Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Whitby, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	138,501	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	128,377	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.9	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	47,389	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	46,460	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	944.1	...	...	944.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	146.69	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	138,505	67,400	71,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	26,425	13,470	12,955	19.1	20.0	18.2
0 to 4 years	7,345	3,695	3,650	5.3	5.5	5.1
5 to 9 years	8,965	4,565	4,395	6.5	6.8	6.2
10 to 14 years	10,110	5,205	4,905	7.3	7.7	6.9
15 to 64 years	91,640	44,870	46,770	66.2	66.6	65.8
15 to 19 years	9,620	5,000	4,620	6.9	7.4	6.5
20 to 24 years	8,155	4,230	3,925	5.9	6.3	5.5
25 to 29 years	7,165	3,605	3,560	5.2	5.3	5.0
30 to 34 years	8,320	4,000	4,320	6.0	5.9	6.1
35 to 39 years	9,810	4,705	5,105	7.1	7.0	7.2
40 to 44 years	9,850	4,550	5,295	7.1	6.8	7.4
45 to 49 years	10,500	5,100	5,400	7.6	7.6	7.6
50 to 54 years	10,010	4,830	5,190	7.2	7.2	7.3
55 to 59 years	10,085	4,940	5,150	7.3	7.3	7.2
60 to 64 years	8,110	3,915	4,195	5.9	5.8	5.9
65 years and over	20,440	9,060	11,380	14.8	13.4	16.0
65 to 69 years	6,370	2,975	3,400	4.6	4.4	4.8
70 to 74 years	5,330	2,385	2,945	3.8	3.5	4.1
75 to 79 years	3,555	1,645	1,910	2.6	2.4	2.7
80 to 84 years	2,345	995	1,355	1.7	1.5	1.9
85 years and over	2,825	1,060	1,765	2.0	1.6	2.5
85 to 89 years	1,685	675	1,005	1.2	1.0	1.4
90 to 94 years	915	310	605	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	200	70	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.1	20.0	18.2	19.1	20.0	18.2
15 to 64 years	66.2	66.6	65.8	66.2	66.6	65.8
65 years and over	14.8	13.4	16.0	14.8	13.4	16.0
85 years and over	2.0	1.6	2.5	2.0	1.6	2.5
Average age of the population	39.5	38.5	40.4	39.5	38.5	40.4
Median age of the population	40.0	38.4	41.2	40.0	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	32,295	...	...	69.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,385	...	...	3.0	...	...
Row house	6,135	...	...	13.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	870	...	...	1.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,435	...	...	5.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,300	...	...	7.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	8,015	...	...	17.3	...	...
2 persons	12,775	...	...	27.5	...	...
3 persons	8,995	...	...	19.4	...	...
4 persons	10,525	...	...	22.7	...	...
5 or more persons	6,155	...	...	13.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	136,665	66,635	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	112,075	53,930	58,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	67,085	33,510	33,570	59.9	62.1	57.7
Married	59,440	29,690	29,750	53.0	55.1	51.2
Living common-law	7,640	3,820	3,820	6.8	7.1	6.6
Living common law - Never married	4,980	2,515	2,470	4.4	4.7	4.2
Living common law - Separated	505	275	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	1,950	950	1,000	1.7	1.8	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	205	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	44,995	20,420	24,580	40.1	37.9	42.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,125	16,290	14,835	27.8	30.2	25.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,975	1,110	1,870	2.7	2.1	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,605	1,890	3,710	5.0	3.5	6.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,295	1,125	4,170	4.7	2.1	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	39,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,015	...	...	38.3	...	...
3 persons	9,510	...	...	24.2	...	...
4 persons	10,620	...	...	27.1	...	...
5 or more persons	4,100	...	...	10.4	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	39,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	32,880	...	...	83.8	...	...
Married couples	29,055	...	...	74.0	...	...
With children⁶	19,550	...	...	49.8	...	...
Without children	9,510	...	...	24.2	...	...
Common-law couples	3,815	...	...	9.7	...	...
With children⁶	1,800	...	...	4.6	...	...
Without children	2,020	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,370	...	...	16.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,045	...	...	12.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,330	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	136,665	66,630	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	122,660	60,770	61,890	89.8	91.2	88.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	65,750	32,860	32,890	48.1	49.3	47.0
Parents in one-parent families	6,375	1,325	5,045	4.7	2.0	7.2
Children⁶	50,535	26,585	23,950	37.0	39.9	34.2
In a two-parent family	40,260	21,095	19,170	29.5	31.7	27.4
In a one-parent family	10,270	5,485	4,785	7.5	8.2	6.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	14,005	5,855	8,150	10.2	8.8	11.6
Living alone	8,010	3,200	4,810	5.9	4.8	6.9
Living with other relatives⁷	3,375	1,185	2,185	2.5	1.8	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	2,625	1,475	1,145	1.9	2.2	1.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	32,800	...	...	70.6	...	...
Couple-family households	28,185	...	...	60.7	...	...
With children⁶	18,625	...	...	40.1	...	...
Without children	9,560	...	...	20.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,615	...	...	9.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,580	...	...	5.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	460	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,595	...	...	3.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,015	...	...	2.2	...	...
