Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Richmond Hill, Town (T)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	202,022	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	195,022	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	72,017	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	69,314	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,004.4	...	...	2,004.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	100.79	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	202,020	98,065	103,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	29,970	15,280	14,690	14.8	15.6	14.1
0 to 4 years	7,555	3,860	3,695	3.7	3.9	3.6
5 to 9 years	9,990	5,090	4,900	4.9	5.2	4.7
10 to 14 years	12,430	6,330	6,095	6.2	6.5	5.9
15 to 64 years	137,390	66,930	70,455	68.0	68.3	67.8
15 to 19 years	13,730	7,230	6,495	6.8	7.4	6.2
20 to 24 years	12,525	6,720	5,810	6.2	6.9	5.6
25 to 29 years	11,625	6,025	5,595	5.8	6.1	5.4
30 to 34 years	11,480	5,745	5,735	5.7	5.9	5.5
35 to 39 years	11,880	5,585	6,295	5.9	5.7	6.1
40 to 44 years	13,075	5,690	7,385	6.5	5.8	7.1
45 to 49 years	16,060	7,275	8,780	7.9	7.4	8.4
50 to 54 years	17,335	8,155	9,185	8.6	8.3	8.8
55 to 59 years	16,040	7,955	8,080	7.9	8.1	7.8
60 to 64 years	13,640	6,545	7,095	6.8	6.7	6.8
65 years and over	34,665	15,855	18,805	17.2	16.2	18.1
65 to 69 years	10,840	5,120	5,715	5.4	5.2	5.5
70 to 74 years	9,340	4,365	4,975	4.6	4.5	4.8
75 to 79 years	5,900	2,680	3,220	2.9	2.7	3.1
80 to 84 years	4,405	1,990	2,410	2.2	2.0	2.3
85 years and over	4,180	1,695	2,485	2.1	1.7	2.4
85 to 89 years	2,645	1,160	1,485	1.3	1.2	1.4
90 to 94 years	1,185	455	725	0.6	0.5	0.7
95 to 99 years	300	65	230	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	15.6	14.1	14.8	15.6	14.1
15 to 64 years	68.0	68.3	67.8	68.0	68.3	67.8
65 years and over	17.2	16.2	18.1	17.2	16.2	18.1
85 years and over	2.1	1.7	2.4	2.1	1.7	2.4
Average age of the population	42.2	41.1	43.1	42.2	41.1	43.1
Median age of the population	43.6	42.0	44.8	43.6	42.0	44.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	39,295	...	...	56.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,665	...	...	3.8	...	...
Row house	10,505	...	...	15.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,135	...	...	3.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,695	...	...	2.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,960	...	...	18.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,180	...	...	17.6	...	...
2 persons	18,935	...	...	27.3	...	...
3 persons	15,080	...	...	21.8	...	...
4 persons	14,770	...	...	21.3	...	...
5 or more persons	8,350	...	...	12.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	200,925	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	172,050	82,790	89,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	103,785	51,480	52,305	60.3	62.2	58.6
Married	98,025	48,625	49,400	57.0	58.7	55.3
Living common-law	5,765	2,860	2,900	3.4	3.5	3.2
Living common law - Never married	3,830	1,890	1,940	2.2	2.3	2.2
Living common law - Separated	270	160	115	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,520	745	775	0.9	0.9	0.9
Living common law - Widowed	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	68,265	31,305	36,960	39.7	37.8	41.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	48,195	25,785	22,410	28.0	31.1	25.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,635	1,320	2,315	2.1	1.6	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,610	2,795	5,815	5.0	3.4	6.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	7,825	1,405	6,415	4.5	1.7	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	59,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	23,335	...	...	39.5	...	...
3 persons	16,355	...	...	27.7	...	...
4 persons	15,165	...	...	25.7	...	...
5 or more persons	4,200	...	...	7.1	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	59,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	50,260	...	...	85.1	...	...
Married couples	47,380	...	...	80.2	...	...
With children⁶	31,160	...	...	52.8	...	...
Without children	16,220	...	...	27.5	...	...
Common-law couples	2,880	...	...	4.9	...	...
With children⁶	1,095	...	...	1.9	...	...
Without children	1,785	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	8,795	...	...	14.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	7,165	...	...	12.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,630	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	200,925	97,735	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	178,290	88,425	89,865	88.7	90.5	87.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	100,515	50,220	50,300	50.0	51.4	48.7
Parents in one-parent families	8,795	1,630	7,165	4.4	1.7	6.9
Children⁶	68,980	36,580	32,400	34.3	37.4	31.4
In a two-parent family	55,760	29,575	26,185	27.8	30.3	25.4
In a one-parent family	13,220	7,005	6,210	6.6	7.2	6.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	22,640	9,315	13,330	11.3	9.5	12.9
Living alone	12,185	5,010	7,175	6.1	5.1	7.0
Living with other relatives⁷	6,075	1,965	4,110	3.0	2.0	4.0
Living with non-relatives only	4,380	2,335	2,050	2.2	2.4	2.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	46,980	...	...	67.8	...	...
Couple-family households	40,490	...	...	58.4	...	...
With children⁶	26,725	...	...	38.6	...	...
Without children	13,770	...	...	19.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,490	...	...	9.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,800	...	...	6.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	950	...	...	1.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,655	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,750	...	...	2.5	...	...
