Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mississauga, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Rates
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	...
Population, 2016¹	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 0.5
Total private dwellings²	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,452.5
Land area in square kilometres	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.2
0 to 4 years	4.4
5 to 9 years	5.1
10 to 14 years	5.7
15 to 64 years	68.1
15 to 19 years	6.2
20 to 24 years	7.2
25 to 29 years	7.2
30 to 34 years	6.7
35 to 39 years	6.5
40 to 44 years	6.2
45 to 49 years	6.5
50 to 54 years	7.2
55 to 59 years	7.7
60 to 64 years	6.7
65 years and over	16.6
65 to 69 years	5.3
70 to 74 years	4.3
75 to 79 years	2.9
80 to 84 years	2.0
85 years and over	2.0
85 to 89 years	1.3
90 to 94 years	0.6
95 to 99 years	0.2
100 years and over	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.2
15 to 64 years	68.1
65 years and over	16.6
85 years and over	2.0
Average age of the population	41.1
Median age of the population	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	100.0
Single-detached house	37.1
Semi-detached house	11.0
Row house	14.1
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3.2
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	7.2
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	27.3
Other single-attached house	0.0
Movable dwelling⁴	0.1
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	100.0
1 person	19.4
2 persons	27.7
3 persons	19.4
4 persons	19.3
5 or more persons	14.3
Number of persons in private households	100.0
Average household size	2.9
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	100.0
Married or living common-law	56.4
Married	52.0
Living common-law	4.4
Living common law - Never married	3.0
Living common law - Separated	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	43.6
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	100.0
2 persons	40.4
3 persons	25.3
4 persons	24.0
5 or more persons	10.3
Average size of census families	3.1
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	100.0
Total couple families	82.5
Married couples	75.9
With children⁶	50.0
Without children	25.9
Common-law couples	6.7
With children⁶	2.7
Without children	4.0
Total one-parent families	17.5
in which the parent is a woman+	14.3
in which the parent is a man+	3.2
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	86.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	46.5
Parents in one-parent families	4.9
Children⁶	35.2
In a two-parent family	27.6
In a one-parent family	7.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	13.4
Living alone	6.6
Living with other relatives⁷	3.3
Living with non-relatives only	3.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	100.0
One-census-family households without additional persons	64.9
Couple-family households	54.7
With children⁶	35.6
Without children	19.1
One-parent-family households	10.2
Multigenerational households⁸	6.5
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1.4
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4.0
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3.8
One-person households	19.4
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	31.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,150
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,110
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,300
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	31.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,660
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,320
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	100.0
Without total income	5.3
With total income	94.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	16.0
$30,000 to $39,999	12.0
$40,000 to $49,999	9.9
$50,000 to $59,999	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3.2
$100,000 and over	11.8
$100,000 to $149,999	7.9
$150,000 and over	3.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	100.0
Without after-tax income	5.3
With after-tax income	94.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	2.4
$100,000 and over	5.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3.0
$125,000 and over	2.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	100.0
Without employment income	31.1
With employment income	68.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	14.4
$5,000 to $9,999	9.1
$10,000 to $19,999	11.3
$20,000 to $29,999	8.3
$30,000 to $39,999	8.0
$40,000 to $49,999	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3.7
$100,000 and over	13.1
$100,000 to $124,999	6.3
$125,000 and over	6.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,360
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,650
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,550
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,125
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,920
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6
Employment income (%)	76.6
Government transfers (%)	10.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,500
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,300
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,650
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,200
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	142,800
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,800
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	100.0
Under $5,000	1.3
$5,000 to $9,999	0.5
$10,000 to $14,999	0.8
$15,000 to $19,999	1.2
$20,000 to $24,999	2.7
$25,000 to $29,999	2.3
$30,000 to $34,999	2.4
$35,000 to $39,999	2.6
$40,000 to $44,999	2.7
$45,000 to $49,999	2.7
$50,000 to $59,999	6.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	6.1
$80,000 to $89,999	5.9
$90,000 to $99,999	5.6
$100,000 and over	51.1
$100,000 to $124,999	12.7
$125,000 to $149,999	9.9
$150,000 to $199,999	13.5
$200,000 and over	15.0
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	100.0
Under $5,000	1.4
$5,000 to $9,999	0.5
$10,000 to $14,999	0.9
$15,000 to $19,999	1.3
$20,000 to $24,999	2.9
$25,000 to $29,999	2.6
$30,000 to $34,999	2.7
$35,000 to $39,999	3.0
$40,000 to $44,999	3.2
$45,000 to $49,999	3.4
$50,000 to $59,999	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	7.3
$80,000 to $89,999	7.0
$90,000 to $99,999	6.5
$100,000 and over	42.9
$100,000 to $124,999	13.4
$125,000 to $149,999	10.0
$150,000 and over	19.5
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000
Average family size of economic families	3.3
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	142,200
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,700
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,600
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,400
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,200
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,800
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,120
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	100.0
0 to 17 years	19.1
0 to 5 years	5.4
18 to 64 years	64.8
65 years and over	16.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	...
