Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Toronto, City (C)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,794,356
Population, 2016¹	2,731,571
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3
Total private dwellings²	1,253,238
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,160,892
Population density per square kilometre	4,427.8
Land area in square kilometres	631.10
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,794,355
0 to 14 years	384,295
0 to 4 years	123,550
5 to 9 years	129,040
10 to 14 years	131,710
15 to 64 years	1,933,075
15 to 19 years	134,810
20 to 24 years	185,650
25 to 29 years	243,955
30 to 34 years	246,785
35 to 39 years	213,810
40 to 44 years	185,820
45 to 49 years	175,875
50 to 54 years	184,060
55 to 59 years	191,380
60 to 64 years	170,935
65 years and over	476,985
65 to 69 years	141,550
70 to 74 years	118,910
75 to 79 years	81,880
80 to 84 years	62,790
85 years and over	71,855
85 to 89 years	42,430
90 to 94 years	22,155
95 to 99 years	6,400
100 years and over	875
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.8
15 to 64 years	69.2
65 years and over	17.1
85 years and over	2.6
Average age of the population	41.5
Median age of the population	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,160,890
Single-detached house	270,490
Semi-detached house	71,955
Row house	62,915
Apartment or flat in a duplex	47,810
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	162,245
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	542,625
Other single-attached house	2,770
Movable dwelling⁴	85
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,160,895
1 person	385,765
2 persons	353,415
3 persons	178,225
4 persons	147,360
5 or more persons	96,120
Number of persons in private households	2,761,285
Average household size	2.4
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,410,060
Married or living common-law	1,213,410
Married	1,020,980
Living common-law	192,430
Living common law - Never married	155,085
Living common law - Separated	5,745
Living common law - Divorced	29,020
Living common law - Widowed	2,580
Not married and not living common-law	1,196,645
Not married and not living common law - Never married	853,580
Not married and not living common law - Separated	67,320
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	154,535
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	121,210
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	733,225
2 persons	362,160
3 persons	174,070
4 persons	141,635
5 or more persons	55,360
Average size of census families	2.9
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	733,220
Total couple families	580,590
Married couples	484,435
With children⁶	288,375
Without children	196,060
Common-law couples	96,155
With children⁶	24,805
Without children	71,350
Total one-parent families	152,635
in which the parent is a woman+	127,560
in which the parent is a man+	25,075
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,761,290
Total - Persons in census families	2,108,975
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,161,175
Parents in one-parent families	152,635
Children⁶	795,165
In a two-parent family	560,345
In a one-parent family	234,820
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	652,310
Living alone	385,765
Living with other relatives⁷	93,005
Living with non-relatives only	173,540
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,160,895
One-census-family households without additional persons	608,930
Couple-family households	493,770
With children⁶	265,950
Without children	227,825
One-parent-family households	115,160
Multigenerational households⁸	40,515
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,920
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	41,030
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	74,730
One-person households	385,765
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,377,950
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,267,990
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,268,960
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,475
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,628,895
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,073,950
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,780
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,475
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,377,950
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,268,720
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,050
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,269,665
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,972,460
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,628,885
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,100
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,074,670
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	214,715
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,260
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,060
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,377,945
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	764,215
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	628,025
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,377,950
Without total income	109,960
With total income	2,267,990
Under $10,000 (including loss)	211,890
$10,000 to $19,999	278,135
$20,000 to $29,999	383,760
$30,000 to $39,999	278,910
$40,000 to $49,999	221,305
$50,000 to $59,999	177,155
$60,000 to $69,999	138,600
$70,000 to $79,999	111,165
$80,000 to $89,999	90,210
$90,000 to $99,999	73,405
$100,000 and over	303,450
$100,000 to $149,999	174,940
$150,000 and over	128,510
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,377,950
Without after-tax income	108,985
With after-tax income	2,268,965
Under $10,000 (including loss)	219,695
$10,000 to $19,999	290,385
$20,000 to $29,999	427,315
$30,000 to $39,999	317,215
$40,000 to $49,999	254,390
$50,000 to $59,999	191,895
$60,000 to $69,999	144,175
$70,000 to $79,999	107,625
$80,000 to $89,999	85,860
$90,000 to $99,999	54,710
$100,000 and over	175,685
$100,000 to $124,999	72,650
$125,000 and over	103,035
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,377,950
Without employment income	749,060
With employment income	1,628,890
Under $5,000 (including loss)	233,535
$5,000 to $9,999	149,810
$10,000 to $19,999	182,800
$20,000 to $29,999	134,370
$30,000 to $39,999	131,130
$40,000 to $49,999	128,965
$50,000 to $59,999	117,230
$60,000 to $69,999	98,370
$70,000 to $79,999	81,720
$80,000 to $89,999	69,910
$90,000 to $99,999	61,540
$100,000 and over	239,510
$100,000 to $124,999	94,895
$125,000 and over	144,610
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,377,950
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,210,875
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,211,340
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,937,590
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,619,820
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,945,410
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	112,960
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,377,950
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,540
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,955
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,937,680
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,500
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,620,165
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,946,775
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,335
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,735
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,670
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,377,945
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	753,570
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	585,965
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6
Employment income (%)	74.2
Government transfers (%)	9.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,160,895
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	385,765
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	775,125
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,160,890
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	121,200
