Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Hamilton, City (C)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	569,353	...	...
Population, 2016¹	536,917	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	233,564	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	222,807	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	509.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,118.31	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	569,350	279,640	289,715
0 to 14 years	91,240	46,945	44,295
0 to 4 years	29,100	14,920	14,180
5 to 9 years	30,695	15,840	14,855
10 to 14 years	31,450	16,190	15,260
15 to 64 years	373,820	185,960	187,860
15 to 19 years	31,795	16,530	15,265
20 to 24 years	36,405	18,895	17,510
25 to 29 years	40,525	20,485	20,040
30 to 34 years	41,330	20,550	20,780
35 to 39 years	38,940	19,225	19,720
40 to 44 years	35,025	17,125	17,900
45 to 49 years	34,155	16,560	17,595
50 to 54 years	36,665	17,900	18,770
55 to 59 years	40,930	20,155	20,775
60 to 64 years	38,045	18,540	19,505
65 years and over	104,290	46,735	57,555
65 to 69 years	31,630	14,935	16,700
70 to 74 years	26,700	12,390	14,305
75 to 79 years	18,290	8,390	9,895
80 to 84 years	12,990	5,705	7,280
85 years and over	14,685	5,310	9,370
85 to 89 years	8,750	3,420	5,330
90 to 94 years	4,435	1,490	2,945
95 to 99 years	1,340	380	960
100 years and over	155	25	135
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0	16.8	15.3
15 to 64 years	65.7	66.5	64.8
65 years and over	18.3	16.7	19.9
85 years and over	2.6	1.9	3.2
Average age of the population	41.5	40.4	42.6
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	222,810	...	...
Single-detached house	125,130	...	...
Semi-detached house	6,770	...	...
Row house	27,455	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,380	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	19,045	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	36,465	...	...
Other single-attached house	415	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	145	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	222,810	...	...
1 person	62,110	...	...
2 persons	71,460	...	...
3 persons	35,325	...	...
4 persons	32,690	...	...
5 or more persons	21,220	...	...
Number of persons in private households	560,920	275,900	285,020
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	478,115	232,690	245,420
Married or living common-law	260,655	130,220	130,430
Married	216,485	108,140	108,350
Living common-law	44,165	22,080	22,085
Living common law - Never married	32,210	16,130	16,080
Living common law - Separated	2,405	1,260	1,140
Living common law - Divorced	8,540	4,280	4,260
Living common law - Widowed	1,010	405	605
Not married and not living common-law	217,455	102,470	114,985
Not married and not living common law - Never married	145,095	78,705	66,390
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,455	6,110	8,345
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	29,890	11,680	18,215
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	28,015	5,980	22,040
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	157,120	...	...
2 persons	76,160	...	...
3 persons	34,980	...	...
4 persons	31,435	...	...
5 or more persons	14,550	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	157,125	...	...
Total couple families	126,990	...	...
Married couples	104,920	...	...
With children⁶	60,475	...	...
Without children	44,445	...	...
Common-law couples	22,070	...	...
With children⁶	8,305	...	...
Without children	13,765	...	...
Total one-parent families	30,135	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	23,985	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,150	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	560,920	275,895	285,015
Total - Persons in census families	461,625	228,235	233,390
Married spouses or common-law partners	253,975	126,870	127,110
Parents in one-parent families	30,135	6,150	23,985
Children⁶	177,515	95,215	82,295
In a two-parent family	130,105	69,420	60,690
In a one-parent family	47,405	25,800	21,610
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	99,290	47,665	51,630
Living alone	62,110	28,470	33,640
Living with other relatives⁷	14,895	6,130	8,765
Living with non-relatives only	22,285	13,060	9,225
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	222,805	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	134,420	...	...
Couple-family households	111,410	...	...
With children⁶	60,520	...	...
Without children	50,885	...	...
One-parent-family households	23,015	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,140	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,570	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	7,030	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	9,535	...	...
One-person households	62,110	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	469,795	229,020	240,775
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,655	218,950	231,710
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,200	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,895	219,085	231,810
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	394,960	196,375	198,585
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,000	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	322,360	166,800	155,555
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	411,095	197,175	213,920
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	7,300	11,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	42,345	19,275	23,070
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	132,175	64,785	67,390
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	469,795	229,015	240,785
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,700	219,185	231,515
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,750	62,550	45,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	450,940	219,325	231,610
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,520	52,100	39,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	394,655	196,205	198,450
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,920	60,100	39,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	322,360	166,590	155,770
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,520	59,350	41,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	411,325	197,740	213,585
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,000	9,720	12,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	42,480	19,180	23,300
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,550	5,900	7,080
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	131,805	64,330	67,470
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,140	8,990	9,290
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	469,795	229,015	240,785
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	151,400	83,895	67,505
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	70,000	58,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,600	81,700	65,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	124,610	57,910	66,705
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	19,800	16,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,160	30,960	23,860
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	86.0	75.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.2	72.0	60.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.7	14.0	24.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.6	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.2	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	469,795	229,025	240,775
Without total income	19,135	10,070	9,070
With total income	450,655	218,950	231,705
Under $10,000 (including loss)	36,650	16,175	20,475
$10,000 to $19,999	55,620	23,875	31,745
$20,000 to $29,999	71,615	30,650	40,970
$30,000 to $39,999	58,470	25,750	32,720
$40,000 to $49,999	50,680	23,535	27,150
$50,000 to $59,999	40,980	19,505	21,470
$60,000 to $69,999	32,600	16,705	15,895
$70,000 to $79,999	25,035	13,905	11,125
$80,000 to $89,999	18,820	11,035	7,790
$90,000 to $99,999	14,970	8,740	6,235
$100,000 and over	45,215	29,085	16,130
$100,000 to $149,999	31,605	19,420	12,180
$150,000 and over	13,605	9,660	3,950
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	469,795	229,025	240,775
Without after-tax income	18,900	9,935	8,965
With after-tax income	450,900	219,085	231,810
Under $10,000 (including loss)	38,195	16,725	21,470
$10,000 to $19,999	58,005	24,940	33,060
$20,000 to $29,999	80,540	34,545	46,000
$30,000 to $39,999	68,950	31,545	37,410
$40,000 to $49,999	58,345	27,685	30,660
$50,000 to $59,999	44,640	22,810	21,830
$60,000 to $69,999	31,750	17,535	14,215
$70,000 to $79,999	22,330	13,115	9,210
$80,000 to $89,999	17,485	9,555	7,935
$90,000 to $99,999	9,580	6,000	3,580
$100,000 and over	21,090	14,640	6,450
$100,000 to $124,999	10,880	7,345	3,535
$125,000 and over	10,205	7,295	2,915
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	469,795	229,025	240,775
Without employment income	147,440	62,220	85,215
With employment income	322,360	166,800	155,560
Under $5,000 (including loss)	47,495	24,395	23,105
$5,000 to $9,999	26,825	11,940	14,885
$10,000 to $19,999	37,340	16,925	20,410
$20,000 to $29,999	28,625	13,150	15,475
$30,000 to $39,999	27,935	12,900	15,035
$40,000 to $49,999	27,935	13,260	14,675
$50,000 to $59,999	25,910	13,015	12,900
$60,000 to $69,999	21,735	11,955	9,780
$70,000 to $79,999	17,190	10,035	7,155
$80,000 to $89,999	14,150	8,760	5,395
$90,000 to $99,999	12,455	7,100	5,350
$100,000 and over	34,760	23,375	11,385
$100,000 to $124,999	17,970	11,115	6,855
$125,000 and over	16,795	12,260	4,535
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	469,795	229,020	240,775
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	442,190	214,555	227,630
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	442,320	214,575	227,745
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,200	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	391,120	194,235	196,880
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	43,200	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	323,610	167,380	156,230
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	388,485	185,515	202,970
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,640	1,080	5,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,535	12,225	17,315
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,240	5,760
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	469,795	229,015	240,785
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	442,310	214,705	227,600
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,360	56,650	42,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	442,450	214,735	227,725
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,400	46,480	36,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	391,100	194,240	196,865
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,280	56,550	40,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	323,710	167,255	156,450
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,200	54,800	41,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	388,665	186,050	202,615
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,570	6,340	8,710
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,280	12,030	17,250
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250	6,200	7,970
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	469,795	229,015	240,785
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	150,100	83,210	66,895
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	67,000	54,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,700	78,300	61,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	117,350	54,550	62,805
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	26,400	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,800	37,600	28,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	90.4	81.8
Employment income (%)	71.4	75.4	66.6
Government transfers (%)	13.5	9.7	18.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	222,810	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	62,110	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	160,695	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	222,805	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	62,080	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	160,725	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	222,810	...	...
