Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Markham, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	338,503
Population, 2016¹	328,966
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.9
Total private dwellings²	114,908
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	110,867
Population density per square kilometre	1,604.8
Land area in square kilometres	210.93
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	338,500
0 to 14 years	53,880
0 to 4 years	14,350
5 to 9 years	18,775
10 to 14 years	20,760
15 to 64 years	222,560
15 to 19 years	20,555
20 to 24 years	20,345
25 to 29 years	21,360
30 to 34 years	21,540
35 to 39 years	21,830
40 to 44 years	21,530
45 to 49 years	24,015
50 to 54 years	24,180
55 to 59 years	24,835
60 to 64 years	22,380
65 years and over	62,060
65 to 69 years	20,080
70 to 74 years	17,120
75 to 79 years	10,640
80 to 84 years	7,305
85 years and over	6,915
85 to 89 years	4,325
90 to 94 years	1,975
95 to 99 years	530
100 years and over	85
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.9
15 to 64 years	65.7
65 years and over	18.3
85 years and over	2.0
Average age of the population	41.8
Median age of the population	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	110,865
Single-detached house	62,270
Semi-detached house	6,985
Row house	15,985
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,075
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,905
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,635
Other single-attached house	5
Movable dwelling⁴	5
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	110,870
1 person	17,295
2 persons	30,515
3 persons	22,460
4 persons	23,525
5 or more persons	17,070
Number of persons in private households	337,250
Average household size	3.0
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	284,620
Married or living common-law	173,985
Married	163,935
Living common-law	10,055
Living common law - Never married	6,850
Living common law - Separated	425
Living common law - Divorced	2,560
Living common law - Widowed	220
Not married and not living common-law	110,630
Not married and not living common law - Never married	78,525
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,320
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	13,695
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	13,100
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	98,415
2 persons	39,625
3 persons	25,565
4 persons	25,335
5 or more persons	7,900
Average size of census families	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	98,420
Total couple families	83,830
Married couples	78,810
With children⁶	50,915
Without children	27,895
Common-law couples	5,025
With children⁶	2,080
Without children	2,945
Total one-parent families	14,580
in which the parent is a woman+	11,760
in which the parent is a man+	2,820
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	337,255
Total - Persons in census families	298,490
Married spouses or common-law partners	167,670
Parents in one-parent families	14,585
Children⁶	116,240
In a two-parent family	94,135
In a one-parent family	22,105
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	38,765
Living alone	17,295
Living with other relatives⁷	12,505
Living with non-relatives only	8,955
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	110,870
One-census-family households without additional persons	73,100
Couple-family households	63,595
With children⁶	41,070
Without children	22,525
One-parent-family households	9,510
Multigenerational households⁸	10,515
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,805
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,020
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,130
One-person households	17,295
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	283,400
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	269,040
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	269,175
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	237,885
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	187,620
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	244,775
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,310
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,420
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	283,400
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	268,885
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,950
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	268,990
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	237,725
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	187,620
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	244,440
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,030
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,260
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,490
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	283,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	86,290
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	71,950
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,920
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	283,400
Without total income	14,360
With total income	269,045
Under $10,000 (including loss)	30,700
$10,000 to $19,999	38,660
$20,000 to $29,999	45,690
$30,000 to $39,999	31,390
$40,000 to $49,999	23,745
$50,000 to $59,999	18,920
$60,000 to $69,999	14,745
$70,000 to $79,999	11,970
$80,000 to $89,999	9,940
$90,000 to $99,999	8,715
$100,000 and over	34,570
$100,000 to $149,999	22,405
$150,000 and over	12,170
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	283,400
Without after-tax income	14,230
With after-tax income	269,170
Under $10,000 (including loss)	31,850
$10,000 to $19,999	40,350
$20,000 to $29,999	50,370
$30,000 to $39,999	34,700
$40,000 to $49,999	26,915
$50,000 to $59,999	20,415
$60,000 to $69,999	15,555
$70,000 to $79,999	12,455
$80,000 to $89,999	10,725
$90,000 to $99,999	7,150
$100,000 and over	18,685
$100,000 to $124,999	9,390
$125,000 and over	9,290
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	283,400
Without employment income	95,785
With employment income	187,620
Under $5,000 (including loss)	30,730
$5,000 to $9,999	20,600
$10,000 to $19,999	21,365
$20,000 to $29,999	14,285
$30,000 to $39,999	14,060
$40,000 to $49,999	13,040
$50,000 to $59,999	12,230
$60,000 to $69,999	10,280
$70,000 to $79,999	8,745
$80,000 to $89,999	7,545
$90,000 to $99,999	7,460
$100,000 and over	27,280
$100,000 to $124,999	12,005
$125,000 and over	15,280
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	283,400
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	261,695
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	261,755
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	234,105
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	188,365
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	230,725
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	12,175
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	283,400
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	261,700
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	261,735
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	233,800
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	187,660
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,550