One-person households	8,010	...	...	17.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	110,265	53,175	57,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	105,005	50,490	54,515	95.2	95.0	95.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,000	56,400	41,600	48,000	56,400	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	105,075	50,525	54,550	95.3	95.0	95.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	48,800	37,600	42,800	48,800	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,610	46,900	48,705	86.7	88.2	85.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	54,400	35,200	44,000	54,400	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,700	40,900	39,800	73.2	76.9	69.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	55,200	40,000	46,800	55,200	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,985	43,715	49,275	84.3	82.2	86.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,300	5,080	9,000	7,300	5,080	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,185	3,860	5,315	8.3	7.3	9.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	5,760	6,000	6,000	5,760	6,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,160	14,410	15,750	27.4	27.1	27.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	110,265	53,175	57,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,980	50,415	54,565	95.2	94.8	95.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,000	74,100	52,750	63,000	74,100	52,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	105,045	50,440	54,600	95.3	94.9	95.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,160	58,650	44,240	51,160	58,650	44,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,670	46,800	48,875	86.8	88.0	85.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,600	71,900	47,760	59,600	71,900	47,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,700	41,030	39,665	73.2	77.2	69.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,700	69,500	49,640	59,700	69,500	49,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,125	43,655	49,470	84.5	82.1	86.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,840	8,490	11,040	9,840	8,490	11,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,525	4,120	5,405	8.6	7.7	9.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,090	6,420	7,600	7,090	6,420	7,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,010	14,220	15,790	27.2	26.7	27.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,340	9,150	9,520	9,340	9,150	9,520
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	110,265	53,175	57,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	41,580	22,860	18,715	37.7	43.0	32.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	80,000	88,000	72,500	80,000	88,000	72,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,400	101,700	78,700	91,400	101,700	78,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,510	12,805	15,700	25.9	24.1	27.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,800	18,200	15,400	16,800	18,200	15,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,400	33,600	25,960	29,400	33,600	25,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.2	90.0	81.0	86.2	90.0	81.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.8	76.2	68.4	72.8	76.2	68.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.8	9.9	19.0	13.8	9.9	19.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.4	1.0	0.7	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.8	3.7	6.1	4.8	3.7	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.2	3.5	5.2	4.2	3.5	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	110,265	53,175	57,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,260	2,685	2,575	4.8	5.0	4.5
With total income	105,005	50,485	54,515	95.2	94.9	95.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,340	3,925	5,420	8.9	7.8	9.9
$10,000 to $19,999	11,230	4,715	6,520	10.7	9.3	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	13,785	5,695	8,085	13.1	11.3	14.8
$30,000 to $39,999	10,680	4,370	6,310	10.2	8.7	11.6
$40,000 to $49,999	9,445	4,120	5,320	9.0	8.2	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	8,390	3,760	4,635	8.0	7.4	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	7,280	3,450	3,825	6.9	6.8	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	6,265	3,115	3,150	6.0	6.2	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	5,245	2,770	2,480	5.0	5.5	4.5
$90,000 to $99,999	4,855	2,570	2,280	4.6	5.1	4.2
$100,000 and over	18,485	11,990	6,495	17.6	23.7	11.9
$100,000 to $149,999	12,600	7,590	5,005	12.0	15.0	9.2
$150,000 and over	5,885	4,395	1,485	5.6	8.7	2.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	110,265	53,175	57,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,195	2,650	2,540	4.7	5.0	4.4
With after-tax income	105,070	50,525	54,550	95.3	95.0	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,810	4,045	5,765	9.3	8.0	10.6
$10,000 to $19,999	11,765	4,970	6,800	11.2	9.8	12.5
$20,000 to $29,999	15,510	6,470	9,045	14.8	12.8	16.6
$30,000 to $39,999	12,435	5,275	7,160	11.8	10.4	13.1
$40,000 to $49,999	11,385	5,080	6,305	10.8	10.1	11.6
$50,000 to $59,999	10,015	4,710	5,305	9.5	9.3	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	7,930	3,965	3,965	7.5	7.8	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	6,840	3,700	3,135	6.5	7.3	5.7
$80,000 to $89,999	6,200	3,255	2,945	5.9	6.4	5.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3,900	2,380	1,515	3.7	4.7	2.8
$100,000 and over	9,280	6,665	2,610	8.8	13.2	4.8
$100,000 to $124,999	5,000	3,455	1,545	4.8	6.8	2.8
$125,000 and over	4,285	3,215	1,070	4.1	6.4	2.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	110,265	53,175	57,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	29,565	12,275	17,290	26.8	23.1	30.3
With employment income	80,695	40,895	39,800	73.2	76.9	69.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	12,060	5,765	6,295	14.9	14.1	15.8
$5,000 to $9,999	6,125	2,660	3,465	7.6	6.5	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	8,025	3,545	4,480	9.9	8.7	11.3
$20,000 to $29,999	5,465	2,490	2,975	6.8	6.1	7.5
$30,000 to $39,999	5,020	2,315	2,710	6.2	5.7	6.8
$40,000 to $49,999	5,480	2,360	3,125	6.8	5.8	7.9
$50,000 to $59,999	5,285	2,425	2,855	6.5	5.9	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,050	2,430	2,625	6.3	5.9	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4,520	2,275	2,245	5.6	5.6	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,115	2,220	1,900	5.1	5.4	4.8
$90,000 to $99,999	4,505	2,205	2,300	5.6	5.4	5.8
$100,000 and over	15,025	10,205	4,815	18.6	25.0	12.1
$100,000 to $124,999	6,905	4,205	2,700	8.6	10.3	6.8
$125,000 and over	8,115	6,000	2,120	10.1	14.7	5.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	110,265	53,175	57,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	102,500	49,150	53,350	93.0	92.4	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,800	56,400	39,600	46,800	56,400	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	102,550	49,160	53,390	93.0	92.4	93.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	48,800	36,000	41,600	48,800	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,225	46,220	48,005	85.5	86.9	84.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,600	56,000	36,800	45,600	56,000	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,790	40,870	39,920	73.3	76.9	69.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	56,800	40,400	47,600	56,800	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,805	40,760	46,045	78.7	76.7	80.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,660	735	4,080	1,660	735	4,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,510	2,395	4,120	5.9	4.5	7.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,040	5,040	6,950	6,040	5,040	6,950
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	110,265	53,175	57,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,570	49,085	53,480	93.0	92.3	93.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,350	71,800	49,920	60,350	71,800	49,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,630	49,095	53,530	93.1	92.3	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,880	56,650	41,720	48,880	56,650	41,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,510	46,120	48,385	85.7	86.7	84.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,600	72,000	47,800	59,600	72,000	47,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,070	41,010	40,060	73.5	77.1	70.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,650	69,800	49,240	59,650	69,800	49,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,655	40,535	46,120	78.6	76.2	80.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,008	7,720	6,450	5,008	7,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,525	2,405	4,120	5.9	4.5	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,940	5,990	9,090	7,940	5,990	9,090
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	110,265	53,175	57,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	41,315	22,690	18,620	37.5	42.7	32.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	76,000	85,000	67,500	76,000	85,000	67,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,800	97,500	73,900	86,800	97,500	73,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,900	12,105	14,790	24.4	22.8	25.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,000	26,000	21,200	23,000	26,000	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,640	41,080	31,160	35,640	41,080	31,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	94.2	86.6	91.0	94.2	86.6
Employment income (%)	78.0	81.2	74.0	78.0	81.2	74.0
Government transfers (%)	9.0	5.8	13.4	9.0	5.8	13.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.4	0.8	0.4	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,460	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,010	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,400	...	...	50,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...	44,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	38,450	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	142,400	...	...	142,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	115,700	...	...	115,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,990	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,350	...	...	61,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,640	...	...	50,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	38,470	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	159,200	...	...	159,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	129,200	...	...	129,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	225	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	115	...	...	0.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	425	...	...	0.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	885	...	...	1.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	845	...	...	1.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	780	...	...	1.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	840	...	...	1.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,025	...	...	2.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,005	...	...	2.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,175	...	...	4.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,280	...	...	4.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,375	...	...	5.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,300	...	...	5.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,420	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	28,465	...	...	61.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,800	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,290	...	...	11.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,065	...	...	17.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,310	...	...	20.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	265	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	120	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	325	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	455	...	...	1.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	925	...	...	2.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	960	...	...	2.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	890	...	...	1.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,090	...	...	2.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,160	...	...	2.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,250	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,715	...	...	5.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,795	...	...	6.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,920	...	...	6.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,095	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,975	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	24,515	...	...	52.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,055	...	...	15.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,750	...	...	12.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,720	...	...	25.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	37,840	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,750	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	21,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	164,000	...	...	164,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...	137,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,665	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	10,635	4,675	5,960	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,400	50,400	44,400	46,400	50,400	44,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	44,000	40,000	41,600	44,000	40,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	37,845	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	158,800	...	...	158,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...	128,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,700	...	...	108,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,440	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	184,800	...	...	184,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...	149,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,605	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	101,200	...	...	101,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,700	...	...	86,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	10,635	4,520	6,115	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	57,050	60,700	54,350	57,050	60,700	54,350
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,560	49,760	45,920	47,560	49,760	45,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	136,665	66,635	70,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	32,365	16,535	15,830	23.7	24.8	22.6
0 to 5 years	9,065	4,610	4,460	6.6	6.9	6.4
18 to 64 years	85,220	41,505	43,715	62.4	62.3	62.4
65 years and over	19,080	8,595	10,490	14.0	12.9	15.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,365	3,305	4,060	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,005	1,055	955	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	575	310	265	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,910	1,775	2,135	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,445	475	970	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.4	5.0	5.8	5.4	5.0	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.4	6.0	6.2	6.4	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	6.3	6.7	6.0	6.3	6.7	6.0
18 to 64 years (%)	4.6	4.3	4.9	4.6	4.3	4.9
65 years and over (%)	7.6	5.5	9.2	7.6	5.5	9.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	136,665	66,630	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	32,360	16,535	15,825	23.7	24.8	22.6
0 to 5 years	9,065	4,605	4,455	6.6	6.9	6.4
18 to 64 years	85,220	41,500	43,720	62.4	62.3	62.4
65 years and over	19,080	8,590	10,485	14.0	12.9	15.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,975	1,450	1,525	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	690	350	345	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	185	95	85	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,005	995	1,005	...	...	...