Under $5,000	2,495	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,110	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,580	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,875	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,145	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,705	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,205	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,740	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,290	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,990	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,980	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,325	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,495	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,370	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,530	...	...
$100,000 and over	92,975	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	26,750	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	19,745	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	24,405	...	...
$200,000 and over	22,075	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	222,810	...	...
Under $5,000	2,695	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,145	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,675	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,055	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,680	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,710	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,400	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,035	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,505	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,370	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,615	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,905	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	16,515	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	15,575	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	13,795	...	...
$100,000 and over	75,130	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	27,315	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	18,455	...	...
$150,000 and over	29,365	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	154,140	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	52,205	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	69,200	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	27,405	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	84,400	41,530	42,865
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,000	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	34,800	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	153,995	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	51,910	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	69,325	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	27,225	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	84,250	41,425	42,820
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,650	68,200	45,520
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,000	60,750	39,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	560,915	275,900	285,020
0 to 17 years	109,880	56,615	53,265
0 to 5 years	35,170	18,075	17,090
18 to 64 years	352,465	174,480	177,980
65 years and over	98,575	44,805	53,770
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	60,275	28,195	32,085
0 to 17 years	14,275	7,245	7,030
0 to 5 years	4,815	2,450	2,365
18 to 64 years	34,200	16,510	17,690
65 years and over	11,805	4,440	7,365
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	10.2	11.3
0 to 17 years (%)	13.0	12.8	13.2
0 to 5 years (%)	13.7	13.6	13.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.5	9.9
65 years and over (%)	12.0	9.9	13.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	560,920	275,895	285,015
0 to 17 years	109,875	56,615	53,265
0 to 5 years	35,170	18,075	17,090
18 to 64 years	352,465	174,480	177,985
65 years and over	98,575	44,800	53,770
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	34,935	17,940	17,000
0 to 17 years	6,555	3,335	3,215
0 to 5 years	2,260	1,155	1,105
18 to 64 years	25,185	13,295	11,885
65 years and over	3,200	1,310	1,895
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.5	6.0
0 to 17 years (%)	6.0	5.9	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	6.4	6.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	7.6	6.7
65 years and over (%)	3.3	2.9	3.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	560,915	275,900	285,020
In bottom half of the distribution	271,295	130,530	140,765
In bottom decile	54,340	26,590	27,755
In second decile	54,355	24,855	29,495
In third decile	54,115	26,060	28,060
In fourth decile	54,440	26,530	27,905
In fifth decile	54,050	26,505	27,545
In top half of the distribution	289,615	145,365	144,255
In sixth decile	56,765	28,065	28,700
In seventh decile	57,815	28,840	28,970
In eighth decile	59,610	29,900	29,705
In ninth decile	60,825	30,675	30,155
In top decile	54,610	27,890	26,725
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	560,920	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.332	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.453	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.292	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	563,820	277,035	286,780
English only	520,350	258,685	261,665
French only	410	190	220
English and French	32,630	14,060	18,570
Neither English nor French	10,435	4,110	6,325
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	563,820	277,035	286,780
English	545,085	269,080	276,005
French	6,410	2,950	3,460
English and French	2,195	1,050	1,145
Neither English nor French	10,130	3,960	6,170
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	563,820	277,035	286,780
Single responses	542,005	266,405	275,600
Official languages	408,935	202,570	206,370
English	402,740	199,720	203,020
French	6,195	2,850	3,345
Non-official languages	133,065	63,835	69,230
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	30
Algonquian languages	30	15	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	10	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	20	5	10
Cayuga	5	5	0
Mohawk	10	5	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	133,015	63,805	69,205
Afro-Asiatic languages	17,595	8,865	8,730
Berber languages	20	10	10
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	10	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	30	15	20
Hausa	30	15	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	0	5
Cushitic languages	1,260	590	675
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	50	25	25
Somali	1,215	560	650
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	16,280	8,255	8,025
Amharic	245	115	125
Arabic	12,560	6,405	6,155
Aramaic languages	3,000	1,485	1,520
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,535	1,250	1,290
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	385	195	190
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	40	35
Harari	5	5	0
Hebrew	165	95	70
Maltese	90	40	50
Tigrigna	210	105	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,370	2,015	2,355
Khmer (Cambodian)	795	365	430
Vietnamese	3,570	1,645	1,925
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	6,145	2,505	3,645
Bikol	20	10	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	35	50
Cebuano	185	65	120
Fijian	5	5	5
Hiligaynon	75	25	45
Ilocano	385	155	230
Indonesian	105	45	60
Kankanaey	10	5	10
Kinaray-a	10	5	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	25	5	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	25	40
Pangasinan	20	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,095	2,095	2,995
Waray-Waray	25	5	15
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30
Creole languages	345	165	180
Haitian Creole	150	70	80
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	10
Krio	10	0	10
Morisyen	25	15	5
Sango	10	5	10
Creole, n.o.s.	90	40	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Dravidian languages	2,140	1,085	1,055
Kannada	60	30	30
Malayalam	1,115	570	545
Tamil	665	315	355
Telugu	285	165	120
Tulu	5	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Georgian	15	10	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	86,040	41,445	44,595
Albanian	1,310	635	670
Armenian	310	165	145
Balto-Slavic languages	22,790	10,505	12,285
Baltic languages	590	240	350
Latvian	235	95	140
Lithuanian	355	145	215
Slavic languages	22,195	10,265	11,930
Belarusian	5	5	5
Bulgarian	145	75	75
Czech	745	330	420
Macedonian	415	185	230
Polish	6,665	2,980	3,690
Russian	1,650	710	940
Rusyn	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	10,350	5,040	5,315
Bosnian	965	475	490
Croatian	4,085	1,925	2,160
Serbian	5,195	2,580	2,615
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	115	60	55
Slovak	375	155	215
Slovene (Slovenian)	440	190	250
Ukrainian	1,365	585	775
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
Celtic languages	35	20	15
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5
Welsh	15	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Germanic languages	5,390	2,410	2,980
Frisian	60	25	35
High German languages	2,855	1,255	1,595
German	2,790	1,225	1,565
Pennsylvania German	5	0	0
Swiss German	40	20	20
Yiddish	25	15	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,260	1,030	1,230
Afrikaans	180	80	95
Dutch	2,015	920	1,095
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	25	10	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	20
Scandinavian languages	205	90	110
Danish	120	55	60
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	20	10	10
Swedish	60	25	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Greek	1,360	690	665
Indo-Iranian languages	23,320	12,090	11,230
Indo-Aryan languages	18,645	9,725	8,925
Assamese	5	5	0
Bengali	1,365	695	675
Gujarati	2,970	1,760	1,215
Hindi	1,830	945	885
Kacchi	35	15	20
Kashmiri	5	5	5
Konkani	55	25	30
Marathi	145	70	70
Nepali	325	180	150
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	10	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,280	3,205	3,075
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	105	55	50
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	320	155	165
Urdu	5,150	2,580	2,565
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20
