Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Markham, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	338,503	...	...
Population, 2016¹	328,966	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	114,908	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	110,867	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,604.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	210.93	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	338,500	164,615	173,885
0 to 14 years	53,880	27,785	26,100
0 to 4 years	14,350	7,365	6,990
5 to 9 years	18,775	9,655	9,115
10 to 14 years	20,760	10,765	9,995
15 to 64 years	222,560	107,885	114,680
15 to 19 years	20,555	10,760	9,790
20 to 24 years	20,345	10,570	9,775
25 to 29 years	21,360	10,875	10,480
30 to 34 years	21,540	10,620	10,925
35 to 39 years	21,830	10,350	11,480
40 to 44 years	21,530	9,800	11,730
45 to 49 years	24,015	11,060	12,955
50 to 54 years	24,180	11,380	12,805
55 to 59 years	24,835	11,790	13,045
60 to 64 years	22,380	10,685	11,695
65 years and over	62,060	28,940	33,115
65 to 69 years	20,080	9,520	10,560
70 to 74 years	17,120	8,155	8,965
75 to 79 years	10,640	4,995	5,640
80 to 84 years	7,305	3,415	3,895
85 years and over	6,915	2,855	4,055
85 to 89 years	4,325	1,905	2,415
90 to 94 years	1,975	750	1,225
95 to 99 years	530	185	350
100 years and over	85	15	70
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.9	16.9	15.0
15 to 64 years	65.7	65.5	66.0
65 years and over	18.3	17.6	19.0
85 years and over	2.0	1.7	2.3
Average age of the population	41.8	40.9	42.7
Median age of the population	42.4	40.8	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	110,865	...	...
Single-detached house	62,270	...	...
Semi-detached house	6,985	...	...
Row house	15,985	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,075	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,905	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,635	...	...
Other single-attached house	5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	110,870	...	...
1 person	17,295	...	...
2 persons	30,515	...	...
3 persons	22,460	...	...
4 persons	23,525	...	...
5 or more persons	17,070	...	...
Number of persons in private households	337,250	164,205	173,045
Average household size	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	284,620	136,830	147,790
Married or living common-law	173,985	86,455	87,535
Married	163,935	81,455	82,480
Living common-law	10,055	4,995	5,055
Living common law - Never married	6,850	3,405	3,445
Living common law - Separated	425	235	190
Living common law - Divorced	2,560	1,250	1,305
Living common law - Widowed	220	105	115
Not married and not living common-law	110,630	50,375	60,255
Not married and not living common law - Never married	78,525	41,370	37,150
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,320	1,935	3,385
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	13,695	4,620	9,070
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	13,100	2,450	10,645
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	98,415	...	...
2 persons	39,625	...	...
3 persons	25,565	...	...
4 persons	25,335	...	...
5 or more persons	7,900	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	98,420	...	...
Total couple families	83,830	...	...
Married couples	78,810	...	...
With children⁶	50,915	...	...
Without children	27,895	...	...
Common-law couples	5,025	...	...
With children⁶	2,080	...	...
Without children	2,945	...	...
Total one-parent families	14,580	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	11,760	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,820	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	337,255	164,205	173,045
Total - Persons in census families	298,490	148,100	150,390
Married spouses or common-law partners	167,670	83,780	83,885
Parents in one-parent families	14,585	2,825	11,760
Children⁶	116,240	61,490	54,745
In a two-parent family	94,135	49,705	44,430
In a one-parent family	22,105	11,790	10,310
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	38,765	16,110	22,650
Living alone	17,295	7,180	10,110
Living with other relatives⁷	12,505	4,090	8,415
Living with non-relatives only	8,955	4,835	4,120
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	110,870	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	73,100	...	...
Couple-family households	63,595	...	...
With children⁶	41,070	...	...
Without children	22,525	...	...
One-parent-family households	9,510	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	10,515	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,805	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,020	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,130	...	...
One-person households	17,295	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	283,400	136,435	146,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	269,040	129,225	139,815
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,400	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	269,175	129,295	139,875
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	35,200	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	237,885	116,405	121,480
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,000	35,200	25,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	187,620	94,650	92,970
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,000	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	244,775	116,375	128,390
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	6,550	9,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,310	8,530	12,775
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,480	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,420	45,475	46,940
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	283,400	136,400	146,995
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	268,885	129,250	139,635
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,950	61,750	46,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	268,990	129,315	139,675
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,040	48,840	39,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	237,725	116,405	121,320
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,280	59,300	41,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	187,620	94,815	92,810
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,200	60,550	43,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	244,440	116,365	128,080
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,420	9,280	11,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,030	8,390	12,645
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,760	5,930	7,300
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,260	45,220	47,045
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,490	10,400	10,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	283,400	136,405	147,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	86,290	47,340	38,945
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500	76,500	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,100	95,900	74,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	71,950	33,650	38,300
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,200	15,000	13,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,920	28,240	23,880
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.4	86.4	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	72.0	62.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.6	13.5	22.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.4	6.3	8.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.7	5.9	7.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	283,400	136,440	146,965
Without total income	14,360	7,210	7,145
With total income	269,045	129,230	139,820
Under $10,000 (including loss)	30,700	13,520	17,185
$10,000 to $19,999	38,660	18,160	20,500
$20,000 to $29,999	45,690	20,950	24,740
$30,000 to $39,999	31,390	13,785	17,605
$40,000 to $49,999	23,745	10,325	13,425
$50,000 to $59,999	18,920	8,480	10,445
$60,000 to $69,999	14,745	6,960	7,785
$70,000 to $79,999	11,970	5,860	6,105
$80,000 to $89,999	9,940	5,170	4,765
$90,000 to $99,999	8,715	4,620	4,095
$100,000 and over	34,570	21,405	13,170
$100,000 to $149,999	22,405	13,070	9,335
$150,000 and over	12,170	8,330	3,835
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	283,400	136,440	146,965
Without after-tax income	14,230	7,140	7,090
With after-tax income	269,170	129,300	139,875
Under $10,000 (including loss)	31,850	14,000	17,850
$10,000 to $19,999	40,350	19,045	21,305
$20,000 to $29,999	50,370	23,150	27,225
$30,000 to $39,999	34,700	15,235	19,465
$40,000 to $49,999	26,915	11,995	14,925
$50,000 to $59,999	20,415	9,440	10,970
$60,000 to $69,999	15,555	7,605	7,945
$70,000 to $79,999	12,455	6,630	5,830
$80,000 to $89,999	10,725	5,675	5,055
$90,000 to $99,999	7,150	4,165	2,990
$100,000 and over	18,685	12,360	6,325
$100,000 to $124,999	9,390	5,880	3,515
$125,000 and over	9,290	6,485	2,810
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	283,400	136,440	146,965
Without employment income	95,785	41,785	53,995
With employment income	187,620	94,650	92,965
Under $5,000 (including loss)	30,730	14,305	16,420
$5,000 to $9,999	20,600	9,505	11,095
$10,000 to $19,999	21,365	10,305	11,060
$20,000 to $29,999	14,285	6,640	7,640
$30,000 to $39,999	14,060	6,525	7,530
$40,000 to $49,999	13,040	6,240	6,805
$50,000 to $59,999	12,230	5,855	6,380
$60,000 to $69,999	10,280	5,200	5,080
$70,000 to $79,999	8,745	4,440	4,310
$80,000 to $89,999	7,545	4,105	3,440
$90,000 to $99,999	7,460	3,870	3,585
$100,000 and over	27,280	17,665	9,615
$100,000 to $124,999	12,005	7,060	4,945
$125,000 and over	15,280	10,605	4,670
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	283,400	136,435	146,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	261,695	125,385	136,310
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	37,200	30,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	261,755	125,400	136,355
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	34,000	29,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	234,105	114,530	119,575
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,400	29,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	188,365	95,245	93,120
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	230,725	109,870	120,855
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,520	920	2,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	12,175	4,345	7,830
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,160	5,360	6,700
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	283,400	136,400	146,995
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	261,700	125,455	136,245
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,880	58,650	43,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	261,735	125,460	136,270
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,760	46,720	37,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	233,800	114,275	119,525
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,120	59,850	42,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	187,660	94,975	92,690
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,550	60,150	44,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	230,685	109,980	120,705
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,895	4,712	6,970
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,975	4,135	7,840
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,930	6,750	8,540
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	283,400	136,405	147,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	85,405	46,825	38,585
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	71,000	59,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,100	89,100	69,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	66,905	31,380	35,525
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	22,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,480	36,760	30,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8	93.0	85.8
Employment income (%)	74.0	77.6	69.6
Government transfers (%)	10.2	7.0	14.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	110,870	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	17,295	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	93,570	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	110,865	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	130,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	17,290	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	93,575	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	143,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	110,870	...	...
