Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Welland, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	55,750	...	...
Population, 2016¹	52,293	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	24,530	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	23,656	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	686.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	81.16	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	55,750	27,180	28,575
0 to 14 years	8,310	4,260	4,050
0 to 4 years	2,695	1,410	1,280
5 to 9 years	2,775	1,420	1,355
10 to 14 years	2,845	1,430	1,420
15 to 64 years	34,600	17,075	17,525
15 to 19 years	2,895	1,550	1,350
20 to 24 years	3,110	1,590	1,520
25 to 29 years	3,525	1,810	1,720
30 to 34 years	3,495	1,770	1,730
35 to 39 years	3,300	1,600	1,700
40 to 44 years	3,205	1,560	1,645
45 to 49 years	3,150	1,535	1,615
50 to 54 years	3,590	1,680	1,905
55 to 59 years	4,095	1,975	2,125
60 to 64 years	4,220	2,000	2,215
65 years and over	12,840	5,845	6,995
65 to 69 years	3,865	1,785	2,070
70 to 74 years	3,465	1,660	1,800
75 to 79 years	2,375	1,115	1,255
80 to 84 years	1,530	680	850
85 years and over	1,615	605	1,010
85 to 89 years	995	405	590
90 to 94 years	470	155	310
95 to 99 years	135	40	100
100 years and over	15	5	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.9	15.7	14.2
15 to 64 years	62.1	62.8	61.3
65 years and over	23.0	21.5	24.5
85 years and over	2.9	2.2	3.5
Average age of the population	44.1	42.9	45.2
Median age of the population	45.2	43.2	46.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	23,660	...	...
Single-detached house	15,265	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,680	...	...
Row house	1,060	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,095	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	2,955	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,480	...	...
Other single-attached house	115	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	23,655	...	...
1 person	7,130	...	...
2 persons	8,515	...	...
3 persons	3,690	...	...
4 persons	2,720	...	...
5 or more persons	1,605	...	...
Number of persons in private households	54,980	26,885	28,100
Average household size	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	47,435	22,920	24,520
Married or living common-law	26,060	12,970	13,095
Married	20,765	10,325	10,435
Living common-law	5,300	2,645	2,655
Living common law - Never married	3,535	1,785	1,745
Living common law - Separated	400	205	200
Living common law - Divorced	1,210	595	610
Living common law - Widowed	155	60	95
Not married and not living common-law	21,380	9,945	11,430
Not married and not living common law - Never married	12,740	7,030	5,715
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,835	785	1,050
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	3,320	1,335	1,985
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,490	805	2,685
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	16,035	...	...
2 persons	8,970	...	...
3 persons	3,505	...	...
4 persons	2,475	...	...
5 or more persons	1,090	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	16,035	...	...
Total couple families	12,795	...	...
Married couples	10,145	...	...
With children⁶	4,750	...	...
Without children	5,395	...	...
Common-law couples	2,650	...	...
With children⁶	1,090	...	...
Without children	1,560	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,240	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,540	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	695	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	54,980	26,885	28,100
Total - Persons in census families	44,215	21,765	22,455
Married spouses or common-law partners	25,590	12,770	12,820
Parents in one-parent families	3,235	695	2,545
Children⁶	15,390	8,300	7,085
In a two-parent family	10,440	5,525	4,910
In a one-parent family	4,950	2,770	2,175
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	10,765	5,115	5,645
Living alone	7,130	3,240	3,890
Living with other relatives⁷	1,380	585	795
Living with non-relatives only	2,250	1,290	960
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	23,655	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	13,995	...	...
Couple-family households	11,515	...	...
With children⁶	5,265	...	...
Without children	6,250	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,470	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	650	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	110	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	840	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	930	...	...