Iranian languages	4,670	2,360	2,310
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,225	640	590
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	320	175	145
Persian languages	3,110	1,545	1,565
Dari	1,340	660	685
Iranian Persian	1,415	720	695
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	355	165	190
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	31,530	14,930	16,600
Catalan	15	10	10
Italian	12,490	5,840	6,650
Portuguese	7,405	3,595	3,815
Romanian	1,605	770	835
Spanish	9,930	4,670	5,255
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Japanese	255	65	185
Korean	1,665	750	915
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	1,870	885	985
Akan (Twi)	265	135	130
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	35	15	20
Éwé	20	10	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	15	10
Ga	15	5	10
Ganda	45	25	20
Gikuyu	35	10	20
Igbo	105	60	45
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	65	60
Lingala	45	15	30
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	5	10
Ndebele	40	15	20
Rundi (Kirundi)	80	35	45
Shona	185	80	105
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	10	10
Swahili	420	195	230
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	5	0
Yoruba	225	110	120
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	160	70	90
Nilo-Saharan languages	150	75	75
Dinka	10	5	10
Nuer	30	20	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50
African, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Sign languages	110	50	60
American Sign Language	100	50	55
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,555	4,185	4,365
Chinese languages	8,145	3,980	4,170
Hakka	35	15	15
Mandarin	5,215	2,570	2,640
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	65	80
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	15
Yue (Cantonese)	2,565	1,220	1,345
Chinese, n.o.s.	150	80	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	405	205	200
Burmese	85	35	45
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	295	150	145
S'gaw Karen	230	120	120
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Tibetan	10	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	520	240	280
Lao	285	140	145
Thai	225	95	130
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Turkic languages	990	510	480
Azerbaijani	70	40	35
Kazakh	10	5	5
Turkish	835	430	405
Uyghur	25	15	10
Uzbek	10	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Uralic languages	2,220	955	1,265
Estonian	165	70	95
Finnish	60	30	30
Hungarian	1,995	855	1,135
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Multiple responses	21,815	10,630	11,180
English and French	2,080	975	1,105
English and non-official language(s)	17,315	8,550	8,765
French and non-official language(s)	430	190	240
English, French and non-official language(s)	370	165	205
Multiple non-official languages	1,625	750	870
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	563,820	277,035	286,780
English	423,410	209,645	213,765
French	1,415	685	725
Non-official language	35,655	16,660	18,995
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	35,650	16,660	18,990
English and French	4,660	2,045	2,620
English and non-official language(s)	92,975	45,410	47,565
French and non-official language(s)	270	115	150
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,735	1,205	1,540
Multiple non-official languages	2,695	1,270	1,425
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	563,820	277,035	286,780
Single responses	541,790	266,400	275,390
Official languages	471,455	232,630	238,820
English	469,285	231,625	237,660
French	2,170	1,010	1,155
Non-official languages	70,340	33,765	36,575
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	15
Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5
Cayuga	10	5	5
Mohawk	5	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	70,320	33,760	36,555
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,890	5,825	6,060
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	5	0	5
Tamazight	5	5	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	20	15	10
Hausa	20	15	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	5	5
Cushitic languages	885	385	495
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	25	15	15
Somali	860	375	480
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10,970	5,415	5,550
Amharic	100	45	55
Arabic	8,270	4,110	4,160
Aramaic languages	2,375	1,145	1,230
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	2,045	985	1,060
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	275	135	145
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55	30	25
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	75	40	35
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	135	75	65
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,895	1,310	1,590
Khmer (Cambodian)	460	200	260
Vietnamese	2,440	1,115	1,325
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,205	1,450	1,750
Bikol	20	10	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Cebuano	100	45	55
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10
Ilocano	205	85	125
Indonesian	35	15	15
Kankanaey	10	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	25	25
Pangasinan	5	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,705	1,235	1,465
Waray-Waray	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Creole languages	200	85	115
Haitian Creole	80	40	40
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0
Krio	10	5	5
Morisyen	20	15	10
Sango	15	5	10
Creole, n.o.s.	45	15	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
Dravidian languages	1,345	680	665
Kannada	25	10	15
Malayalam	715	375	340
Tamil	420	190	230
Telugu	180	100	85
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	40,985	19,650	21,330
Albanian	685	320	360
Armenian	125	60	65
Balto-Slavic languages	10,140	4,785	5,355
Baltic languages	115	40	70
Latvian	45	15	30
Lithuanian	65	25	40
Slavic languages	10,025	4,740	5,285
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	25	30
Czech	375	175	200
Macedonian	160	65	90
Polish	2,815	1,315	1,500
Russian	950	435	515
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	5,095	2,470	2,630
Bosnian	545	275	270
Croatian	1,610	735	875
Serbian	2,900	1,440	1,465
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Slovak	95	45	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	105	45	65
Ukrainian	355	160	195
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Celtic languages	20	10	5
Irish	10	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	445	195	250
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	260	115	140
German	255	115	140
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	75	95
Afrikaans	90	40	50
Dutch	80	30	45
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10
Danish	5	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	535	240	300
Indo-Iranian languages	15,395	7,920	7,475
Indo-Aryan languages	12,545	6,480	6,055
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	830	405	425
Gujarati	2,165	1,280	885
Hindi	1,045	545	500
Kacchi	15	5	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	5
Marathi	65	35	35
Nepali	225	120	105
Oriya languages	10	5	0
Odia	5	0	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,500	2,300	2,205
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	65	35	30
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175	85	95
Urdu	3,405	1,665	1,745
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Iranian languages	2,850	1,435	1,420
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	720	380	340
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	195	105	85
Persian languages	1,935	950	985
Dari	805	405	405
Iranian Persian	875	440	435
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	255	110	140
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,650	6,120	7,525
Catalan	10	5	0
Italian	3,810	1,475	2,335
Portuguese	3,275	1,570	1,705
Romanian	745	355	385
Spanish	5,795	2,710	3,085
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	100	40	55
Korean	1,150	520	635
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	670	295	375
Akan (Twi)	105	50	60
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	5
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	35	20	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20
Lingala	10	5	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	5
Ndebele	15	5	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	20
Shona	65	30	35
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0
Swahili	205	90	115
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	70	30	40
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	40	35
Dinka	5	0	0
Nuer	15	15	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	235	135	95
American Sign Language	175	90	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	45	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,930	2,960	2,970
Chinese languages	5,650	2,825	2,830
Hakka	10	5	0
Mandarin	3,840	1,985	1,860
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	40	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	10
Yue (Cantonese)	1,600	735	865
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	45	45
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	280	140	145
Burmese	60	25	35
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	210	105	105
S'gaw Karen	160	80	85
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	340	165	175
Lao	170	85	85
Thai	160	80	85
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	560	270	290
Azerbaijani	25	10	20
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	510	255	260
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Uralic languages	725	315	405
Estonian	15	5	5
Finnish	5	0	5
Hungarian	710	310	395
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Multiple responses	22,030	10,635	11,390
English and French	880	390	490
English and non-official language(s)	20,345	9,875	10,470
French and non-official language(s)	120	55	65
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	120	160
Multiple non-official languages	400	195	205
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	563,820	277,035	286,780
None	479,115	236,000	243,120
English	28,655	14,130	14,530
French	3,895	1,710	2,180
Non-official language	42,545	20,480	22,065
Indigenous³⁹	75	30	45
Non-Indigenous	42,465	20,450	22,020