One-person households	12,180	...	...	17.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	170,980	82,470	88,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	162,470	78,160	84,310	95.0	94.8	95.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	34,000	36,800	40,800	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	162,515	78,180	84,335	95.0	94.8	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,800	31,800	34,000	36,800	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	144,590	70,795	73,800	84.6	85.8	83.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	38,400	25,800	31,400	38,400	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	115,050	58,125	56,925	67.3	70.5	64.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,600	31,400	36,800	43,600	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	146,390	69,885	76,500	85.6	84.7	86.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	6,000	9,100	7,500	6,000	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,920	4,810	7,110	7.0	5.8	8.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,160	27,595	28,560	32.8	33.5	32.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	170,980	82,505	88,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	162,645	78,200	84,445	95.1	94.8	95.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,100	66,800	48,200	57,100	66,800	48,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	162,700	78,240	84,455	95.2	94.8	95.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,720	51,350	40,520	45,720	51,350	40,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	144,480	70,885	73,595	84.5	85.9	83.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,250	64,900	43,960	54,250	64,900	43,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	115,050	58,380	56,670	67.3	70.8	64.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,850	66,600	46,800	56,850	66,600	46,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	146,655	69,990	76,660	85.8	84.8	86.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,920	8,870	10,880	9,920	8,870	10,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,690	4,770	6,925	6.8	5.8	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,540	5,970	6,920	6,540	5,970	6,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	56,345	28,060	28,285	33.0	34.0	32.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,340	10,150	10,530	10,340	10,150	10,530
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	170,980	82,500	88,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	53,970	29,740	24,235	31.6	36.0	27.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	80,000	68,000	74,000	80,000	68,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	92,400	103,500	78,800	92,400	103,500	78,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	44,350	20,890	23,460	25.9	25.3	26.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,700	15,100	14,300	14,700	15,100	14,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,160	30,000	24,640	27,160	30,000	24,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	88.2	79.6	84.4	88.2	79.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	74.4	65.2	70.4	74.4	65.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.7	11.9	20.5	15.7	11.9	20.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.2	0.8	0.6	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.9	5.8	8.2	6.9	5.8	8.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.3	5.5	7.3	6.3	5.5	7.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	170,975	82,470	88,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,505	4,310	4,200	5.0	5.2	4.7
With total income	162,475	78,160	84,315	95.0	94.8	95.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	19,380	8,490	10,885	11.9	10.9	12.9
$10,000 to $19,999	22,755	10,555	12,200	14.0	13.5	14.5
$20,000 to $29,999	26,360	11,905	14,455	16.2	15.2	17.1
$30,000 to $39,999	18,070	7,725	10,345	11.1	9.9	12.3
$40,000 to $49,999	13,455	5,825	7,630	8.3	7.5	9.0
$50,000 to $59,999	10,780	4,755	6,025	6.6	6.1	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	8,805	4,170	4,640	5.4	5.3	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	7,515	3,775	3,740	4.6	4.8	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	6,210	3,250	2,960	3.8	4.2	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	5,440	2,865	2,575	3.3	3.7	3.1
$100,000 and over	23,700	14,845	8,855	14.6	19.0	10.5
$100,000 to $149,999	15,115	8,785	6,325	9.3	11.2	7.5
$150,000 and over	8,585	6,060	2,530	5.3	7.8	3.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	170,975	82,470	88,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	8,460	4,285	4,175	4.9	5.2	4.7
With after-tax income	162,520	78,185	84,330	95.1	94.8	95.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,085	8,800	11,280	12.4	11.3	13.4
$10,000 to $19,999	23,785	11,085	12,705	14.6	14.2	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	28,890	12,980	15,910	17.8	16.6	18.9
$30,000 to $39,999	19,945	8,610	11,330	12.3	11.0	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	15,440	6,810	8,635	9.5	8.7	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	12,085	5,605	6,480	7.4	7.2	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	9,750	4,915	4,835	6.0	6.3	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	7,835	4,205	3,630	4.8	5.4	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	7,000	3,630	3,370	4.3	4.6	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	4,715	2,760	1,950	2.9	3.5	2.3
$100,000 and over	12,985	8,785	4,205	8.0	11.2	5.0
$100,000 to $124,999	6,400	4,100	2,300	3.9	5.2	2.7
$125,000 and over	6,590	4,680	1,910	4.1	6.0	2.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	170,975	82,470	88,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	55,930	24,345	31,585	32.7	29.5	35.7
With employment income	115,050	58,125	56,925	67.3	70.5	64.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	18,465	8,635	9,830	16.0	14.9	17.3
$5,000 to $9,999	11,965	5,410	6,555	10.4	9.3	11.5
$10,000 to $19,999	12,735	6,015	6,720	11.1	10.3	11.8
$20,000 to $29,999	8,695	4,030	4,660	7.6	6.9	8.2
$30,000 to $39,999	8,055	3,710	4,345	7.0	6.4	7.6
$40,000 to $49,999	7,555	3,490	4,060	6.6	6.0	7.1
$50,000 to $59,999	6,915	3,235	3,680	6.0	5.6	6.5
$60,000 to $69,999	6,420	3,175	3,245	5.6	5.5	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	5,645	2,925	2,720	4.9	5.0	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	4,800	2,595	2,200	4.2	4.5	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	4,640	2,445	2,200	4.0	4.2	3.9
$100,000 and over	19,165	12,455	6,710	16.7	21.4	11.8
$100,000 to $124,999	8,340	4,805	3,530	7.2	8.3	6.2
$125,000 and over	10,825	7,645	3,185	9.4	13.2	5.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	170,980	82,470	88,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	157,375	75,525	81,850	92.0	91.6	92.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	39,600	30,800	34,400	39,600	30,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	157,420	75,540	81,880	92.1	91.6	92.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	36,000	29,000	32,000	36,000	29,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	141,595	69,410	72,185	82.8	84.2	81.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,800	30,000	34,800	40,800	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	114,920	58,130	56,790	67.2	70.5	64.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	34,000	38,400	44,000	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	136,030	65,140	70,890	79.6	79.0	80.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,270	820	2,340	1,270	820	2,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,715	2,450	4,265	3.9	3.0	4.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	5,640	6,080	5,960	5,640	6,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	170,980	82,505	88,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	157,510	75,690	81,820	92.1	91.7	92.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,450	63,850	45,720	54,450	63,850	45,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	157,525	75,695	81,830	92.1	91.7	92.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,800	49,760	38,320	43,800	49,760	38,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	142,060	69,705	72,355	83.1	84.5	81.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,100	65,300	45,280	55,100	65,300	45,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	115,235	58,495	56,745	67.4	70.9	64.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,950	66,200	47,440	56,950	66,200	47,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	136,125	65,230	70,900	79.6	79.1	80.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,515	4,384	6,560	5,515	4,384	6,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,785	2,445	4,340	4.0	3.0	4.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,560	6,900	7,940	7,560	6,900	7,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	170,980	82,500	88,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	53,390	29,400	23,990	31.2	35.6	27.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	76,500	62,800	69,500	76,500	62,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,000	95,800	74,100	86,000	95,800	74,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	41,370	19,665	21,710	24.2	23.8	24.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	21,600	21,000	21,200	21,600	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,240	37,840	31,000	34,240	37,840	31,000
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	94.0	87.6	91.2	94.0	87.6
Employment income (%)	76.6	80.0	72.0	76.6	80.0	72.0
Government transfers (%)	8.8	5.9	12.4	8.8	5.9	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.6	0.4	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	69,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,180	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	57,135	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	69,315	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	107,300	...	...	107,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,170	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,250	...	...	61,250	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,400	...	...	49,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	57,145	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,600	...	...	149,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,700	...	...	119,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,085	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	460	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	680	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,105	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,185	...	...	3.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,660	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,000	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,045	...	...	3.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,955	...	...	2.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,950	...	...	2.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,985	...	...	5.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,920	...	...	5.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,920	...	...	5.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,625	...	...	5.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,295	...	...	4.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	35,450	...	...	51.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,575	...	...	10.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,145	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,965	...	...	12.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	12,765	...	...	18.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,280	...	...	1.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	480	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	700	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,195	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,295	...	...	3.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,840	...	...	2.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,165	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,230	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,310	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,330	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,580	...	...	6.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,750	...	...	6.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,480	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,290	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,850	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	30,530	...	...	44.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,340	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,595	...	...	9.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	15,600	...	...	22.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	56,370	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	14,325	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	32,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,000	...	...	146,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,795	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,565	7,340	9,220	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	40,000	36,400	38,000	40,000	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,000	34,000	34,800	36,000	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	56,290	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	148,800	...	...	148,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,900	...	...	118,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,350	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,100	...	...	117,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,400	...	...	92,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	32,470	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	176,800	...	...	176,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,600	...	...	141,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,200	...	...	92,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,400	...	...	79,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,585	7,465	9,125	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,900	63,450	47,880	54,900	63,450	47,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,920	49,920	40,840	44,920	49,920	40,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	200,930	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	38,035	19,520	18,515	18.9	20.0	17.9
0 to 5 years	9,265	4,705	4,560	4.6	4.8	4.4
18 to 64 years	129,085	62,575	66,510	64.2	64.0	64.5
65 years and over	33,805	15,640	18,165	16.8	16.0	17.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	23,610	10,930	12,680	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,950	2,500	2,450	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,230	630	595	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,030	6,050	6,985	...	...	...