0 to 17 years	...
0 to 5 years	...
18 to 64 years	...
65 years and over	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.4
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6
18 to 64 years (%)	8.0
65 years and over (%)	11.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	100.0
0 to 17 years	19.1
0 to 5 years	5.4
18 to 64 years	64.8
65 years and over	16.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	...
0 to 17 years	...
0 to 5 years	...
18 to 64 years	...
65 years and over	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	6.3
0 to 5 years (%)	6.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2
65 years and over (%)	4.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	43.9
In bottom decile	8.6
In second decile	8.4
In third decile	8.7
In fourth decile	8.9
In fifth decile	9.3
In top half of the distribution	56.1
In sixth decile	9.8
In seventh decile	10.3
In eighth decile	11.0
In ninth decile	12.1
In top decile	12.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	712,825
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.343
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.450
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.297
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	100.0
English only	89.8
French only	0.1
English and French	6.7
Neither English nor French	3.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	100.0
English	94.7
French	1.0
English and French	0.9
Neither English nor French	3.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	100.0
Single responses	91.6
Official languages	45.7
English	44.9
French	0.9
Non-official languages	45.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0.0
Algonquian languages	0.0
Blackfoot	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0.0
Atikamekw	0.0
Cree languages	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0.0
Naskapi	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0.0
Oji-Cree	0.0
Ojibway languages	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0.0
Gwich'in	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0.0
Tahltan languages	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0.0
Tahltan	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0.0
Tutchone languages	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0.0
Tlingit	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Haida	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0.0
Inuktitut	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0.0
Cayuga	0.0
Mohawk	0.0
Oneida	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0.0
Michif	0.0
Salish languages	0.0
Halkomelem	0.0
Lillooet	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0.0
Squamish	0.0
Straits	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Siouan languages	0.0
Assiniboine	0.0
Dakota	0.0
Stoney	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0.0
Nisga'a	0.0
Tsimshian	0.0
Wakashan languages	0.0
Haisla	0.0
Heiltsuk	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	45.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	5.2
Berber languages	0.0
Kabyle	0.0
Tamazight	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Chadic languages	0.0
Hausa	0.0
Mina	0.0
Coptic	0.0
Cushitic languages	0.1
Bilen	0.0
Oromo	0.0
Somali	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Semitic languages	5.1
Amharic	0.1
Arabic	4.7
Aramaic languages	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0.0
Harari	0.0
Hebrew	0.0
Maltese	0.1
Tigrigna	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	0.0
Vietnamese	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0.0
Austronesian languages	3.0
Bikol	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0.0
Cebuano	0.1
Fijian	0.0
Hiligaynon	0.0
Ilocano	0.1
Indonesian	0.1
Kankanaey	0.0
Kinaray-a	0.0
Malagasy languages	0.0
Merina	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0.0
Malay	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0.0
Pangasinan	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2.6
Waray-Waray	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Creole languages	0.1
Haitian Creole	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0.0
Krio	0.0
Morisyen	0.1
Sango	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Dravidian languages	2.5
Kannada	0.1
Malayalam	0.5
Tamil	1.4
Telugu	0.4
Tulu	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Georgian	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0.0
Indo-European languages	26.4
Albanian	0.3
Armenian	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	6.4
Baltic languages	0.1
Latvian	0.0
Lithuanian	0.1
Slavic languages	6.4
Belarusian	0.0
Bulgarian	0.1
Czech	0.1
Macedonian	0.1
Polish	3.1
Russian	0.6
Rusyn	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1.3
Bosnian	0.2
Croatian	0.6
Serbian	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0.0
Slovak	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	0.1
Ukrainian	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Celtic languages	0.0
Irish	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0.0
Welsh	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Germanic languages	0.4
Frisian	0.0
High German languages	0.3
German	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0.0
Swiss German	0.0
Yiddish	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0.1
Afrikaans	0.0
Dutch	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0.0
Low Saxon	0.0
Plautdietsch	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0.0
Danish	0.0
Icelandic	0.0
Norwegian	0.0
Swedish	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Greek	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	12.9
Indo-Aryan languages	12.0
Assamese	0.0
Bengali	0.6
Gujarati	1.0
Hindi	1.6
Kacchi	0.0
Kashmiri	0.0
Konkani	0.1
Marathi	0.3
Nepali	0.1
Oriya languages	0.0
Odia	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2.9
Rohingya	0.0
Sindhi	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0.2
Urdu	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Iranian languages	0.9
Baluchi	0.0
Kurdish	0.0
Parsi	0.0
Pashto	0.2
Persian languages	0.7
Dari	0.3
Iranian Persian	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6.0
Catalan	0.0
Italian	1.4
Portuguese	2.0
Romanian	0.4
Spanish	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Japanese	0.1
Korean	0.6
Mongolian	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0.3