English and French	380	180	205
English and non-official language(s)	3,880	1,940	1,945
French and non-official language(s)	1,280	530	745
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	50	30
Multiple non-official languages	3,985	2,020	1,960
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	560,915	275,895	285,020
Official languages	550,630	271,820	278,805
English	550,185	271,650	278,535
French	32,885	14,015	18,865
Non-official languages	177,580	85,870	91,710
Indigenous languages³⁹	250	90	160
Algonquian languages	80	15	65
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	65	10	55
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	60	10	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	10	50
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	15	10
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	20	15	10
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	130	50	80
Cayuga	45	20	20
Mohawk	95	25	70
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	15	0
Non-Indigenous languages	177,370	85,800	91,570
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,420	12,305	12,120
Berber languages	70	25	45
Kabyle	50	15	35
Tamazight	10	0	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	125	55	75
Hausa	125	55	75
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	45	25	25
Cushitic languages	1,930	920	1,010
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	160	70	90
Somali	1,815	860	955
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	22,525	11,415	11,115
Amharic	375	180	195
Arabic	19,205	9,760	9,450
Aramaic languages	3,975	1,960	2,015
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,295	1,615	1,675
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	555	275	280
Aramaic, n.o.s.	180	95	85
Harari	10	0	10
Hebrew	640	340	300
Maltese	145	80	70
Tigrigna	260	140	115
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,560	2,630	2,930
Khmer (Cambodian)	970	450	520
Vietnamese	4,635	2,205	2,430
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	8,810	3,745	5,070
Bikol	25	15	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	20	50
Cebuano	365	145	220
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	80	35	40
Ilocano	740	335	410
Indonesian	120	55	65
Kankanaey	20	10	10
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	85	45	40
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	120	45	75
Pangasinan	75	20	55
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,370	3,550	4,825
Waray-Waray	35	10	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	295	135	165
Creole languages	1,180	590	595
Haitian Creole	345	180	165
Jamaican English Creole	175	90	80
Krio	40	20	15
Morisyen	45	30	20
Sango	75	15	60
Creole, n.o.s.	350	165	180
Creole languages, n.i.e.	220	120	100
Dravidian languages	3,160	1,555	1,605
Kannada	210	100	110
Malayalam	1,365	665	700
Tamil	1,310	650	660
Telugu	640	360	280
Tulu	20	10	10
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	116,085	56,610	59,475
Albanian	1,775	885	880
Armenian	410	205	210
Balto-Slavic languages	28,630	13,305	15,325
Baltic languages	675	240	435
Latvian	265	115	150
Lithuanian	410	130	280
Slavic languages	28,010	13,080	14,925
Belarusian	50	15	30
Bulgarian	190	110	80
Czech	1,035	510	525
Macedonian	590	235	350
Polish	8,515	3,830	4,685
Russian	2,970	1,365	1,605
Rusyn	10	10	0
Serbo-Croatian	13,130	6,345	6,785
Bosnian	1,680	850	830
Croatian	6,050	2,900	3,155
Serbian	7,040	3,440	3,600
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	155	85	70
Slovak	515	245	265
Slovene (Slovenian)	630	255	380
Ukrainian	2,175	935	1,235
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25
Celtic languages	150	60	85
Irish	80	35	45
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Welsh	25	15	15
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Germanic languages	9,005	4,275	4,730
Frisian	145	45	95
High German languages	5,570	2,705	2,865
German	5,500	2,670	2,830
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	60	30	30
Yiddish	40	25	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,115	1,450	1,665
Afrikaans	430	215	215
Dutch	2,585	1,190	1,395
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	30	15	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	75	40	35
Scandinavian languages	410	190	225
Danish	205	95	110
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	90	45	45
Swedish	170	55	115
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Greek	2,445	1,235	1,210
Indo-Iranian languages	31,905	16,565	15,340
Indo-Aryan languages	26,500	13,815	12,690
Assamese	15	15	0
Bengali	1,980	1,030	945
Gujarati	3,860	2,245	1,615
Hindi	9,930	5,315	4,625
Kacchi	130	65	65
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	75	40	40
Marathi	310	155	160
Nepali	395	180	215
Oriya languages	30	15	15
Odia	15	15	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10,420	5,485	4,935
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	190	95	95
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	455	225	230
Urdu	8,655	4,290	4,365
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	170	100	75
Iranian languages	5,890	2,985	2,910
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	1,715	920	795
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	495	295	200
Persian languages	3,950	1,940	2,010
Dari	1,810	860	955
Iranian Persian	1,885	990	895
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	350	140	210
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35
Italic (Romance) languages	44,765	21,575	23,190
Catalan	30	20	10
Italian	18,250	8,915	9,340
Portuguese	9,945	4,870	5,075
Romanian	2,215	1,055	1,155
Spanish	15,850	7,500	8,350
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	155	110	45
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10
Japanese	930	445	485
Korean	2,015	890	1,135
Mongolian	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	4,870	2,175	2,695
Akan (Twi)	530	240	285
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	95	30	65
Éwé	45	30	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	25	30
Ga	90	40	45
Ganda	145	65	85
Gikuyu	60	30	30
Igbo	415	180	235
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200	90	110
Lingala	350	165	195
Luba-Kasai	30	10	20
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	10	0	0
Ndebele	80	40	35
Rundi (Kirundi)	225	85	140
Shona	345	150	190
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	25	15
Swahili	1,230	495	735
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	10	15
Yoruba	1,130	540	590
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	565	260	310
Nilo-Saharan languages	215	115	100
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	25	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	190	100	85
African, n.o.s.	45	25	20
Sign languages	855	375	480
American Sign Language	720	310	410
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	170	90	70
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,240	5,200	5,040
Chinese languages	9,745	4,970	4,775
Hakka	70	45	30
Mandarin	6,825	3,455	3,370
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	215	110	105
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	20
Yue (Cantonese)	3,745	1,890	1,860
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	55	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	500	235	265
Burmese	105	40	65
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	350	165	190
S'gaw Karen	305	150	150
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	10	35
Tibetan	45	25	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	745	380	365
Lao	485	225	260
Thai	315	175	140
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,690	875	820
Azerbaijani	145	75	65
Kazakh	20	0	15
Turkish	1,485	765	725
Uyghur	65	40	30
Uzbek	30	15	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Uralic languages	2,780	1,245	1,535
Estonian	155	65	95
Finnish	105	45	65
Hungarian	2,515	1,135	1,375
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	20	40
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	560,915	275,895	285,020
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,520	5,555	6,960
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,875	5,260	6,610
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,555	3,740	4,820
Métis	3,205	1,490	1,715
Inuk (Inuit)	120	35	75
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	185	100	85
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	460	190	265
Non-Indigenous identity	548,395	270,340	278,055
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	560,915	275,895	285,020
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,630	1,965	2,670
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	556,285	273,935	282,350
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	222,805	...	...
Owner	146,410	...	...
Renter	76,400	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	222,805	...	...
Condominium	24,715	...	...
Not condominium	198,090	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	222,805	...	...
No bedrooms	1,710	...	...
1 bedroom	32,400	...	...
2 bedrooms	46,450	...	...
3 bedrooms	87,970	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	54,285	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	222,805	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	59,720	...	...
5 rooms	32,115	...	...
6 rooms	33,885	...	...
7 rooms	29,990	...	...
8 or more rooms	67,090	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	222,805	...	...
One person or fewer per room	217,400	...	...
More than one person per room	5,410	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	222,805	...	...
Suitable	208,980	...	...
Not suitable	13,825	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	222,805	...	...
1960 or before	73,110	...	...
1961 to 1980	62,560	...	...
1981 to 1990	24,990	...	...
1991 to 2000	21,365	...	...
2001 to 2005	10,395	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,470	...	...
2011 to 2015	10,035	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,880	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	222,805	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	208,115	...	...
Major repairs needed	14,690	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	222,805	...	...
One-maintainer household	111,335	...	...