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	385,525
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,850
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	775,365
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,300
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,160,890
Under $5,000	21,975
$5,000 to $9,999	10,700
$10,000 to $14,999	18,325
$15,000 to $19,999	23,970
$20,000 to $24,999	52,135
$25,000 to $29,999	40,010
$30,000 to $34,999	38,210
$35,000 to $39,999	39,540
$40,000 to $44,999	39,320
$45,000 to $49,999	39,335
$50,000 to $59,999	78,920
$60,000 to $69,999	77,155
$70,000 to $79,999	72,540
$80,000 to $89,999	68,900
$90,000 to $99,999	62,465
$100,000 and over	477,390
$100,000 to $124,999	126,785
$125,000 to $149,999	90,785
$150,000 to $199,999	112,045
$200,000 and over	147,770
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,160,890
Under $5,000	24,205
$5,000 to $9,999	10,965
$10,000 to $14,999	18,670
$15,000 to $19,999	25,555
$20,000 to $24,999	55,350
$25,000 to $29,999	44,335
$30,000 to $34,999	43,080
$35,000 to $39,999	45,405
$40,000 to $44,999	46,380
$45,000 to $49,999	47,410
$50,000 to $59,999	94,635
$60,000 to $69,999	90,850
$70,000 to $79,999	84,155
$80,000 to $89,999	76,730
$90,000 to $99,999	65,450
$100,000 and over	387,715
$100,000 to $124,999	125,030
$125,000 to $149,999	84,425
$150,000 and over	178,260
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	723,990
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000
Average family size of economic families	3.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	238,385
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	313,995
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	138,855
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	559,305
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	723,485
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,400
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,700
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	238,080
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	314,490
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,000
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	138,050
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	558,720
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,950
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,761,285
0 to 17 years	461,810
0 to 5 years	148,485
18 to 64 years	1,842,580
65 years and over	456,895
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,955
0 to 17 years	67,725
0 to 5 years	22,175
18 to 64 years	218,825
65 years and over	77,410
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9
65 years and over (%)	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,761,290
0 to 17 years	461,805
0 to 5 years	148,485
18 to 64 years	1,842,585
65 years and over	456,895
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	241,110
0 to 17 years	35,500
0 to 5 years	11,610
18 to 64 years	179,925
65 years and over	25,685
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.7
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8
65 years and over (%)	5.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,761,285
In bottom half of the distribution	1,385,785
In bottom decile	348,260
In second decile	287,815
In third decile	265,075
In fourth decile	245,925
In fifth decile	238,700
In top half of the distribution	1,375,505
In sixth decile	234,350
In seventh decile	236,815
In eighth decile	245,465
In ninth decile	268,615
In top decile	390,265
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,761,290
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.437
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.555
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.371
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,772,630
English only	2,409,655
French only	2,555
English and French	236,915
Neither English nor French	123,505
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,772,630
English	2,590,345
French	38,695
English and French	22,190
Neither English nor French	121,390
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,772,630
Single responses	2,588,520
Official languages	1,425,805
English	1,391,685
French	34,115
Non-official languages	1,162,715
Indigenous languages³⁹	265
Algonquian languages	225
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	75
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	70
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5
Cree, n.o.s.	30
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10
Mi'kmaq	10
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	5
Ojibway languages	135
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	5
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	15
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	10
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	15
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	5
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5
Non-Indigenous languages	1,162,445
Afro-Asiatic languages	70,715
Berber languages	115
Kabyle	75
Tamazight	30
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10
Chadic languages	205
Hausa	190
Mina	15
Coptic	40
Cushitic languages	12,110
Bilen	130
Oromo	875
Somali	11,020
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	80
Semitic languages	58,240
Amharic	7,465
Arabic	32,985
Aramaic languages	5,335
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	4,195
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	945
Aramaic, n.o.s.	195
Harari	700
Hebrew	4,210
Maltese	1,090
Tigrigna	6,310
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	140
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,750
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,230
Vietnamese	27,445
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	75
Austronesian languages	102,870
Bikol	330
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,385
Cebuano	2,750
Fijian	10
Hiligaynon	2,140
Ilocano	9,165
Indonesian	1,905
Kankanaey	245
Kinaray-a	185
Malagasy languages	20
Merina	5
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15
Malay	195
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	875
Pangasinan	450
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,185
Waray-Waray	270
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	755
Creole languages	2,720
Haitian Creole	720
Jamaican English Creole	150
Krio	100
Morisyen	565
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	765
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420
Dravidian languages	67,995
Kannada	1,185
Malayalam	7,290
Tamil	52,905
Telugu	6,450
Tulu	115
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50
Georgian	1,095
Hmong-Mien languages	10
Indo-European languages	571,820
Albanian	9,195
Armenian	7,615
Balto-Slavic languages	105,980
Baltic languages	2,645
Latvian	1,165
Lithuanian	1,480
Slavic languages	103,340
Belarusian	135
Bulgarian	3,830
Czech	2,410
Macedonian	5,090
Polish	20,795
Russian	33,770
Rusyn	20
Serbo-Croatian	19,275
Bosnian	1,295
Croatian	4,990
Serbian	12,630
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	365
Slovak	2,765
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,425
Ukrainian	13,740
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65
Celtic languages	195
Irish	95
Scottish Gaelic	35
Welsh	50
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15
Germanic languages	17,060
Frisian	30
High German languages	12,605
German	10,700
Pennsylvania German	10
Swiss German	305
Yiddish	1,600
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,005
Afrikaans	450
Dutch	2,430
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	5
Plautdietsch	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	100
Scandinavian languages	1,375
Danish	535
Icelandic	50
Norwegian	190
Swedish	610
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40
Greek	23,540
Indo-Iranian languages	207,390
Indo-Aryan languages	150,130
Assamese	115
Bengali	31,335
Gujarati	27,090
Hindi	22,300
Kacchi	1,575
Kashmiri	90
Konkani	745
Marathi	3,025
Nepali	3,275
Oriya languages	495
Odia	305
Oriya, n.o.s.	190
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,230
Rohingya	15
Sindhi	550
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,260
Urdu	34,460
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	575