65 years and over	5,625	2,375	3,250	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.8	11.2	12.3	11.8	11.2	12.3
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0	12.8	13.2	13.0	12.8	13.2
0 to 5 years (%)	13.2	13.5	13.1	13.2	13.5	13.1
18 to 64 years (%)	10.1	9.7	10.5	10.1	9.7	10.5
65 years and over (%)	16.6	15.2	17.9	16.6	15.2	17.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	200,925	97,735	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	38,035	19,520	18,515	18.9	20.0	17.9
0 to 5 years	9,265	4,710	4,555	4.6	4.8	4.4
18 to 64 years	129,090	62,575	66,510	64.2	64.0	64.5
65 years and over	33,805	15,645	18,160	16.8	16.0	17.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	14,325	6,860	7,460	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,035	1,515	1,520	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	710	360	355	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,085	4,400	4,685	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,205	940	1,260	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.1	7.0	7.2	7.1	7.0	7.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.0	7.8	8.2	8.0	7.8	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	7.7	7.6	7.8	7.7	7.6	7.8
18 to 64 years (%)	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0
65 years and over (%)	6.5	6.0	6.9	6.5	6.0	6.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	200,925	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	86,095	40,880	45,215	42.8	41.8	43.8
In bottom decile	20,830	9,725	11,100	10.4	9.9	10.8
In second decile	16,890	7,945	8,950	8.4	8.1	8.7
In third decile	16,185	7,700	8,485	8.1	7.9	8.2
In fourth decile	16,030	7,715	8,310	8.0	7.9	8.1
In fifth decile	16,160	7,795	8,365	8.0	8.0	8.1
In top half of the distribution	114,835	56,855	57,975	57.2	58.2	56.2
In sixth decile	17,120	8,385	8,740	8.5	8.6	8.5
In seventh decile	18,190	8,890	9,300	9.1	9.1	9.0
In eighth decile	20,540	10,125	10,405	10.2	10.4	10.1
In ninth decile	25,595	12,750	12,845	12.7	13.0	12.4
In top decile	33,390	16,710	16,685	16.6	17.1	16.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	200,925	...	...	200,925	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.375	...	...	0.375	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.478	...	...	0.478	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.327	...	...	0.327	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	201,040	97,795	103,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	173,385	86,220	87,160	86.2	88.2	84.4
French only	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and French	14,745	6,405	8,340	7.3	6.5	8.1
Neither English nor French	12,825	5,135	7,695	6.4	5.3	7.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	201,040	97,795	103,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	184,650	91,025	93,625	91.8	93.1	90.7
French	1,280	585	700	0.6	0.6	0.7
English and French	2,450	1,135	1,315	1.2	1.2	1.3
Neither English nor French	12,660	5,050	7,605	6.3	5.2	7.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	201,040	97,795	103,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	188,100	91,505	96,595	93.6	93.6	93.6
Official languages	69,025	35,345	33,685	34.3	36.1	32.6
English	68,035	34,885	33,150	33.8	35.7	32.1
French	990	460	535	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	119,075	56,160	62,910	59.2	57.4	60.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	119,070	56,160	62,910	59.2	57.4	60.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,725	1,855	1,865	1.9	1.9	1.8
Berber languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,555	1,785	1,775	1.8	1.8	1.7
Amharic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,655	1,300	1,355	1.3	1.3	1.3
Aramaic languages	105	45	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	755	415	340	0.4	0.4	0.3
Maltese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	605	265	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	570	245	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,360	925	1,435	1.2	0.9	1.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	140	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,835	700	1,130	0.9	0.7	1.1
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,500	730	775	0.7	0.7	0.8
Kannada	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	270	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,035	490	545	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	53,235	25,420	27,815	26.5	26.0	26.9
Albanian	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	835	390	440	0.4	0.4	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	10,885	5,020	5,870	5.4	5.1	5.7
Baltic languages	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10,785	4,985	5,805	5.4	5.1	5.6
Belarusian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	300	135	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Polish	550	245	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	8,620	4,020	4,600	4.3	4.1	4.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	520	245	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	315	155	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	465	190	275	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	840	365	475	0.4	0.4	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	605	260	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	540	230	315	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,425	680	745	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	29,325	14,335	14,990	14.6	14.7	14.5
Indo-Aryan languages	5,320	2,590	2,735	2.6	2.6	2.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	285	155	130	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	1,350	635	720	0.7	0.6	0.7
Hindi	920	440	480	0.5	0.4	0.5
Kacchi	320	150	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kashmiri	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	460	245	220	0.2	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,645	800	850	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	23,990	11,745	12,245	11.9	12.0	11.9
Baluchi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	395	195	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	85	55	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	23,410	11,440	11,965	11.6	11.7	11.6
Dari	1,230	580	645	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian Persian	19,360	9,470	9,885	9.6	9.7	9.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,825	1,390	1,430	1.4	1.4	1.4
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,700	4,515	5,180	4.8	4.6	5.0
Catalan	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	5,160	2,445	2,720	2.6	2.5	2.6
Portuguese	840	360	475	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	1,385	645	735	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	2,300	1,055	1,240	1.1	1.1	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	275	90	185	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	4,640	2,200	2,440	2.3	2.2	2.4
Mongolian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	305	155	145	0.2	0.2	0.1
Akan (Twi)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	100	55	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	50,115	23,375	26,740	24.9	23.9	25.9
Chinese languages	50,065	23,345	26,720	24.9	23.9	25.9
Hakka	355	160	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	25,800	11,945	13,855	12.8	12.2	13.4
Min Dong	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	590	265	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	350	160	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	22,700	10,695	12,005	11.3	10.9	11.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	215	95	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,355	695	660	0.7	0.7	0.6
Azerbaijani	350	195	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	950	470	475	0.5	0.5	0.5
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	670	310	355	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	570	260	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,940	6,285	6,655	6.4	6.4	6.4
English and French	575	295	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	10,520	5,155	5,370	5.2	5.3	5.2
French and non-official language(s)	230	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	400	185	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	1,220	550	670	0.6	0.6	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	201,040	97,795	103,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	75,205	38,165	37,045	37.4	39.0	35.9
French	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	43,975	20,230	23,745	21.9	20.7	23.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	43,970	20,230	23,740	21.9	20.7	23.0
English and French	1,320	595	730	0.7	0.6	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	74,310	36,035	38,270	37.0	36.8	37.1
French and non-official language(s)	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,665	1,155	1,510	1.3	1.2	1.5
Multiple non-official languages	3,255	1,480	1,775	1.6	1.5	1.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	201,040	97,795	103,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	184,550	89,945	94,610	91.8	92.0	91.6
Official languages	103,980	51,960	52,020	51.7	53.1	50.4
English	103,550	51,755	51,795	51.5	52.9	50.2
French	430	200	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	80,570	37,985	42,585	40.1	38.8	41.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	80,565	37,980	42,585	40.1	38.8	41.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,690	795	895	0.8	0.8	0.9
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,615	770	850	0.8	0.8	0.8
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,260	585	675	0.6	0.6	0.7
Aramaic languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	285	150	135	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	290	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	275	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,205	550	655	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	955	435	525	0.5	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	825	380	445	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	605	275	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	32,335	15,395	16,945	16.1	15.7	16.4
Albanian	100	50	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	490	225	265	0.2	0.2	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	6,790	3,150	3,640	3.4	3.2	3.5
Baltic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	6,765	3,145	3,625	3.4	3.2	3.5
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	215	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	5,905	2,760	3,145	2.9	2.8	3.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	225	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	175	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	205	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	505	230	275	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	20,785	10,090	10,695	10.3	10.3	10.4
Indo-Aryan languages	2,790	1,330	1,455	1.4	1.4	1.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	690	310	380	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hindi	435	215	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	210	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,020	480	540	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	17,990	8,755	9,235	8.9	9.0	8.9
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	300	150	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	17,570	8,535	9,030	8.7	8.7	8.7