Under $5,000	1,770	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	755	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	900	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,390	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,770	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,430	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,020	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,135	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,855	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,960	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,285	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,405	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,295	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,220	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,885	...	...
$100,000 and over	57,780	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	12,925	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,800	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	15,075	...	...
$200,000 and over	18,975	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	110,870	...	...
Under $5,000	2,045	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	760	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	965	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,485	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,995	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,570	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,340	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,425	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,375	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,465	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	7,430	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,600	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,620	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	7,245	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,595	...	...
$100,000 and over	49,940	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,540	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,225	...	...
$150,000 and over	24,175	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	92,340	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	23,615	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	53,040	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	12,230	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	26,250	12,020	14,240
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	36,000	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	32,800	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	92,310	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,570	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	53,060	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	164,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,220	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	26,185	11,960	14,225
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,950	55,350	51,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,880	43,880	42,000
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	337,250	164,210	173,040
0 to 17 years	66,330	34,245	32,085
0 to 5 years	17,630	9,060	8,570
18 to 64 years	209,935	101,335	108,595
65 years and over	60,985	28,625	32,365
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	36,445	17,285	19,160
0 to 17 years	7,885	4,160	3,725
0 to 5 years	2,225	1,150	1,070
18 to 64 years	19,950	9,315	10,630
65 years and over	8,605	3,800	4,800
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	10.5	11.1
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9	12.2	11.6
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6	12.7	12.5
18 to 64 years (%)	9.5	9.2	9.8
65 years and over (%)	14.1	13.3	14.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	337,255	164,205	173,045
0 to 17 years	66,330	34,245	32,085
0 to 5 years	17,625	9,060	8,570
18 to 64 years	209,930	101,335	108,595
65 years and over	60,985	28,625	32,360
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	22,100	10,835	11,260
0 to 17 years	4,680	2,465	2,220
0 to 5 years	1,190	610	580
18 to 64 years	14,270	7,000	7,270
65 years and over	3,145	1,375	1,775
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.6	6.6	6.5
0 to 17 years (%)	7.1	7.2	6.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.8	6.7	6.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	6.9	6.7
65 years and over (%)	5.2	4.8	5.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	337,250	164,205	173,040
In bottom half of the distribution	150,735	72,565	78,170
In bottom decile	32,745	15,830	16,915
In second decile	30,905	14,795	16,105
In third decile	29,360	14,145	15,210
In fourth decile	28,840	13,905	14,930
In fifth decile	28,885	13,885	15,000
In top half of the distribution	186,520	91,645	94,875
In sixth decile	29,685	14,320	15,360
In seventh decile	32,235	15,620	16,615
In eighth decile	36,015	17,500	18,515
In ninth decile	41,295	20,480	20,810
In top decile	47,295	23,725	23,570
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	337,255	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.359	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.475	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.312	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	337,485	164,305	173,185
English only	284,630	141,555	143,075
French only	130	50	80
English and French	18,325	7,975	10,355
Neither English nor French	34,405	14,725	19,685
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	337,485	164,305	173,185
English	299,050	147,705	151,340
French	1,875	890	985
English and French	2,575	1,180	1,395
Neither English nor French	33,990	14,525	19,465
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	337,485	164,305	173,185
Single responses	313,790	152,770	161,020
Official languages	114,475	58,690	55,785
English	112,830	57,895	54,930
French	1,640	790	855
Non-official languages	199,315	94,080	105,230
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	199,315	94,080	105,230
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,210	1,575	1,635
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	0
Hausa	10	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	45	25	25
Cushitic languages	140	55	85
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	135	55	80
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	3,020	1,495	1,525
Amharic	35	25	15
Arabic	2,565	1,265	1,300
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	35	15	20
Hebrew	285	140	140
Maltese	35	15	20
Tigrigna	35	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,165	515	650
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	20	35
Vietnamese	1,115	500	620
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	5,280	2,075	3,205
Bikol	15	10	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	25	35
Cebuano	105	35	70
Fijian	5	0	0
Hiligaynon	80	35	50
Ilocano	270	100	170
Indonesian	275	110	160
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	25
Pangasinan	20	5	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,325	1,700	2,625
Waray-Waray	20	5	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Creole languages	170	75	90
Haitian Creole	15	5	10
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	120	55	60
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Dravidian languages	15,725	7,500	8,220
Kannada	140	75	70
Malayalam	780	390	390
Tamil	14,225	6,735	7,485
Telugu	555	290	270
Tulu	10	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Georgian	50	30	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	41,820	20,310	21,510
Albanian	120	60	60
Armenian	1,150	560	590
Balto-Slavic languages	4,265	2,010	2,255
Baltic languages	60	30	40
Latvian	35	15	20
Lithuanian	25	10	20
Slavic languages	4,200	1,980	2,215
Belarusian	5	5	0
Bulgarian	125	65	65
Czech	80	30	45
Macedonian	925	455	475
Polish	450	215	230
Russian	1,860	840	1,020
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	445	230	215
Bosnian	20	15	10
Croatian	95	50	50
Serbian	320	165	155
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Slovak	65	30	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	25
Ukrainian	210	100	110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,025	475	550
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	760	345	420
German	645	290	355
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	10
Yiddish	100	45	50
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	200	95	110
Afrikaans	30	10	15
Dutch	170	80	95
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	55	35	20
Danish	35	25	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	5
Swedish	20	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	2,025	975	1,050
Indo-Iranian languages	26,310	12,920	13,390
Indo-Aryan languages	17,750	8,735	9,015
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	695	345	345
Gujarati	3,845	1,840	2,005
Hindi	2,260	1,140	1,120
Kacchi	460	205	250
Kashmiri	20	10	10
Konkani	115	50	65
Marathi	270	140	130
Nepali	45	20	25
Oriya languages	35	15	20
Odia	25	10	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	10	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,440	1,705	1,730
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	90	45	50