Two-maintainer household	100,050	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	11,425	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	222,805	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,070	...	...
25 to 34 years	31,165	...	...
35 to 44 years	37,845	...	...
45 to 54 years	39,770	...	...
55 to 64 years	45,975	...	...
65 to 74 years	35,140	...	...
75 to 84 years	19,640	...	...
85 years and over	8,210	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	221,115	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	169,815	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	51,305	...	...
30% to less than 100%	46,570	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	222,805	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	72,120	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	44,970	...	...
Not suitable only	10,135	...	...
Major repairs needed only	9,570	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,330	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,755	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,115	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	250	...	...
Acceptable housing	150,685	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	216,390	...	...
In core need	28,055	...	...
Not in core need	188,335	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	145,955	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,606	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	752,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	76,345	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	13.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	37.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,120	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,233	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	560,915	275,895	285,015
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,280	1,805	2,475
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,205	1,770	2,440
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,650	1,500	2,150
Métis single ancestry	545	265	280
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	75	35	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60	30	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	12,685	5,790	6,890
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	12,305	5,640	6,665
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,965	4,575	5,390
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,285	1,055	1,225
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	10	50
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	380	155	225
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	345	150	190
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	25
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	543,950	268,300	275,645
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	560,920	275,900	285,020
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	515,585	253,005	262,580
Canadian citizens aged under 18	103,540	53,195	50,340
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	412,045	199,805	212,235
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	45,335	22,895	22,440
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	560,920	275,900	285,020
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	402,725	199,210	203,520
Immigrants⁸¹	145,550	69,580	75,965
Before 1980	40,080	18,955	21,130
1980 to 1990	17,010	8,365	8,645
1991 to 2000	25,760	12,200	13,560
2001 to 2010	28,030	13,215	14,815
2011 to 2021⁸²	34,665	16,845	17,820
2011 to 2015	14,520	6,970	7,555
2016 to 2021	20,145	9,880	10,265
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,640	7,110	5,535
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	145,545	69,580	75,970
Under 5 years	15,455	7,855	7,605
5 to 14 years	29,435	14,690	14,750
15 to 24 years	31,895	14,565	17,325
25 to 44 years	57,530	27,310	30,220
45 years and over	11,230	5,160	6,070
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	145,545	69,580	75,970
Americas	19,750	9,215	10,540
Brazil	480	220	255
Colombia	1,935	900	1,030
El Salvador	1,810	910	895
Guyana	1,425	635	790
Haiti	285	150	135
Jamaica	3,355	1,640	1,715
Mexico	760	355	410
Peru	250	105	140
Trinidad and Tobago	1,345	590	755
United States of America	4,040	1,720	2,320
Other places of birth in Americas	4,075	1,975	2,100
Europe	56,750	27,035	29,715
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,575	1,205	1,370
Croatia	4,040	2,025	2,015
France	415	205	215
Germany	2,630	1,305	1,325
Greece	1,105	535	575
Hungary	1,150	535	615
Italy	8,900	4,415	4,485
Netherlands	2,080	1,080	1,000
Poland	5,395	2,375	3,025
Portugal	5,480	2,625	2,855
Romania	1,830	855	980
Russian Federation	735	300	430
Serbia⁸⁶	2,015	995	1,020
Ukraine	855	335	515
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,200	5,770	6,430
Other places of birth in Europe	5,335	2,480	2,860
Africa	11,325	5,520	5,805
Algeria	150	80	70
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	715	255	455
Egypt	1,155	660	490
Eritrea	200	115	80
Ethiopia	500	225	275
Morocco	210	110	100
Nigeria	1,755	840	920
Somalia	960	420	540
South Africa, Republic of	895	480	415
Other places of birth in Africa	4,790	2,335	2,455
Asia	57,220	27,575	29,645
Afghanistan	1,320	650	670
Iran⁸⁸	1,445	745	705
Iraq	5,715	2,830	2,890
Lebanon	1,185	620	565
Syria⁸⁹	3,565	1,810	1,755
Turkey	655	320	340
China⁹⁰	4,100	1,895	2,200
Hong Kong⁹¹	750	370	385
Korea, South⁹²	1,245	570	675
Taiwan	275	105	165
Philippines	8,255	3,480	4,770
Viet Nam	3,375	1,510	1,860
Bangladesh	1,185	645	540
India	10,930	5,575	5,360
Pakistan	5,295	2,680	2,620
Sri Lanka	755	360	400
Other places of birth in Asia	7,160	3,410	3,750
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	505	240	270
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	20,145	9,880	10,270
Americas	2,560	1,260	1,300
Brazil	185	80	110
Colombia	325	145	180
Haiti	35	15	20
Jamaica	520	280	245
Mexico	120	80	45
United States of America	615	305	310
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	35	55
Other places of birth in Americas	675	330	345
Europe	1,815	975	835
France	90	40	50
Germany	50	25	30
Ireland⁹⁶	60	45	20
Italy	25	15	10
Russian Federation	75	35	45
Ukraine	110	50	60
United Kingdom⁸⁷	340	220	125
Other places of birth in Europe	1,060	550	505
Africa	3,175	1,510	1,665
Algeria	70	35	35
Burundi	120	65	60
Cameroon	70	35	30
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	260	110	150
Côte d'Ivoire	30	15	20
Egypt	250	135	115
Eritrea	75	45	30
Ethiopia	100	50	55
Morocco	45	15	30
Nigeria	915	415	505
Somalia	230	95	135
South Africa, Republic of	145	100	50
Sudan⁹⁷	285	110	175
Tunisia	30	15	10
Other places of birth in Africa	560	280	285
Asia	12,530	6,100	6,435
Afghanistan	220	105	115
Bangladesh	165	100	70
China⁹⁰	580	270	310
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15
India	3,205	1,650	1,555
Iran⁸⁸	125	50	70
Iraq	905	400	510
Israel	25	0	20
Japan	15	0	15
Jordan	215	110	100
Korea, South⁹²	145	75	75
Lebanon	175	90	85
Nepal	70	25	45
Pakistan	665	330	335
Philippines	1,790	815	975
Saudi Arabia	250	135	110
Sri Lanka	55	35	25
Syria⁸⁹	2,645	1,390	1,250
Turkey	170	90	75
United Arab Emirates	225	110	115
Viet Nam	250	75	170
Other places of birth in Asia	615	240	380
Oceania and other⁹³	60	30	35
Australia	35	20	20
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30	15	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	560,915	275,895	285,020
First generation¹⁰⁰	162,645	78,780	83,870
Second generation¹⁰¹	139,670	69,440	70,230
Third generation or more¹⁰²	258,600	127,675	130,925
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	105,470	50,625	54,845
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	41,900	20,975	20,920
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	16,650	10,110	6,535
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	25,250	10,860	14,385
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	30,555	12,960	17,595
Refugees¹⁰⁸	31,240	15,870	15,365
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,775	820	955
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	105,470	50,625	54,845
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	9,635	4,780	4,855
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,575	3,975	4,600
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,420	1,175	1,245
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,795	2,310	2,485
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	755	345	415
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	79,290	38,040	41,245
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	560,915	275,895	285,020
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	140,950	70,135	70,820
South Asian	34,790	18,200	16,590
Chinese	10,945	5,530	5,415
Black	28,415	13,930	14,485
Filipino	11,730	5,330	6,400
Arab	15,490	7,935	7,555
Latin American	11,145	5,345	5,800
Southeast Asian	8,445	4,155	4,290
West Asian	7,365	3,625	3,740
Korean	2,365	1,085	1,285
Japanese	1,160	505	655
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,270	1,620	1,650
Multiple visible minorities	5,825	2,875	2,950
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	419,965	205,760	214,205
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	560,915	275,900	285,020
Canadian	70,105	35,100	35,005
English	111,305	54,205	57,100
Irish	84,385	39,895	44,490
Scottish	90,565	43,070	47,495
French, n.o.s.¹²²	31,355	14,885	16,475
German	44,145	21,900	22,240
Chinese	12,475	6,230	6,250
Italian	61,195	30,775	30,420
Indian (India)	19,105	10,175	8,935
Ukrainian	17,025	8,100	8,925
Dutch	25,080	12,305	12,775
Polish	27,100	12,860	14,240
Québécois	695	320	375
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	22,210	10,700	11,515
Filipino	11,500	5,215	6,280
French Canadian	7,095	3,220	3,880
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,645	3,730	3,915
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,990	2,600	3,390
Métis	3,245	1,500	1,745
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,105	3,605	3,495
Russian	5,575	2,590	2,985