65 years and over	275	105	170	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2	2.2
0 to 17 years (%)	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.2
0 to 5 years (%)	2.0	2.1	1.9	2.0	2.1	1.9
18 to 64 years (%)	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.3
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.2	1.7	1.5	1.2	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	136,665	66,635	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	44,845	21,070	23,780	32.8	31.6	34.0
In bottom decile	6,560	3,045	3,520	4.8	4.6	5.0
In second decile	7,610	3,420	4,190	5.6	5.1	6.0
In third decile	8,895	4,135	4,755	6.5	6.2	6.8
In fourth decile	9,900	4,730	5,170	7.2	7.1	7.4
In fifth decile	11,885	5,735	6,150	8.7	8.6	8.8
In top half of the distribution	91,820	45,565	46,250	67.2	68.4	66.0
In sixth decile	13,690	6,605	7,090	10.0	9.9	10.1
In seventh decile	15,500	7,545	7,960	11.3	11.3	11.4
In eighth decile	18,370	9,095	9,275	13.4	13.6	13.2
In ninth decile	21,855	10,990	10,865	16.0	16.5	15.5
In top decile	22,400	11,330	11,070	16.4	17.0	15.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	136,665	...	...	136,665	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.306	...	...	0.306	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.392	...	...	0.392	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.264	...	...	0.264	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	137,135	66,805	70,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	123,965	61,240	62,725	90.4	91.7	89.2
French only	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	11,425	4,875	6,555	8.3	7.3	9.3
Neither English nor French	1,635	645	990	1.2	1.0	1.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	137,135	66,805	70,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	133,040	65,065	67,980	97.0	97.4	96.7
French	1,865	835	1,035	1.4	1.2	1.5
English and French	650	295	360	0.5	0.4	0.5
Neither English nor French	1,575	610	965	1.1	0.9	1.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	137,135	66,805	70,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	131,270	63,955	67,320	95.7	95.7	95.7
Official languages	105,280	51,615	53,670	76.8	77.3	76.3
English	103,470	50,800	52,670	75.5	76.0	74.9
French	1,810	815	995	1.3	1.2	1.4
Non-official languages	25,990	12,340	13,645	19.0	18.5	19.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,990	12,340	13,645	19.0	18.5	19.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,155	585	570	0.8	0.9	0.8
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,105	565	540	0.8	0.8	0.8
Amharic	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	945	485	455	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	215	90	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	205	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,455	570	885	1.1	0.9	1.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,280	495	780	0.9	0.7	1.1
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,065	1,525	1,545	2.2	2.3	2.2
Kannada	65	35	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	350	185	165	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	2,235	1,095	1,140	1.6	1.6	1.6
Telugu	415	210	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,370	7,375	8,000	11.2	11.0	11.4
Albanian	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,150	950	1,200	1.6	1.4	1.7
Baltic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,115	930	1,180	1.5	1.4	1.7
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	340	165	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Polish	635	255	380	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	360	150	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	315	160	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	190	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	195	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,100	490	615	0.8	0.7	0.9
Frisian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	520	220	295	0.4	0.3	0.4
German	505	220	295	0.4	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	505	225	280	0.4	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	450	205	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	550	280	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	7,305	3,595	3,705	5.3	5.4	5.3
Indo-Aryan languages	5,705	2,800	2,905	4.2	4.2	4.1
Assamese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	660	315	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	700	345	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	915	425	485	0.7	0.6	0.7
Kacchi	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	610	305	305	0.4	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,335	1,155	1,180	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,600	795	805	1.2	1.2	1.1
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,415	700	715	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	905	435	470	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iranian Persian	385	195	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,080	1,970	2,110	3.0	2.9	3.0
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,330	685	645	1.0	1.0	0.9
Portuguese	840	405	440	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	415	195	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	1,490	685	805	1.1	1.0	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	320	150	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	365	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,360	1,585	1,775	2.5	2.4	2.5
Chinese languages	3,350	1,575	1,770	2.4	2.4	2.5
Hakka	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,065	980	1,080	1.5	1.5	1.5
Min Dong	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,165	545	620	0.8	0.8	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	320	145	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,860	2,855	3,010	4.3	4.3	4.3
English and French	805	370	430	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	4,465	2,210	2,250	3.3	3.3	3.2
French and non-official language(s)	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	380	175	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	137,135	66,805	70,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	106,240	52,160	54,080	77.5	78.1	76.9
French	465	225	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	5,970	2,825	3,145	4.4	4.2	4.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,970	2,825	3,145	4.4	4.2	4.5
English and French	1,850	780	1,070	1.3	1.2	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	21,190	10,215	10,980	15.5	15.3	15.6
French and non-official language(s)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	845	345	505	0.6	0.5	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	530	250	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	137,135	66,805	70,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	131,375	64,035	67,340	95.8	95.9	95.8
Official languages	118,120	57,625	60,500	86.1	86.3	86.0
English	117,430	57,300	60,125	85.6	85.8	85.5
French	695	325	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	13,255	6,415	6,845	9.7	9.6	9.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,255	6,415	6,840	9.7	9.6	9.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	550	270	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	530	260	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	455	230	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	595	265	325	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	530	240	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,090	1,025	1,060	1.5	1.5	1.5
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	1,630	795	840	1.2	1.2	1.2
Telugu	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,950	3,375	3,575	5.1	5.1	5.1
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	745	355	390	0.5	0.5	0.6
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	735	345	385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	190	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	195	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,450	2,190	2,255	3.2	3.3	3.2
Indo-Aryan languages	3,460	1,705	1,760	2.5	2.6	2.5
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	370	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	435	215	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	525	250	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	65	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	375	175	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,520	770	750	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	990	485	500	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	900	440	460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	555	270	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	250	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,465	690	770	1.1	1.0	1.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	275	125	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	300	145	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	195	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	695	335	360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	220	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,370	1,160	1,215	1.7	1.7	1.7
Chinese languages	2,360	1,155	1,210	1.7	1.7	1.7
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,565	765	800	1.1	1.1	1.1