Iranian languages	57,210
Baluchi	90
Kurdish	1,865
Parsi	125
Pashto	4,390
Persian languages	50,490
Dari	10,715
Iranian Persian	34,575
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,200
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	245
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50
Italic (Romance) languages	200,780
Catalan	120
Italian	50,995
Portuguese	60,360
Romanian	10,510
Spanish	78,575
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65
Japanese	6,740
Korean	32,805
Mongolian	310
Niger-Congo languages	14,070
Akan (Twi)	3,640
Bamanankan	50
Edo	550
Éwé	125
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	205
Ga	165
Ganda	645
Gikuyu	150
Igbo	790
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	325
Lingala	215
Luba-Kasai	20
Mòoré	10
Mwani	85
Ndebele	100
Rundi (Kirundi)	240
Shona	370
Soninke	155
Sotho-Tswana languages	100
Swahili	2,255
Wojenaka	20
Wolof	145
Yoruba	2,495
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,220
Nilo-Saharan languages	360
Dinka	35
Nuer	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240
African, n.o.s.	70
Sign languages	430
American Sign Language	365
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70
Sino-Tibetan languages	233,845
Chinese languages	227,685
Hakka	2,475
Mandarin	112,620
Min Dong	485
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,475
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,750
Yue (Cantonese)	103,530
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,240
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,080
Burmese	540
Kuki-Chin languages	5
Karenic languages	215
S'gaw Karen	175
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40
Tibetan	5,155
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80
Tai-Kadai languages	1,745
Lao	600
Thai	1,065
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	75
Turkic languages	13,515
Azerbaijani	1,280
Kazakh	145
Turkish	11,225
Uyghur	265
Uzbek	395
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205
Uralic languages	12,495
Estonian	1,495
Finnish	1,090
Hungarian	9,915
Other languages, n.i.e.	170
Multiple responses	184,110
English and French	12,390
English and non-official language(s)	149,250
French and non-official language(s)	3,630
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,875
Multiple non-official languages	14,965
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,772,630
English	1,485,800
French	9,195
Non-official language	369,860
Indigenous³⁹	40
Non-Indigenous	369,820
English and French	33,080
English and non-official language(s)	809,180
French and non-official language(s)	2,020
English, French and non-official language(s)	27,745
Multiple non-official languages	35,750
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,772,630
Single responses	2,569,065
Official languages	1,855,810
English	1,839,730
French	16,070
Non-official languages	713,255
Indigenous languages³⁹	80
Algonquian languages	70
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	25
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	25
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5
Cree, n.o.s.	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	40
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	5
Ojibway languages	40
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	5
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	5
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	713,175
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,890
Berber languages	45
Kabyle	25
Tamazight	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15
Chadic languages	125
Hausa	115
Mina	10
Coptic	20
Cushitic languages	7,140
Bilen	95
Oromo	495
Somali	6,515
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30
Semitic languages	32,565
Amharic	3,940
Arabic	18,060
Aramaic languages	4,345
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,485
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	730
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130
Harari	385
Hebrew	1,630
Maltese	275
Tigrigna	3,870
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,895
Khmer (Cambodian)	730
Vietnamese	19,130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35
Austronesian languages	62,525
Bikol	145
Bisaya, n.o.s.	735
Cebuano	1,575
Fijian	5
Hiligaynon	1,235
Ilocano	5,385
Indonesian	685
Kankanaey	130
Kinaray-a	85
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	60
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	455
Pangasinan	160
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	51,355
Waray-Waray	120
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	395
Creole languages	1,485
Haitian Creole	400
Jamaican English Creole	80
Krio	50
Morisyen	430
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	350
Creole languages, n.i.e.	175
Dravidian languages	49,945
Kannada	520
Malayalam	4,505
Tamil	40,825
Telugu	4,055
Tulu	25
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20
Georgian	765
Hmong-Mien languages	0
Indo-European languages	319,375
Albanian	4,390
Armenian	5,090
Balto-Slavic languages	53,790
Baltic languages	705
Latvian	285
Lithuanian	425
Slavic languages	53,085
Belarusian	40
Bulgarian	1,940
Czech	805
Macedonian	2,275
Polish	8,710
Russian	21,060
Rusyn	5
Serbo-Croatian	9,715
Bosnian	595
Croatian	1,815
Serbian	7,150
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150
Slovak	1,475
Slovene (Slovenian)	335
Ukrainian	6,720
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15
Celtic languages	25
Irish	15
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	2,160
Frisian	0
High German languages	1,530
German	1,290
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	60
Yiddish	185
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	430
Afrikaans	125
Dutch	290
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10
Scandinavian languages	195
Danish	55
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	30
Swedish	110
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	11,130
Indo-Iranian languages	134,850
Indo-Aryan languages	96,005
Assamese	50
Bengali	20,505
Gujarati	18,045
Hindi	12,995
Kacchi	770
Kashmiri	35
Konkani	190
Marathi	1,470
Nepali	2,235
Oriya languages	270
Odia	170
Oriya, n.o.s.	95
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,450
Rohingya	10
Sindhi	240
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,750
Urdu	22,650
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340
Iranian languages	38,835
Baluchi	75
Kurdish	1,045
Parsi	60
Pashto	3,230
Persian languages	34,250
Dari	7,145
Iranian Persian	23,600
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,500
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15
Italic (Romance) languages	107,915
Catalan	50
Italian	21,040
Portuguese	35,625
Romanian	4,755
Spanish	46,355
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20
Japanese	3,105
Korean	23,115
Mongolian	185
Niger-Congo languages	5,745
Akan (Twi)	1,925
Bamanankan	30
Edo	135
Éwé	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95
Ga	65
Ganda	200
Gikuyu	35
Igbo	215
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130
Lingala	95
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	0
Mwani	30
Ndebele	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	130
Shona	95
Soninke	85
Sotho-Tswana languages	35
Swahili	1,005
Wojenaka	5
Wolof	50
Yoruba	935
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	355
Nilo-Saharan languages	125
Dinka	10
Nuer	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80
African, n.o.s.	25
Sign languages	860
American Sign Language	635
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225
Sino-Tibetan languages	172,010
Chinese languages	167,280
Hakka	1,075
Mandarin	86,150
Min Dong	330
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,270
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,130
Yue (Cantonese)	74,845
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,430
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,700
Burmese	330
Kuki-Chin languages	5
Karenic languages	145
S'gaw Karen	110
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30
Tibetan	4,120
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30
Tai-Kadai languages	770
Lao	275
Thai	450
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45
Turkic languages	8,360
Azerbaijani	690
Kazakh	10
Turkish	7,155
Uyghur	185
Uzbek	225