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	230,685
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,895
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,975
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,930
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	283,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	85,405
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	66,905
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8
Employment income (%)	74.0
Government transfers (%)	10.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	110,870
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	17,295
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	93,570
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	110,865
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	130,800
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,800
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	17,290
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,600
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,360
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	93,575
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	143,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,600
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	110,870
Under $5,000	1,770
$5,000 to $9,999	755
$10,000 to $14,999	900
$15,000 to $19,999	1,390
$20,000 to $24,999	2,770
$25,000 to $29,999	2,430
$30,000 to $34,999	3,020
$35,000 to $39,999	3,135
$40,000 to $44,999	2,855
$45,000 to $49,999	2,960
$50,000 to $59,999	6,285
$60,000 to $69,999	6,405
$70,000 to $79,999	6,295
$80,000 to $89,999	6,220
$90,000 to $99,999	5,885
$100,000 and over	57,780
$100,000 to $124,999	12,925
$125,000 to $149,999	10,800
$150,000 to $199,999	15,075
$200,000 and over	18,975
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	110,870
Under $5,000	2,045
$5,000 to $9,999	760
$10,000 to $14,999	965
$15,000 to $19,999	1,485
$20,000 to $24,999	2,995
$25,000 to $29,999	2,570
$30,000 to $34,999	3,340
$35,000 to $39,999	3,425
$40,000 to $44,999	3,375
$45,000 to $49,999	3,465
$50,000 to $59,999	7,430
$60,000 to $69,999	7,600
$70,000 to $79,999	7,620
$80,000 to $89,999	7,245
$90,000 to $99,999	6,595
$100,000 and over	49,940
$100,000 to $124,999	14,540
$125,000 to $149,999	11,225
$150,000 and over	24,175
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	92,340
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000
Average family size of economic families	3.4
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	23,615
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	53,040
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	12,230
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	26,250
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	92,310
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	142,000
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,200
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,570
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,400
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	53,060
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	164,000
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,220
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,200
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	26,185
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,950
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	337,250
0 to 17 years	66,330
0 to 5 years	17,630
18 to 64 years	209,935
65 years and over	60,985
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	36,445
0 to 17 years	7,885
0 to 5 years	2,225
18 to 64 years	19,950
65 years and over	8,605
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6
18 to 64 years (%)	9.5
65 years and over (%)	14.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	337,255
0 to 17 years	66,330
0 to 5 years	17,625
18 to 64 years	209,930
65 years and over	60,985
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	22,100
0 to 17 years	4,680
0 to 5 years	1,190
18 to 64 years	14,270
65 years and over	3,145
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.6
0 to 17 years (%)	7.1
0 to 5 years (%)	6.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8
65 years and over (%)	5.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	337,250
In bottom half of the distribution	150,735
In bottom decile	32,745
In second decile	30,905
In third decile	29,360
In fourth decile	28,840
In fifth decile	28,885
In top half of the distribution	186,520
In sixth decile	29,685
In seventh decile	32,235
In eighth decile	36,015
In ninth decile	41,295
In top decile	47,295
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	337,255
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.359
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.475
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.312
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	337,485
English only	284,630
French only	130
English and French	18,325
Neither English nor French	34,405
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	337,485
English	299,050
French	1,875
English and French	2,575
Neither English nor French	33,990
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	337,485
Single responses	313,790
Official languages	114,475
English	112,830
French	1,640
Non-official languages	199,315
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	199,315
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,210
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	10
Hausa	10
Mina	0
Coptic	45
Cushitic languages	140
Bilen	0
Oromo	5
Somali	135
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	3,020
Amharic	35
Arabic	2,565
Aramaic languages	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	35
Hebrew	285
Maltese	35
Tigrigna	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,165
Khmer (Cambodian)	50
Vietnamese	1,115
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	5,280
Bikol	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60
Cebuano	105
Fijian	5
Hiligaynon	80
Ilocano	270
Indonesian	275
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45
Pangasinan	20
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,325
Waray-Waray	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50
Creole languages	170
Haitian Creole	15
Jamaican English Creole	10
Krio	0
Morisyen	120
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15
Dravidian languages	15,725
Kannada	140
Malayalam	780
Tamil	14,225
Telugu	555
Tulu	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	50
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	41,820
Albanian	120
Armenian	1,150
Balto-Slavic languages	4,265
Baltic languages	60
Latvian	35
Lithuanian	25
Slavic languages	4,200
Belarusian	5
Bulgarian	125
Czech	80
Macedonian	925
Polish	450
Russian	1,860
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	445
Bosnian	20
Croatian	95
Serbian	320
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10
Slovak	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	40
Ukrainian	210
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	5
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	1,025
Frisian	0
High German languages	760
German	645
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	20
Yiddish	100