Min Dong	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	750	365	385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,760	2,770	2,990	4.2	4.1	4.3
English and French	415	185	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,135	2,495	2,645	3.7	3.7	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	137,135	66,805	70,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	117,320	57,430	59,885	85.6	86.0	85.1
English	5,985	2,950	3,035	4.4	4.4	4.3
French	1,470	590	875	1.1	0.9	1.2
Non-official language	9,770	4,610	5,160	7.1	6.9	7.3
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,765	4,605	5,155	7.1	6.9	7.3
English and French	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	965	485	480	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	395	160	240	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,135	540	595	0.8	0.8	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	136,665	66,630	70,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	135,035	65,990	69,045	98.8	99.0	98.6
English	134,930	65,950	68,985	98.7	99.0	98.5
French	11,500	4,925	6,570	8.4	7.4	9.4
Non-official languages	36,555	17,440	19,120	26.7	26.2	27.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,540	17,430	19,110	26.7	26.2	27.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,005	1,000	1,005	1.5	1.5	1.4
Berber languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,965	980	980	1.4	1.5	1.4
Amharic	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,635	835	800	1.2	1.3	1.1
Aramaic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	265	120	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,065	835	1,225	1.5	1.3	1.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	65	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,930	770	1,160	1.4	1.2	1.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	350	150	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	4,725	2,325	2,400	3.5	3.5	3.4
Kannada	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayalam	600	320	280	0.4	0.5	0.4
Tamil	3,540	1,755	1,780	2.6	2.6	2.5
Telugu	780	370	420	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tulu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,075	10,625	11,450	16.2	15.9	16.4
Albanian	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,870	1,330	1,535	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baltic languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,825	1,315	1,505	2.1	2.0	2.1
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	660	325	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Polish	780	325	450	0.6	0.5	0.6
Russian	585	265	315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	415	200	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	200	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	100	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ukrainian	325	160	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,830	815	1,020	1.3	1.2	1.5
Frisian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	965	445	515	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	965	445	515	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	790	330	455	0.6	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	665	280	385	0.5	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	975	450	520	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	10,530	5,255	5,275	7.7	7.9	7.5
Indo-Aryan languages	8,780	4,375	4,405	6.4	6.6	6.3
Assamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	860	445	420	0.6	0.7	0.6
Gujarati	995	500	490	0.7	0.8	0.7
Hindi	3,765	1,830	1,935	2.8	2.7	2.8
Kacchi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Marathi	365	200	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nepali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Odia	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,420	760	660	1.0	1.1	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	65	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	3,660	1,855	1,805	2.7	2.8	2.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	2,070	1,050	1,020	1.5	1.6	1.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	285	185	105	0.2	0.3	0.1
Persian languages	1,890	935	955	1.4	1.4	1.4
Dari	1,415	680	735	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iranian Persian	350	185	165	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,100	2,900	3,200	4.5	4.4	4.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,005	1,010	995	1.5	1.5	1.4
Portuguese	1,235	620	610	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	510	245	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	2,595	1,170	1,420	1.9	1.8	2.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	440	205	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,040	460	585	0.8	0.7	0.8
Akan (Twi)	175	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	205	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	320	145	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	205	85	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	195	75	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,060	1,960	2,095	3.0	2.9	3.0
Chinese languages	4,040	1,955	2,090	3.0	2.9	3.0
Hakka	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,895	1,400	1,495	2.1	2.1	2.1
Min Dong	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,435	715	725	1.1	1.1	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	390	180	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	295	150	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	136,665	66,630	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,085	915	1,175	1.5	1.4	1.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,000	885	1,120	1.5	1.3	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,045	485	565	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis	890	375	520	0.7	0.6	0.7
Inuk (Inuit)	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	134,580	65,720	68,860	98.5	98.6	98.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	136,665	66,630	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	555	240	315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	136,110	66,395	69,720	99.6	99.6	99.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	38,125	...	...	82.1	...	...
Renter	8,330	...	...	17.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	3,635	...	...	7.8	...	...
Not condominium	42,825	...	...	92.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	155	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	2,890	...	...	6.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	4,805	...	...	10.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,880	...	...	38.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	20,730	...	...	44.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	6,840	...	...	14.7	...	...
5 rooms	5,610	...	...	12.1	...	...
6 rooms	7,185	...	...	15.5	...	...
7 rooms	6,805	...	...	14.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	20,025	...	...	43.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	45,670	...	...	98.3	...	...
More than one person per room	785	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,445	...	...	95.7	...	...
Not suitable	2,020	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	3,810	...	...	8.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,700	...	...	16.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,925	...	...	17.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,910	...	...	19.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,430	...	...	16.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,545	...	...	9.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,915	...	...	6.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,220	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,975	...	...	96.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,485	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,955	...	...	40.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	25,035	...	...	53.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,460	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	180	...	...	0.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,370	...	...	9.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,560	...	...	20.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,225	...	...	24.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,065	...	...	21.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,530	...	...	14.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,255	...	...	7.0	...	...
85 years and over	1,270	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	36,450	...	...	78.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,885	...	...	21.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,145	...	...	19.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,460	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,510	...	...	26.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,145	...	...	19.7	...	...
Not suitable only	1,580	...	...	3.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	960	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	305	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	390	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	85	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,950	...	...	73.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,750	...	...	8.2	...	...