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90
Uralic languages	4,940
Estonian	325
Finnish	155
Hungarian	4,460
Other languages, n.i.e.	75
Multiple responses	203,565
English and French	7,520
English and non-official language(s)	188,260
French and non-official language(s)	1,050
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,630
Multiple non-official languages	4,100
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,772,630
None	2,031,410
English	269,945
French	26,595
Non-official language	341,655
Indigenous³⁹	325
Non-Indigenous	341,325
English and French	3,695
English and non-official language(s)	43,120
French and non-official language(s)	13,575
English, French and non-official language(s)	895
Multiple non-official languages	41,745
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,761,290
Official languages	2,637,775
English	2,635,255
French	238,505
Non-official languages	1,536,605
Indigenous languages³⁹	870
Algonquian languages	715
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	190
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	185
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10
Cree, n.o.s.	75
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	55
Mi'kmaq	55
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	500
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	15
Ojibway languages	480
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	385
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	25
Northern Athabaskan languages	20
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	15
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	10
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	40
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	50
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	45
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	10
Salish languages	10
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	10
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15
Non-Indigenous languages	1,535,860
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,095
Berber languages	305
Kabyle	180
Tamazight	115
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45
Chadic languages	610
Hausa	560
Mina	40
Coptic	215
Cushitic languages	19,090
Bilen	175
Oromo	1,725
Somali	17,155
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225
Semitic languages	101,800
Amharic	13,295
Arabic	59,680
Aramaic languages	7,625
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,015
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,380
Aramaic, n.o.s.	350
Harari	1,090
Hebrew	19,995
Maltese	1,620
Tigrigna	9,440
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	285
Austro-Asiatic languages	40,125
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,830
Vietnamese	38,420
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	135
Austronesian languages	143,975
Bikol	730
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,845
Cebuano	4,725
Fijian	90
Hiligaynon	3,700
Ilocano	16,205
Indonesian	2,890
Kankanaey	380
Kinaray-a	175
Malagasy languages	35
Merina	10
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25
Malay	1,720
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,620
Pangasinan	860
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	135,600
Waray-Waray	920
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,135
Creole languages	9,055
Haitian Creole	1,995
Jamaican English Creole	1,175
Krio	220
Morisyen	1,540
Sango	10
Creole, n.o.s.	3,305
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,235
Dravidian languages	98,850
Kannada	3,625
Malayalam	11,165
Tamil	77,785
Telugu	11,850
Tulu	320
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	240
Georgian	1,355
Hmong-Mien languages	10
Indo-European languages	801,510
Albanian	11,050
Armenian	9,595
Balto-Slavic languages	132,695
Baltic languages	3,550
Latvian	1,655
Lithuanian	1,905
Slavic languages	129,955
Belarusian	485
Bulgarian	4,900
Czech	3,625
Macedonian	7,660
Polish	27,850
Russian	52,840
Rusyn	30
Serbo-Croatian	25,500
Bosnian	3,320
Croatian	9,415
Serbian	18,040
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	715
Slovak	3,675
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,900
Ukrainian	21,345
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	85
Celtic languages	1,350
Irish	990
Scottish Gaelic	140
Welsh	135
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95
Germanic languages	39,895
Frisian	55
High German languages	31,620
German	27,540
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	575
Yiddish	3,915
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,385
Afrikaans	2,095
Dutch	4,115
Low German, n.o.s.	20
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	50
Vlaams (Flemish)	205
Scandinavian languages	2,975
Danish	1,020
Icelandic	95
Norwegian	535
Swedish	1,530
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95
Greek	36,620
Indo-Iranian languages	302,620
Indo-Aryan languages	236,745
Assamese	230
Bengali	41,750
Gujarati	42,425
Hindi	107,170
Kacchi	3,300
Kashmiri	280
Konkani	2,005
Marathi	8,290
Nepali	5,580
Oriya languages	1,010
Odia	605
Oriya, n.o.s.	410
Punjabi (Panjabi)	41,430
Rohingya	40
Sindhi	1,355
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,370
Urdu	65,035
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,665
Iranian languages	70,200
Baluchi	160
Kurdish	3,275
Parsi	230
Pashto	7,095
Persian languages	62,515
Dari	14,995
Iranian Persian	42,785
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,490
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	450
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	420
Italic (Romance) languages	296,705
Catalan	335
Italian	84,335
Portuguese	80,170
Romanian	12,920
Spanish	138,770
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	725
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	250
Japanese	14,220
Korean	38,895
Mongolian	415
Niger-Congo languages	32,875
Akan (Twi)	6,410
Bamanankan	240
Edo	1,305
Éwé	345
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	305
Ga	520
Ganda	1,490
Gikuyu	365
Igbo	2,020
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	655
Lingala	1,665
Luba-Kasai	175
Mòoré	40
Mwani	150
Ndebele	210
Rundi (Kirundi)	540
Shona	715
Soninke	245
Sotho-Tswana languages	270
Swahili	7,620
Wojenaka	75
Wolof	485
Yoruba	7,235
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,620
Nilo-Saharan languages	555
Dinka	55
Nuer	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	490
African, n.o.s.	305
Sign languages	2,860
American Sign Language	2,575
Quebec Sign Language	20
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370
Sino-Tibetan languages	275,670
Chinese languages	267,745
Hakka	3,630
Mandarin	162,950
Min Dong	645
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	7,830
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,730
Yue (Cantonese)	134,810
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,245
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200
Tibeto-Burman languages	8,080
Burmese	875
Kuki-Chin languages	55
Karenic languages	225
S'gaw Karen	155
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70
Tibetan	6,655
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	445
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	220
Tai-Kadai languages	2,865
Lao	1,045
Thai	1,840
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170
Turkic languages	20,920
Azerbaijani	2,425
Kazakh	325
Turkish	18,110
Uyghur	240
Uzbek	790
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	370
Uralic languages	14,670
Estonian	1,680
Finnish	1,405
Hungarian	11,650
Other languages, n.i.e.	575
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	22,925
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	21,475
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,800
Métis	7,440
Inuk (Inuit)	240
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	645
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	800
Non-Indigenous identity	2,738,365
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,730
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,753,555
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,160,890
Owner	602,925
Renter	557,970
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,160,890
Condominium	353,215
Not condominium	807,670
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,160,890