Dari	750	365	390	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	14,580	7,095	7,480	7.3	7.3	7.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,240	1,080	1,160	1.1	1.1	1.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,540	1,590	1,945	1.8	1.6	1.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,295	535	755	0.6	0.5	0.7
Portuguese	325	150	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	660	295	365	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	1,260	605	655	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	3,530	1,665	1,865	1.8	1.7	1.8
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	39,150	18,315	20,835	19.5	18.7	20.2
Chinese languages	39,135	18,305	20,830	19.5	18.7	20.2
Hakka	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	20,860	9,850	11,010	10.4	10.1	10.7
Min Dong	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	250	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	230	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	17,550	8,115	9,435	8.7	8.3	9.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	875	440	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	665	335	330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	290	140	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	16,490	7,850	8,640	8.2	8.0	8.4
English and French	280	120	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	15,605	7,460	8,145	7.8	7.6	7.9
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	360	165	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	201,045	97,795	103,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	133,040	65,035	68,005	66.2	66.5	65.9
English	29,785	14,580	15,205	14.8	14.9	14.7
French	1,585	690	900	0.8	0.7	0.9
Non-official language	28,415	13,670	14,745	14.1	14.0	14.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	28,415	13,675	14,740	14.1	14.0	14.3
English and French	440	200	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,585	1,710	1,875	1.8	1.7	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,245	525	715	0.6	0.5	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,880	1,340	1,540	1.4	1.4	1.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	200,930	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	188,190	92,705	95,480	93.7	94.8	92.5
English	188,075	92,670	95,405	93.6	94.8	92.5
French	14,800	6,350	8,450	7.4	6.5	8.2
Non-official languages	145,915	69,065	76,855	72.6	70.7	74.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	145,910	69,060	76,855	72.6	70.7	74.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,330	3,730	3,600	3.6	3.8	3.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,125	3,620	3,505	3.5	3.7	3.4
Amharic	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,235	2,085	2,150	2.1	2.1	2.1
Aramaic languages	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	2,735	1,450	1,280	1.4	1.5	1.2
Maltese	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	895	410	485	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	840	380	460	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,655	1,400	2,260	1.8	1.4	2.2
Bikol	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	120	40	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	225	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	175	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	310	145	160	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,095	1,130	1,970	1.5	1.2	1.9
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	340	165	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	170	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,185	1,065	1,120	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kannada	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	445	215	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,515	745	770	0.8	0.8	0.7
Telugu	275	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	69,010	32,840	36,175	34.3	33.6	35.1
Albanian	320	165	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	1,240	585	655	0.6	0.6	0.6
Balto-Slavic languages	13,630	6,260	7,370	6.8	6.4	7.1
Baltic languages	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,550	6,230	7,320	6.7	6.4	7.1
Belarusian	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	210	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	500	220	280	0.2	0.2	0.3
Polish	755	360	400	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	11,275	5,195	6,080	5.6	5.3	5.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	700	350	350	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	250	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	445	240	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,405	640	765	0.7	0.7	0.7
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,080	965	1,115	1.0	1.0	1.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,480	695	785	0.7	0.7	0.8
German	1,360	645	725	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	435	185	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	270	110	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	215	95	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,345	1,060	1,280	1.2	1.1	1.2
Indo-Iranian languages	37,370	18,290	19,085	18.6	18.7	18.5
Indo-Aryan languages	9,340	4,525	4,810	4.6	4.6	4.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	440	235	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	2,685	1,235	1,450	1.3	1.3	1.4
Hindi	3,980	1,900	2,080	2.0	1.9	2.0
Kacchi	735	360	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kashmiri	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	105	40	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Marathi	280	150	120	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nepali	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,120	575	545	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	210	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	3,520	1,720	1,800	1.8	1.8	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	28,375	13,930	14,445	14.1	14.3	14.0
Baluchi	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	450	235	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	27,985	13,735	14,260	13.9	14.1	13.8
Dari	1,355	620	735	0.7	0.6	0.7
Iranian Persian	23,975	11,795	12,180	11.9	12.1	11.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,990	1,480	1,510	1.5	1.5	1.5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,300	6,625	7,670	7.1	6.8	7.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	7,745	3,580	4,165	3.9	3.7	4.0
Portuguese	1,300	605	700	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,535	705	830	0.8	0.7	0.8
Spanish	4,410	2,070	2,335	2.2	2.1	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	725	350	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	5,915	2,760	3,160	2.9	2.8	3.1
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	985	505	480	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	535	280	250	0.3	0.3	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	190	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	58,620	27,750	30,870	29.2	28.4	29.9
Chinese languages	58,580	27,735	30,850	29.2	28.4	29.9
Hakka	500	245	255	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mandarin	36,480	16,850	19,620	18.2	17.2	19.0
Min Dong	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,110	525	580	0.6	0.5	0.6
Wu (Shanghainese)	600	285	315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	29,985	14,225	15,765	14.9	14.6	15.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,620	1,385	1,235	1.3	1.4	1.2
Azerbaijani	805	480	325	0.4	0.5	0.3
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,060	1,075	980	1.0	1.1	0.9
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	855	430	425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	80	55	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	740	360	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	200,925	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	510	225	280	0.3	0.2	0.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	445	210	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	305	150	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	200,420	97,510	102,910	99.7	99.8	99.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	200,925	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	205	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	200,725	97,645	103,075	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	54,210	...	...	78.2	...	...
Renter	15,100	...	...	21.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,945	...	...	20.1	...	...
Not condominium	55,370	...	...	79.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	315	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	7,335	...	...	10.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,475	...	...	13.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	18,775	...	...	27.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	33,410	...	...	48.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,955	...	...	25.9	...	...
5 rooms	9,940	...	...	14.3	...	...
6 rooms	9,615	...	...	13.9	...	...
7 rooms	8,725	...	...	12.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	23,075	...	...	33.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	67,400	...	...	97.2	...	...
More than one person per room	1,910	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	65,195	...	...	94.1	...	...
Not suitable	4,120	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	3,495	...	...	5.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,970	...	...	10.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	12,175	...	...	17.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	15,915	...	...	23.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	10,655	...	...	15.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	7,600	...	...	11.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,405	...	...	9.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,100	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	66,765	...	...	96.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,545	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,780	...	...	43.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	34,340	...	...	49.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,195	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	69,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	745	...	...	1.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,820	...	...	8.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,215	...	...	16.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	17,460	...	...	25.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	16,450	...	...	23.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	10,410	...	...	15.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,225	...	...	7.5	...	...
85 years and over	1,990	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	68,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	43,350	...	...	62.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	25,570	...	...	37.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	20,820	...	...	30.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	69,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	29,485	...	...	42.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	23,045	...	...	33.2	...	...
Not suitable only	2,480	...	...	3.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,295	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,415	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,020	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	140	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	39,830	...	...	57.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	64,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	10,020	...	...	15.6	...	...