Not in core need	41,845	...	...	91.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	38,100	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.8	...	...	67.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,020	...	...	2,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,048	...	...	2,048	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	894,000	...	...	894,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,335	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	16.1	...	...	16.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.5	...	...	39.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.2	...	...	25.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,430	...	...	1,430	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,536	...	...	1,536	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	136,665	66,635	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	460	215	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	455	215	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	290	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,825	1,200	1,625	2.1	1.8	2.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,775	1,175	1,600	2.0	1.8	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,830	780	1,045	1.3	1.2	1.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	875	365	515	0.6	0.5	0.7
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	133,380	65,210	68,170	97.6	97.9	97.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	136,665	66,630	70,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	128,075	62,495	65,580	93.7	93.8	93.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	31,130	16,000	15,130	22.8	24.0	21.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	96,950	46,495	50,455	70.9	69.8	72.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,585	4,130	4,450	6.3	6.2	6.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	136,665	66,630	70,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	97,805	48,330	49,475	71.6	72.5	70.6
Immigrants⁸¹	37,985	17,840	20,145	27.8	26.8	28.8
Before 1980	9,300	4,290	5,010	6.8	6.4	7.2
1980 to 1990	4,580	2,100	2,480	3.4	3.2	3.5
1991 to 2000	7,120	3,400	3,720	5.2	5.1	5.3
2001 to 2010	8,305	3,920	4,390	6.1	5.9	6.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,675	4,135	4,540	6.3	6.2	6.5
2011 to 2015	4,010	1,905	2,100	2.9	2.9	3.0
2016 to 2021	4,665	2,225	2,445	3.4	3.3	3.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	880	465	415	0.6	0.7	0.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	37,985	17,840	20,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,150	2,030	2,125	10.9	11.4	10.5
5 to 14 years	7,505	3,590	3,920	19.8	20.1	19.5
15 to 24 years	7,510	3,300	4,205	19.8	18.5	20.9
25 to 44 years	16,260	7,845	8,410	42.8	44.0	41.7
45 years and over	2,560	1,075	1,485	6.7	6.0	7.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	37,985	17,840	20,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,595	3,725	4,875	22.6	20.9	24.2
Brazil	305	150	150	0.8	0.8	0.7
Colombia	250	125	125	0.7	0.7	0.6
El Salvador	105	50	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyana	1,475	630	845	3.9	3.5	4.2
Haiti	105	45	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaica	2,770	1,120	1,650	7.3	6.3	8.2
Mexico	225	85	140	0.6	0.5	0.7
Peru	55	30	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	1,025	505	515	2.7	2.8	2.6
United States of America	945	415	530	2.5	2.3	2.6
Other places of birth in Americas	1,345	565	780	3.5	3.2	3.9
Europe	9,170	4,395	4,770	24.1	24.6	23.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	90	35	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
France	95	45	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Germany	435	200	235	1.1	1.1	1.2
Greece	320	160	155	0.8	0.9	0.8
Hungary	155	65	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	820	445	375	2.2	2.5	1.9
Netherlands	500	245	255	1.3	1.4	1.3
Poland	535	220	315	1.4	1.2	1.6
Portugal	410	200	215	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romania	400	180	220	1.1	1.0	1.1
Russian Federation	160	55	105	0.4	0.3	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	105	50	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	170	90	80	0.4	0.5	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,645	1,760	1,885	9.6	9.9	9.4
Other places of birth in Europe	1,275	625	655	3.4	3.5	3.3
Africa	2,310	1,165	1,140	6.1	6.5	5.7
Algeria	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	85	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	335	190	145	0.9	1.1	0.7
Eritrea	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	110	55	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Morocco	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	490	230	255	1.3	1.3	1.3
Somalia	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	210	105	110	0.6	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	945	480	465	2.5	2.7	2.3
Asia	17,765	8,460	9,300	46.8	47.4	46.2
Afghanistan	1,035	505	525	2.7	2.8	2.6
Iran⁸⁸	355	190	165	0.9	1.1	0.8
Iraq	135	65	65	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	315	160	160	0.8	0.9	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	120	50	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	55	30	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,180	995	1,185	5.7	5.6	5.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	410	210	205	1.1	1.2	1.0
Korea, South⁹²	295	135	160	0.8	0.8	0.8
Taiwan	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	2,110	860	1,255	5.6	4.8	6.2
Viet Nam	210	95	120	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bangladesh	500	265	230	1.3	1.5	1.1
India	4,890	2,390	2,500	12.9	13.4	12.4
Pakistan	2,010	985	1,020	5.3	5.5	5.1
Sri Lanka	1,935	935	1,005	5.1	5.2	5.0
Other places of birth in Asia	1,150	570	575	3.0	3.2	2.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	150	90	60	0.4	0.5	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,665	2,225	2,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	615	270	345	13.2	12.1	14.1
Brazil	95	45	50	2.0	2.0	2.0
Colombia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	160	65	95	3.4	2.9	3.9
Mexico	50	15	35	1.1	0.7	1.4
United States of America	140	75	65	3.0	3.4	2.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	145	55	90	3.1	2.5	3.7
Europe	210	105	105	4.5	4.7	4.3
France	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Germany	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	10	0.4	0.7	0.4
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.6
Ukraine	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	40	25	1.5	1.8	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	70	30	40	1.5	1.3	1.6
Africa	305	135	170	6.5	6.1	7.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	50	20	30	1.1	0.9	1.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	145	70	75	3.1	3.1	3.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	20	20	0.9	0.9	0.8
Asia	3,520	1,700	1,825	75.5	76.4	74.8
Afghanistan	155	100	55	3.3	4.5	2.3
Bangladesh	60	25	30	1.3	1.1	1.2
China⁹⁰	355	165	190	7.6	7.4	7.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	25	10	0.9	1.1	0.4
India	1,930	955	975	41.4	42.9	40.0
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.4
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.6
Jordan	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	45	20	25	1.0	0.9	1.0
Lebanon	35	10	25	0.8	0.4	1.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	270	145	125	5.8	6.5	5.1
Philippines	305	115	195	6.5	5.2	8.0
Saudi Arabia	30	10	15	0.6	0.4	0.6
Sri Lanka	70	35	30	1.5	1.6	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	90	40	45	1.9	1.8	1.8
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	25	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.4
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	45	0	35	1.0	0.0	1.4
Oceania and other⁹³	20	20	0	0.4	0.9	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	136,665	66,630	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	39,950	18,785	21,170	29.2	28.2	30.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	37,635	19,175	18,465	27.5	28.8	26.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	59,080	28,675	30,405	43.2	43.0	43.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	28,685	13,550	15,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	14,545	7,275	7,280	50.7	53.7	48.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,770	3,805	1,970	20.1	28.1	13.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,775	3,470	5,305	30.6	25.6	35.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,445	3,885	5,560	32.9	28.7	36.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,320	2,220	2,095	15.1	16.4	13.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	375	175	200	1.3	1.3	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	28,685	13,550	15,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,100	1,135	970	7.3	8.4	6.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,245	1,575	1,670	11.3	11.6	11.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	740	350	390	2.6	2.6	2.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,340	630	710	4.7	4.6	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	125	55	70	0.4	0.4	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,130	9,810	11,320	73.7	72.4	74.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	136,665	66,630	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	48,325	23,610	24,715	35.4	35.4	35.3
South Asian	16,365	8,270	8,100	12.0	12.4	11.6
Chinese	4,910	2,355	2,550	3.6	3.5	3.6
Black	12,395	5,865	6,535	9.1	8.8	9.3
Filipino	3,570	1,610	1,960	2.6	2.4	2.8
Arab	1,350	725	620	1.0	1.1	0.9
Latin American	1,655	775	885	1.2	1.2	1.3
Southeast Asian	660	295	365	0.5	0.4	0.5
West Asian	2,155	1,090	1,065	1.6	1.6	1.5
Korean	520	260	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	325	145	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,870	885	985	1.4	1.3	1.4
Multiple visible minorities	2,550	1,350	1,200	1.9	2.0	1.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	88,340	43,020	45,315	64.6	64.6	64.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	136,665	66,630	70,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	18,700	9,330	9,370	13.7	14.0	13.4
English	27,230	13,305	13,925	19.9	20.0	19.9
Irish	23,335	11,300	12,030	17.1	17.0	17.2
Scottish	22,795	11,105	11,695	16.7	16.7	16.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,385	3,445	3,940	5.4	5.2	5.6
German	8,410	4,060	4,345	6.2	6.1	6.2
Chinese	5,890	2,915	2,975	4.3	4.4	4.2
Italian	8,790	4,540	4,255	6.4	6.8	6.1
Indian (India)	8,170	4,230	3,945	6.0	6.3	5.6
Ukrainian	3,365	1,575	1,790	2.5	2.4	2.6
Dutch	4,600	2,145	2,455	3.4	3.2	3.5
Polish	4,110	1,975	2,135	3.0	3.0	3.0