Norwegian	2,475	1,215	1,260
Welsh	9,035	4,385	4,645
Portuguese	16,070	8,075	7,995
American	5,350	2,565	2,795
Spanish	5,930	2,765	3,170
Swedish	2,825	1,190	1,640
Hungarian	10,095	4,860	5,235
Acadian	1,410	590	820
Pakistani	6,770	3,385	3,385
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,380	2,655	2,725
Jewish	3,355	1,680	1,675
Punjabi	2,795	1,465	1,330
Vietnamese	5,640	2,785	2,855
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	5,855	2,960	2,895
Greek	5,190	2,685	2,505
Jamaican	7,750	3,890	3,865
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,475	1,240	1,235
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	420	175	245
Korean	2,325	1,075	1,255
Romanian	4,620	2,145	2,475
Lebanese	2,265	1,150	1,115
Iranian	1,790	890	900
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,090	1,530	1,555
Danish	2,020	1,000	1,020
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,840	1,325	1,515
Sikh	1,780	955	820
Austrian	3,095	1,475	1,625
Belgian	1,660	870	795
Haitian	440	240	195
Hindu	1,990	1,055	930
Mexican	1,725	865	860
Mennonite	580	290	290
Swiss	1,715	805	910
Finnish	1,910	935	975
Sri Lankan	1,005	475	530
Croatian	9,145	4,455	4,685
Japanese	1,560	695	865
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,530	700	830
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	825	330	495
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,380	685	695
Muslim	2,390	1,235	1,155
Egyptian	1,765	935	830
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,155	1,040	1,115
Tamil	440	215	220
Icelandic	530	265	270
Colombian	2,145	965	1,180
Moroccan	305	175	130
Czech	2,200	1,090	1,115
Syrian	2,775	1,450	1,325
Guyanese	2,170	1,090	1,080
Afghan	2,195	1,050	1,145
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,695	810	885
Serbian	7,990	4,005	3,975
Ojibway	990	435	555
Newfoundlander	1,005	480	525
Hong Konger	340	180	160
Ontarian	2,240	1,120	1,120
Persian	935	475	465
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,760	770	990
Turkish	1,470	685	790
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	125	25	100
Bangladeshi	1,215	625	590
Algerian	140	90	45
Brazilian	960	470	490
Nigerian	1,540	760	785
Armenian	1,030	480	545
Slovak	1,910	985	925
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,340	635	705
Somali	1,840	860	980
Taiwanese	300	155	150
Iraqi	3,230	1,610	1,620
Salvadorean	2,175	1,035	1,140
African Caribbean	970	435	535
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	655	305	350
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,970	965	1,005
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	900	480	425
Algonquin	325	125	205
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	815	380	435
Lithuanian	2,115	940	1,170
South African	920	510	410
Australian	670	335	335
Palestinian	1,835	915	920
Chilean	480	230	245
Congolese	710	310	400
Nova Scotian	535	230	300
Ethiopian	700	340	355
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,010	455	555
Peruvian	325	150	175
Yoruba	880	410	470
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,395	695	700
Berber	140	55	85
Albanian	1,430	720	715
Maltese	1,160	610	550
Macedonian	1,020	465	555
Slovenian	2,095	1,050	1,045
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	480	235	245
New Brunswicker	250	130	120
Gujarati	600	340	260
Eritrean	85	45	35
African Canadian	745	370	375
Israeli	310	165	145
Mohawk	1,330	640	685
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	615	315	300
Bulgarian	440	210	230
Albertan	50	20	30
Ghanaian	815	385	425
Barbadian	760	400	360
African American	925	435	490
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,060	485	580
Tunisian	115	60	55
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	610	295	315
Cuban	835	470	370
Bosnian	2,095	1,035	1,060
Venezuelan	405	195	210
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	0	10
Latvian	770	350	420
Bengali	420	215	205
Cameroonian	190	100	90
Guatemalan	565	245	325
Indonesian	230	90	145
Laotian	630	285	345
Ilocano	245	110	135
Northern Irish	670	320	350
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	390	205	185
British Columbian	10	0	10
Ecuadorian	345	185	165
Franco Ontarian	210	105	110
Argentinian	560	265	300
Estonian	775	365	410
Kurdish	1,640	835	805
Fijian	85	45	40
Jatt	170	95	75
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	215	100	115
Coptic	420	230	195
Thai	510	265	245
Dominican	420	215	205
Nepali	285	130	155
Kabyle	60	30	35
Assyrian	2,825	1,375	1,450
Igbo	510	225	285
Byelorussian	260	110	145
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	115	75	40
Abenaki	20	0	20
Moldovan	30	20	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	395	185	210
New Zealander	235	125	110
Sudanese	785	415	370
Breton	20	10	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	625	280	345
Malaysian	180	55	125
Plains Cree	20	10	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	165	75	95
Huron (Wendat)	20	0	15
Saskatchewanian	60	15	40
Buddhist	165	80	85
Gaspesian	30	10	20
Norman	70	40	30
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	345	205	145
Ivorian	60	20	40
Saulteaux	20	10	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	50	85
Burundian	165	65	100
Tigrinya	55	30	30
Nicaraguan	280	115	165
Mauritian	70	35	40
Kenyan	290	125	160
Oji-Cree	20	10	10
Vincentian	180	65	110
Jordanian	675	340	335
Manitoban	25	0	20
Cape Bretoner	145	75	70
Rwandan	115	45	70
Grenadian	300	205	95
Malayali	225	95	125
Chaldean	525	275	245
Sinhalese	200	95	110
Mayan	265	125	135
Honduran	335	170	170
Cherokee	225	95	125
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	30	20
Indo-Caribbean	150	75	75
Flemish	165	95	75
United Empire Loyalist	405	215	190
Senegalese	20	15	0
Azerbaijani	160	70	90
Sicilian	690	345	350
Pashtun	195	105	85
Malay	70	45	20
Goan	130	55	75
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	40	35
Tibetan	45	30	10
Zimbabwean	415	195	220
Burmese	310	140	165
Mongolian	70	30	45
Azorean	370	200	170
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	35	25	15
Indo-Guyanese	75	40	40
Ugandan	220	100	120
Oromo	95	35	60
Tanzanian	155	80	70
Yemeni	300	145	150
Central African	220	75	140
Libyan	185	110	75
Basque	35	20	15
Uruguayan	115	60	60
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	175	85	95
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	105	50	55
Igorot	145	75	75
Fulani	20	15	10
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	55	25	30
St. Lucian	120	75	45
Prince Edward Islander	105	50	60
Maliseet	65	30	30
Beninese	20	15	10
Telugu	50	40	15
Roma	350	165	195
Costa Rican	65	25	35
African Nova Scotian	40	15	25
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	180	115	60
Singaporean	35	10	20
Karen	330	170	160
Edo	75	30	40
Tajik	150	75	75
Amhara	25	10	20
Paraguayan	10	0	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	560,915	275,895	285,020
Buddhist	4,765	2,205	2,560
Christian	309,780	144,770	165,010
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	41,245	19,570	21,670
Anabaptist	840	410	430
Anglican	21,295	9,420	11,875
Baptist	7,200	3,290	3,915
Catholic	162,525	77,020	85,505
Christian Orthodox	16,415	7,975	8,440
Jehovah's Witness	2,270	960	1,315
Latter Day Saints	710	325	385
Lutheran	3,160	1,350	1,815
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,010	465	545
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	6,480	2,900	3,580
Presbyterian	9,640	4,360	5,280
Reformed	4,760	2,420	2,340
United Church	19,525	8,425	11,105
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	12,700	5,880	6,820
Hindu	10,200	5,385	4,815
Jewish	3,045	1,500	1,545
Muslim	37,980	18,900	19,080
Sikh	7,270	3,860	3,410
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	375	140	240
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,535	1,475	2,055
No religion and secular perspectives	183,965	97,665	86,300
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	555,450	273,075	282,375
Non-movers	495,370	243,215	252,160
Movers	60,080	29,860	30,220
Non-migrants	35,395	17,565	17,835
Migrants	24,685	12,300	12,385
Internal migrants	21,580	10,750	10,830
Intraprovincial migrants	20,000	9,995	10,005
Interprovincial migrants	1,580	755	825
External migrants	3,105	1,555	1,550
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	531,870	260,730	271,140
Non-movers	341,760	167,075	174,685
Movers	190,115	93,655	96,460
Non-migrants	96,295	47,350	48,945
Migrants	93,820	46,305	47,515
Internal migrants	69,700	33,865	35,830
Intraprovincial migrants	62,530	30,355	32,175
Interprovincial migrants	7,165	3,510	3,660
External migrants	24,125	12,440	11,685
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,795	229,015	240,785
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	88,770	44,785	43,990
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	381,025	184,230	196,795
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,410	148,745	154,665
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,835	19,280	16,560
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	267,570	129,465	138,105
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	469,795	229,015	240,780
No certificate, diploma or degree	80,780	40,260	40,515
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	131,010	66,735	64,275
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	258,000	122,010	135,990
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	139,515	68,780	70,730
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,335	18,895	7,440
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,585	7,790	4,800
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,745	11,105	2,640
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	103,665	45,455	58,210
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,515	4,430	5,085
Bachelor's degree or higher	118,490	53,230	65,260
Bachelor's degree	78,510	34,290	44,215
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,210	2,980	4,230
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,750	1,865	1,890
Master's degree	24,145	11,120	13,020
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,875	2,970	1,905