Not in core need	54,150	...	...	84.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	54,210	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.9	...	...	60.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.5	...	...	11.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,020	...	...	2,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,350	...	...	2,350	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,344,000	...	...	1,344,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	15,105	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.2	...	...	13.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	51.2	...	...	51.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	31.2	...	...	31.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,860	...	...	1,860	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,916	...	...	1,916	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	200,925	97,735	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	615	290	330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	580	280	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	420	180	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	165	100	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	200,155	97,385	102,775	99.6	99.6	99.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	200,930	97,735	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	169,955	83,235	86,715	84.6	85.2	84.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	33,675	17,295	16,375	16.8	17.7	15.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	136,280	65,940	70,340	67.8	67.5	68.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	30,970	14,500	16,470	15.4	14.8	16.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	200,930	97,735	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	77,650	39,945	37,705	38.6	40.9	36.5
Immigrants⁸¹	116,855	54,595	62,265	58.2	55.9	60.3
Before 1980	14,925	6,965	7,960	7.4	7.1	7.7
1980 to 1990	13,975	6,740	7,240	7.0	6.9	7.0
1991 to 2000	30,335	14,390	15,940	15.1	14.7	15.4
2001 to 2010	30,270	13,955	16,315	15.1	14.3	15.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	27,355	12,540	14,810	13.6	12.8	14.4
2011 to 2015	14,750	6,785	7,965	7.3	6.9	7.7
2016 to 2021	12,600	5,760	6,845	6.3	5.9	6.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,420	3,200	3,220	3.2	3.3	3.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	116,855	54,595	62,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	8,505	4,295	4,215	7.3	7.9	6.8
5 to 14 years	17,830	9,050	8,785	15.3	16.6	14.1
15 to 24 years	18,895	8,680	10,220	16.2	15.9	16.4
25 to 44 years	56,485	25,585	30,900	48.3	46.9	49.6
45 years and over	15,130	6,995	8,140	12.9	12.8	13.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	116,855	54,595	62,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,960	2,715	3,250	5.1	5.0	5.2
Brazil	265	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	300	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
El Salvador	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	540	225	320	0.5	0.4	0.5
Haiti	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	1,055	490	565	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mexico	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	225	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	590	265	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
United States of America	1,220	600	625	1.0	1.1	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	1,400	600	800	1.2	1.1	1.3
Europe	18,160	8,270	9,895	15.5	15.1	15.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	585	265	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Greece	855	375	480	0.7	0.7	0.8
Hungary	330	140	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	3,320	1,555	1,760	2.8	2.8	2.8
Netherlands	130	35	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Poland	550	250	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portugal	435	205	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	1,305	625	680	1.1	1.1	1.1
Russian Federation	3,310	1,420	1,895	2.8	2.6	3.0
Serbia⁸⁶	220	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	2,395	1,080	1,315	2.0	2.0	2.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,590	765	825	1.4	1.4	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	2,770	1,260	1,515	2.4	2.3	2.4
Africa	4,975	2,415	2,565	4.3	4.4	4.1
Algeria	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	1,365	660	710	1.2	1.2	1.1
Eritrea	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somalia	165	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	415	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	2,420	1,185	1,235	2.1	2.2	2.0
Asia	87,615	41,130	46,485	75.0	75.3	74.7
Afghanistan	930	420	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	20,635	10,155	10,485	17.7	18.6	16.8
Iraq	965	455	515	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lebanon	450	215	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	615	305	310	0.5	0.6	0.5
China⁹⁰	27,905	12,740	15,170	23.9	23.3	24.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	13,180	6,240	6,940	11.3	11.4	11.1
Korea, South⁹²	4,215	1,980	2,235	3.6	3.6	3.6
Taiwan	1,165	505	660	1.0	0.9	1.1
Philippines	3,265	1,245	2,020	2.8	2.3	3.2
Viet Nam	1,270	545	730	1.1	1.0	1.2
Bangladesh	280	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	4,070	1,925	2,145	3.5	3.5	3.4
Pakistan	1,795	850	940	1.5	1.6	1.5
Sri Lanka	1,055	525	530	0.9	1.0	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	5,590	2,800	2,790	4.8	5.1	4.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	12,600	5,760	6,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	585	275	315	4.6	4.8	4.6
Brazil	55	25	25	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	35	15	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	50	30	15	0.4	0.5	0.2
Mexico	50	25	30	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	230	115	110	1.8	2.0	1.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	25	0.2	0.2	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	140	50	85	1.1	0.9	1.2
Europe	855	375	475	6.8	6.5	6.9
France	20	15	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Germany	35	15	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	200	80	125	1.6	1.4	1.8
Ukraine	215	90	130	1.7	1.6	1.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	40	30	0.5	0.7	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	285	130	160	2.3	2.3	2.3
Africa	460	215	245	3.7	3.7	3.6
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	135	75	60	1.1	1.3	0.9
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	170	85	85	1.3	1.5	1.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	75	25	50	0.6	0.4	0.7
Asia	10,680	4,890	5,795	84.8	84.9	84.7
Afghanistan	140	70	65	1.1	1.2	0.9
Bangladesh	35	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
China⁹⁰	4,460	1,985	2,480	35.4	34.5	36.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	350	165	185	2.8	2.9	2.7
India	765	355	415	6.1	6.2	6.1
Iran⁸⁸	2,600	1,235	1,365	20.6	21.4	19.9
Iraq	150	65	80	1.2	1.1	1.2
Israel	110	60	45	0.9	1.0	0.7
Japan	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	295	115	180	2.3	2.0	2.6
Lebanon	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	250	125	125	2.0	2.2	1.8
Philippines	650	285	360	5.2	4.9	5.3
Saudi Arabia	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	95	35	60	0.8	0.6	0.9
Turkey	185	95	90	1.5	1.6	1.3
United Arab Emirates	90	40	45	0.7	0.7	0.7
Viet Nam	65	25	40	0.5	0.4	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	375	180	190	3.0	3.1	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	25	0	25	0.2	0.0	0.4
Australia	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	200,925	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	125,290	58,865	66,425	62.4	60.2	64.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	53,525	27,400	26,120	26.6	28.0	25.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	22,115	11,470	10,640	11.0	11.7	10.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	101,930	47,625	54,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	67,645	33,465	34,185	66.4	70.3	63.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	26,250	17,260	8,995	25.8	36.2	16.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	41,395	16,205	25,190	40.6	34.0	46.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	23,270	8,650	14,620	22.8	18.2	26.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,540	4,885	4,650	9.4	10.3	8.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,480	625	850	1.5	1.3	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	101,930	47,625	54,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,130	2,660	2,475	5.0	5.6	4.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,370	2,480	2,890	5.3	5.2	5.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	3,770	1,820	1,950	3.7	3.8	3.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	5,780	2,735	3,045	5.7	5.7	5.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	335	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	81,555	37,780	43,770	80.0	79.3	80.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	200,925	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	133,460	64,450	69,015	66.4	65.9	66.9
South Asian	15,340	7,565	7,770	7.6	7.7	7.5
Chinese	64,120	30,810	33,310	31.9	31.5	32.3
Black	4,540	2,135	2,405	2.3	2.2	2.3
Filipino	3,960	1,605	2,360	2.0	1.6	2.3
Arab	3,245	1,590	1,655	1.6	1.6	1.6
Latin American	2,425	1,175	1,250	1.2	1.2	1.2
Southeast Asian	1,300	570	730	0.6	0.6	0.7
West Asian	26,425	13,130	13,300	13.2	13.4	12.9
Korean	6,340	3,030	3,310	3.2	3.1	3.2
Japanese	440	210	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,535	745	790	0.8	0.8	0.8
Multiple visible minorities	3,790	1,880	1,915	1.9	1.9	1.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	67,465	33,285	34,175	33.6	34.1	33.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	200,930	97,740	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,005	4,545	4,460	4.5	4.7	4.3
English	8,120	4,195	3,925	4.0	4.3	3.8
Irish	6,580	3,235	3,345	3.3	3.3	3.2
Scottish	6,065	3,015	3,050	3.0	3.1	3.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2,610	1,235	1,375	1.3	1.3	1.3
German	4,040	1,940	2,105	2.0	2.0	2.0
Chinese	57,305	27,505	29,805	28.5	28.1	28.9
Italian	16,125	8,270	7,855	8.0	8.5	7.6
Indian (India)	8,880	4,295	4,590	4.4	4.4	4.4
Ukrainian	4,080	1,955	2,130	2.0	2.0	2.1
Dutch	1,165	560	605	0.6	0.6	0.6
Polish	3,565	1,930	1,635	1.8	2.0	1.6
Québécois	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,100	1,025	1,075	1.0	1.0	1.0
Filipino	4,075	1,630	2,445	2.0	1.7	2.4
