fixed workplace address	5,475	4,190	1,290
Usual place of work	24,385	12,415	11,975
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	24,390	12,410	11,975
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	6,485	3,080	3,405
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,295	1,635	1,660
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	14,595	7,685	6,910
Commute to a different province or territory	20	10	0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	29,865	16,605	13,265
Car, truck or van	26,000	14,980	11,025
Car, truck or van - as a driver	23,800	14,105	9,705
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,195	875	1,320
Public transit	2,335	985	1,355
Walked	565	220	345
Bicycle	80	60	20
Other method	880	360	520
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	29,865	16,605	13,265
Less than 15 minutes	5,605	2,650	2,955
15 to 29 minutes	8,450	4,550	3,905
30 to 44 minutes	8,175	4,850	3,325
45 to 59 minutes	3,820	2,305	1,515
60 minutes and over	3,810	2,245	1,560
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	29,865	16,605	13,265
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,450	1,785	660
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,020	3,070	1,950
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,030	3,665	3,360
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,305	3,095	3,210
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,420	2,145	2,275
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,640	2,830	1,810
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	20,295	10,250	10,045
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,670	830	840
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,625	9,420	9,205
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,615	7,435	7,175
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,280	640	640
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	775	355	415
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	505	280	225
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,330	6,795	6,535

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table