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	375	175	200
Urdu	6,060	3,020	3,045
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Iranian languages	8,555	4,180	4,375
Baluchi	10	5	0
Kurdish	115	70	45
Parsi	25	10	10
Pashto	290	145	150
Persian languages	8,110	3,945	4,160
Dari	785	370	420
Iranian Persian	6,470	3,165	3,310
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	850	410	440
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,915	3,300	3,610
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,885	1,390	1,495
Portuguese	855	400	455
Romanian	830	410	415
Spanish	2,330	1,095	1,235
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Japanese	480	185	300
Korean	3,500	1,610	1,890
Mongolian	15	10	5
Niger-Congo languages	315	140	175
Akan (Twi)	55	20	30
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	10	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	5
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	35	15	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	0	5
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	0	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	55	25	30
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	85	45	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	10	10
American Sign Language	10	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	126,030	59,305	66,730
Chinese languages	125,905	59,245	66,665
Hakka	1,930	885	1,040
Mandarin	49,380	23,155	26,220
Min Dong	250	125	120
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,300	610	695
Wu (Shanghainese)	635	290	345
Yue (Cantonese)	71,905	33,930	37,975
Chinese, n.o.s.	485	235	255
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	95	50	45
Burmese	80	40	40
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	165	65	95
Lao	70	40	35
Thai	75	20	55
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Turkic languages	725	385	345
Azerbaijani	120	70	55
Kazakh	5	0	0
Turkish	565	300	270
Uyghur	15	10	10
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Uralic languages	630	275	355
Estonian	65	30	40
Finnish	85	30	55
Hungarian	475	220	265
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Multiple responses	23,695	11,530	12,170
English and French	795	365	430
English and non-official language(s)	20,415	10,025	10,390
French and non-official language(s)	225	115	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	500	235	265
Multiple non-official languages	1,765	790	970
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	337,485	164,305	173,185
English	117,500	59,515	57,990
French	345	165	180
Non-official language	80,025	37,165	42,860
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	80,025	37,165	42,865
English and French	1,995	890	1,110
English and non-official language(s)	126,130	61,405	64,720
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,115	1,355	1,760
Multiple non-official languages	8,255	3,755	4,495
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	337,485	164,305	173,185
Single responses	307,100	149,425	157,680
Official languages	163,645	81,735	81,910
English	163,020	81,435	81,580
French	625	300	330
Non-official languages	143,455	67,690	75,765
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	143,455	67,690	75,765
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,470	700	765
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	10	10
Cushitic languages	55	20	35
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	50	20	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,395	670	720
Amharic	10	5	5
Arabic	1,195	570	625
Aramaic languages	15	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	25	10	10
Hebrew	125	60	60
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	25	15	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	510	240	275
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	20
Vietnamese	475	225	255
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,505	1,080	1,420
Bikol	10	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Cebuano	50	20	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20
Ilocano	90	45	45
Indonesian	100	45	55
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	10	10
Pangasinan	10	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,145	920	1,220
Waray-Waray	10	5	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Creole languages	105	50	50
Haitian Creole	10	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	85	40	45
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	11,205	5,270	5,930
Kannada	85	45	40
Malayalam	415	215	200
Tamil	10,385	4,855	5,530
Telugu	320	160	165
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Georgian	30	20	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	23,320	11,115	12,205
Albanian	45	25	20
Armenian	640	305	340
Balto-Slavic languages	2,075	980	1,100
Baltic languages	10	5	5
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	5	5	0
Slavic languages	2,065	975	1,095
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	30	30
Czech	20	10	10
Macedonian	385	185	200
Polish	145	75	70
Russian	1,200	550	650
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	185	90	90
Bosnian	15	10	5
Croatian	30	15	15
Serbian	130	65	65
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	15	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	50	25	30
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	100	50	50
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	80	40	45
German	85	40	40
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5
Danish	5	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	715	330	385
Indo-Iranian languages	16,795	8,095	8,700
Indo-Aryan languages	10,570	5,100	5,470
Assamese	10	5	5
Bengali	395	195	205
Gujarati	2,205	1,045	1,160
Hindi	1,260	600	655
Kacchi	180	80	105
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	30	15	15
Marathi	140	65	75
Nepali	20	10	15
Oriya languages	25	15	10
Odia	20	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,260	1,095	1,165
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	35	20	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	195	95	100
Urdu	3,805	1,860	1,945
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	6,215	2,995	3,225
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	70	35	30
Parsi	5	5	5
Pashto	170	70	100
Persian languages	5,970	2,880	3,090
Dari	515	250	270
Iranian Persian	4,815	2,315	2,505
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	635	320	315
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,935	1,330	1,610
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	885	370	515
Portuguese	360	175	185
Romanian	385	180	205
Spanish	1,305	600	700
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Japanese	265	120	150
Korean	2,485	1,150	1,340
Mongolian	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	95	45	50
Akan (Twi)	20	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	35	15	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	65	40	20
American Sign Language	45	25	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	100,665	47,505	53,160
Chinese languages	100,600	47,475	53,125
Hakka	900	410	490
Mandarin	41,235	19,685	21,550
Min Dong	155	75	80
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	640	295	345
Wu (Shanghainese)	365	175	190
Yue (Cantonese)	56,950	26,650	30,300
Chinese, n.o.s.	340	175	165
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	25	30
Burmese	45	20	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	50	25	25
Lao	20	10	10
Thai	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	465	230	235
Azerbaijani	55	30	20
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	390	190	200
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Uralic languages	200	85	110
Estonian	15	5	10
Finnish	20	10	10
Hungarian	165	75	90
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Multiple responses	30,380	14,875	15,510
English and French	445	185	260
English and non-official language(s)	28,930	14,225	14,710
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	290	145	150
Multiple non-official languages	650	285	360
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	337,485	164,300	173,180
None	223,155	109,340	113,820
English	48,200	23,520	24,680
French	2,155	955	1,200
Non-official language	49,585	23,810	25,780
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	49,585	23,805	25,780
English and French	470	210	255
English and non-official language(s)	7,295	3,400	3,895
French and non-official language(s)	1,430	590	840
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	45	55
Multiple non-official languages	5,105	2,435	2,665
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	337,250	164,210	173,045
Official languages	302,950	149,475	153,475
English	302,820	149,420	153,400
French	18,440	8,075	10,365
Non-official languages	245,060	116,955	128,105
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	20	15
Algonquian languages	25	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	245,035	116,940	128,095
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,740	2,850	2,890
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	60	25	30
Cushitic languages	265	100	165
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	0	10
Somali	260	100	160
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	5,465	2,735	2,730
Amharic	115	60	55
Arabic	4,385	2,225	2,160