Akan (Twi)	0.1
Bamanankan	0.0
Edo	0.0
Éwé	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0.0
Ga	0.0
Ganda	0.0
Gikuyu	0.0
Igbo	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0.0
Lingala	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0.0
Mòoré	0.0
Mwani	0.0
Ndebele	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0.0
Shona	0.0
Soninke	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0.0
Swahili	0.0
Wojenaka	0.0
Wolof	0.0
Yoruba	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0.0
Dinka	0.0
Nuer	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0.0
Sign languages	0.0
American Sign Language	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5.6
Chinese languages	5.6
Hakka	0.0
Mandarin	3.2
Min Dong	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0.1
Burmese	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0.0
Karenic languages	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tibetan	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0.0
Lao	0.0
Thai	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Turkic languages	0.2
Azerbaijani	0.0
Kazakh	0.0
Turkish	0.2
Uyghur	0.0
Uzbek	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Uralic languages	0.2
Estonian	0.0
Finnish	0.0
Hungarian	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Multiple responses	8.4
English and French	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	7.1
French and non-official language(s)	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	100.0
English	47.5
French	0.2
Non-official language	13.0
Indigenous³⁹	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13.0
English and French	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	36.0
French and non-official language(s)	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1.2
Multiple non-official languages	1.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	100.0
Single responses	89.9
Official languages	62.3
English	61.9
French	0.4
Non-official languages	27.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0.0
Algonquian languages	0.0
Blackfoot	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0.0
Atikamekw	0.0
Cree languages	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0.0
Naskapi	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0.0
Oji-Cree	0.0
Ojibway languages	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0.0
Gwich'in	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0.0
Tahltan languages	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0.0
Tahltan	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0.0
Tutchone languages	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0.0
Tlingit	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Haida	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0.0
Inuktitut	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0.0
Cayuga	0.0
Mohawk	0.0
Oneida	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0.0
Michif	0.0
Salish languages	0.0
Halkomelem	0.0
Lillooet	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0.0
Squamish	0.0
Straits	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Siouan languages	0.0
Assiniboine	0.0
Dakota	0.0
Stoney	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0.0
Nisga'a	0.0
Tsimshian	0.0
Wakashan languages	0.0
Haisla	0.0
Heiltsuk	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	27.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	3.2
Berber languages	0.0
Kabyle	0.0
Tamazight	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Chadic languages	0.0
Hausa	0.0
Mina	0.0
Coptic	0.0
Cushitic languages	0.1
Bilen	0.0
Oromo	0.0
Somali	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Semitic languages	3.1
Amharic	0.0
Arabic	2.9
Aramaic languages	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0.0
Harari	0.0
Hebrew	0.0
Maltese	0.0
Tigrigna	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0.0
Vietnamese	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0.0
Austronesian languages	1.7
Bikol	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0.0
Cebuano	0.0
Fijian	0.0
Hiligaynon	0.0
Ilocano	0.0
Indonesian	0.1
Kankanaey	0.0
Kinaray-a	0.0
Malagasy languages	0.0
Merina	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0.0
Malay	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0.0
Pangasinan	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1.4
Waray-Waray	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Creole languages	0.1
Haitian Creole	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0.0
Krio	0.0
Morisyen	0.0
Sango	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Dravidian languages	1.6
Kannada	0.1
Malayalam	0.3
Tamil	1.0
Telugu	0.2
Tulu	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Georgian	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0.0
Indo-European languages	15.0
Albanian	0.2
Armenian	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3.6
Baltic languages	0.0
Latvian	0.0
Lithuanian	0.0
Slavic languages	3.5
Belarusian	0.0
Bulgarian	0.1
Czech	0.0
Macedonian	0.1
Polish	1.7
Russian	0.4
Rusyn	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0.6
Bosnian	0.1
Croatian	0.2
Serbian	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0.0
Slovak	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0.0
Ukrainian	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Celtic languages	0.0
Irish	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0.0
Welsh	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Germanic languages	0.0
Frisian	0.0
High German languages	0.0
German	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0.0
Swiss German	0.0
Yiddish	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0.0
Afrikaans	0.0
Dutch	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0.0
Low Saxon	0.0
Plautdietsch	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0.0
Danish	0.0
Icelandic	0.0
Norwegian	0.0
Swedish	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Greek	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8.4
Indo-Aryan languages	7.9
Assamese	0.0
Bengali	0.4
Gujarati	0.6
Hindi	1.0
Kacchi	0.0
Kashmiri	0.0
Konkani	0.0
Marathi	0.2
Nepali	0.1
Oriya languages	0.0
Odia	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2.1
Rohingya	0.0
Sindhi	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0.1