No bedrooms	28,765
1 bedroom	330,340
2 bedrooms	334,320
3 bedrooms	268,505
4 or more bedrooms	198,960
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,160,890
1 to 4 rooms	617,005
5 rooms	152,950
6 rooms	113,715
7 rooms	90,775
8 or more rooms	186,440
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,160,890
One person or fewer per room	1,093,085
More than one person per room	67,805
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,160,890
Suitable	1,016,350
Not suitable	144,545
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,160,890
1960 or before	340,185
1961 to 1980	333,990
1981 to 1990	109,780
1991 to 2000	92,985
2001 to 2005	58,975
2006 to 2010	63,995
2011 to 2015	75,980
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	85,005
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,160,890
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,086,415
Major repairs needed	74,480
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,160,890
One-maintainer household	634,725
Two-maintainer household	447,155
Three-or-more-maintainer household	79,010
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,160,890
15 to 24 years	34,350
25 to 34 years	202,225
35 to 44 years	210,570
45 to 54 years	204,790
55 to 64 years	215,740
65 to 74 years	158,850
75 to 84 years	90,900
85 years and over	43,455
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,151,795
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	777,835
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	373,965
30% to less than 100%	321,675
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,160,895
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	522,150
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	315,735
Not suitable only	98,270
Major repairs needed only	39,905
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	33,670
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,965
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,015
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,595
Acceptable housing	638,740
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,099,505
In core need	215,225
Not in core need	884,285
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	602,915
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,038
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,131,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	557,975
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.2
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0
% in core housing need⁶³	29.3
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,761,285
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,060
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,870
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,835
Métis single ancestry	975
Inuit single ancestry	60
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	190
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	170
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	24,150
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	23,505
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,670
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,665
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	645
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	605
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,731,070
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,761,285
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,284,055
Canadian citizens aged under 18	413,995
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,870,055
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	477,230
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,761,285
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,329,905
Immigrants⁸¹	1,286,140
Before 1980	222,935
1980 to 1990	156,460
1991 to 2000	273,985
2001 to 2010	290,400
2011 to 2021⁸²	342,360
2011 to 2015	144,320
2016 to 2021	198,040
Non-permanent residents⁸³	145,240
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,286,140
Under 5 years	91,030
5 to 14 years	203,840
15 to 24 years	247,955
25 to 44 years	605,575
45 years and over	137,730
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,286,140
Americas	210,980
Brazil	10,175
Colombia	8,695
El Salvador	6,495
Guyana	31,025
Haiti	1,660
Jamaica	42,650
Mexico	9,340
Peru	4,105
Trinidad and Tobago	18,280
United States of America	25,220
Other places of birth in Americas	53,330
Europe	266,210
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,910
Croatia	4,200
France	5,820
Germany	8,915
Greece	16,510
Hungary	6,135
Italy	37,700
Netherlands	2,130
Poland	18,245
Portugal	34,360
Romania	11,200
Russian Federation	15,820
Serbia⁸⁶	7,740
Ukraine	15,845
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35,585
Other places of birth in Europe	41,100
Africa	88,020
Algeria	940
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,130
Egypt	6,420
Eritrea	6,485
Ethiopia	10,900
Morocco	2,385
Nigeria	10,015
Somalia	10,190
South Africa, Republic of	6,000
Other places of birth in Africa	32,555
Asia	716,885
Afghanistan	12,920
Iran⁸⁸	37,190
Iraq	11,350
Lebanon	6,490
Syria⁸⁹	8,240
Turkey	8,500
China⁹⁰	129,755
Hong Kong⁹¹	36,850
Korea, South⁹²	27,505
Taiwan	7,985
Philippines	132,980
Viet Nam	31,675
Bangladesh	27,135
India	102,155
Pakistan	34,140
Sri Lanka	47,895
Other places of birth in Asia	54,130
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,045
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	198,040
Americas	25,025
Brazil	4,200
Colombia	1,195
Haiti	275
Jamaica	3,145
Mexico	2,330
United States of America	5,125
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,535
Other places of birth in Americas	7,215
Europe	20,690
France	1,940
Germany	650
Ireland⁹⁶	1,365
Italy	835
Russian Federation	2,240
Ukraine	2,490
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,615
Other places of birth in Europe	8,550
Africa	18,720
Algeria	210
Burundi	125
Cameroon	500
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	360
Côte d'Ivoire	235
Egypt	995
Eritrea	2,775
Ethiopia	1,955
Morocco	520
Nigeria	4,535
Somalia	1,575
South Africa, Republic of	675
Sudan⁹⁷	480
Tunisia	120
Other places of birth in Africa	3,650
Asia	132,735
Afghanistan	3,180
Bangladesh	4,760
China⁹⁰	18,525
Hong Kong⁹¹	655
India	40,200
Iran⁸⁸	5,225
Iraq	2,265
Israel	640
Japan	860
Jordan	385
Korea, South⁹²	3,120
Lebanon	960
Nepal	1,235
Pakistan	5,740
Philippines	24,905
Saudi Arabia	1,870
Sri Lanka	2,710
Syria⁸⁹	4,680
Turkey	2,670
United Arab Emirates	940
Viet Nam	2,395
Other places of birth in Asia	4,810
Oceania and other⁹³	875
Australia	720
Other places of birth⁹⁸	160
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,761,285
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,462,090
Second generation¹⁰¹	741,035
Third generation or more¹⁰²	558,160
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,063,205
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	532,155
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	240,950
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	291,205
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	323,950
Refugees¹⁰⁸	186,825
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20,280
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,063,205
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	102,210
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	111,095
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,490
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	65,870
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,180
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	754,355
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,761,285
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,537,285
South Asian	385,440
Chinese	296,225
Black	265,005
Filipino	170,355
Arab	42,040
Latin American	92,455
Southeast Asian	53,905
West Asian	69,320
Korean	42,190
Japanese	13,210
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	42,435
Multiple visible minorities	64,700
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,224,000
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,761,290
Canadian	165,640
English	244,995
Irish	226,865
Scottish	211,175
French, n.o.s.¹²²	85,715
German	107,475
Chinese	297,725
Italian	167,460
Indian (India)	182,115
Ukrainian	61,560