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	55	30	30
Hebrew	940	460	480
Maltese	55	20	35
Tigrigna	25	0	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,255	1,105	1,155
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	50	40
Vietnamese	2,175	1,055	1,120
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	7,600	3,045	4,555
Bikol	20	20	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	30
Cebuano	165	75	85
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	95	30	70
Ilocano	555	200	360
Indonesian	300	130	170
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	225	105	125
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	30
Pangasinan	15	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,900	2,740	4,160
Waray-Waray	135	55	85
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	135	35	100
Creole languages	585	285	300
Haitian Creole	30	10	20
Jamaican English Creole	35	20	20
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	350	165	180
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	115	60	55
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25
Dravidian languages	22,555	10,905	11,645
Kannada	415	245	170
Malayalam	1,250	655	595
Tamil	20,555	9,870	10,685
Telugu	1,090	540	550
Tulu	30	15	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
Georgian	50	30	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	59,905	29,425	30,480
Albanian	210	125	85
Armenian	1,530	715	815
Balto-Slavic languages	5,560	2,645	2,915
Baltic languages	110	45	65
Latvian	45	25	25
Lithuanian	65	20	40
Slavic languages	5,485	2,615	2,870
Belarusian	10	0	10
Bulgarian	200	95	110
Czech	130	50	75
Macedonian	1,630	825	805
Polish	550	255	295
Russian	2,370	1,075	1,300
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	640	315	320
Bosnian	80	40	45
Croatian	230	115	110
Serbian	495	235	255
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	25	15
Slovak	115	55	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	15	35
Ukrainian	330	165	170
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	40	25	15
Irish	15	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	15	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,365	1,185	1,175
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,625	845	780
German	1,465	755	710
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	10	20
Yiddish	155	85	65
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	645	290	355
Afrikaans	310	150	155
Dutch	335	145	195
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	0
Scandinavian languages	165	90	80
Danish	65	45	25
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	35	15	20
Swedish	75	35	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	3,075	1,530	1,545
Indo-Iranian languages	37,935	18,940	18,995
Indo-Aryan languages	27,910	13,830	14,075
Assamese	30	10	20
Bengali	1,115	575	535
Gujarati	6,240	3,010	3,225
Hindi	11,170	5,610	5,565
Kacchi	985	455	525
Kashmiri	40	20	20
Konkani	210	85	120
Marathi	550	265	280
Nepali	95	40	55
Oriya languages	80	35	40
Odia	50	20	30
Oriya, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,095	3,165	2,930
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	205	85	125
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,150	600	550
Urdu	10,125	4,960	5,165
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265	130	130
Iranian languages	10,505	5,325	5,180
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	240	130	110
Parsi	40	25	15
Pashto	675	315	360
Persian languages	9,870	5,025	4,845
Dari	1,145	600	550
Iranian Persian	7,980	4,015	3,965
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	950	495	455
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35
Italic (Romance) languages	10,815	5,120	5,695
Catalan	15	10	0
Italian	4,340	2,090	2,255
Portuguese	1,105	495	610
Romanian	895	435	465
Spanish	4,980	2,325	2,655
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Japanese	1,295	605	690
Korean	3,965	1,805	2,155
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,315	675	640
Akan (Twi)	145	65	85
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	30	15	15
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	40	20	25
Ganda	10	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	70	35	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	85	40	45
Luba-Kasai	25	10	15
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	10	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	10
Shona	50	20	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	645	370	275
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	250	135	115
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	110	55	60
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	20
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	140	85	55
American Sign Language	110	55	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	146,770	69,825	76,940
Chinese languages	146,660	69,775	76,880
Hakka	2,515	1,145	1,370
Mandarin	79,390	37,125	42,270
Min Dong	365	180	180
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,020	940	1,080
Wu (Shanghainese)	825	385	445
Yue (Cantonese)	90,715	42,880	47,830
Chinese, n.o.s.	645	350	295
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	160	65	90
Burmese	125	55	70
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	40	15	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10
Tai-Kadai languages	255	100	155
Lao	115	50	55
Thai	125	40	85
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Turkic languages	1,525	810	710
Azerbaijani	300	170	130
Kazakh	25	15	10
Turkish	1,285	685	605
Uyghur	35	15	20
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Uralic languages	755	325	425
Estonian	35	25	10
Finnish	95	35	60
Hungarian	625	265	360
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	337,255	164,210	173,045
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	630	275	355
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	575	255	325
First Nations (North American Indian)	310	145	170
Métis	260	110	150
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30	10	20
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	15	0
Non-Indigenous identity	336,625	163,935	172,690
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	337,255	164,210	173,045
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	150	70	80
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	337,105	164,140	172,960
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	110,865	...	...
Owner	90,545	...	...
Renter	20,325	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	110,865	...	...
Condominium	23,310	...	...
Not condominium	87,555	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	110,865	...	...
No bedrooms	430	...	...
1 bedroom	10,480	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,550	...	...
3 bedrooms	30,365	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	55,045	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	110,865	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	27,805	...	...
5 rooms	16,145	...	...
6 rooms	16,325	...	...
7 rooms	14,935	...	...
8 or more rooms	35,660	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	110,865	...	...
One person or fewer per room	106,485	...	...
More than one person per room	4,385	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	110,865	...	...
Suitable	103,130	...	...
Not suitable	7,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	110,865	...	...
1960 or before	2,835	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,710	...	...
1981 to 1990	20,570	...	...
1991 to 2000	17,265	...	...
2001 to 2005	16,045	...	...
2006 to 2010	13,510	...	...
2011 to 2015	13,430	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	9,500	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	110,865	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	107,505	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,365	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	110,865	...	...
One-maintainer household	46,280	...	...
Two-maintainer household	54,420	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	10,170	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	110,865	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,490	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,970	...	...
35 to 44 years	18,855	...	...
45 to 54 years	24,750	...	...
55 to 64 years	24,340	...	...
65 to 74 years	18,460	...	...
75 to 84 years	8,865	...	...
85 years and over	3,140	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	110,140	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	74,020	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	36,120	...	...
30% to less than 100%	30,475	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	110,865	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	43,320	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	32,525	...	...
Not suitable only	5,095	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,895	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,330	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,165	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	205	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	100	...	...
Acceptable housing	67,550	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	104,495	...	...
In core need	15,270	...	...