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	200
Afrikaans	30
Dutch	170
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5
Scandinavian languages	55
Danish	35
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	5
Swedish	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	2,025
Indo-Iranian languages	26,310
Indo-Aryan languages	17,750
Assamese	5
Bengali	695
Gujarati	3,845
Hindi	2,260
Kacchi	460
Kashmiri	20
Konkani	115
Marathi	270
Nepali	45
Oriya languages	35
Odia	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,440
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	90
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	375
Urdu	6,060
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40
Iranian languages	8,555
Baluchi	10
Kurdish	115
Parsi	25
Pashto	290
Persian languages	8,110
Dari	785
Iranian Persian	6,470
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	850
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	6,915
Catalan	0
Italian	2,885
Portuguese	855
Romanian	830
Spanish	2,330
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	480
Korean	3,500
Mongolian	15
Niger-Congo languages	315
Akan (Twi)	55
Bamanankan	0
Edo	10
Éwé	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	10
Ganda	5
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5
Lingala	0
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	10
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	55
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	85
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	10
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	20
American Sign Language	10
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	126,030
Chinese languages	125,905
Hakka	1,930
Mandarin	49,380
Min Dong	250
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,300
Wu (Shanghainese)	635
Yue (Cantonese)	71,905
Chinese, n.o.s.	485
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20
Tibeto-Burman languages	95
Burmese	80
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	15
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30
Tai-Kadai languages	165
Lao	70
Thai	75
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20
Turkic languages	725
Azerbaijani	120
Kazakh	5
Turkish	565
Uyghur	15
Uzbek	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5
Uralic languages	630
Estonian	65
Finnish	85
Hungarian	475
Other languages, n.i.e.	5
Multiple responses	23,695
English and French	795
English and non-official language(s)	20,415
French and non-official language(s)	225
English, French and non-official language(s)	500
Multiple non-official languages	1,765
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	337,485
English	117,500
French	345
Non-official language	80,025
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	80,025
English and French	1,995
English and non-official language(s)	126,130
French and non-official language(s)	115
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,115
Multiple non-official languages	8,255
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	337,485
Single responses	307,100
Official languages	163,645
English	163,020
French	625
Non-official languages	143,455
Indigenous languages³⁹	5
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	143,455
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,470
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	15
Cushitic languages	55
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	50
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	1,395
Amharic	10
Arabic	1,195
Aramaic languages	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	25
Hebrew	125
Maltese	10
Tigrigna	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	510
Khmer (Cambodian)	35
Vietnamese	475
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	2,505
Bikol	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20
Cebuano	50
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	35
Ilocano	90
Indonesian	100
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10
Pangasinan	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,145
Waray-Waray	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20
Creole languages	105
Haitian Creole	10
Jamaican English Creole	0
Krio	0
Morisyen	85
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	11,205
Kannada	85
Malayalam	415
Tamil	10,385
Telugu	320
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	30
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	23,320
Albanian	45
Armenian	640
Balto-Slavic languages	2,075
Baltic languages	10
Latvian	10
Lithuanian	5
Slavic languages	2,065
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	55
Czech	20
Macedonian	385
Polish	145
Russian	1,200
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	185
Bosnian	15
Croatian	30
Serbian	130
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5
Slovak	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	10
Ukrainian	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	100
Frisian	0
High German languages	80
German	85
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	5
Danish	5
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	715
Indo-Iranian languages	16,795
Indo-Aryan languages	10,570
Assamese	10
Bengali	395
Gujarati	2,205
Hindi	1,260
Kacchi	180
Kashmiri	10
Konkani	30
Marathi	140
Nepali	20
Oriya languages	25
Odia	20
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,260
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	35
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	195
Urdu	3,805
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10
Iranian languages	6,215
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	70
Parsi	5
Pashto	170
Persian languages	5,970
Dari	515
Iranian Persian	4,815
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	635
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,935
Catalan	0
Italian	885
Portuguese	360
Romanian	385
Spanish	1,305
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	265
Korean	2,485
Mongolian	10
Niger-Congo languages	95
Akan (Twi)	20
Bamanankan	0
Edo	5
Éwé	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5
Lingala	0
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	10
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	65
American Sign Language	45
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	100,665
Chinese languages	100,600
Hakka	900
Mandarin	41,235
Min Dong	155
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	640
Wu (Shanghainese)	365
Yue (Cantonese)	56,950
Chinese, n.o.s.	340
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	55
Burmese	45
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15
Tai-Kadai languages	50
Lao	20
Thai	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5
Turkic languages	465
Azerbaijani	55
Kazakh	0
Turkish	390
Uyghur	10
Uzbek	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5
Uralic languages	200
Estonian	15
Finnish	20
Hungarian	165
Other languages, n.i.e.	5
Multiple responses	30,380
English and French	445
English and non-official language(s)	28,930
French and non-official language(s)	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	290
Multiple non-official languages	650
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	337,485
None	223,155
English	48,200
French	2,155
Non-official language	49,585