Urdu	3.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Iranian languages	0.5
Baluchi	0.0
Kurdish	0.0
Parsi	0.0
Pashto	0.1
Persian languages	0.4
Dari	0.2
Iranian Persian	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2.7
Catalan	0.0
Italian	0.4
Portuguese	0.8
Romanian	0.2
Spanish	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Japanese	0.1
Korean	0.4
Mongolian	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0.0
Bamanankan	0.0
Edo	0.0
Éwé	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0.0
Ga	0.0
Ganda	0.0
Gikuyu	0.0
Igbo	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0.0
Lingala	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0.0
Mòoré	0.0
Mwani	0.0
Ndebele	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0.0
Shona	0.0
Soninke	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0.0
Swahili	0.0
Wojenaka	0.0
Wolof	0.0
Yoruba	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0.0
Dinka	0.0
Nuer	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0.0
Sign languages	0.0
American Sign Language	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4.2
Chinese languages	4.2
Hakka	0.0
Mandarin	2.5
Min Dong	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0.0
Burmese	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0.0
Karenic languages	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tibetan	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0.0
Lao	0.0
Thai	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Turkic languages	0.1
Azerbaijani	0.0
Kazakh	0.0
Turkish	0.1
Uyghur	0.0
Uzbek	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Uralic languages	0.1
Estonian	0.0
Finnish	0.0
Hungarian	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Multiple responses	10.1
English and French	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	9.6
French and non-official language(s)	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	100.0
None	68.9
English	11.8
French	0.8
Non-official language	14.1
Indigenous³⁹	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14.1
English and French	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	100.0
Official languages	96.6
English	96.5
French	6.8
Non-official languages	61.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0.0
Algonquian languages	0.0
Blackfoot	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0.0
Atikamekw	0.0
Cree languages	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0.0
Naskapi	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0.0
Oji-Cree	0.0
Ojibway languages	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0.0
Gwich'in	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0.0
Tahltan languages	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0.0
Tahltan	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0.0
Tutchone languages	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0.0
Tlingit	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Haida	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0.0
Inuktitut	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0.0
Cayuga	0.0
Mohawk	0.0
Oneida	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0.0
Michif	0.0
Salish languages	0.0
Halkomelem	0.0
Lillooet	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0.0
Squamish	0.0
Straits	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Siouan languages	0.0
Assiniboine	0.0
Dakota	0.0
Stoney	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0.0
Nisga'a	0.0
Tsimshian	0.0
Wakashan languages	0.0
Haisla	0.0
Heiltsuk	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	61.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	7.6
Berber languages	0.0
Kabyle	0.0
Tamazight	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Chadic languages	0.0
Hausa	0.0
Mina	0.0
Coptic	0.1
Cushitic languages	0.3
Bilen	0.0
Oromo	0.0
Somali	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Semitic languages	7.4
Amharic	0.1
Arabic	6.9
Aramaic languages	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0.0
Harari	0.0
Hebrew	0.1
Maltese	0.1
Tigrigna	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	0.0
Vietnamese	1.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0.0
Austronesian languages	4.3
Bikol	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0.0
Cebuano	0.2
Fijian	0.0
Hiligaynon	0.1
Ilocano	0.2
Indonesian	0.2
Kankanaey	0.0
Kinaray-a	0.0
Malagasy languages	0.0
Merina	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0.0
Malay	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0.1
Pangasinan	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4.0
Waray-Waray	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0.1
Creole languages	0.3
Haitian Creole	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0.0
Krio	0.0
Morisyen	0.1
Sango	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Dravidian languages	3.9
Kannada	0.4
Malayalam	0.8
Tamil	2.4
Telugu	0.8
Tulu	0.1
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Georgian	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0.0
Indo-European languages	36.9
Albanian	0.5
Armenian	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	7.8
Baltic languages	0.1
Latvian	0.0
Lithuanian	0.1
Slavic languages	7.8
Belarusian	0.0
Bulgarian	0.2
Czech	0.1
Macedonian	0.2
Polish	3.9
Russian	1.3
Rusyn	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1.6
Bosnian	0.3
Croatian	0.9
Serbian	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0.0
Slovak	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	0.1
Ukrainian	1.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Celtic languages	0.0
Irish	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0.0
Welsh	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Germanic languages	0.9
Frisian	0.0
High German languages	0.7
German	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0.0
Swiss German	0.0
Yiddish	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0.2
Afrikaans	0.1
Dutch	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0.0
Low Saxon	0.0
Plautdietsch	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0.1
Danish	0.0
Icelandic	0.0
Norwegian	0.0
Swedish	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Greek	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	19.5
Indo-Aryan languages	18.5
Assamese	0.0
Bengali	0.9
Gujarati	1.7
Hindi	7.7
Kacchi	0.1
Kashmiri	0.0
Konkani	0.3
Marathi	0.7
Nepali	0.2
Oriya languages	0.1