Not in core need	89,225	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	90,535	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	29.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,098	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,100,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,208,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,305	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	47.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,940	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,890	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	337,250	164,205	173,040
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	140	60	80
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	125	55	70
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	75	40	40
Métis single ancestry	45	15	25
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	800	340	460
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	785	330	455
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	525	235	295
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	255	95	160
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	336,310	163,805	172,500
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	337,250	164,205	173,045
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	286,070	140,095	145,970
Canadian citizens aged under 18	60,780	31,090	29,690
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	225,295	109,010	116,280
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	51,180	24,110	27,070
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	337,250	164,205	173,045
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	129,645	66,345	63,305
Immigrants⁸¹	197,535	92,570	104,970
Before 1980	25,150	12,240	12,910
1980 to 1990	30,020	14,555	15,470
1991 to 2000	58,620	27,855	30,765
2001 to 2010	45,080	20,385	24,695
2011 to 2021⁸²	38,665	17,525	21,135
2011 to 2015	19,770	9,020	10,745
2016 to 2021	18,895	8,500	10,395
Non-permanent residents⁸³	10,065	5,300	4,770
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	197,540	92,570	104,970
Under 5 years	12,975	6,765	6,205
5 to 14 years	28,665	14,540	14,130
15 to 24 years	38,295	17,330	20,970
25 to 44 years	92,425	42,575	49,850
45 years and over	25,180	11,365	13,820
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	197,540	92,570	104,970
Americas	13,785	6,170	7,615
Brazil	295	145	155
Colombia	330	145	185
El Salvador	145	70	80
Guyana	3,080	1,420	1,655
Haiti	40	15	30
Jamaica	3,510	1,525	1,990
Mexico	245	110	135
Peru	370	165	200
Trinidad and Tobago	1,605	680	930
United States of America	2,000	955	1,050
Other places of birth in Americas	2,155	945	1,215
Europe	12,720	6,140	6,575
Bosnia and Herzegovina	75	40	35
Croatia	85	40	50
France	185	80	100
Germany	560	280	275
Greece	1,335	670	660
Hungary	320	125	195
Italy	2,180	1,075	1,105
Netherlands	230	90	140
Poland	405	195	210
Portugal	285	125	160
Romania	735	370	370
Russian Federation	760	335	430
Serbia⁸⁶	240	115	125
Ukraine	415	190	225
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,860	1,415	1,445
Other places of birth in Europe	2,045	985	1,060
Africa	7,190	3,490	3,705
Algeria	35	15	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	140	85	60
Egypt	1,370	685	680
Eritrea	15	0	10
Ethiopia	105	50	55
Morocco	105	40	60
Nigeria	445	240	210
Somalia	165	40	120
South Africa, Republic of	850	420	425
Other places of birth in Africa	3,960	1,900	2,055
Asia	163,570	76,625	86,940
Afghanistan	915	430	485
Iran⁸⁸	6,895	3,560	3,330
Iraq	380	185	195
Lebanon	540	305	235
Syria⁸⁹	345	185	160
Turkey	585	315	270
China⁹⁰	66,725	30,445	36,275
Hong Kong⁹¹	32,315	15,280	17,030
Korea, South⁹²	2,835	1,330	1,505
Taiwan	2,055	970	1,090
Philippines	7,075	2,875	4,200
Viet Nam	3,610	1,690	1,920
Bangladesh	700	365	335
India	14,305	6,950	7,350
Pakistan	5,350	2,545	2,800
Sri Lanka	12,710	6,175	6,535
Other places of birth in Asia	6,245	3,035	3,215
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	285	145	135
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	18,895	8,500	10,395
Americas	1,095	535	565
Brazil	80	40	35
Colombia	15	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	165	70	95
Mexico	95	50	45
United States of America	400	215	180
Venezuela⁹⁵	75	25	45
Other places of birth in Americas	260	110	150
Europe	500	250	245
France	15	0	10
Germany	40	20	15
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	70	25	45
Ukraine	50	30	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	110	65	40
Other places of birth in Europe	210	100	110
Africa	625	305	320
Algeria	30	15	20
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	130	60	70
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	10	0	0
Nigeria	200	100	95
Somalia	10	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	10
Sudan⁹⁷	80	50	30
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	100	25	70
Asia	16,625	7,385	9,240
Afghanistan	160	85	75
Bangladesh	90	40	45
China⁹⁰	9,455	3,950	5,510
Hong Kong⁹¹	815	320	500
India	2,090	1,060	1,030
Iran⁸⁸	820	420	395
Iraq	50	25	20
Israel	15	10	0
Japan	50	0	40
Jordan	25	15	10
Korea, South⁹²	230	80	150
Lebanon	35	20	15
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	540	295	245
Philippines	690	270	415
Saudi Arabia	65	25	40
Sri Lanka	545	255	285
Syria⁸⁹	155	90	60
Turkey	245	130	110
United Arab Emirates	105	55	50
Viet Nam	85	20	60
Other places of birth in Asia	370	210	165
Oceania and other⁹³	50	30	20
Australia	35	25	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	0	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	337,255	164,210	173,045
First generation¹⁰⁰	211,180	99,735	111,445
Second generation¹⁰¹	96,570	49,420	47,145
Third generation or more¹⁰²	29,500	15,055	14,450
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	172,385	80,325	92,060
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	92,850	45,765	47,085
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	37,460	23,820	13,645
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	55,390	21,945	33,445
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	55,765	21,865	33,900
Refugees¹⁰⁸	19,840	10,770	9,070
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,935	1,925	2,010
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	172,385	80,325	92,060
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	13,030	7,495	5,535
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	9,340	4,600	4,740
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	6,615	3,235	3,380
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	10,285	4,445	5,835
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	655	290	365
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	132,465	60,260	72,205
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	337,255	164,210	173,045
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	276,880	134,135	142,750
South Asian	59,485	29,385	30,095
Chinese	161,415	78,195	83,220
Black	10,435	4,735	5,700
Filipino	9,270	4,000	5,270
Arab	3,225	1,670	1,555
Latin American	2,675	1,240	1,440
Southeast Asian	2,490	1,190	1,295
West Asian	9,675	4,870	4,805
Korean	4,360	2,075	2,285
Japanese	880	405	470
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,555	1,675	1,880
Multiple visible minorities	9,430	4,690	4,745
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	60,365	30,070	30,300
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	337,250	164,205	173,045
Canadian	13,465	7,050	6,415
English	12,940	6,465	6,475
Irish	10,365	4,900	5,460
Scottish	10,360	5,280	5,085
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,710	1,890	1,815
German	4,755	2,475	2,275
Chinese	146,145	70,510	75,630
Italian	9,515	4,815	4,700
Indian (India)	23,760	11,665	12,100
Ukrainian	1,995	955	1,040
Dutch	1,930	910	1,025
Polish	2,620	1,265	1,355
Québécois	115	40	80
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,890	1,930	1,960
Filipino	9,915	4,320	5,600
French Canadian	665	305	365
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,115	580	535
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	265	120	145
Métis	320	120	200
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,510	785	720
Russian	2,430	1,130	1,300
Norwegian	350	190	155
Welsh	885	415	470
Portuguese	2,350	1,160	1,190
American	945	500	440
Spanish	2,335	1,070	1,265
Swedish	445	195	245
Hungarian	1,270	600	670
Acadian	195	75	115
Pakistani	7,070	3,490	3,585
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,655	1,245	1,415
Jewish	2,995	1,570	1,425
Punjabi	1,895	1,020	875
Vietnamese	3,145	1,485	1,655
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,035	540	500
Greek	5,170	2,570	2,605
Jamaican	4,330	2,045	2,285
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,845	4,780	5,070
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20	15	0
Korean	4,675	2,235	2,435
Romanian	1,230	595	630
Lebanese	750	390	360
Iranian	6,735	3,425	3,305
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,060	975	1,085
Danish	380	200	180
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	120	80	40
Sikh	1,155	565	595
Austrian	555	270	290
Belgian	200	95	100
Haitian	120	55	65
Hindu	5,070	2,575	2,495
Mexican	370	190	180
Mennonite	85	30	55
Swiss	270	140	130
Finnish	450	210	240
Sri Lankan	11,270	5,475	5,795