Dutch	34,360
Polish	85,255
Québécois	2,620
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	66,395
Filipino	161,495
French Canadian	15,450
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,230
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,350
Métis	7,420
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	35,895
Russian	56,130
Norwegian	8,670
Welsh	23,795
Portuguese	85,165
American	21,905
Spanish	44,625
Swedish	9,415
Hungarian	25,910
Acadian	3,935
Pakistani	41,705
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	50,400
Jewish	74,080
Punjabi	11,980
Vietnamese	42,190
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	18,385
Greek	51,985
Jamaican	62,015
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,880
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,380
Korean	42,195
Romanian	20,010
Lebanese	11,530
Iranian	37,895
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	15,030
Danish	7,120
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,925
Sikh	4,850
Austrian	11,700
Belgian	4,575
Haitian	2,820
Hindu	26,510
Mexican	15,440
Mennonite	1,740
Swiss	6,710
Finnish	7,710
Sri Lankan	43,495
Croatian	12,420
Japanese	17,115
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25,660
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,195
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,345
Muslim	15,950
Egyptian	9,725
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	17,735
Tamil	35,070
Icelandic	2,560
Colombian	10,340
Moroccan	3,905
Czech	7,745
Syrian	6,785
Guyanese	27,780
Afghan	18,760
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	22,590
Serbian	17,775
Ojibway	2,405
Newfoundlander	3,370
Hong Konger	12,835
Ontarian	4,725
Persian	15,215
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	17,350
Turkish	15,770
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	285
Bangladeshi	26,650
Algerian	1,290
Brazilian	14,860
Nigerian	10,870
Armenian	11,885
Slovak	7,065
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,345
Somali	19,810
Taiwanese	7,955
Iraqi	7,490
Salvadorean	7,195
African Caribbean	15,300
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	13,395
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	7,875
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	14,565
Algonquin	625
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	14,825
Lithuanian	8,190
South African	5,505
Australian	3,480
Palestinian	4,020
Chilean	5,165
Congolese	2,705
Nova Scotian	1,170
Ethiopian	11,065
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	7,945
Peruvian	5,235
Yoruba	5,395
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,800
Berber	505
Albanian	12,250
Maltese	6,400
Macedonian	11,600
Slovenian	4,805
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,575
New Brunswicker	525
Gujarati	6,650
Eritrean	8,355
African Canadian	6,015
Israeli	7,415
Mohawk	1,275
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,750
Bulgarian	5,830
Albertan	165
Ghanaian	7,550
Barbadian	6,340
African American	4,410
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,855
Tunisian	485
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	4,710
Cuban	4,760
Bosnian	3,255
Venezuelan	4,130
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50
Latvian	4,915
Bengali	9,230
Cameroonian	1,020
Guatemalan	2,980
Indonesian	3,330
Laotian	1,670
Ilocano	6,220
Northern Irish	2,625
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,180
British Columbian	165
Ecuadorian	8,450
Franco Ontarian	795
Argentinian	4,015
Estonian	3,840
Kurdish	3,825
Fijian	545
Jatt	660
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,050
Coptic	1,645
Thai	2,220
Dominican	3,140
Nepali	3,310
Kabyle	60
Assyrian	4,055
Igbo	2,025
Byelorussian	2,725
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	265
Abenaki	45
Moldovan	1,170
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	300
New Zealander	1,235
Sudanese	2,195
Breton	140
Pennsylvania Dutch	750
Malaysian	2,720
Plains Cree	70
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,080
Huron (Wendat)	150
Saskatchewanian	170
Buddhist	2,880
Gaspesian	50
Norman	330
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	3,390
Ivorian	495
Saulteaux	130
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	560
Burundian	435
Tigrinya	2,450
Nicaraguan	2,135
Mauritian	1,430
Kenyan	2,195
Oji-Cree	75
Vincentian	4,130
Jordanian	1,365
Manitoban	170
Cape Bretoner	285
Rwandan	630
Grenadian	5,060
Malayali	1,850
Chaldean	1,270
Sinhalese	2,320
Mayan	1,250
Honduran	1,040
Cherokee	305
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	90
Indo-Caribbean	2,975
Flemish	470
United Empire Loyalist	800
Senegalese	300
Azerbaijani	2,375
Sicilian	1,005
Pashtun	1,755
Malay	1,715
Goan	2,105
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	940
Tibetan	6,335
Zimbabwean	745
Burmese	1,220
Mongolian	1,255
Azorean	1,470
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	315
Indo-Guyanese	2,765
Ugandan	2,190
Oromo	1,785
Tanzanian	1,810
Yemeni	1,635
Central African	155
Libyan	575
Basque	355
Uruguayan	1,475
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,125
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,390
Igorot	1,125
Fulani	400
Woodland Cree	15
Guinean	290
St. Lucian	2,450
Prince Edward Islander	315
Maliseet	35
Beninese	470
Telugu	1,440
Roma	1,500
Costa Rican	890
African Nova Scotian	570
Malagasy	135
Kashmiri	890
Singaporean	860
Karen	265
Edo	1,250
Tajik	1,545
Amhara	1,985
Paraguayan	205
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,761,285
Buddhist	62,475
Christian	1,274,450
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	230,275
Anabaptist	1,415
Anglican	66,495
Baptist	22,180
Catholic	669,320
Christian Orthodox	110,665
Jehovah's Witness	8,550
Latter Day Saints	1,855
Lutheran	10,485
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,080
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	32,900
Presbyterian	24,760
Reformed	1,175
United Church	43,465
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	45,840
Hindu	171,980
Jewish	99,390
Muslim	264,155
Sikh	21,545
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	935
Other religions and spiritual traditions	20,730
No religion and secular perspectives	845,615
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,736,910
Non-movers	2,382,090
Movers	354,820
Non-migrants	261,975
Migrants	92,845
Internal migrants	52,170
Intraprovincial migrants	42,095
Interprovincial migrants	10,070
External migrants	40,675
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,637,900
Non-movers	1,664,210
Movers	973,695
Non-migrants	530,780
Migrants	442,910
Internal migrants	200,725
Intraprovincial migrants	157,040
Interprovincial migrants	43,685
External migrants	242,185
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,945
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	364,050
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,013,895
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,620
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	151,430
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,451,180
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,950
No certificate, diploma or degree	339,500
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	555,590
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,482,860
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,235
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	80,935
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	46,255
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	34,680
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	356,760
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	68,545
Bachelor's degree or higher	976,620
Bachelor's degree	615,160
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	62,665
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,940
Master's degree	238,415
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	35,445
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,615
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,130
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	304,135
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,161,345
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	370,020
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	53,060
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,330