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	49,585
English and French	470
English and non-official language(s)	7,295
French and non-official language(s)	1,430
English, French and non-official language(s)	95
Multiple non-official languages	5,105
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	337,250
Official languages	302,950
English	302,820
French	18,440
Non-official languages	245,060
Indigenous languages³⁹	35
Algonquian languages	25
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	245,035
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,740
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	60
Cushitic languages	265
Bilen	0
Oromo	15
Somali	260
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	5,465
Amharic	115
Arabic	4,385
Aramaic languages	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Harari	55
Hebrew	940
Maltese	55
Tigrigna	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,255
Khmer (Cambodian)	95
Vietnamese	2,175
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	7,600
Bikol	20
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45
Cebuano	165
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	95
Ilocano	555
Indonesian	300
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	225
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45
Pangasinan	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,900
Waray-Waray	135
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	135
Creole languages	585
Haitian Creole	30
Jamaican English Creole	35
Krio	0
Morisyen	350
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	115
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55
Dravidian languages	22,555
Kannada	415
Malayalam	1,250
Tamil	20,555
Telugu	1,090
Tulu	30
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20
Georgian	50
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	59,905
Albanian	210
Armenian	1,530
Balto-Slavic languages	5,560
Baltic languages	110
Latvian	45
Lithuanian	65
Slavic languages	5,485
Belarusian	10
Bulgarian	200
Czech	130
Macedonian	1,630
Polish	550
Russian	2,370
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	640
Bosnian	80
Croatian	230
Serbian	495
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45
Slovak	115
Slovene (Slovenian)	55
Ukrainian	330
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	40
Irish	15
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	2,365
Frisian	0
High German languages	1,625
German	1,465
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	25
Yiddish	155
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	645
Afrikaans	310
Dutch	335
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10
Scandinavian languages	165
Danish	65
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	35
Swedish	75
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	3,075
Indo-Iranian languages	37,935
Indo-Aryan languages	27,910
Assamese	30
Bengali	1,115
Gujarati	6,240
Hindi	11,170
Kacchi	985
Kashmiri	40
Konkani	210
Marathi	550
Nepali	95
Oriya languages	80
Odia	50
Oriya, n.o.s.	30
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,095
Rohingya	0
Sindhi	205
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,150
Urdu	10,125
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265
Iranian languages	10,505
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	240
Parsi	40
Pashto	675
Persian languages	9,870
Dari	1,145
Iranian Persian	7,980
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	950
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	80
Italic (Romance) languages	10,815
Catalan	15
Italian	4,340
Portuguese	1,105
Romanian	895
Spanish	4,980
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10
Japanese	1,295
Korean	3,965
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,315
Akan (Twi)	145
Bamanankan	0
Edo	30
Éwé	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	40
Ganda	10
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	70
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	85
Luba-Kasai	25
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	20
Shona	50
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	645
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	250
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	110
Nilo-Saharan languages	35
Dinka	0
Nuer	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	140
American Sign Language	110
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40
Sino-Tibetan languages	146,770
Chinese languages	146,660
Hakka	2,515
Mandarin	79,390
Min Dong	365
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,020
Wu (Shanghainese)	825
Yue (Cantonese)	90,715
Chinese, n.o.s.	645
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	160
Burmese	125
Kuki-Chin languages	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	40
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35
Tai-Kadai languages	255
Lao	115
Thai	125
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40
Turkic languages	1,525
Azerbaijani	300
Kazakh	25
Turkish	1,285
Uyghur	35
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	755
Estonian	35
Finnish	95
Hungarian	625
Other languages, n.i.e.	20
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	337,255
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	630
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	575
First Nations (North American Indian)	310
Métis	260
Inuk (Inuit)	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20
Non-Indigenous identity	336,625
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	337,255
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	150
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	337,105
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	110,865
Owner	90,545
Renter	20,325
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	110,865
Condominium	23,310
Not condominium	87,555
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	110,865
No bedrooms	430
1 bedroom	10,480
2 bedrooms	14,550
3 bedrooms	30,365
4 or more bedrooms	55,045
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	110,865
1 to 4 rooms	27,805
5 rooms	16,145
6 rooms	16,325
7 rooms	14,935
8 or more rooms	35,660
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	110,865
One person or fewer per room	106,485
More than one person per room	4,385
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	110,865
Suitable	103,130
Not suitable	7,730
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	110,865
1960 or before	2,835
1961 to 1980	17,710
1981 to 1990	20,570
1991 to 2000	17,265
2001 to 2005	16,045
2006 to 2010	13,510
2011 to 2015	13,430
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	9,500
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	110,865
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	107,505
Major repairs needed	3,365
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	110,865
One-maintainer household	46,280
Two-maintainer household	54,420
Three-or-more-maintainer household	10,170
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	110,865
15 to 24 years	1,490
25 to 34 years	10,970
35 to 44 years	18,855
45 to 54 years	24,750
55 to 64 years	24,340
65 to 74 years	18,460
75 to 84 years	8,865
85 years and over	3,140
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	110,140
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	74,020