Croatian	365	240	125
Japanese	1,390	650	740
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,850	1,895	1,960
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	75	20	55
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	210	85	125
Muslim	1,910	945	965
Egyptian	1,760	910	855
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	675	290	390
Tamil	10,450	5,120	5,330
Icelandic	90	35	60
Colombian	430	230	200
Moroccan	135	60	75
Czech	270	120	150
Syrian	260	130	135
Guyanese	2,905	1,380	1,525
Afghan	1,550	805	750
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,085	540	545
Serbian	535	285	245
Ojibway	65	25	45
Newfoundlander	90	45	50
Hong Konger	12,515	6,235	6,285
Ontarian	285	160	125
Persian	3,000	1,540	1,455
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,470	675	795
Turkish	920	480	445
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	10	20
Bangladeshi	700	320	380
Algerian	40	0	30
Brazilian	410	190	215
Nigerian	415	200	215
Armenian	1,850	915	935
Slovak	205	115	90
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	410	210	200
Somali	270	105	165
Taiwanese	1,750	890	860
Iraqi	200	105	95
Salvadorean	185	90	90
African Caribbean	1,240	510	730
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,050	975	1,075
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	600	295	305
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	685	305	380
Algonquin	0	0	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,200	525	670
Lithuanian	350	175	175
South African	415	215	205
Australian	120	80	40
Palestinian	445	245	200
Chilean	175	90	80
Congolese	160	85	70
Nova Scotian	55	30	25
Ethiopian	130	80	50
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	265	130	135
Peruvian	330	160	165
Yoruba	195	95	95
Cambodian (Khmer)	205	90	110
Berber	30	20	15
Albanian	260	145	115
Maltese	190	85	105
Macedonian	2,145	1,105	1,045
Slovenian	185	90	90
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	120	65	50
New Brunswicker	20	15	0
Gujarati	1,380	645	730
Eritrean	30	10	20
African Canadian	220	95	125
Israeli	475	260	210
Mohawk	10	10	0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	50	55
Bulgarian	260	135	130
Albertan	15	0	10
Ghanaian	180	95	85
Barbadian	520	235	290
African American	100	50	45
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	70	40	35
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	125	65	60
Cuban	180	80	105
Bosnian	65	30	35
Venezuelan	315	140	175
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	175	70	105
Bengali	270	150	120
Cameroonian	10	0	10
Guatemalan	70	30	40
Indonesian	320	160	165
Laotian	180	80	100
Ilocano	280	105	175
Northern Irish	200	90	115
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	70	40	30
British Columbian	10	10	0
Ecuadorian	260	150	110
Franco Ontarian	45	20	30
Argentinian	155	80	75
Estonian	135	65	75
Kurdish	240	145	90
Fijian	45	15	30
Jatt	225	125	100
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	60	45
Coptic	955	480	470
Thai	160	65	95
Dominican	145	60	90
Nepali	100	40	60
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	35	20	15
Igbo	65	35	35
Byelorussian	120	55	65
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	35	20	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20	0	10
New Zealander	45	25	25
Sudanese	165	75	90
Breton	20	15	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	25	35
Malaysian	475	225	245
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50	20	30
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	630	280	350
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	560	235	325
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	50	25	25
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	65	25	35
Mauritian	255	130	125
Kenyan	255	115	140
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	135	65	70
Jordanian	110	50	60
Manitoban	20	10	15
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	90	35	55
Malayali	165	65	100
Chaldean	20	10	0
Sinhalese	275	140	135
Mayan	0	0	0
Honduran	35	15	15
Cherokee	15	0	15
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	225	105	120
Flemish	0	0	0
United Empire Loyalist	50	25	25
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	200	95	105
Sicilian	135	75	60
Pashtun	190	95	95
Malay	155	75	80
Goan	425	215	205
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	35	10	25
Zimbabwean	45	15	30
Burmese	125	50	70
Mongolian	115	45	70
Azorean	25	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	345	160	185
Ugandan	30	20	20
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	290	120	170
Yemeni	10	0	10
Central African	40	15	25
Libyan	50	35	15
Basque	20	0	15
Uruguayan	40	0	30
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	45	25	20
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	45	15	30
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	25	10	20
Prince Edward Islander	20	10	15
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	170	95	80
Roma	50	15	30
Costa Rican	70	35	35
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	190	85	100
Singaporean	210	105	105
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	50	20	30
Tajik	105	35	65
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	337,250	164,210	173,045
Buddhist	13,515	5,880	7,630
Christian	118,215	54,525	63,690
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	29,725	13,605	16,120
Anabaptist	135	55	80
Anglican	4,555	1,975	2,585
Baptist	3,845	1,735	2,115
Catholic	54,635	25,260	29,375
Christian Orthodox	10,365	5,080	5,285
Jehovah's Witness	425	150	275
Latter Day Saints	205	105	105
Lutheran	900	420	480
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	475	235	235
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,035	840	1,200
Presbyterian	2,605	1,185	1,420
Reformed	65	25	40
United Church	3,420	1,555	1,870
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,810	2,300	2,510
Hindu	30,885	15,130	15,755
Jewish	4,850	2,420	2,435
Muslim	26,595	13,250	13,345
Sikh	3,760	1,930	1,825
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	10	0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,860	920	940
No religion and secular perspectives	137,565	70,145	67,420
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	334,935	163,000	171,935
Non-movers	302,410	147,015	155,390
Movers	32,530	15,985	16,540
Non-migrants	16,735	8,235	8,505
Migrants	15,790	7,750	8,040
Internal migrants	10,660	5,215	5,445
Intraprovincial migrants	9,830	4,810	5,020
Interprovincial migrants	825	410	420
External migrants	5,130	2,530	2,600
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	323,065	157,085	165,980
Non-movers	221,335	107,545	113,790
Movers	101,730	49,540	52,195
Non-migrants	35,660	17,320	18,340
Migrants	66,075	32,220	33,850
Internal migrants	45,475	22,130	23,345
Intraprovincial migrants	42,065	20,480	21,585
Interprovincial migrants	3,405	1,645	1,760
External migrants	20,600	10,090	10,510
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	283,400	136,405	147,000
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	45,575	21,010	24,570
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	237,825	115,395	122,430
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	181,545	86,520	95,020
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,670	8,575	9,095
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	163,870	77,940	85,925
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	283,405	136,400	147,000
No certificate, diploma or degree	43,655	19,930	23,725
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	71,355	34,640	36,710
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	168,390	81,830	86,565
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	57,225	27,255	29,970
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,030	4,380	2,650
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,975	2,290	1,685
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,055	2,090	960
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	40,775	18,460	22,315
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,420	4,410	5,010
Bachelor's degree or higher	111,165	54,570	56,595
Bachelor's degree	76,220	36,575	39,645
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,305	3,065	3,235
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,785	1,340	1,440
Master's degree	23,330	11,970	11,365
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,530	1,620	900
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	181,540	86,520	95,025
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,515	7,970	8,540
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,540	17,285	18,255
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	129,490	61,260	68,230
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	41,110	19,165	21,940
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,495	2,735	1,760
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,545	1,445	1,100
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,945	1,285	660
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	29,905	13,445	16,460
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,715	2,990	3,720
Bachelor's degree or higher	88,380	42,090	46,285
Bachelor's degree	59,555	28,035	31,520
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,690	2,080	2,610