Odia	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5.3
Rohingya	0.0
Sindhi	0.2
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0.3
Urdu	7.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0.1
Iranian languages	1.2
Baluchi	0.0
Kurdish	0.1
Parsi	0.0
Pashto	0.3
Persian languages	0.9
Dari	0.4
Iranian Persian	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8.3
Catalan	0.0
Italian	2.3
Portuguese	2.7
Romanian	0.4
Spanish	3.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Japanese	0.2
Korean	0.7
Mongolian	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0.9
Akan (Twi)	0.2
Bamanankan	0.0
Edo	0.0
Éwé	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0.0
Ga	0.0
Ganda	0.0
Gikuyu	0.0
Igbo	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0.0
Lingala	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0.0
Mòoré	0.0
Mwani	0.0
Ndebele	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0.0
Shona	0.0
Soninke	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0.0
Swahili	0.2
Wojenaka	0.0
Wolof	0.0
Yoruba	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0.0
Dinka	0.0
Nuer	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0.0
Sign languages	0.1
American Sign Language	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6.7
Chinese languages	6.6
Hakka	0.1
Mandarin	4.4
Min Dong	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0.1
Burmese	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0.0
Karenic languages	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tibetan	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0.1
Lao	0.0
Thai	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Turkic languages	0.3
Azerbaijani	0.0
Kazakh	0.0
Turkish	0.3
Uyghur	0.0
Uzbek	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Uralic languages	0.3
Estonian	0.0
Finnish	0.0
Hungarian	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	0.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	0.3
Métis	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	99.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	100.0
Owner	70.4
Renter	29.6
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0.0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	100.0
Condominium	28.2
Not condominium	71.8
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	100.0
No bedrooms	0.5
1 bedroom	12.8
2 bedrooms	20.4
3 bedrooms	32.7
4 or more bedrooms	33.7
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	100.0
1 to 4 rooms	32.2
5 rooms	14.8
6 rooms	14.4
7 rooms	11.8
8 or more rooms	26.8
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	100.0
One person or fewer per room	94.0
More than one person per room	6.0
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	100.0
Suitable	88.7
Not suitable	11.3
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	100.0
1960 or before	7.2
1961 to 1980	30.7
1981 to 1990	19.6
1991 to 2000	19.1
2001 to 2005	9.6
2006 to 2010	6.4
2011 to 2015	3.9
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3.4
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	100.0
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	95.2
Major repairs needed	4.8
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	100.0
One-maintainer household	45.2
Two-maintainer household	46.0
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8.8
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	100.0
15 to 24 years	1.5
25 to 34 years	10.1
35 to 44 years	16.7
45 to 54 years	21.1
55 to 64 years	23.8
65 to 74 years	15.8
75 to 84 years	8.2
85 years and over	2.9
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	100.0
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	72.0
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	28.0
30% to less than 100%	24.9
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	100.0
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	38.9
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	23.6
Not suitable only	7.9
Major repairs needed only	2.6
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2.7
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1.4
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0.6
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0.2
Acceptable housing	61.1
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	100.0
In core need	14.9
Not in core need	85.1
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.3
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.5
% in core housing need⁶³	9.6
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,800
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,974
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	999,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.9
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.1
% in core housing need⁶³	28.0
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,650
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	0.1
Métis single ancestry	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	0.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	99.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	84.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	67.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	15.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	43.0
Immigrants⁸¹	53.2
Before 1980	8.2
1980 to 1990	6.6
1991 to 2000	11.7
2001 to 2010	13.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	13.3
2011 to 2015	5.9
2016 to 2021	7.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	100.0
Under 5 years	8.6
5 to 14 years	16.8
15 to 24 years	18.5
25 to 44 years	45.8
45 years and over	10.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	100.0
Americas	12.3
Brazil	0.3
Colombia	0.9
El Salvador	0.2
Guyana	1.6
Haiti	0.0
Jamaica	2.9
Mexico	0.4
Peru	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	1.5
United States of America	1.5
Other places of birth in Americas	2.5
Europe	20.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.6
Croatia	0.8
France	0.2
Germany	0.6
Greece	0.4
Hungary	0.2
Italy	1.8
Netherlands	0.1
Poland	5.0
Portugal	2.7
Romania	0.7
Russian Federation	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	0.5
Ukraine	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2.4
Other places of birth in Europe	2.8
Africa	6.7
Algeria	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0.1
Egypt	2.4
Eritrea	0.1