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,730
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	268,055
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,905
Bachelor's degree or higher	791,330
Bachelor's degree	491,215
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,305
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,385
Master's degree	204,360
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,070
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,377,945
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	895,085
Education	67,760
13. Education	67,760
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	87,485
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,235
50. Visual and performing arts	80,250
Humanities	100,310
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,225
23. English language and literature/letters	29,600
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	25,940
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,610
38. Philosophy and religious studies	8,140
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,915
54. History	13,460
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,420
Social and behavioural sciences and law	235,830
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,165
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	33,725
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	26,820
22. Legal professions and studies	41,920
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,720
42. Psychology	31,470
45. Social sciences	92,005
Business, management and public administration	361,525
30.16 Accounting and computer science	550
44. Public administration and social service professions	24,100
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	336,875
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,985
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	34,380
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,710
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,105
40. Physical sciences	18,470
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,325
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	94,200
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	70,775
25. Library science	3,770
27. Mathematics and statistics	16,295
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,355
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	223,100
04. Architecture and related services	20,870
14. Engineering	108,445
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	38,525
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30
46. Construction trades	23,760
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,430
48. Precision production	10,040
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,550
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,125
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,430
Health and related fields	171,920
30.37 Design for human health	20
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	13,175
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	150,945
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	435
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,340
Personal, protective and transportation services	49,840
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,100
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	255
43. Security and protective services	10,390
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,885
Other¹⁷⁹	355
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,602,615
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	441,270
Education	46,545
13. Education	46,545
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	70,870
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,650
50. Visual and performing arts	65,220
Humanities	74,315
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,900
23. English language and literature/letters	22,195
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,740
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,840
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,305
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,215
54. History	9,965
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,165
Social and behavioural sciences and law	189,885
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,445
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	28,960
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	20,265
22. Legal professions and studies	34,535
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,755
42. Psychology	24,385
45. Social sciences	73,530
Business, management and public administration	293,645
30.16 Accounting and computer science	435
44. Public administration and social service professions	19,060
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	274,155
Physical and life sciences and technologies	53,685
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	26,230
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,360
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,585
40. Physical sciences	12,950
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,565
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	79,160
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,940
25. Library science	2,225
27. Mathematics and statistics	12,265
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,730
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	168,335
04. Architecture and related services	16,260
14. Engineering	86,455
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,170
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30
46. Construction trades	16,935
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,425
48. Precision production	6,060
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,890
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,600
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,285
Health and related fields	132,700
30.37 Design for human health	20
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,095
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	116,830
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	375
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,385
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,050
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,395
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125
43. Security and protective services	8,240
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,140
Other¹⁷⁹	260
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,602,615
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	441,270
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,161,345
Location of study inside Canada	776,130
Same as province or territory of residence	707,130
Different than province or territory of residence	69,005
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	385,220
Americas	72,910
United States of America	39,810
Mexico	5,370
Cuba	1,325
Haiti	145
Jamaica	2,585
Brazil	8,995
Colombia	3,340
Peru	970
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,055
Other locations of study in Americas	8,310
Europe	74,860
Belgium	530
France	5,560
Germany	2,035
Netherlands	990
Switzerland	810
Hungary	1,035
Moldova¹⁸³	525
Poland	3,140
Romania	4,040
Russian Federation	6,665
Ukraine	6,705
Ireland⁹⁶	3,470
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,330
Bosnia and Herzegovina	950
Italy	1,695
Serbia⁸⁶	2,530
Other locations of study in Europe	11,840
Africa	16,935
Nigeria	4,375
Algeria	355
Morocco	620
Tunisia	165
Egypt	2,370
South Africa, Republic of	1,630
Other locations of study in Africa	7,420
Asia	214,675
Iran⁸⁸	12,745
Iraq	1,590
Israel	1,820
Lebanon	1,600
Syria⁸⁹	1,330
Turkey	3,375
China⁹⁰	28,050
Taiwan	1,445
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,390
Japan	3,195
Korea, South⁹²	8,180
Philippines	54,175
Viet Nam	1,950
Bangladesh	10,280
Sri Lanka	4,275
India	57,290
Pakistan	10,330
Other locations of study in Asia	10,655
Oceania	5,840
Australia	5,000
New Zealand	795
Other locations of study in Oceania	45
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,377,950
In the labour force	1,518,420
Employed	1,308,110
Unemployed	210,305
Not in the labour force	859,530
Participation rate	63.9
Employment rate	55.0