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,270	975	1,295
Master's degree	19,860	9,820	10,045
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,005	1,185	820
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	283,400	136,400	147,000
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	115,010	54,575	60,435
Education	7,610	1,420	6,190
13. Education	7,610	1,420	6,190
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,695	2,460	3,235
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	535	375	165
50. Visual and performing arts	5,160	2,085	3,075
Humanities	9,360	3,015	6,345
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,185	285	900
23. English language and literature/letters	2,280	490	1,790
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,365	1,040	2,320
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	175	55	120
38. Philosophy and religious studies	445	270	175
39. Theology and religious vocations	735	440	300
54. History	825	370	455
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	345	60	280
Social and behavioural sciences and law	19,270	6,810	12,460
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	220	50	175
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,900	695	1,205
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,495	205	2,290
22. Legal professions and studies	2,620	1,015	1,605
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	390	145	245
42. Psychology	2,645	580	2,055
45. Social sciences	9,005	4,115	4,890
Business, management and public administration	48,250	20,975	27,275
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	30	50
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,590	390	1,200
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	46,580	20,555	26,025
Physical and life sciences and technologies	9,525	4,435	5,095
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,715	1,460	2,250
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,735	1,165	1,565
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	280	120	165
40. Physical sciences	2,570	1,630	935
41. Science technologies/technicians	225	55	170
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,545	10,415	5,140
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	11,895	8,420	3,475
25. Library science	255	25	230
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,870	1,670	1,195
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	525	290	240
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	29,290	24,375	4,915
04. Architecture and related services	1,820	1,080	740
14. Engineering	17,075	13,680	3,395
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,180	4,485	690
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,815	1,795	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,495	2,455	35
48. Precision production	905	875	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,770	960	815
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,070	555	515
03. Natural resources and conservation	705	405	300
Health and related fields	17,560	4,795	12,765
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,400	790	610
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	15,520	3,650	11,865
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	20	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	600	335	265
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,465	2,165	2,300
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,995	1,025	1,975
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	15	0
43. Security and protective services	875	675	205
49. Transportation and materials moving	545	430	110
Other¹⁷⁹	45	15	30
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	181,540	86,520	95,020
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	52,050	25,260	26,795
Education	4,820	820	4,005
13. Education	4,820	820	4,005
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,315	1,875	2,440
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	385	260	125
50. Visual and performing arts	3,930	1,610	2,320
Humanities	6,630	1,970	4,660
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	855	150	705
23. English language and literature/letters	1,635	300	1,340
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,420	730	1,700
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	105	35	70
38. Philosophy and religious studies	330	200	125
39. Theology and religious vocations	530	305	225
54. History	505	215	290
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	250	40	215
Social and behavioural sciences and law	15,090	5,130	9,960
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185	50	140
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,490	505	985
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,825	105	1,715
22. Legal professions and studies	2,035	725	1,310
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	295	115	175
42. Psychology	2,070	460	1,610
45. Social sciences	7,195	3,170	4,025
Business, management and public administration	38,935	16,050	22,885
30.16 Accounting and computer science	60	20	35
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,145	245	910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	37,730	15,785	21,945
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,810	3,035	3,780
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,740	1,035	1,705
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,025	845	1,175
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	225	90	130
40. Physical sciences	1,665	1,015	650
41. Science technologies/technicians	160	40	115
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	13,355	8,885	4,470
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,480	7,340	3,140
25. Library science	175	20	155
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,225	1,255	970
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	475	270	205
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	21,750	17,625	4,125
04. Architecture and related services	1,355	775	580
14. Engineering	13,345	10,380	2,965
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,555	3,035	525
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,240	1,215	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,695	1,670	25
48. Precision production	550	545	0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,335	680	655
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	775	375	390
03. Natural resources and conservation	560	300	260
Health and related fields	13,060	3,555	9,500
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,020	605	415
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,555	2,705	8,850
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	15	25
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	450	235	215
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,340	1,620	1,720
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,255	760	1,500
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	15	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	10	0
43. Security and protective services	710	560	155
49. Transportation and materials moving	340	270	65
Other¹⁷⁹	45	15	30
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	181,540	86,520	95,020
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,050	25,260	26,795
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	129,490	61,260	68,230
Location of study inside Canada	84,175	40,435	43,740
Same as province or territory of residence	79,100	37,890	41,205
Different than province or territory of residence	5,075	2,545	2,535
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	45,315	20,825	24,490
Americas	4,930	2,450	2,475
United States of America	3,435	1,810	1,625
Mexico	125	50	75
Cuba	15	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	175	75	100
Brazil	195	100	90
Colombia	215	70	145
Peru	80	35	40
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	45	60
Other locations of study in Americas	580	260	325
Europe	4,460	2,315	2,145
Belgium	60	30	25
France	255	125	130
Germany	120	75	45
Netherlands	115	35	75
Switzerland	90	55	35
Hungary	50	25	25
Moldova¹⁸³	40	10	30
Poland	95	30	65
Romania	350	200	155
Russian Federation	355	155	205
Ukraine	175	80	95
Ireland⁹⁶	105	40	65
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,105	1,155	945
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	0	25
Italy	30	20	10
Serbia⁸⁶	55	25	35
Other locations of study in Europe	435	255	180
Africa	1,210	545	670
Nigeria	150	70	80
Algeria	20	10	10
Morocco	20	0	10
Tunisia	15	10	0
Egypt	525	255	270
South Africa, Republic of	195	75	120
Other locations of study in Africa	290	120	170
Asia	34,000	15,220	18,775
Iran⁸⁸	2,405	1,110	1,300
Iraq	65	30	40
Israel	130	70	60
Lebanon	105	45	55
Syria⁸⁹	50	20	25
Turkey	200	120	80
China⁹⁰	13,630	6,230	7,405
Taiwan	465	180	285
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,075	1,370	1,705
Japan	255	75	175
Korea, South⁹²	875	355	520
Philippines	2,545	865	1,680
Viet Nam	70	20	45
Bangladesh	225	95	135
Sri Lanka	1,150	590	560
India	6,245	2,935	3,310
Pakistan	1,615	710	900
Other locations of study in Asia	890	395	500
Oceania	720	295	425
Australia	620	265	365
New Zealand	100	30	65