Québécois	160	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,595	3,085	3,515	4.8	4.6	5.0
Filipino	3,795	1,790	2,010	2.8	2.7	2.9
French Canadian	1,645	715	930	1.2	1.1	1.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,735	795	935	1.3	1.2	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	970	445	525	0.7	0.7	0.7
Métis	1,085	460	625	0.8	0.7	0.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,055	935	1,120	1.5	1.4	1.6
Russian	1,170	575	590	0.9	0.9	0.8
Norwegian	520	270	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Welsh	2,160	1,040	1,120	1.6	1.6	1.6
Portuguese	3,495	1,655	1,845	2.6	2.5	2.6
American	1,450	735	715	1.1	1.1	1.0
Spanish	1,610	700	910	1.2	1.1	1.3
Swedish	540	250	295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungarian	1,405	670	735	1.0	1.0	1.0
Acadian	295	130	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	2,810	1,455	1,355	2.1	2.2	1.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,980	880	1,100	1.4	1.3	1.6
Jewish	560	240	325	0.4	0.4	0.5
Punjabi	375	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	415	175	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	675	365	310	0.5	0.5	0.4
Greek	2,310	1,120	1,190	1.7	1.7	1.7
Jamaican	4,790	2,285	2,500	3.5	3.4	3.6
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	940	480	460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	85	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korean	520	260	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	810	395	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	735	370	365	0.5	0.6	0.5
Iranian	405	215	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	765	385	385	0.6	0.6	0.5
Danish	540	265	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	395	180	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	780	380	400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belgian	415	195	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	1,180	580	600	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mexican	420	165	255	0.3	0.2	0.4
Mennonite	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	355	210	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Finnish	710	335	375	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sri Lankan	1,810	880	925	1.3	1.3	1.3
Croatian	480	230	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Japanese	455	205	250	0.3	0.3	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,000	465	535	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	185	55	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	270	110	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	660	340	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	465	275	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	460	200	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Tamil	1,630	780	855	1.2	1.2	1.2
Icelandic	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	290	145	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	400	200	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	215	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	2,200	1,040	1,160	1.6	1.6	1.7
Afghan	1,580	775	810	1.2	1.2	1.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,040	490	550	0.8	0.7	0.8
Serbian	355	200	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	430	280	150	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hong Konger	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	565	240	325	0.4	0.4	0.5
Persian	230	140	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,360	645	715	1.0	1.0	1.0
Turkish	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	80	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	455	250	205	0.3	0.4	0.3
Algerian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	355	195	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nigerian	445	190	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Armenian	200	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slovak	360	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Taiwanese	100	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	1,195	560	630	0.9	0.8	0.9
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	280	125	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	210	95	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	855	420	435	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algonquin	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	965	405	560	0.7	0.6	0.8
Lithuanian	225	95	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	290	180	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Australian	190	110	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Palestinian	175	100	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chilean	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	190	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	155	95	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	630	240	390	0.5	0.4	0.6
Macedonian	1,165	550	615	0.9	0.8	0.9
Slovenian	315	170	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
New Brunswicker	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	200	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Eritrean	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	485	215	270	0.4	0.3	0.4
Israeli	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	95	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	195	65	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
Barbadian	610	335	275	0.4	0.5	0.4
African American	230	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	200	115	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	180	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	130	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	410	220	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	260	140	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	80	60	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malaysian	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	65	45	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	90	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	230	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jordanian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	140	35	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	160	100	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pashtun	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Goan	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burmese	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ugandan	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	55	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Singaporean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	136,665	66,635	70,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	900	410	495	0.7	0.6	0.7
Christian	74,270	34,385	39,885	54.3	51.6	57.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,700	5,375	6,320	8.6	8.1	9.0
Anabaptist	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	6,745	2,940	3,805	4.9	4.4	5.4
Baptist	1,510	660	850	1.1	1.0	1.2
Catholic	35,155	16,705	18,445	25.7	25.1	26.3
Christian Orthodox	3,655	1,745	1,910	2.7	2.6	2.7
Jehovah's Witness	290	130	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	730	315	410	0.5	0.5	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	530	280	245	0.4	0.4	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,650	1,165	1,485	1.9	1.7	2.1
Presbyterian	1,970	930	1,040	1.4	1.4	1.5
Reformed	275	120	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	5,780	2,495	3,285	4.2	3.7	4.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,090	1,435	1,655	2.3	2.2	2.4
Hindu	7,390	3,675	3,715	5.4	5.5	5.3
Jewish	455	230	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	9,145	4,705	4,445	6.7	7.1	6.3
Sikh	670	325	345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	615	265	355	0.5	0.4	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	43,205	22,635	20,565	31.6	34.0	29.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	135,415	66,045	69,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	121,555	59,245	62,310	89.8	89.7	89.8
Movers	13,860	6,800	7,060	10.2	10.3	10.2
Non-migrants	4,830	2,310	2,520	3.6	3.5	3.6
Migrants	9,035	4,495	4,545	6.7	6.8	6.6
Internal migrants	8,415	4,165	4,250	6.2	6.3	6.1
Intraprovincial migrants	8,220	4,065	4,150	6.1	6.2	6.0
Interprovincial migrants	195	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
External migrants	620	330	290	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	129,320	62,945	66,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	84,605	41,340	43,270	65.4	65.7	65.2
Movers	44,715	21,605	23,110	34.6	34.3	34.8
Non-migrants	10,855	5,065	5,795	8.4	8.0	8.7
Migrants	33,855	16,540	17,315	26.2	26.3	26.1
Internal migrants	29,855	14,635	15,225	23.1	23.3	22.9
Intraprovincial migrants	28,815	14,110	14,705	22.3	22.4	22.2
Interprovincial migrants	1,040	530	515	0.8	0.8	0.8
External migrants	4,005	1,910	2,095	3.1	3.0	3.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,265	53,175	57,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,090	7,645	7,445	13.7	14.4	13.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	95,180	45,530	49,650	86.3	85.6	87.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,480	35,440	38,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,835	2,660	2,175	6.6	7.5	5.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	68,650	32,780	35,870	93.4	92.5	94.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,265	53,175	57,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,870	6,950	6,925	12.6	13.1	12.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,880	15,125	14,750	27.1	28.4	25.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	66,515	31,100	35,415	60.3	58.5	62.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	33,250	16,535	16,720	30.2	31.1	29.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,340	3,935	1,405	4.8	7.4	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,445	1,515	925	2.2	2.8	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,895	2,415	480	2.6	4.5	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,305	11,455	13,855	22.9	21.5	24.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,605	1,150	1,455	2.4	2.2	2.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,265	14,565	18,700	30.2	27.4	32.8