Unemployment rate	13.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,377,945
Did not work¹⁸⁶	905,995
Worked	1,471,950
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	791,335
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	680,620
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,518,420
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,463,580
Employee	1,223,655
Permanent position	1,020,130
Temporary position	203,525
Fixed term (1 year or more)	82,620
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	120,905
Self-employed¹⁹²	239,925
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,518,420
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,463,580
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	24,775
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	315,270
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	159,770
3 Health occupations	105,465
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	181,940
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	83,130
6 Sales and service occupations	350,245
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	175,505
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,350
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	59,140
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,518,420
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835
All industries¹⁹¹	1,463,580
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,565
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,985
22 Utilities	6,115
23 Construction	83,035
31-33 Manufacturing	97,580
41 Wholesale trade	45,380
44-45 Retail trade	141,575
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	67,330
51 Information and cultural industries	60,845
52 Finance and insurance	123,495
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,040
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	205,880
55 Management of companies and enterprises	9,175
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	75,095
61 Educational services	107,480
62 Health care and social assistance	163,465
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	33,405
72 Accommodation and food services	82,155
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,015
91 Public administration	54,970
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,602,165
English	1,449,315
French	3,430
Non-official language	26,500
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	26,495
English and French	29,995
English and non-official language(s)	87,670
French and non-official language(s)	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,010
Multiple non-official languages	2,175
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,602,165
Single responses	1,580,025
Official languages	1,533,090
English	1,525,910
French	7,180
Non-official languages	46,940
Indigenous languages³⁹	15
Algonquian languages	15
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,925
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,075
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	120
Bilen	0
Oromo	10
Somali	110
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	950
Amharic	40
Arabic	570
Aramaic languages	155
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	145
Tigrigna	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305
Khmer (Cambodian)	20
Vietnamese	1,285
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	880
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	20
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	35
Indonesian	10
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	790
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10
Creole languages	10
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	1,310
Kannada	0
Malayalam	35
Tamil	1,260
Telugu	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	35
Indo-European languages	14,165
Albanian	105
Armenian	145
Balto-Slavic languages	2,190
Baltic languages	50
Latvian	30
Lithuanian	20
Slavic languages	2,145
Bulgarian	30
Czech	15
Macedonian	35
Polish	385
Russian	1,100
Serbo-Croatian	120
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	120
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	440
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	245
Frisian	0
High German languages	195
German	150
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	50
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	35
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	15
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	230
Indo-Iranian languages	3,580
Indo-Aryan languages	1,935
Bengali	325
Gujarati	305
Hindi	200
Kacchi	0
Marathi	15
Nepali	40
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	455
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	1,640
Kurdish	40
Pashto	50
Persian languages	1,540
Dari	115
Iranian Persian	1,305
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,675
Catalan	0
Italian	425
Portuguese	3,740
Romanian	55
Spanish	3,460
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	695
Korean	2,715
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	70
Akan (Twi)	20
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	30
Wolof	0
Yoruba	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	120
American Sign Language	115
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,815
Chinese languages	23,730
Hakka	20
Mandarin	14,385
Min Dong	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,100
Chinese, n.o.s.	145
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	80
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	110
Lao	15
Thai	95
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	460
Azerbaijani	15
Turkish	440
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	165
Estonian	40
Finnish	20
Hungarian	100
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	22,140
English and French	4,655
English and non-official language(s)	16,820
French and non-official language(s)	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	240
Multiple non-official languages	420
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,602,165
None	1,498,610
English	19,980
French	22,095
Non-official language	48,965
Indigenous³⁹	55
Non-Indigenous	48,905
English and French	50
English and non-official language(s)	2,320
French and non-official language(s)	2,260
English, French and non-official language(s)	25
Multiple non-official languages	7,875
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,308,110
Worked at home	510,240
Worked outside Canada	6,395
No fixed workplace address	142,290
Usual place of work	649,185
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	649,185
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	514,695
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	132,960
Commute to a different province or territory	1,530
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	791,470
Car, truck or van	482,480
Car, truck or van - as a driver	424,985
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	57,490
Public transit	207,680
Walked	60,615
Bicycle	15,750
Other method	24,945
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	791,470
Less than 15 minutes	130,355
15 to 29 minutes	251,795
30 to 44 minutes	222,015
45 to 59 minutes	88,655
60 minutes and over	98,655
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	791,470
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	43,645
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	113,320
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	167,655
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	181,860
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	148,245
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	136,755
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	471,030
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,395
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	425,635
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	339,085
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,720
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	22,430
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,290
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	304,365

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...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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