French Canadian	520	220	305	0.3	0.2	0.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,180	600	580	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	200	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis	205	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,585	750	835	0.8	0.8	0.8
Russian	8,295	3,950	4,345	4.1	4.0	4.2
Norwegian	275	100	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Welsh	725	320	405	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	2,205	1,085	1,125	1.1	1.1	1.1
American	795	390	405	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,660	735	925	0.8	0.8	0.9
Swedish	200	90	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,325	650	675	0.7	0.7	0.7
Acadian	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistani	2,580	1,305	1,270	1.3	1.3	1.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,315	650	670	0.7	0.7	0.6
Jewish	6,030	3,045	2,990	3.0	3.1	2.9
Punjabi	400	180	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,270	615	650	0.6	0.6	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,125	595	525	0.6	0.6	0.5
Greek	3,870	1,945	1,920	1.9	2.0	1.9
Jamaican	1,665	865	800	0.8	0.9	0.8
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	4,060	1,880	2,180	2.0	1.9	2.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	6,265	3,015	3,255	3.1	3.1	3.2
Romanian	2,015	975	1,040	1.0	1.0	1.0
Lebanese	580	280	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	20,345	10,065	10,280	10.1	10.3	10.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,390	630	760	0.7	0.6	0.7
Danish	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	505	250	255	0.3	0.3	0.2
Belgian	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	970	495	480	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mexican	380	205	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	420	220	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	835	420	415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatian	335	175	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	855	415	440	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,270	635	630	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	1,120	540	580	0.6	0.6	0.6
Egyptian	1,685	830	850	0.8	0.8	0.8
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	670	360	310	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	780	375	405	0.4	0.4	0.4
Icelandic	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	380	175	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	360	175	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	195	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	320	145	175	0.2	0.1	0.2
Guyanese	725	310	415	0.4	0.3	0.4
Afghan	1,400	685	720	0.7	0.7	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	530	270	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	425	205	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	5,010	2,450	2,565	2.5	2.5	2.5
Ontarian	150	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	7,390	3,770	3,620	3.7	3.9	3.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	510	250	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	1,155	590	560	0.6	0.6	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	305	165	135	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algerian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	290	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	290	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Armenian	1,505	745	765	0.7	0.8	0.7
Slovak	190	110	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	450	230	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	1,110	485	625	0.6	0.5	0.6
Iraqi	625	335	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	345	130	215	0.2	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,045	470	575	0.5	0.5	0.6
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	810	395	415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	295	125	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	360	165	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	320	130	185	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	335	180	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	130	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	370	185	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	245	85	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	215	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	410	195	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	250	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	825	415	410	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovenian	225	130	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	325	155	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	100	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israeli	1,400	770	630	0.7	0.8	0.6
Mohawk	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	330	170	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	170	95	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	85	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	285	135	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	130	40	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	275	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	315	150	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	100	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	265	140	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	435	240	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	840	400	445	0.4	0.4	0.4
Thai	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	150	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	590	285	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	165	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	230	85	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	255	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	230	125	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	755	420	335	0.4	0.4	0.3
Sicilian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	90	55	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ugandan	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	275	145	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Singaporean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	200,925	97,735	103,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,505	1,900	2,605	2.2	1.9	2.5
Christian	79,490	37,000	42,495	39.6	37.9	41.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	17,265	7,945	9,320	8.6	8.1	9.0
Anabaptist	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	2,540	1,175	1,365	1.3	1.2	1.3
Baptist	1,805	770	1,035	0.9	0.8	1.0
Catholic	37,780	17,850	19,930	18.8	18.3	19.3
Christian Orthodox	10,930	5,090	5,845	5.4	5.2	5.7
Jehovah's Witness	405	170	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	590	250	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	240	125	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	815	380	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Presbyterian	2,090	1,000	1,090	1.0	1.0	1.1
Reformed	155	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	2,100	985	1,115	1.0	1.0	1.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,545	1,095	1,450	1.3	1.1	1.4
Hindu	5,070	2,515	2,560	2.5	2.6	2.5
Jewish	8,585	4,385	4,205	4.3	4.5	4.1
Muslim	26,075	12,560	13,515	13.0	12.9	13.1
Sikh	605	315	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,690	770	920	0.8	0.8	0.9
No religion and secular perspectives	74,880	38,285	36,590	37.3	39.2	35.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	199,595	97,055	102,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	179,340	86,875	92,455	89.9	89.5	90.2
Movers	20,265	10,175	10,085	10.2	10.5	9.8
Non-migrants	9,585	4,870	4,710	4.8	5.0	4.6
Migrants	10,675	5,305	5,370	5.3	5.5	5.2
Internal migrants	7,745	3,870	3,875	3.9	4.0	3.8
Intraprovincial migrants	7,095	3,550	3,545	3.6	3.7	3.5
Interprovincial migrants	645	325	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	2,935	1,435	1,500	1.5	1.5	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	193,330	93,740	99,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	127,595	61,350	66,240	66.0	65.4	66.5
Movers	65,740	32,385	33,350	34.0	34.5	33.5
Non-migrants	18,490	9,245	9,245	9.6	9.9	9.3
Migrants	47,255	23,145	24,110	24.4	24.7	24.2
Internal migrants	31,990	15,825	16,160	16.5	16.9	16.2
Intraprovincial migrants	29,395	14,520	14,875	15.2	15.5	14.9
Interprovincial migrants	2,590	1,305	1,285	1.3	1.4	1.3
External migrants	15,265	7,315	7,950	7.9	7.8	8.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	170,980	82,500	88,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,390	9,780	10,605	11.9	11.9	12.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	150,590	72,725	77,865	88.1	88.2	88.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,925	52,815	58,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,095	2,685	2,415	4.6	5.1	4.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	105,825	50,130	55,695	95.4	94.9	95.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	170,980	82,505	88,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,070	9,005	10,065	11.2	10.9	11.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	39,335	19,065	20,275	23.0	23.1	22.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	112,575	54,435	58,135	65.8	66.0	65.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	36,065	16,910	19,155	21.1	20.5	21.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,260	3,230	2,025	3.1	3.9	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,950	1,625	1,325	1.7	2.0	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,315	1,610	705	1.4	2.0	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	24,680	10,980	13,700	14.4	13.3	15.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,125	2,700	3,425	3.6	3.3	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	76,510	37,525	38,985	44.7	45.5	44.1
Bachelor's degree	49,115	23,195	25,925	28.7	28.1	29.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,645	2,155	2,490	2.7	2.6	2.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,615	1,285	1,325	1.5	1.6	1.5
Master's degree	17,525	9,220	8,305	10.2	11.2	9.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,605	1,670	935	1.5	2.0	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,925	52,815	58,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,435	2,330	2,100	4.0	4.4	3.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,380	9,045	9,335	16.6	17.1	16.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	88,110	41,435	46,675	79.4	78.5	80.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	26,045	11,890	14,160	23.5	22.5	24.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,305	1,945	1,360	3.0	3.7	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,830	950	885	1.6	1.8	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,470	995	475	1.3	1.9	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,285	7,990	10,290	16.5	15.1	17.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,460	1,955	2,505	4.0	3.7	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	62,060	29,545	32,520	55.9	55.9	56.0