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,405	148,745	154,660
No certificate, diploma or degree	31,520	17,095	14,430
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	74,815	40,435	34,375
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	197,070	91,215	105,855
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	103,130	50,255	52,880
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,895	11,940	4,950
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,190	5,015	3,175
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,705	6,920	1,780
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	79,495	35,165	44,335
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,740	3,150	3,590
Bachelor's degree or higher	93,940	40,960	52,980
Bachelor's degree	61,395	26,365	35,030
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,690	2,215	3,475
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,970	1,300	1,665
Master's degree	20,065	8,850	11,220
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,820	2,235	1,590
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	469,795	229,010	240,780
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	211,795	107,000	104,790
Education	14,205	3,475	10,730
13. Education	14,205	3,475	10,730
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,910	4,600	5,310
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,055	735	320
50. Visual and performing arts	8,855	3,860	4,990
Humanities	15,570	6,090	9,480
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,250	290	955
23. English language and literature/letters	4,085	1,240	2,845
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,985	1,375	2,605
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	540	175	365
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,335	750	580
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,310	790	525
54. History	2,420	1,355	1,070
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650	105	545
Social and behavioural sciences and law	34,295	11,410	22,890
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	420	90	330
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,285	1,835	2,455
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,010	465	5,545
22. Legal professions and studies	4,395	1,355	3,045
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,090	320	765
42. Psychology	4,755	1,250	3,510
45. Social sciences	13,335	6,095	7,240
Business, management and public administration	49,115	20,470	28,650
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	30	45
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,240	920	4,315
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	43,800	19,515	24,285
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,610	5,495	6,115
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,280	2,270	3,010
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,420	1,085	1,340
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	235	55	180
40. Physical sciences	3,060	1,905	1,150
41. Science technologies/technicians	615	175	435
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,070	6,690	3,380
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,700	5,480	2,215
25. Library science	610	85	530
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,540	955	585
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	220	165	55
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	51,030	45,875	5,160
04. Architecture and related services	2,415	1,670	750
14. Engineering	12,430	10,000	2,430
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,765	11,430	1,335
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	8,745	8,510	230
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,830	8,635	195
48. Precision production	5,845	5,630	210
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,980	2,055	1,920
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,740	1,335	1,410
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,235	725	510
Health and related fields	43,720	8,685	35,035
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,775	1,935	1,840
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	38,625	6,045	32,580
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	100	20	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,225	685	540
Personal, protective and transportation services	14,370	7,120	7,250
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,595	1,865	5,725
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	35	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	45	0
43. Security and protective services	4,580	3,215	1,370
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,110	1,960	150
Other¹⁷⁹	120	50	75
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	303,405	148,745	154,665
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	106,335	57,530	48,810
Education	10,150	2,405	7,745
13. Education	10,150	2,405	7,745
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,810	3,615	4,190
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	770	545	225
50. Visual and performing arts	7,035	3,070	3,965
Humanities	11,580	4,480	7,100
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	960	210	750
23. English language and literature/letters	3,020	920	2,100
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,050	1,060	1,990
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	390	125	270
38. Philosophy and religious studies	965	540	420
39. Theology and religious vocations	905	540	365
54. History	1,825	1,015	815
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	455	70	390
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,985	8,670	18,320
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	345	60	280
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,745	1,625	2,120
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,600	330	4,270
22. Legal professions and studies	3,540	925	2,615
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	835	240	595
42. Psychology	3,605	850	2,750
45. Social sciences	10,320	4,635	5,685
Business, management and public administration	38,790	15,750	23,045
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	25	40
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,305	725	3,580
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,420	15,000	19,420
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,695	3,975	4,715
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,060	1,760	2,305
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,845	810	1,030
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205	40	170
40. Physical sciences	2,175	1,245	930
41. Science technologies/technicians	405	120	285
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,040	5,435	2,605
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,415	4,605	1,810
25. Library science	380	40	340
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,050	645	405
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190	135	55
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	36,860	32,675	4,185
04. Architecture and related services	1,920	1,315	610
14. Engineering	9,745	7,705	2,035
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,410	8,340	1,075
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	5,725	5,560	165
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,275	6,135	140
48. Precision production	3,780	3,625	160
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,020	1,515	1,505
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,045	930	1,115
03. Natural resources and conservation	975	585	390
Health and related fields	33,790	6,980	26,810
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,085	1,630	1,455
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,720	4,890	24,835
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	95	15	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	890	450	445
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,285	5,695	5,590
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,855	1,485	4,370
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	0
43. Security and protective services	3,750	2,630	1,120
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,615	1,525	95
Other¹⁷⁹	70	25	45
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	303,405	148,745	154,665
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	106,335	57,530	48,810
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	197,070	91,220	105,855
Location of study inside Canada	161,210	74,245	86,960
Same as province or territory of residence	153,930	70,785	83,145
Different than province or territory of residence	7,280	3,460	3,815
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	35,865	16,970	18,890
Americas	8,210	4,015	4,200
United States of America	5,125	2,570	2,555
Mexico	375	140	240
Cuba	250	130	120
Haiti	40	25	15
Jamaica	325	165	155
Brazil	375	175	200
Colombia	740	335	405
Peru	85	35	60
Venezuela⁹⁵	130	50	80
Other locations of study in Americas	765	390	375
Europe	7,800	4,045	3,755
Belgium	45	20	20
France	200	105	95
Germany	265	135	125
Netherlands	120	70	50
Switzerland	65	40	35
Hungary	120	60	65
Moldova¹⁸³	15	10	10
Poland	935	435	500
Romania	545	270	270
Russian Federation	325	125	200
Ukraine	350	160	190
Ireland⁹⁶	185	95	90
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,580	1,400	1,175
Bosnia and Herzegovina	315	165	150
Italy	135	80	50
Serbia⁸⁶	380	200	185
Other locations of study in Europe	1,225	670	555
Africa	2,655	1,300	1,360
Nigeria	740	365	375
Algeria	65	40	25
Morocco	50	20	35
Tunisia	25	20	0
Egypt	605	295	310
South Africa, Republic of	290	160	130
Other locations of study in Africa	885	405	480
Asia	16,480	7,345	9,135
Iran⁸⁸	505	250	250
Iraq	1,010	485	525
Israel	100	55	45
Lebanon	255	140	120
Syria⁸⁹	445	230	220
Turkey	195	85	115
China⁹⁰	1,435	620	815
Taiwan	85	25	70
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	20	20
Japan	115	50	65
Korea, South⁹²	455	170	285
Philippines	3,280	1,175	2,100
Viet Nam	185	75	115
Bangladesh	305	150	155
Sri Lanka	125	65	55