One-person households	7,130	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	46,670	22,620	24,045
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	45,030	21,700	23,325
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	45,055	21,715	23,340
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,000	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	38,725	19,195	19,530
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,000	35,600	23,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,030	15,575	14,450
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,200	36,000	26,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	41,925	20,090	21,830
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,400	10,400	13,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,275	2,580	2,700
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,560	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	12,965	6,125	6,835
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	46,670	22,625	24,045
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	45,030	21,695	23,335
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,440	49,600	39,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	45,055	21,705	23,350
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,760	42,520	35,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	38,730	19,205	19,525
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,960	44,000	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,030	15,560	14,465
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,520	42,920	33,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	41,850	20,075	21,775
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,710	11,510	13,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,395	2,570	2,820
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,440	6,095	6,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	13,025	6,195	6,830
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,380	9,020	9,710
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	46,670	22,625	24,045
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	12,745	6,975	5,775
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,000	60,000	51,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,050	67,200	55,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	12,295	5,780	6,520
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200	18,200	15,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,320	27,560	21,420
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	73.4	78.6	67.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	57.8	62.1	52.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	26.6	21.5	32.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.5	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.0	5.8	8.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.1	5.2	7.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	46,665	22,625	24,045
Without total income	1,640	920	720
With total income	45,030	21,705	23,330
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,220	1,420	1,800
$10,000 to $19,999	6,055	2,395	3,660
$20,000 to $29,999	7,815	3,080	4,730
$30,000 to $39,999	7,205	3,290	3,910
$40,000 to $49,999	5,770	2,850	2,920
$50,000 to $59,999	4,545	2,270	2,275
$60,000 to $69,999	3,130	1,750	1,380
$70,000 to $79,999	2,130	1,270	860
$80,000 to $89,999	1,480	950	530
$90,000 to $99,999	1,185	720	465
$100,000 and over	2,495	1,700	800
$100,000 to $149,999	1,940	1,280	665
$150,000 and over	555	420	140
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	46,665	22,625	24,045
Without after-tax income	1,615	905	710
With after-tax income	45,055	21,715	23,340
Under $10,000 (including loss)	3,385	1,470	1,915
$10,000 to $19,999	6,295	2,495	3,795
$20,000 to $29,999	8,945	3,590	5,355
$30,000 to $39,999	8,335	4,015	4,325
$40,000 to $49,999	6,415	3,185	3,230
$50,000 to $59,999	4,405	2,415	1,990
$60,000 to $69,999	2,720	1,600	1,120
$70,000 to $79,999	1,690	1,065	620
$80,000 to $89,999	1,300	780	515
$90,000 to $99,999	620	410	205
$100,000 and over	940	685	255
$100,000 to $124,999	540	385	160
$125,000 and over	400	300	100
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	46,665	22,625	24,045
Without employment income	16,640	7,045	9,595
With employment income	30,025	15,580	14,450
Under $5,000 (including loss)	5,265	2,805	2,460
$5,000 to $9,999	2,590	1,120	1,470
$10,000 to $19,999	3,820	1,600	2,215
$20,000 to $29,999	2,980	1,355	1,620
$30,000 to $39,999	3,025	1,470	1,560
$40,000 to $49,999	2,870	1,370	1,500
$50,000 to $59,999	2,555	1,365	1,185
$60,000 to $69,999	1,875	1,135	740
$70,000 to $79,999	1,320	860	455
$80,000 to $89,999	1,000	660	335
$90,000 to $99,999	960	550	410
$100,000 and over	1,775	1,275	500
$100,000 to $124,999	1,085	740	345
$125,000 and over	690	535	155
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	46,670	22,620	24,045
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	44,445	21,405	23,040
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,800	30,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	44,460	21,405	23,055
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	37,200	28,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	38,630	19,130	19,500
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	37,600	26,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	30,530	15,755	14,775
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,400	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	40,190	19,165	21,025
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,050	3,200	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,825	1,820	2,005
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,040	4,920	5,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	46,670	22,625	24,045
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	44,490	21,380	23,110
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,840	47,520	36,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	44,500	21,380	23,115
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,480	40,680	32,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	38,685	19,160	19,525
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,640	44,840	32,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	30,550	15,800	14,750
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,280	43,880	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	40,155	19,115	21,040
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,160	8,190	10,030
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,825	1,730	2,095
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,990	6,345	7,530
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	46,670	22,625	24,045
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	12,660	6,940	5,720
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,800	58,400	47,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	58,350	63,700	51,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	11,755	5,505	6,250
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	27,400	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,320	34,960	26,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	80.2	84.6	75.0
Employment income (%)	64.4	68.2	59.9
Government transfers (%)	19.8	15.4	24.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	23,655	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	7,130	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	16,525	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	23,660	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,130	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,240	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	16,525	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	23,655	...	...
Under $5,000	165	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	95	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	335	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	665	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	995	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	995	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	890	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,070	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,120	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,090	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,120	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,940	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,800	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,595	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,485	...	...
$100,000 and over	7,285	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	2,715	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,785	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,745	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,035	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	23,655	...	...
Under $5,000	180	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	110	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	350	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	685	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,065	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,110	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,125	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,175	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,265	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,215	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,395	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,285	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,935	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,810	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,490	...	...