Bachelor's degree	39,140	18,055	21,080	35.3	34.2	36.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,520	1,530	1,985	3.2	2.9	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,125	985	1,135	1.9	1.9	2.0
Master's degree	15,220	7,705	7,520	13.7	14.6	12.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,055	1,265	785	1.9	2.4	1.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	170,975	82,505	88,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	58,405	28,070	30,340	34.2	34.0	34.3
Education	4,920	890	4,030	2.9	1.1	4.6
13. Education	4,920	890	4,030	2.9	1.1	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,250	1,545	2,710	2.5	1.9	3.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	320	200	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,935	1,345	2,590	2.3	1.6	2.9
Humanities	6,035	1,775	4,265	3.5	2.2	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,240	215	1,025	0.7	0.3	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	1,510	315	1,195	0.9	0.4	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,705	505	1,200	1.0	0.6	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	305	180	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	310	220	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	570	265	310	0.3	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	280	30	250	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,400	4,605	8,795	7.8	5.6	9.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	180	25	150	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,035	420	615	0.6	0.5	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,740	165	1,575	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	2,275	770	1,500	1.3	0.9	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	240	90	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	2,160	535	1,625	1.3	0.6	1.8
45. Social sciences	5,775	2,595	3,180	3.4	3.1	3.6
Business, management and public administration	28,425	12,605	15,820	16.6	15.3	17.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,095	225	870	0.6	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	27,260	12,360	14,900	15.9	15.0	16.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,845	3,160	3,685	4.0	3.8	4.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,785	1,085	1,700	1.6	1.3	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,455	680	775	0.9	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,230	1,245	985	1.3	1.5	1.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	220	85	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,930	6,465	3,465	5.8	7.8	3.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,530	5,225	2,305	4.4	6.3	2.6
25. Library science	170	20	145	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,845	970	880	1.1	1.2	1.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	380	250	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	22,275	17,660	4,615	13.0	21.4	5.2
04. Architecture and related services	1,400	725	680	0.8	0.9	0.8
14. Engineering	13,985	10,720	3,265	8.2	13.0	3.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,205	2,645	565	1.9	3.2	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,640	1,600	40	1.0	1.9	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,525	1,500	25	0.9	1.8	0.0
48. Precision production	510	470	40	0.3	0.6	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,290	645	645	0.8	0.8	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	800	375	425	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	260	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	11,880	3,560	8,320	6.9	4.3	9.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	990	540	445	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,175	2,660	7,515	6.0	3.2	8.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	675	335	340	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,305	1,545	1,760	1.9	1.9	2.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,110	590	1,520	1.2	0.7	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	650	475	175	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	510	445	65	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	110,925	52,815	58,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,815	11,380	11,435	20.6	21.5	19.7
Education	3,420	595	2,825	3.1	1.1	4.9
13. Education	3,420	595	2,825	3.1	1.1	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,395	1,210	2,190	3.1	2.3	3.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	240	150	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,155	1,055	2,095	2.8	2.0	3.6
Humanities	4,670	1,300	3,375	4.2	2.5	5.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,045	140	900	0.9	0.3	1.5
23. English language and literature/letters	1,185	230	955	1.1	0.4	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,275	380	890	1.1	0.7	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	245	145	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	165	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	410	180	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	205	25	180	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,640	3,385	7,255	9.6	6.4	12.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	155	20	135	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	805	305	505	0.7	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,295	105	1,190	1.2	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,895	570	1,325	1.7	1.1	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	195	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,730	380	1,355	1.6	0.7	2.3
45. Social sciences	4,560	1,945	2,615	4.1	3.7	4.5
Business, management and public administration	23,000	9,820	13,180	20.7	18.6	22.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	905	170	740	0.8	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	22,040	9,645	12,400	19.9	18.3	21.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,875	2,210	2,660	4.4	4.2	4.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,950	755	1,185	1.8	1.4	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,015	465	555	0.9	0.9	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,650	885	760	1.5	1.7	1.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,535	5,535	3,000	7.7	10.5	5.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,640	4,570	2,065	6.0	8.7	3.6
25. Library science	130	15	115	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,450	750	705	1.3	1.4	1.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	320	200	110	0.3	0.4	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,965	13,175	3,790	15.3	24.9	6.5
04. Architecture and related services	1,130	565	560	1.0	1.1	1.0
14. Engineering	11,210	8,455	2,755	10.1	16.0	4.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,320	1,910	410	2.1	3.6	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,045	1,025	15	0.9	1.9	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	970	950	20	0.9	1.8	0.0
48. Precision production	295	270	25	0.3	0.5	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,010	485	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	615	285	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	400	200	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	9,145	2,670	6,475	8.2	5.1	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	720	400	325	0.6	0.8	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,855	2,000	5,855	7.1	3.8	10.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	530	250	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,445	1,055	1,390	2.2	2.0	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,610	415	1,195	1.5	0.8	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	505	345	155	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	310	265	45	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	110,925	52,815	58,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,815	11,380	11,435	20.6	21.5	19.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	88,110	41,435	46,670	79.4	78.5	80.3
Location of study inside Canada	51,555	24,580	26,970	46.5	46.5	46.4
Same as province or territory of residence	48,140	22,930	25,210	43.4	43.4	43.4
Different than province or territory of residence	3,415	1,650	1,765	3.1	3.1	3.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	36,555	16,855	19,700	33.0	31.9	33.9
Americas	3,410	1,900	1,505	3.1	3.6	2.6
United States of America	2,495	1,465	1,030	2.2	2.8	1.8
Mexico	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Brazil	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	270	115	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Europe	6,255	3,100	3,155	5.6	5.9	5.4
Belgium	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	155	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungary	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	595	295	300	0.5	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	1,425	600	825	1.3	1.1	1.4
Ukraine	955	460	490	0.9	0.9	0.8
Ireland⁹⁶	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,415	805	610	1.3	1.5	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	55	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	860	430	430	0.8	0.8	0.7
Africa	1,085	475	610	1.0	0.9	1.0
Nigeria	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	660	305	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
South Africa, Republic of	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	120	30	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	25,420	11,185	14,235	22.9	21.2	24.5
Iran⁸⁸	7,830	3,625	4,205	7.1	6.9	7.2
Iraq	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	595	290	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanon	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	230	140	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	8,385	3,815	4,570	7.6	7.2	7.9
Taiwan	155	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,320	505	815	1.2	1.0	1.4
Japan	200	75	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	1,335	535	805	1.2	1.0	1.4
Philippines	1,295	370	925	1.2	0.7	1.6
Viet Nam	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,730	740	990	1.6	1.4	1.7
Pakistan	535	210	325	0.5	0.4	0.6
Other locations of study in Asia	1,175	555	620	1.1	1.1	1.1
Oceania	385	200	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Australia	340	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	170,980	82,505	88,475	...	...	...