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	36,120
30% to less than 100%	30,475
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	110,865
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	43,320
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	32,525
Not suitable only	5,095
Major repairs needed only	1,895
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,330
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,165
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	205
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	100
Acceptable housing	67,550
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	104,495
In core need	15,270
Not in core need	89,225
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	90,535
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.8
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	29.5
% in core housing need⁶³	11.7
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,840
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,098
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,100,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,208,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,305
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.1
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	47.8
% in core housing need⁶³	28.2
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,940
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,890
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	337,250
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	140
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	125
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	75
Métis single ancestry	45
Inuit single ancestry	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	800
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	785
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	525
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	255
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	336,310
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	337,250
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	286,070
Canadian citizens aged under 18	60,780
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	225,295
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	51,180
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	337,250
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	129,645
Immigrants⁸¹	197,535
Before 1980	25,150
1980 to 1990	30,020
1991 to 2000	58,620
2001 to 2010	45,080
2011 to 2021⁸²	38,665
2011 to 2015	19,770
2016 to 2021	18,895
Non-permanent residents⁸³	10,065
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	197,540
Under 5 years	12,975
5 to 14 years	28,665
15 to 24 years	38,295
25 to 44 years	92,425
45 years and over	25,180
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	197,540
Americas	13,785
Brazil	295
Colombia	330
El Salvador	145
Guyana	3,080
Haiti	40
Jamaica	3,510
Mexico	245
Peru	370
Trinidad and Tobago	1,605
United States of America	2,000
Other places of birth in Americas	2,155
Europe	12,720
Bosnia and Herzegovina	75
Croatia	85
France	185
Germany	560
Greece	1,335
Hungary	320
Italy	2,180
Netherlands	230
Poland	405
Portugal	285
Romania	735
Russian Federation	760
Serbia⁸⁶	240
Ukraine	415
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,860
Other places of birth in Europe	2,045
Africa	7,190
Algeria	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	140
Egypt	1,370
Eritrea	15
Ethiopia	105
Morocco	105
Nigeria	445
Somalia	165
South Africa, Republic of	850
Other places of birth in Africa	3,960
Asia	163,570
Afghanistan	915
Iran⁸⁸	6,895
Iraq	380
Lebanon	540
Syria⁸⁹	345
Turkey	585
China⁹⁰	66,725
Hong Kong⁹¹	32,315
Korea, South⁹²	2,835
Taiwan	2,055
Philippines	7,075
Viet Nam	3,610
Bangladesh	700
India	14,305
Pakistan	5,350
Sri Lanka	12,710
Other places of birth in Asia	6,245
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	285
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	18,895
Americas	1,095
Brazil	80
Colombia	15
Haiti	0
Jamaica	165
Mexico	95
United States of America	400
Venezuela⁹⁵	75
Other places of birth in Americas	260
Europe	500
France	15
Germany	40
Ireland⁹⁶	10
Italy	0
Russian Federation	70
Ukraine	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	110
Other places of birth in Europe	210
Africa	625
Algeria	30
Burundi	0
Cameroon	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0
Egypt	130
Eritrea	0
Ethiopia	0
Morocco	10
Nigeria	200
Somalia	10
South Africa, Republic of	25
Sudan⁹⁷	80
Tunisia	0
Other places of birth in Africa	100
Asia	16,625
Afghanistan	160
Bangladesh	90
China⁹⁰	9,455
Hong Kong⁹¹	815
India	2,090
Iran⁸⁸	820
Iraq	50
Israel	15
Japan	50
Jordan	25
Korea, South⁹²	230
Lebanon	35
Nepal	0
Pakistan	540
Philippines	690
Saudi Arabia	65
Sri Lanka	545
Syria⁸⁹	155
Turkey	245
United Arab Emirates	105
Viet Nam	85
Other places of birth in Asia	370
Oceania and other⁹³	50
Australia	35
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	337,255
First generation¹⁰⁰	211,180
Second generation¹⁰¹	96,570
Third generation or more¹⁰²	29,500
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	172,385
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	92,850
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	37,460
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	55,390
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	55,765
Refugees¹⁰⁸	19,840
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,935
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	172,385
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	13,030
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	9,340
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	6,615
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	10,285
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	655
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	132,465
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	337,255
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	276,880
South Asian	59,485
Chinese	161,415
Black	10,435
Filipino	9,270
Arab	3,225
Latin American	2,675
Southeast Asian	2,490
West Asian	9,675
Korean	4,360
Japanese	880
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,555
Multiple visible minorities	9,430
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	60,365
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	337,250
Canadian	13,465
English	12,940
Irish	10,365
Scottish	10,360
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,710
German	4,755
Chinese	146,145
Italian	9,515
Indian (India)	23,760
Ukrainian	1,995
Dutch	1,930
Polish	2,620
Québécois	115
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,890
Filipino	9,915
French Canadian	665
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,115
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	265
Métis	320
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,510
Russian	2,430
Norwegian	350
Welsh	885
Portuguese	2,350
American	945
Spanish	2,335
Swedish	445
Hungarian	1,270
Acadian	195
Pakistani	7,070
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,655
Jewish	2,995
Punjabi	1,895
Vietnamese	3,145
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,035
Greek	5,170
Jamaican	4,330
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,845