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	283,405	136,400	147,000
In the labour force	170,540	88,090	82,455
Employed	147,065	77,280	69,790
Unemployed	23,475	10,815	12,660
Not in the labour force	112,860	48,315	64,550
Participation rate	60.2	64.6	56.1
Employment rate	51.9	56.7	47.5
Unemployment rate	13.8	12.3	15.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	283,400	136,400	147,000
Did not work¹⁸⁶	115,720	50,160	65,565
Worked	167,680	86,245	81,435
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	89,545	49,380	40,165
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	78,140	36,865	41,275
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.7	40.7	38.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	170,540	88,085	82,450
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,400	2,950	3,450
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	164,140	85,140	79,000
Employee	133,155	65,880	67,275
Permanent position	110,265	55,460	54,810
Temporary position	22,890	10,425	12,470
Fixed term (1 year or more)	9,560	4,445	5,115
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	13,335	5,975	7,360
Self-employed¹⁹²	30,985	19,260	11,725
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	170,540	88,085	82,450
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,400	2,950	3,450
All occupations¹⁹¹	164,140	85,140	79,000
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,200	1,665	530
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	39,145	14,140	25,010
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	24,110	17,990	6,115
3 Health occupations	11,120	2,940	8,175
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	14,995	4,595	10,405
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,175	2,575	2,600
6 Sales and service occupations	41,680	20,945	20,735
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	17,160	15,360	1,805
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	950	775	175
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	7,600	4,155	3,445
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	170,540	88,085	82,450
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,400	2,950	3,450
All industries¹⁹¹	164,140	85,140	79,000
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	435	260	180
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	90	40
22 Utilities	960	625	335
23 Construction	7,805	6,305	1,500
31-33 Manufacturing	13,710	8,330	5,380
41 Wholesale trade	8,150	4,865	3,280
44-45 Retail trade	17,865	9,075	8,785
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,495	5,025	1,465
51 Information and cultural industries	4,725	2,645	2,085
52 Finance and insurance	17,770	8,420	9,355
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,840	2,980	2,860
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,715	13,845	8,865
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,085	595	490
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,190	3,310	2,875
61 Educational services	10,245	3,120	7,125
62 Health care and social assistance	16,260	3,885	12,375
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,160	1,200	955
72 Accommodation and food services	9,955	5,130	4,825
81 Other services (except public administration)	6,250	2,860	3,385
91 Public administration	5,405	2,565	2,835
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	182,780	93,840	88,935
English	145,015	75,650	69,365
French	185	30	160
Non-official language	11,165	5,910	5,260
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	11,165	5,910	5,260
English and French	1,735	630	1,100
English and non-official language(s)	23,040	10,795	12,250
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	80	115
Multiple non-official languages	1,435	755	680
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	182,780	93,840	88,935
Single responses	177,035	91,170	85,865
Official languages	157,710	81,480	76,230
English	157,315	81,405	75,905
French	395	75	325
Non-official languages	19,325	9,690	9,635
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,325	9,690	9,635
Afro-Asiatic languages	50	30	25
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	50	30	25
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	45	25	20
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50	20	35
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	40	15	25
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	30	20	15
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	20	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	415	175	235
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	410	170	235
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	735	400	335
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	20	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	65	45	20
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	65	45	20
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	60	40	20
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	510	285	230
Indo-Aryan languages	140	85	50
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	25	20	0
Hindi	20	10	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45	30	10
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	55	20	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	370	200	170
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	365	195	170
Dari	10	0	10
Iranian Persian	315	170	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	125	60	70
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	15	10	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	110	50	60
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	65	30	35
Korean	360	170	190
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,585	8,835	8,750
Chinese languages	17,560	8,825	8,735
Hakka	10	0	10
Mandarin	8,910	4,555	4,360
Min Dong	15	10	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	10	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	8,555	4,225	4,330
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	25	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	20	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	20	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,745	2,675	3,065
English and French	405	140	260
English and non-official language(s)	5,095	2,435	2,660
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	225	85	145
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	182,780	93,840	88,935
None	160,775	83,670	77,110
English	5,310	2,400	2,910
French	1,175	465	710
Non-official language	10,570	5,180	5,390
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	10,570	5,180	5,390
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	1,850	765	1,090
French and non-official language(s)	125	50	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	2,965	1,315	1,650
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	147,070	77,275	69,785
Worked at home	56,810	28,165	28,650
Worked outside Canada	980	680	295
No fixed workplace address	13,950	9,995	3,950
Usual place of work	75,330	38,440	36,895
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	75,330	38,440	36,890
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	27,455	12,430	15,020
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	12,170	6,685	5,490
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	35,585	19,260	16,325
Commute to a different province or territory	125	65	60
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	89,280	48,435	40,845
Car, truck or van	77,820	43,620	34,205
Car, truck or van - as a driver	70,505	41,375	29,130
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,315	2,240	5,075
Public transit	6,970	2,890	4,075
Walked	2,095	830	1,265
Bicycle	300	245	50
Other method	2,095	850	1,245
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	89,280	48,435	40,845
Less than 15 minutes	15,220	6,945	8,275
15 to 29 minutes	30,635	15,910	14,725
30 to 44 minutes	24,575	14,270	10,305
45 to 59 minutes	9,200	5,705	3,490
60 minutes and over	9,650	5,605	4,045
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	89,280	48,435	40,845
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,345	2,335	1,010
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,000	5,935	4,060
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	17,610	9,415	8,195
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	22,915	11,875	11,035
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,795	12,465	11,330
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	11,620	6,415	5,205
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	67,770	35,010	32,765
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,890	2,485	2,400
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	62,880	32,525	30,355
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	52,275	27,050	25,225
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,140	2,085	2,055
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,775	1,385	1,390
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,370	700	670
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	48,135	24,965	23,170

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 4, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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