Ethiopia	0.1
Morocco	0.1
Nigeria	0.8
Somalia	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	2.5
Asia	60.3
Afghanistan	0.7
Iran⁸⁸	0.7
Iraq	2.2
Lebanon	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	1.8
Turkey	0.3
China⁹⁰	6.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	1.8
Korea, South⁹²	1.1
Taiwan	0.4
Philippines	7.6
Viet Nam	2.9
Bangladesh	0.8
India	16.1
Pakistan	8.9
Sri Lanka	2.1
Other places of birth in Asia	6.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	100.0
Americas	7.6
Brazil	0.5
Colombia	0.6
Haiti	0.0
Jamaica	1.3
Mexico	0.5
United States of America	2.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	1.8
Europe	5.9
France	0.2
Germany	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	0.2
Italy	0.1
Russian Federation	0.4
Ukraine	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0.5
Other places of birth in Europe	3.4
Africa	8.7
Algeria	0.1
Burundi	0.0
Cameroon	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0.2
Egypt	3.0
Eritrea	0.1
Ethiopia	0.1
Morocco	0.3
Nigeria	2.4
Somalia	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	0.3
Tunisia	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1.5
Asia	77.7
Afghanistan	0.7
Bangladesh	0.9
China⁹⁰	5.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	0.2
India	31.6
Iran⁸⁸	0.5
Iraq	3.9
Israel	0.1
Japan	0.1
Jordan	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	0.5
Lebanon	0.9
Nepal	0.4
Pakistan	8.2
Philippines	5.8
Saudi Arabia	2.0
Sri Lanka	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	8.3
Turkey	0.6
United Arab Emirates	2.4
Viet Nam	1.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2.7
Oceania and other⁹³	0.1
Australia	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	57.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	26.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	15.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	55.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	21.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	34.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	27.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	15.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	6.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	81.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	61.9
South Asian	25.4
Chinese	7.3
Black	6.9
Filipino	5.4
Arab	6.0
Latin American	2.4
Southeast Asian	2.4
West Asian	1.2
Korean	0.8
Japanese	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1.5
Multiple visible minorities	2.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	38.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	100.0
Canadian	5.9
English	6.5
Irish	5.6
Scottish	5.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2.2
German	2.7
Chinese	7.8
Italian	5.3
Indian (India)	12.7
Ukrainian	2.4
Dutch	0.9
Polish	5.1
Québécois	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1.7
Filipino	5.2
French Canadian	0.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	0.2
Métis	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	0.9
Russian	0.9
Norwegian	0.2
Welsh	0.5
Portuguese	3.9
American	0.5
Spanish	1.4
Swedish	0.2
Hungarian	0.6
Acadian	0.1
Pakistani	5.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1.4
Jewish	0.3
Punjabi	1.5
Vietnamese	2.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2.3
Greek	0.8
Jamaican	2.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0.0
Korean	0.8
Romanian	0.5
Lebanese	0.7
Iranian	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	0.9
Danish	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	0.1
Sikh	0.9
Austrian	0.3
Belgian	0.1
Haitian	0.0
Hindu	1.6
Mexican	0.3
Mennonite	0.0
Swiss	0.1
Finnish	0.1
Sri Lankan	1.0
Croatian	1.1
Japanese	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	0.1
Muslim	1.4
Egyptian	1.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	0.5
Tamil	0.9
Icelandic	0.0
Colombian	0.5
Moroccan	0.1
Czech	0.2
Syrian	0.9
Guyanese	0.9
Afghan	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	0.6
Serbian	0.7
Ojibway	0.0
Newfoundlander	0.1
Hong Konger	0.4
Ontarian	0.1
Persian	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	0.8
Turkish	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0.0
Bangladeshi	0.4
Algerian	0.0
Brazilian	0.2
Nigerian	0.3
Armenian	0.2
Slovak	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	0.2
Somali	0.3
Taiwanese	0.2
Iraqi	0.8
Salvadorean	0.1
African Caribbean	0.5
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	0.7
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	0.4
Algonquin	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0.6
Lithuanian	0.2
South African	0.1
Australian	0.1
Palestinian	0.9
Chilean	0.2
Congolese	0.0
Nova Scotian	0.1
Ethiopian	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	0.2
Peruvian	0.2
Yoruba	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	0.0
Berber	0.0
Albanian	0.5
Maltese	0.4
Macedonian	0.3
Slovenian	0.3
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	0.0
New Brunswicker	0.0
Gujarati	0.3
Eritrean	0.1
African Canadian	0.2
Israeli	0.1
Mohawk	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	0.0
Bulgarian	0.2
Albertan	0.0
Ghanaian	0.2
Barbadian	0.2
African American	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	0.1
Tunisian	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	0.2
Cuban	0.1
Bosnian	0.3
Venezuelan	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0.0
Latvian	0.1
Bengali	0.2
Cameroonian	0.0
Guatemalan	0.1
Indonesian	0.2
Laotian	0.1
Ilocano	0.1
Northern Irish	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0.0
British Columbian	0.0
Ecuadorian	0.2
Franco Ontarian	0.0
Argentinian	0.1
Estonian	0.1
Kurdish	0.1
Fijian	0.0
Jatt	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	0.0
Coptic	0.5
Thai	0.0
Dominican	0.1
Nepali	0.1
Kabyle	0.0
Assyrian	0.2
Igbo	0.1
Byelorussian	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0.0
Abenaki	0.0
Moldovan	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0.0
New Zealander	0.0
Sudanese	0.1
Breton	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0.0
Malaysian	0.1
Plains Cree	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0.0
Buddhist	0.1
Gaspesian	0.0
Norman	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0.1
Ivorian	0.0
Saulteaux	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0.0
Burundian	0.0
Tigrinya	0.0
Nicaraguan	0.0