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20
Korean	4,675
Romanian	1,230
Lebanese	750
Iranian	6,735
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,060
Danish	380
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	120
Sikh	1,155
Austrian	555
Belgian	200
Haitian	120
Hindu	5,070
Mexican	370
Mennonite	85
Swiss	270
Finnish	450
Sri Lankan	11,270
Croatian	365
Japanese	1,390
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,850
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	75
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	210
Muslim	1,910
Egyptian	1,760
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	675
Tamil	10,450
Icelandic	90
Colombian	430
Moroccan	135
Czech	270
Syrian	260
Guyanese	2,905
Afghan	1,550
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,085
Serbian	535
Ojibway	65
Newfoundlander	90
Hong Konger	12,515
Ontarian	285
Persian	3,000
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,470
Turkish	920
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35
Bangladeshi	700
Algerian	40
Brazilian	410
Nigerian	415
Armenian	1,850
Slovak	205
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	410
Somali	270
Taiwanese	1,750
Iraqi	200
Salvadorean	185
African Caribbean	1,240
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,050
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	600
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	685
Algonquin	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,200
Lithuanian	350
South African	415
Australian	120
Palestinian	445
Chilean	175
Congolese	160
Nova Scotian	55
Ethiopian	130
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	265
Peruvian	330
Yoruba	195
Cambodian (Khmer)	205
Berber	30
Albanian	260
Maltese	190
Macedonian	2,145
Slovenian	185
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	120
New Brunswicker	20
Gujarati	1,380
Eritrean	30
African Canadian	220
Israeli	475
Mohawk	10
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105
Bulgarian	260
Albertan	15
Ghanaian	180
Barbadian	520
African American	100
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	70
Tunisian	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	125
Cuban	180
Bosnian	65
Venezuelan	315
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0
Latvian	175
Bengali	270
Cameroonian	10
Guatemalan	70
Indonesian	320
Laotian	180
Ilocano	280
Northern Irish	200
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	70
British Columbian	10
Ecuadorian	260
Franco Ontarian	45
Argentinian	155
Estonian	135
Kurdish	240
Fijian	45
Jatt	225
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100
Coptic	955
Thai	160
Dominican	145
Nepali	100
Kabyle	0
Assyrian	35
Igbo	65
Byelorussian	120
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0
Abenaki	0
Moldovan	35
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20
New Zealander	45
Sudanese	165
Breton	20
Pennsylvania Dutch	60
Malaysian	475
Plains Cree	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	50
Huron (Wendat)	0
Saskatchewanian	0
Buddhist	630
Gaspesian	0
Norman	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	560
Ivorian	0
Saulteaux	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0
Burundian	50
Tigrinya	0
Nicaraguan	65
Mauritian	255
Kenyan	255
Oji-Cree	0
Vincentian	135
Jordanian	110
Manitoban	20
Cape Bretoner	0
Rwandan	0
Grenadian	90
Malayali	165
Chaldean	20
Sinhalese	275
Mayan	0
Honduran	35
Cherokee	15
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0
Indo-Caribbean	225
Flemish	0
United Empire Loyalist	50
Senegalese	0
Azerbaijani	200
Sicilian	135
Pashtun	190
Malay	155
Goan	425
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0
Tibetan	35
Zimbabwean	45
Burmese	125
Mongolian	115
Azorean	25
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	0
Indo-Guyanese	345
Ugandan	30
Oromo	0
Tanzanian	290
Yemeni	10
Central African	40
Libyan	50
Basque	20
Uruguayan	40
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	45
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	45
Igorot	0
Fulani	0
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	0
St. Lucian	25
Prince Edward Islander	20
Maliseet	0
Beninese	0
Telugu	170
Roma	50
Costa Rican	70
African Nova Scotian	0
Malagasy	0
Kashmiri	190
Singaporean	210
Karen	0
Edo	50
Tajik	105
Amhara	0
Paraguayan	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	337,250
Buddhist	13,515
Christian	118,215
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	29,725
Anabaptist	135
Anglican	4,555
Baptist	3,845
Catholic	54,635
Christian Orthodox	10,365
Jehovah's Witness	425
Latter Day Saints	205
Lutheran	900
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	475
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,035
Presbyterian	2,605
Reformed	65
United Church	3,420
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,810
Hindu	30,885
Jewish	4,850
Muslim	26,595
Sikh	3,760
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,860
No religion and secular perspectives	137,565
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	334,935
Non-movers	302,410
Movers	32,530
Non-migrants	16,735
Migrants	15,790
Internal migrants	10,660
Intraprovincial migrants	9,830
Interprovincial migrants	825
External migrants	5,130
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	323,065
Non-movers	221,335
Movers	101,730
Non-migrants	35,660
Migrants	66,075
Internal migrants	45,475
Intraprovincial migrants	42,065
Interprovincial migrants	3,405
External migrants	20,600
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	283,400
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	45,575
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	237,825
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	181,545
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,670
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	163,870
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	283,405
No certificate, diploma or degree	43,655
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	71,355
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	168,390
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	57,225
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,030
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,975
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,055
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	40,775
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,420
Bachelor's degree or higher	111,165
Bachelor's degree	76,220
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,305
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,785
Master's degree	23,330
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,530
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	181,540
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,515
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,540
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	129,490
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	41,110
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,495
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,545
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,945
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	29,905
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,715
Bachelor's degree or higher	88,380
Bachelor's degree	59,555