Bachelor's degree	23,315	9,850	13,465	21.1	18.5	23.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,085	905	1,180	1.9	1.7	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	645	305	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	6,605	3,125	3,475	6.0	5.9	6.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	620	380	240	0.6	0.7	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,485	35,445	38,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,140	2,275	1,865	5.6	6.4	4.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,490	8,890	7,600	22.4	25.1	20.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,855	24,280	28,570	71.9	68.5	75.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,245	12,425	12,825	34.4	35.1	33.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,695	2,755	935	5.0	7.8	2.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,730	1,040	685	2.4	2.9	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,965	1,715	255	2.7	4.8	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	19,625	8,865	10,765	26.7	25.0	28.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,925	800	1,125	2.6	2.3	3.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,605	11,860	15,750	37.6	33.5	41.4
Bachelor's degree	19,055	7,940	11,115	25.9	22.4	29.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,700	720	980	2.3	2.0	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	530	225	305	0.7	0.6	0.8
Master's degree	5,820	2,680	3,140	7.9	7.6	8.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	510	285	220	0.7	0.8	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	110,265	53,175	57,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,750	22,075	21,675	39.7	41.5	38.0
Education	3,910	840	3,075	3.5	1.6	5.4
13. Education	3,910	840	3,075	3.5	1.6	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,480	1,185	1,295	2.2	2.2	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	410	285	125	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,060	895	1,170	1.9	1.7	2.0
Humanities	3,280	1,060	2,225	3.0	2.0	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	300	70	230	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	885	170	710	0.8	0.3	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,065	290	775	1.0	0.5	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	110	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	215	145	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	485	245	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	100	15	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,535	2,750	6,785	8.6	5.2	11.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	25	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,110	425	685	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,360	50	1,305	1.2	0.1	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	1,690	390	1,295	1.5	0.7	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	230	75	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	1,745	270	1,470	1.6	0.5	2.6
45. Social sciences	3,290	1,505	1,785	3.0	2.8	3.1
Business, management and public administration	15,685	7,030	8,650	14.2	13.2	15.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,150	195	955	1.0	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,525	6,825	7,695	13.2	12.8	13.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,745	1,140	1,600	2.5	2.1	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,040	365	675	0.9	0.7	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	775	275	505	0.7	0.5	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	25	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	690	445	250	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,525	2,365	1,160	3.2	4.4	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,930	2,045	885	2.7	3.8	1.6
25. Library science	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	420	235	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,815	10,555	1,255	10.7	19.8	2.2
04. Architecture and related services	535	395	145	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	3,505	2,770	735	3.2	5.2	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,820	2,550	275	2.6	4.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,100	2,075	30	1.9	3.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,025	1,975	50	1.8	3.7	0.1
48. Precision production	825	795	35	0.7	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	940	460	480	0.9	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	565	250	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	375	210	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	8,790	1,685	7,105	8.0	3.2	12.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,150	555	595	1.0	1.0	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,395	1,005	6,390	6.7	1.9	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	220	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,790	2,020	1,770	3.4	3.8	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,695	440	1,260	1.5	0.8	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,655	1,175	480	1.5	2.2	0.8
49. Transportation and materials moving	425	390	35	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	73,480	35,440	38,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,630	11,165	9,465	28.1	31.5	24.9
Education	3,000	600	2,405	4.1	1.7	6.3
13. Education	3,000	600	2,405	4.1	1.7	6.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,915	885	1,030	2.6	2.5	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	285	200	90	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,625	690	940	2.2	1.9	2.5
Humanities	2,515	840	1,670	3.4	2.4	4.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	245	50	200	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	665	140	530	0.9	0.4	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	855	255	595	1.2	0.7	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	80	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	80	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	385	200	190	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	80	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,890	2,215	5,670	10.7	6.3	14.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	20	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	935	365	570	1.3	1.0	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,055	45	1,010	1.4	0.1	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,440	280	1,165	2.0	0.8	3.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	180	50	125	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	1,375	190	1,185	1.9	0.5	3.1
45. Social sciences	2,800	1,265	1,535	3.8	3.6	4.0
Business, management and public administration	12,915	5,665	7,250	17.6	16.0	19.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	945	145	800	1.3	0.4	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,960	5,515	6,450	16.3	15.6	17.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,165	860	1,305	2.9	2.4	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	860	315	540	1.2	0.9	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	615	215	400	0.8	0.6	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	10	85	0.1	0.0	0.2
40. Physical sciences	515	305	210	0.7	0.9	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,040	2,045	995	4.1	5.8	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,585	1,800	785	3.5	5.1	2.1
25. Library science	40	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	315	170	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	105	70	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,050	7,940	1,110	12.3	22.4	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	430	310	115	0.6	0.9	0.3
14. Engineering	2,890	2,215	670	3.9	6.3	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,155	1,910	240	2.9	5.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,560	1,535	20	2.1	4.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,455	1,410	45	2.0	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	565	545	20	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	735	330	405	1.0	0.9	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	430	170	260	0.6	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	305	165	140	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	6,680	1,285	5,390	9.1	3.6	14.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	860	415	440	1.2	1.2	1.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,640	795	4,845	7.7	2.2	12.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,940	1,605	1,335	4.0	4.5	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,255	325	925	1.7	0.9	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,345	965	380	1.8	2.7	1.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	340	310	35	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	73,480	35,440	38,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,630	11,165	9,465	28.1	31.5	24.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	52,855	24,280	28,575	71.9	68.5	75.1
Location of study inside Canada	42,085	19,125	22,960	57.3	54.0	60.4
Same as province or territory of residence	39,830	18,080	21,750	54.2	51.0	57.2
Different than province or territory of residence	2,250	1,045	1,205	3.1	2.9	3.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,765	5,155	5,620	14.7	14.5	14.8
Americas	2,340	1,205	1,135	3.2	3.4	3.0
United States of America	1,390	740	650	1.9	2.1	1.7
Mexico	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	200	80	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Brazil	215	120	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombia	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	250	145	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Europe	1,825	965	860	2.5	2.7	2.3
Belgium	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	35	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	175	90	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	885	495	395	1.2	1.4	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	155	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	505	250	250	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nigeria	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	150	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	5,875	2,650	3,225	8.0	7.5	8.5
Iran⁸⁸	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	35	20	20	0.0	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	695	295	400	0.9	0.8	1.1
Taiwan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	100	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	865	345	515	1.2	1.0	1.4
Viet Nam	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	120	50	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
India	2,705	1,300	1,405	3.7	3.7	3.7
Pakistan	750	345	410	1.0	1.0	1.1
Other locations of study in Asia	145	60	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	215	75	145	0.3	0.2	0.4
Australia	180	45	135	0.2	0.1	0.4
New Zealand	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	110,265	53,175	57,090	...	...	...