Mauritian	0.1
Kenyan	0.1
Oji-Cree	0.0
Vincentian	0.1
Jordanian	0.2
Manitoban	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0.0
Rwandan	0.0
Grenadian	0.1
Malayali	0.1
Chaldean	0.1
Sinhalese	0.1
Mayan	0.0
Honduran	0.0
Cherokee	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0.1
Flemish	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0.0
Senegalese	0.0
Azerbaijani	0.0
Sicilian	0.0
Pashtun	0.2
Malay	0.1
Goan	0.3
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0.0
Tibetan	0.0
Zimbabwean	0.0
Burmese	0.0
Mongolian	0.0
Azorean	0.1
Atikamekw	0.0
Bamileke	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0.1
Ugandan	0.0
Oromo	0.0
Tanzanian	0.1
Yemeni	0.1
Central African	0.0
Libyan	0.0
Basque	0.0
Uruguayan	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0.0
Igorot	0.0
Fulani	0.0
Woodland Cree	0.0
Guinean	0.0
St. Lucian	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0.0
Maliseet	0.0
Beninese	0.0
Telugu	0.1
Roma	0.0
Costa Rican	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0.0
Malagasy	0.0
Kashmiri	0.1
Singaporean	0.0
Karen	0.0
Edo	0.0
Tajik	0.0
Amhara	0.0
Paraguayan	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	100.0
Buddhist	2.0
Christian	49.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7.2
Anabaptist	0.0
Anglican	2.0
Baptist	0.8
Catholic	30.4
Christian Orthodox	3.6
Jehovah's Witness	0.3
Latter Day Saints	0.1
Lutheran	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1.2
Presbyterian	0.8
Reformed	0.1
United Church	1.5
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1.5
Hindu	8.8
Jewish	0.2
Muslim	17.0
Sikh	3.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	18.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	100.0
Non-movers	89.6
Movers	10.4
Non-migrants	5.8
Migrants	4.6
Internal migrants	2.9
Intraprovincial migrants	2.6
Interprovincial migrants	0.3
External migrants	1.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	100.0
Non-movers	67.0
Movers	33.0
Non-migrants	14.0
Migrants	19.0
Internal migrants	9.7
Intraprovincial migrants	8.5
Interprovincial migrants	1.2
External migrants	9.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	85.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	92.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	38.2
Bachelor's degree	24.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1.1
Master's degree	8.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	0.9
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	72.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	47.2
Bachelor's degree	29.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1.3
Master's degree	12.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38.5
Education	2.7
13. Education	2.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1.7
Humanities	3.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	0.1
54. History	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	0.2
42. Psychology	1.1
45. Social sciences	3.1
Business, management and public administration	16.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0.1
40. Physical sciences	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3.7
25. Library science	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11.9
04. Architecture and related services	0.6
14. Engineering	6.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2.2
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0.0
46. Construction trades	1.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1.2
48. Precision production	0.7
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	0.2
Health and related fields	7.0
30.37 Design for human health	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0.0
43. Security and protective services	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27.1
Education	2.9
13. Education	2.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2.0
Humanities	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	0.2
54. History	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	0.2
42. Psychology	1.3
45. Social sciences	3.6
Business, management and public administration	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	18.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5.0
25. Library science	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	0.8
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13.5
04. Architecture and related services	0.7
14. Engineering	7.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0.0
46. Construction trades	1.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1.2
48. Precision production	0.6
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	0.3
Health and related fields	8.3
30.37 Design for human health	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0.0
43. Security and protective services	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	0.4
Other¹⁷⁹	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	27.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	72.9
Location of study inside Canada	42.1
Same as province or territory of residence	39.5
Different than province or territory of residence	2.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	30.8
Americas	3.6
United States of America	2.0
Mexico	0.2
Cuba	0.1
Haiti	0.0
Jamaica	0.2
Brazil	0.2
Colombia	0.3
Peru	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	0.4
Europe	4.9
Belgium	0.0
France	0.1
Germany	0.1
Netherlands	0.0
Switzerland	0.0
Hungary	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0.0
Poland	1.1
Romania	0.3
Russian Federation	0.2
Ukraine	0.6
Ireland⁹⁶	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.1
Italy	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	0.7
Africa	1.8
Nigeria	0.3
Algeria	0.0
Morocco	0.0
Tunisia	0.0
Egypt	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	0.4
Asia	20.3
Iran⁸⁸	0.2
Iraq	0.6
Israel	0.0
Lebanon	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	0.4
Turkey	0.1
China⁹⁰	1.9
Taiwan	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	0.1
Japan	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	0.3
Philippines	2.8
Viet Nam	0.2
Bangladesh	0.3
Sri Lanka	0.3
India	8.4
Pakistan	3.1
Other locations of study in Asia	1.2
Oceania	0.2
Australia	0.2
New Zealand	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	...
In the labour force	...
Employed	...
Unemployed	...
Not in the labour force	...