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,690
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,270
Master's degree	19,860
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,005
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	283,400
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	115,010
Education	7,610
13. Education	7,610
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,695
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	535
50. Visual and performing arts	5,160
Humanities	9,360
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,185
23. English language and literature/letters	2,280
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,365
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	175
38. Philosophy and religious studies	445
39. Theology and religious vocations	735
54. History	825
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	345
Social and behavioural sciences and law	19,270
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	220
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,900
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,495
22. Legal professions and studies	2,620
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	390
42. Psychology	2,645
45. Social sciences	9,005
Business, management and public administration	48,250
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,590
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	46,580
Physical and life sciences and technologies	9,525
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,715
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,735
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	280
40. Physical sciences	2,570
41. Science technologies/technicians	225
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,545
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	11,895
25. Library science	255
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,870
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	525
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	29,290
04. Architecture and related services	1,820
14. Engineering	17,075
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,180
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	1,815
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,495
48. Precision production	905
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,770
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,070
03. Natural resources and conservation	705
Health and related fields	17,560
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,400
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	15,520
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	600
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,465
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,995
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25
43. Security and protective services	875
49. Transportation and materials moving	545
Other¹⁷⁹	45
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	181,540
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	52,050
Education	4,820
13. Education	4,820
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,315
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	385
50. Visual and performing arts	3,930
Humanities	6,630
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	855
23. English language and literature/letters	1,635
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,420
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	105
38. Philosophy and religious studies	330
39. Theology and religious vocations	530
54. History	505
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	250
Social and behavioural sciences and law	15,090
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,490
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,825
22. Legal professions and studies	2,035
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	295
42. Psychology	2,070
45. Social sciences	7,195
Business, management and public administration	38,935
30.16 Accounting and computer science	60
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,145
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	37,730
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,810
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,740
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,025
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	225
40. Physical sciences	1,665
41. Science technologies/technicians	160
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	13,355
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,480
25. Library science	175
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,225
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	475
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	21,750
04. Architecture and related services	1,355
14. Engineering	13,345
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,555
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	1,240
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,695
48. Precision production	550
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,335
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	775
03. Natural resources and conservation	560
Health and related fields	13,060
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,020
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,555
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	450
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,340
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,255
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15
43. Security and protective services	710
49. Transportation and materials moving	340
Other¹⁷⁹	45
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	181,540
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,050
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	129,490
Location of study inside Canada	84,175
Same as province or territory of residence	79,100
Different than province or territory of residence	5,075
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	45,315
Americas	4,930
United States of America	3,435
Mexico	125
Cuba	15
Haiti	0
Jamaica	175
Brazil	195
Colombia	215
Peru	80
Venezuela⁹⁵	105
Other locations of study in Americas	580
Europe	4,460
Belgium	60
France	255
Germany	120
Netherlands	115
Switzerland	90
Hungary	50
Moldova¹⁸³	40
Poland	95
Romania	350
Russian Federation	355
Ukraine	175
Ireland⁹⁶	105
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,105
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25
Italy	30
Serbia⁸⁶	55
Other locations of study in Europe	435
Africa	1,210
Nigeria	150
Algeria	20
Morocco	20
Tunisia	15
Egypt	525
South Africa, Republic of	195
Other locations of study in Africa	290
Asia	34,000
Iran⁸⁸	2,405
Iraq	65
Israel	130
Lebanon	105
Syria⁸⁹	50
Turkey	200
China⁹⁰	13,630
Taiwan	465
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,075
Japan	255
Korea, South⁹²	875
Philippines	2,545
Viet Nam	70
Bangladesh	225
Sri Lanka	1,150
India	6,245
Pakistan	1,615
Other locations of study in Asia	890
Oceania	720
Australia	620
New Zealand	100
Other locations of study in Oceania	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	283,405
In the labour force	170,540
Employed	147,065
Unemployed	23,475
Not in the labour force	112,860