In the labour force	107,020	55,505	51,520	...	...	...
Employed	93,015	48,855	44,165	...	...	...
Unemployed	14,005	6,650	7,350	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	63,955	27,000	36,960	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.6	67.3	58.2	62.6	67.3	58.2
Employment rate	54.4	59.2	49.9	54.4	59.2	49.9
Unemployment rate	13.1	12.0	14.3	13.1	12.0	14.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	170,975	82,505	88,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	66,220	28,255	37,970	38.7	34.2	42.9
Worked	104,755	54,255	50,505	61.3	65.8	57.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	56,015	30,985	25,030	32.8	37.6	28.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	48,740	23,270	25,470	28.5	28.2	28.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.0	41.0	39.0	40.0	41.0	39.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	107,020	55,505	51,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,930	1,900	2,030	3.7	3.4	3.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	103,090	53,605	49,485	96.3	96.6	96.1
Employee	79,640	38,830	40,805	74.4	70.0	79.2
Permanent position	65,805	32,515	33,290	61.5	58.6	64.6
Temporary position	13,830	6,320	7,515	12.9	11.4	14.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,670	2,415	3,260	5.3	4.4	6.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,155	3,905	4,250	7.6	7.0	8.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	23,455	14,770	8,680	21.9	26.6	16.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	107,020	55,505	51,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,930	1,900	2,030	3.7	3.4	3.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	103,090	53,605	49,485	96.3	96.6	96.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,860	1,330	525	1.7	2.4	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	23,615	8,485	15,135	22.1	15.3	29.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	16,600	12,280	4,320	15.5	22.1	8.4
3 Health occupations	7,460	2,140	5,315	7.0	3.9	10.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,495	3,200	7,300	9.8	5.8	14.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,285	1,425	1,855	3.1	2.6	3.6
6 Sales and service occupations	24,935	12,085	12,855	23.3	21.8	25.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,310	10,235	1,075	10.6	18.4	2.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	685	550	130	0.6	1.0	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,845	1,870	975	2.7	3.4	1.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	107,020	55,505	51,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,930	1,900	2,030	3.7	3.4	3.9
All industries¹⁹¹	103,090	53,605	49,485	96.3	96.6	96.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	160	95	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	145	95	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	565	375	185	0.5	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	6,780	5,565	1,215	6.3	10.0	2.4
31-33 Manufacturing	7,365	4,700	2,660	6.9	8.5	5.2
41 Wholesale trade	4,625	2,795	1,830	4.3	5.0	3.6
44-45 Retail trade	11,735	5,805	5,930	11.0	10.5	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,190	3,195	995	3.9	5.8	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	2,850	1,765	1,085	2.7	3.2	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	9,740	4,810	4,935	9.1	8.7	9.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,305	2,110	2,195	4.0	3.8	4.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	15,485	9,085	6,400	14.5	16.4	12.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	535	290	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,285	1,845	1,435	3.1	3.3	2.8
61 Educational services	7,145	2,085	5,060	6.7	3.8	9.8
62 Health care and social assistance	10,650	2,615	8,035	10.0	4.7	15.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,465	715	750	1.4	1.3	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	4,730	2,325	2,400	4.4	4.2	4.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,700	1,600	2,100	3.5	2.9	4.1
91 Public administration	3,640	1,735	1,905	3.4	3.1	3.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	113,910	58,685	55,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	97,015	50,685	46,330	85.2	86.4	83.9
French	175	20	155	0.2	0.0	0.3
Non-official language	3,380	1,655	1,720	3.0	2.8	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,380	1,655	1,720	3.0	2.8	3.1
English and French	1,170	425	745	1.0	0.7	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	11,670	5,680	5,990	10.2	9.7	10.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	300	135	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	113,910	58,685	55,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	110,985	57,275	53,705	97.4	97.6	97.2
Official languages	104,280	54,045	50,235	91.5	92.1	91.0
English	103,915	53,990	49,925	91.2	92.0	90.4
French	365	60	310	0.3	0.1	0.6
Non-official languages	6,700	3,230	3,470	5.9	5.5	6.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,700	3,230	3,470	5.9	5.5	6.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,570	775	800	1.4	1.3	1.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	335	125	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	335	125	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	325	120	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,050	545	505	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,040	535	500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,040	535	500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	920	450	470	0.8	0.8	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	70	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	410	170	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,580	2,215	2,365	4.0	3.8	4.3
Chinese languages	4,580	2,215	2,365	4.0	3.8	4.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,675	1,270	1,405	2.3	2.2	2.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,895	940	955	1.7	1.6	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,925	1,410	1,515	2.6	2.4	2.7
English and French	200	80	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,650	1,290	1,360	2.3	2.2	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	113,910	58,685	55,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	102,975	53,505	49,470	90.4	91.2	89.6
English	2,715	1,260	1,450	2.4	2.1	2.6
French	820	325	495	0.7	0.6	0.9
Non-official language	5,710	2,885	2,820	5.0	4.9	5.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,710	2,885	2,820	5.0	4.9	5.1
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	550	245	305	0.5	0.4	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,000	405	590	0.9	0.7	1.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	93,020	48,855	44,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	37,055	18,415	18,645	39.8	37.7	42.2
Worked outside Canada	675	440	235	0.7	0.9	0.5
No fixed workplace address	9,815	7,255	2,550	10.6	14.9	5.8
Usual place of work	45,475	22,740	22,735	48.9	46.5	51.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	45,475	22,740	22,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,760	5,840	7,920	30.3	25.7	34.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	15,135	7,815	7,320	33.3	34.4	32.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	16,475	9,020	7,455	36.2	39.7	32.8
Commute to a different province or territory	105	65	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	55,290	30,000	25,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	47,930	26,895	21,030	86.7	89.7	83.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	43,835	25,465	18,365	79.3	84.9	72.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,090	1,430	2,665	7.4	4.8	10.5
Public transit	4,385	1,825	2,560	7.9	6.1	10.1
Walked	1,435	590	845	2.6	2.0	3.3
Bicycle	140	100	40	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other method	1,405	595	815	2.5	2.0	3.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	55,290	30,000	25,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,145	4,185	4,960	16.5	14.0	19.6
15 to 29 minutes	17,865	9,180	8,685	32.3	30.6	34.3
30 to 44 minutes	16,055	9,335	6,720	29.0	31.1	26.6
45 to 59 minutes	5,975	3,475	2,495	10.8	11.6	9.9
60 minutes and over	6,250	3,820	2,430	11.3	12.7	9.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	55,290	30,000	25,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,235	1,725	510	4.0	5.8	2.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,700	4,170	2,530	12.1	13.9	10.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,810	6,260	5,550	21.4	20.9	21.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	13,730	6,945	6,790	24.8	23.2	26.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	13,960	7,065	6,895	25.2	23.6	27.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,855	3,840	3,015	12.4	12.8	11.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	39,040	20,030	19,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,315	1,615	1,705	8.5	8.1	9.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,720	18,415	17,305	91.5	91.9	91.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	30,880	15,875	15,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,835	1,395	1,445	9.2	8.8	9.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,900	890	1,010	6.2	5.6	6.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	935	500	435	3.0	3.1	2.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,050	14,480	13,565	90.8	91.2	90.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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