Participation rate	63.9
Employment rate	55.0
Unemployment rate	14.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37.9
Worked	62.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	96.2
Employee	81.8
Permanent position	68.9
Temporary position	12.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	14.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	96.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	21.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	12.7
3 Health occupations	6.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2.4
6 Sales and service occupations	23.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	96.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	0.1
22 Utilities	0.5
23 Construction	6.0
31-33 Manufacturing	8.9
41 Wholesale trade	5.1
44-45 Retail trade	11.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7.5
51 Information and cultural industries	2.6
52 Finance and insurance	7.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	12.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	0.5
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4.4
61 Educational services	6.0
62 Health care and social assistance	9.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1.2
72 Accommodation and food services	4.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	3.3
91 Public administration	3.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	100.0
English	91.4
French	0.2
Non-official language	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1.1
English and French	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	5.7
French and non-official language(s)	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	100.0
Single responses	98.6
Official languages	96.5
English	96.1
French	0.3
Non-official languages	2.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0.0
Algonquian languages	0.0
Blackfoot	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0.0
Atikamekw	0.0
Cree languages	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0.0
Naskapi	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0.0
Oji-Cree	0.0
Ojibway languages	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0.0
Gwich'in	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0.0
Tahltan languages	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0.0
Tutchone languages	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0.0
Tlingit	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Haida	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0.0
Inuktitut	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0.0
Mohawk	0.0
Oneida	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0.0
Michif	0.0
Salish languages	0.0
Halkomelem	0.0
Lillooet	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0.0
Squamish	0.0
Straits	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Siouan languages	0.0
Assiniboine	0.0
Dakota	0.0
Stoney	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0.0
Nisga'a	0.0
Tsimshian	0.0
Wakashan languages	0.0
Haisla	0.0
Heiltsuk	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	0.2
Berber languages	0.0
Kabyle	0.0
Tamazight	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Chadic languages	0.0
Coptic	0.0
Cushitic languages	0.0
Bilen	0.0
Oromo	0.0
Somali	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Semitic languages	0.2
Amharic	0.0
Arabic	0.2
Aramaic languages	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0.0
Hebrew	0.0
Tigrigna	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0.0
Vietnamese	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Austronesian languages	0.0
Bikol	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0.0
Cebuano	0.0
Hiligaynon	0.0
Ilocano	0.0
Indonesian	0.0
Kankanaey	0.0
Malagasy languages	0.0
Malay	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0.0
Pangasinan	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Creole languages	0.0
Haitian Creole	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0.0
Morisyen	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Dravidian languages	0.0
Kannada	0.0
Malayalam	0.0
Tamil	0.0
Telugu	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Georgian	0.0
Indo-European languages	0.9
Albanian	0.0
Armenian	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0.3
Baltic languages	0.0
Latvian	0.0
Lithuanian	0.0
Slavic languages	0.3
Bulgarian	0.0
Czech	0.0
Macedonian	0.0
Polish	0.2
Russian	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0.0
Bosnian	0.0
Croatian	0.0
Serbian	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0.0
Slovak	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0.0
Ukrainian	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Celtic languages	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Germanic languages	0.0
Frisian	0.0
High German languages	0.0
German	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0.0
Swiss German	0.0
Yiddish	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0.0
Afrikaans	0.0
Dutch	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0.0
Low Saxon	0.0
Plautdietsch	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0.0
Danish	0.0
Icelandic	0.0
Norwegian	0.0
Swedish	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Greek	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	0.4
Bengali	0.0
Gujarati	0.0
Hindi	0.0
Kacchi	0.0
Marathi	0.0
Nepali	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0.2
Sindhi	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0.0
Urdu	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Iranian languages	0.0
Kurdish	0.0
Pashto	0.0
Persian languages	0.0
Dari	0.0
Iranian Persian	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	0.2
Catalan	0.0
Italian	0.0
Portuguese	0.1
Romanian	0.0
Spanish	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Japanese	0.0
Korean	0.1
Mongolian	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0.0
Edo	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0.0
Ga	0.0
Ganda	0.0
Igbo	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0.0
Lingala	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0.0
Shona	0.0
Swahili	0.0
Wolof	0.0
Yoruba	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0.0
Dinka	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sign languages	0.0
American Sign Language	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	0.7
Chinese languages	0.7
Hakka	0.0
Mandarin	0.5
Min Dong	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0.0
Burmese	0.0
Karenic languages	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tibetan	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0.0
Lao	0.0
Thai	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Turkic languages	0.0
Azerbaijani	0.0
Turkish	0.0
Uyghur	0.0
Uzbek	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Uralic languages	0.0
Estonian	0.0
Finnish	0.0
Hungarian	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0.0
Multiple responses	1.4
English and French	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	100.0
None	93.8
English	1.1
French	1.0
Non-official language	3.2
Indigenous³⁹	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3.2
English and French	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0.6
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	100.0
Worked at home	33.6
Worked outside Canada	0.6
No fixed workplace address	11.3
Usual place of work	54.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	58.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	33.6
Commute to a different province or territory	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	100.0
Car, truck or van	82.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	74.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	8.4
Public transit	11.4
Walked	2.9
Bicycle	0.3
Other method	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	19.2
15 to 29 minutes	38.5
30 to 44 minutes	24.3
45 to 59 minutes	8.5
60 minutes and over	9.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	15.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	22.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	21.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	16.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	17.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	91.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	91.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 10, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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