Participation rate	60.2
Employment rate	51.9
Unemployment rate	13.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	283,400
Did not work¹⁸⁶	115,720
Worked	167,680
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	89,545
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	78,140
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	170,540
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,400
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	164,140
Employee	133,155
Permanent position	110,265
Temporary position	22,890
Fixed term (1 year or more)	9,560
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	13,335
Self-employed¹⁹²	30,985
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	170,540
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,400
All occupations¹⁹¹	164,140
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,200
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	39,145
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	24,110
3 Health occupations	11,120
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	14,995
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,175
6 Sales and service occupations	41,680
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	17,160
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	950
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	7,600
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	170,540
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,400
All industries¹⁹¹	164,140
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	435
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135
22 Utilities	960
23 Construction	7,805
31-33 Manufacturing	13,710
41 Wholesale trade	8,150
44-45 Retail trade	17,865
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,495
51 Information and cultural industries	4,725
52 Finance and insurance	17,770
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,840
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,715
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,085
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,190
61 Educational services	10,245
62 Health care and social assistance	16,260
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,160
72 Accommodation and food services	9,955
81 Other services (except public administration)	6,250
91 Public administration	5,405
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	182,780
English	145,015
French	185
Non-official language	11,165
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	11,165
English and French	1,735
English and non-official language(s)	23,040
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200
Multiple non-official languages	1,435
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	182,780
Single responses	177,035
Official languages	157,710
English	157,315
French	395
Non-official languages	19,325
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,325
Afro-Asiatic languages	50
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	0
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	50
Amharic	0
Arabic	45
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	10
Tigrigna	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	50
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	40
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	30
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	415
Kannada	0
Malayalam	0
Tamil	410
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	735
Albanian	0
Armenian	20
Balto-Slavic languages	65
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	65
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	0
Russian	60
Serbo-Croatian	0
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	0
Frisian	0
High German languages	0
German	0
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	10
Indo-Iranian languages	510
Indo-Aryan languages	140
Bengali	0
Gujarati	25
Hindi	20
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	55
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	370
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	365
Dari	10
Iranian Persian	315
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	125
Catalan	0
Italian	0
Portuguese	15
Romanian	0
Spanish	110
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	65
Korean	360
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	0
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	0
American Sign Language	0
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,585
Chinese languages	17,560
Hakka	10
Mandarin	8,910
Min Dong	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	8,555
Chinese, n.o.s.	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20
Tai-Kadai languages	10
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	20
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	20
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	5,745
English and French	405
English and non-official language(s)	5,095
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10
Multiple non-official languages	225
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	182,780
None	160,775
English	5,310
French	1,175
Non-official language	10,570
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	10,570
English and French	0
English and non-official language(s)	1,850
French and non-official language(s)	125
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	2,965
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	147,070
Worked at home	56,810
Worked outside Canada	980
No fixed workplace address	13,950
Usual place of work	75,330
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	75,330
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	27,455
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	12,170
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	35,585
Commute to a different province or territory	125
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	89,280
Car, truck or van	77,820
Car, truck or van - as a driver	70,505
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,315
Public transit	6,970
Walked	2,095
Bicycle	300
Other method	2,095
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	89,280
Less than 15 minutes	15,220
15 to 29 minutes	30,635
30 to 44 minutes	24,575
45 to 59 minutes	9,200
60 minutes and over	9,650
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	89,280
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,345
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,000
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	17,610
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	22,915
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,795
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	11,620
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	67,770
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,890
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	62,880
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	52,275
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,140
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,775
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,370
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	48,135

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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