In the labour force	73,915	37,895	36,020	...	...	...
Employed	64,840	33,465	31,380	...	...	...
Unemployed	9,070	4,430	4,640	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	36,350	15,280	21,070	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.0	71.3	63.1	67.0	71.3	63.1
Employment rate	58.8	62.9	55.0	58.8	62.9	55.0
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.7	12.9	12.3	11.7	12.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	110,265	53,175	57,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,485	16,035	21,450	34.0	30.2	37.6
Worked	72,780	37,135	35,640	66.0	69.8	62.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	42,410	23,375	19,035	38.5	44.0	33.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,365	13,760	16,605	27.5	25.9	29.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.8	40.9	41.8	42.8	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	73,910	37,890	36,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,250	1,150	1,100	3.0	3.0	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	71,660	36,745	34,920	97.0	97.0	96.9
Employee	62,455	31,245	31,210	84.5	82.5	86.6
Permanent position	53,750	27,170	26,580	72.7	71.7	73.8
Temporary position	8,705	4,080	4,630	11.8	10.8	12.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,615	1,190	1,425	3.5	3.1	4.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,090	2,885	3,205	8.2	7.6	8.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,210	5,500	3,710	12.5	14.5	10.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	73,910	37,890	36,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,250	1,150	1,100	3.0	3.0	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	71,660	36,745	34,920	97.0	97.0	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	945	670	275	1.3	1.8	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,790	5,150	9,640	20.0	13.6	26.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,400	5,515	1,885	10.0	14.6	5.2
3 Health occupations	5,100	900	4,200	6.9	2.4	11.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,515	2,965	6,550	12.9	7.8	18.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,365	1,115	1,250	3.2	2.9	3.5
6 Sales and service occupations	17,555	8,120	9,435	23.8	21.4	26.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,500	9,545	950	14.2	25.2	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	925	770	160	1.3	2.0	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,570	1,995	570	3.5	5.3	1.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	73,910	37,890	36,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,250	1,150	1,100	3.0	3.0	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	71,660	36,745	34,920	97.0	97.0	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	410	210	200	0.6	0.6	0.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	130	105	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	1,615	1,205	405	2.2	3.2	1.1
23 Construction	5,115	4,380	740	6.9	11.6	2.1
31-33 Manufacturing	4,555	3,250	1,300	6.2	8.6	3.6
41 Wholesale trade	2,535	1,615	915	3.4	4.3	2.5
44-45 Retail trade	8,120	4,245	3,870	11.0	11.2	10.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,050	2,335	715	4.1	6.2	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	2,065	1,280	790	2.8	3.4	2.2
52 Finance and insurance	5,910	2,855	3,055	8.0	7.5	8.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,545	725	820	2.1	1.9	2.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,565	3,405	3,160	8.9	9.0	8.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	470	220	250	0.6	0.6	0.7
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,265	1,895	1,365	4.4	5.0	3.8
61 Educational services	5,995	1,715	4,275	8.1	4.5	11.9
62 Health care and social assistance	8,180	1,455	6,730	11.1	3.8	18.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,485	765	720	2.0	2.0	2.0
72 Accommodation and food services	3,560	1,525	2,035	4.8	4.0	5.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,740	1,285	1,445	3.7	3.4	4.0
91 Public administration	4,355	2,270	2,085	5.9	6.0	5.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	77,860	39,515	38,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	74,710	38,075	36,635	96.0	96.4	95.5
French	215	55	165	0.3	0.1	0.4
Non-official language	310	170	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	310	170	145	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and French	1,100	415	685	1.4	1.1	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,425	760	670	1.8	1.9	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	77,860	39,515	38,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	77,460	39,320	38,145	99.5	99.5	99.5
Official languages	76,830	38,990	37,840	98.7	98.7	98.7
English	76,475	38,910	37,570	98.2	98.5	98.0
French	355	80	270	0.5	0.2	0.7
Non-official languages	630	330	305	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	630	330	305	0.8	0.8	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	140	75	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	375	205	170	0.5	0.5	0.4
Chinese languages	375	205	170	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	290	155	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	400	200	200	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	200	110	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	77,860	39,515	38,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	75,595	38,470	37,120	97.1	97.4	96.8
English	405	155	250	0.5	0.4	0.7
French	785	300	490	1.0	0.8	1.3
Non-official language	840	435	395	1.1	1.1	1.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	840	435	395	1.1	1.1	1.0
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	90	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	64,840	33,465	31,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	22,440	10,300	12,140	34.6	30.8	38.7
Worked outside Canada	165	110	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	7,025	5,215	1,810	10.8	15.6	5.8
Usual place of work	35,210	17,845	17,365	54.3	53.3	55.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	35,210	17,845	17,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	11,620	4,940	6,685	33.0	27.7	38.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	10,115	4,930	5,180	28.7	27.6	29.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	13,390	7,930	5,465	38.0	44.4	31.5
Commute to a different province or territory	90	50	40	0.3	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	42,240	23,055	19,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	37,285	20,965	16,310	88.3	90.9	85.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	34,180	19,655	14,525	80.9	85.3	75.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,105	1,310	1,790	7.4	5.7	9.3
Public transit	2,555	1,120	1,435	6.0	4.9	7.5
Walked	1,045	460	595	2.5	2.0	3.1
Bicycle	105	75	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other method	1,255	440	815	3.0	1.9	4.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	42,240	23,055	19,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	10,445	4,560	5,885	24.7	19.8	30.7
15 to 29 minutes	11,860	5,880	5,980	28.1	25.5	31.2
30 to 44 minutes	8,235	5,030	3,200	19.5	21.8	16.7
45 to 59 minutes	5,505	3,590	1,915	13.0	15.6	10.0
60 minutes and over	6,195	3,990	2,205	14.7	17.3	11.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	42,240	23,055	19,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,040	3,000	1,045	9.6	13.0	5.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,070	4,545	2,525	16.7	19.7	13.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,270	4,870	4,400	21.9	21.1	22.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,675	3,755	4,920	20.5	16.3	25.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,030	2,765	3,265	14.3	12.0	17.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,155	4,125	3,025	16.9	17.9	15.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	33,015	16,875	16,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,845	1,385	1,455	8.6	8.2	9.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	30,175	15,485	14,685	91.4	91.8	90.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	25,060	12,845	12,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,265	1,110	1,155	9.0	8.6	9.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,255	605	655	5.0	4.7	5.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,010	505	505	4.0	3.9	4.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,795	11,735	11,060	91.0	91.4	90.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 25, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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