India	5,065	2,500	2,570
Pakistan	1,615	685	925
Other locations of study in Asia	1,265	580	685
Oceania	710	265	445
Australia	615	225	390
New Zealand	75	25	45
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	469,795	229,015	240,780
In the labour force	290,990	151,280	139,710
Employed	255,075	133,515	121,565
Unemployed	35,915	17,765	18,145
Not in the labour force	178,805	77,735	101,080
Participation rate	61.9	66.1	58.0
Employment rate	54.3	58.3	50.5
Unemployment rate	12.3	11.7	13.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	469,795	229,010	240,780
Did not work¹⁸⁶	181,575	80,270	101,305
Worked	288,215	148,740	139,480
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	155,525	86,475	69,045
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	132,695	62,265	70,430
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	42.1	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	290,990	151,285	139,710
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	4,065	4,010
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	282,910	147,220	135,695
Employee	245,920	123,920	122,005
Permanent position	209,045	106,370	102,675
Temporary position	36,875	17,550	19,325
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,005	5,950	7,060
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,870	11,605	12,270
Self-employed¹⁹²	36,990	23,300	13,695
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	290,990	151,285	139,710
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	4,065	4,010
All occupations¹⁹¹	282,910	147,220	135,695
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,910	1,985	925
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	45,445	14,975	30,465
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	21,440	16,605	4,835
3 Health occupations	26,740	5,525	21,215
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	34,650	11,520	23,130
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,770	4,105	4,660
6 Sales and service occupations	72,160	31,800	40,350
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	49,190	44,840	4,350
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	4,665	3,415	1,245
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	16,945	12,445	4,505
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	290,990	151,285	139,710
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,080	4,065	4,010
All industries¹⁹¹	282,910	147,220	135,695
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,875	1,570	1,310
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	420	335	80
22 Utilities	1,620	1,245	375
23 Construction	21,760	19,120	2,640
31-33 Manufacturing	31,280	23,240	8,045
41 Wholesale trade	10,205	7,190	3,015
44-45 Retail trade	32,750	15,435	17,310
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	13,910	10,645	3,265
51 Information and cultural industries	5,520	3,300	2,225
52 Finance and insurance	11,280	4,965	6,310
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,290	2,860	2,435
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	20,155	11,270	8,880
55 Management of companies and enterprises	660	285	375
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	13,730	8,060	5,675
61 Educational services	24,850	8,435	16,415
62 Health care and social assistance	41,515	7,745	33,770
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,060	2,665	2,400
72 Accommodation and food services	15,865	6,795	9,075
81 Other services (except public administration)	11,910	5,825	6,090
91 Public administration	12,245	6,235	6,010
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	310,145	159,940	150,205
English	297,295	153,840	143,455
French	675	210	465
Non-official language	1,315	755	560
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,315	755	560
English and French	3,570	1,275	2,300
English and non-official language(s)	6,965	3,695	3,270
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	115	130
Multiple non-official languages	85	55	30
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	310,145	159,940	150,205
Single responses	308,370	159,130	149,235
Official languages	305,955	157,820	148,140
English	304,775	157,510	147,260
French	1,185	310	875
Non-official languages	2,410	1,305	1,105
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,405	1,305	1,095
Afro-Asiatic languages	250	170	80
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	250	170	80
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	180	115	65
Aramaic languages	55	40	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	55	40	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	10	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	170	70	100
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	0
Vietnamese	160	60	100
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	50	20	30
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	10	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	25	10	20
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	15	0	0
Tamil	15	0	10
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,255	665	595
Albanian	25	20	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	245	155	95
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	245	155	95
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	65	40	25
Russian	35	15	25
Serbo-Croatian	125	85	35
Bosnian	25	25	0
Croatian	30	15	15
Serbian	75	50	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	25	15	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	15	0	15
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	0	15
German	15	0	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	330	160	170
Indo-Aryan languages	250	125	120
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	10	0	10
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	20	0	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180	115	70
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	30	0	30
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	80	35	50
Kurdish	20	15	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	60	20	45
Dari	25	0	20
Iranian Persian	35	15	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	635	320	310
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	25	0	25
Portuguese	140	110	30
Romanian	20	0	10
Spanish	450	195	255
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	15	0	15
Korean	70	40	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	10	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	10	20
American Sign Language	30	10	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	445	265	180
Chinese languages	430	260	170
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	285	175	110
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	150	85	65
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	15	0	0
S'gaw Karen	15	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	30	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	40	30	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	25	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,785	815	970
English and French	515	170	340
English and non-official language(s)	1,230	620	610
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	15	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	310,145	159,940	150,205
None	300,900	155,520	145,380
English	1,435	545	885
French	2,595	1,025	1,570
Non-official language	4,285	2,325	1,960
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	15
Non-Indigenous	4,255	2,315	1,945
English and French	10	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	100	60	40
French and non-official language(s)	175	75	100
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	650	385	270
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	255,075	133,515	121,565
Worked at home	64,135	29,360	34,770
Worked outside Canada	670	480	185
No fixed workplace address	30,845	23,070	7,775
Usual place of work	159,435	80,600	78,830
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	159,435	80,600	78,835
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	111,255	51,485	59,765
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	47,935	28,985	18,955
Commute to a different province or territory	245	130	115
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	190,280	103,675	86,605
Car, truck or van	162,485	91,610	70,875
Car, truck or van - as a driver	147,235	85,020	62,215
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	15,240	6,590	8,660
Public transit	14,055	5,850	8,205
Walked	8,685	3,715	4,975
Bicycle	1,240	840	400
Other method	3,815	1,660	2,160
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	190,280	103,675	86,605
Less than 15 minutes	47,920	22,215	25,705
15 to 29 minutes	76,225	39,495	36,725
30 to 44 minutes	34,950	20,750	14,205
45 to 59 minutes	14,965	9,980	4,980
60 minutes and over	16,215	11,235	4,985
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	190,280	103,675	86,605
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	17,670	13,350	4,320
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	35,380	22,210	13,170
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	44,020	22,960	21,060
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	36,440	15,855	20,585
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,955	10,875	13,080
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	32,810	18,415	14,395
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	112,075	57,785	54,290
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,095	4,080	4,015
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	103,975	53,700	50,280
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	80,925	41,805	39,120
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,010	3,030	2,975
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,430	1,710	1,725
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,575	1,325	1,250
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	74,915	38,775	36,145

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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