$100,000 and over	5,465	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	2,505	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,435	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,530	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	15,875	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	6,400	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	5,920	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,015	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	9,380	4,535	4,845
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	36,400	32,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,000	33,600	30,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	15,880	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,420	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,945	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,010	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,250	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	9,410	4,500	4,915
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,040	42,560	39,640
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,080	36,920	35,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	54,980	26,880	28,095
0 to 17 years	10,010	5,170	4,840
0 to 5 years	3,255	1,700	1,555
18 to 64 years	32,750	16,085	16,670
65 years and over	12,220	5,630	6,590
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	6,595	3,000	3,595
0 to 17 years	1,470	780	690
0 to 5 years	535	295	240
18 to 64 years	3,710	1,735	1,975
65 years and over	1,420	485	930
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.0	11.2	12.8
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	15.1	14.2
0 to 5 years (%)	16.5	17.4	15.5
18 to 64 years (%)	11.3	10.8	11.9
65 years and over (%)	11.6	8.6	14.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	54,980	26,885	28,100
0 to 17 years	10,005	5,175	4,835
0 to 5 years	3,250	1,695	1,555
18 to 64 years	32,755	16,080	16,670
65 years and over	12,225	5,630	6,590
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,545	1,310	1,235
0 to 17 years	380	195	185
0 to 5 years	115	55	65
18 to 64 years	1,985	1,045	935
65 years and over	180	70	110
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.6	4.9	4.4
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	3.7	3.9
0 to 5 years (%)	3.6	3.1	4.0
18 to 64 years (%)	6.1	6.5	5.6
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.2	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	54,980	26,885	28,100
In bottom half of the distribution	32,535	15,535	17,000
In bottom decile	6,015	2,875	3,140
In second decile	6,475	2,915	3,555
In third decile	6,885	3,310	3,575
In fourth decile	6,615	3,230	3,385
In fifth decile	6,545	3,200	3,345
In top half of the distribution	22,445	11,350	11,095
In sixth decile	5,830	2,920	2,910
In seventh decile	5,265	2,635	2,635
In eighth decile	4,865	2,460	2,405
In ninth decile	3,980	2,035	1,940
In top decile	2,505	1,295	1,210
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	54,980	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.292	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.446	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.258	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	55,410	27,050	28,365
English only	47,725	23,615	24,105
French only	130	50	75
English and French	7,295	3,275	4,015
Neither English nor French	265	95	170
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	55,410	27,050	28,365
English	51,120	25,125	25,990
French	3,810	1,730	2,080
English and French	230	100	125
Neither English nor French	255	90	165
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	55,410	27,050	28,365
Single responses	53,785	26,255	27,535
Official languages	48,430	23,705	24,725
English	44,445	21,875	22,570
French	3,980	1,825	2,155
Non-official languages	5,360	2,550	2,810
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,355	2,550	2,805
Afro-Asiatic languages	205	115	90
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	5	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	195	115	90
Amharic	0	0	5
Arabic	175	100	75
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	0
Maltese	5	5	0
Tigrigna	5	0	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	70	35	40
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	70	35	40
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	210	65	150
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	5	0	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	5	0	5
Indonesian	5	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	190	55	135
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	70	35	30
Haitian Creole	55	25	30
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	110	55	60
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	80	40	45
Tamil	25	10	15
Telugu	0	0	0
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,765	1,835	1,930
Albanian	15	5	10
Armenian	5	5	0
Balto-Slavic languages	860	415	450
Baltic languages	20	10	10
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	10	10	5
Slavic languages	840	405	435
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	15	10	10
Macedonian	10	5	10
Polish	310	145	165
Russian	90	40	45
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	190	95	90
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	165	85	80
Serbian	10	5	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	60	25	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10
Ukrainian	145	75	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	450	205	245
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	230	110	120
German	230	105	120
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	205	90	110
Afrikaans	15	5	10
Dutch	185	90	95
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5
Scandinavian languages	10	0	10
Danish	5	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	55	30	20
Indo-Iranian languages	465	235	235
Indo-Aryan languages	410	200	205
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	10	5	5
Gujarati	70	35	30
Hindi	60	35	30
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	5	0	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	155	70	85
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5
Urdu	95	40	50
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	60	35	25
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	5	5	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	15	10	5
Persian languages	35	20	15
Dari	10	10	5
Iranian Persian	25	15	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,905	935	965
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,155	565	585
Portuguese	150	80	70
Romanian	40	20	25
Spanish	555	270	285
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	10
Korean	240	110	125
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	75	30	40
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	5	5
Shona	20	10	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	10	5
American Sign Language	15	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	210	100	110
Chinese languages	210	100	110
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	130	65	65
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	30	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	10
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	10	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	15	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	20	15	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	340	140	205
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	10	0	5
Hungarian	325	135	195
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,620	790	830
English and French	835	390	440
English and non-official language(s)	680	345	335
French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15
Multiple non-official languages	50	25	25
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	55,410	27,050	28,365
English	48,050	23,720	24,325
French	780	335	440
Non-official language	1,015	465	540
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,010	470	540
English and French	1,900	780	1,120
English and non-official language(s)	3,405	1,600	1,800
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	90	95
Multiple non-official languages	60	30	30
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	55,410	27,050	28,365
Single responses	54,340	26,565	27,775
Official languages	52,280	25,600	26,685
English	51,180	25,135	26,050
French	1,095	465	630
Non-official languages	2,060	965	1,090
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,060	965	1,090
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	25	35
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	65	25	35
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	60	30	35
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	35	15	20
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	35	15	20
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	75	30	45
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	5	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	20	40
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	30	15	15
Haitian Creole	25	15	15
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	55	25	25
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	35	20	20
Tamil	15	10	5
Telugu	0	0	0
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	1,325	625	700
Albanian	5	5	5
Armenian	5	5	0
Balto-Slavic languages	270	130	140
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	270	130	140
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	5	5	5
Macedonian	0	5	0
Polish	105	50	55
Russian	45	20	20
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	50	20	30
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	40	15	25
Serbian	5	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5
Ukrainian	40	20	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	30	15	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	10	10
German	15	10	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	10
Afrikaans	10	0	5
Dutch	5	0	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	15	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages	285	140	140
Indo-Aryan languages	260	130	130
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	5	0	0
Gujarati	60	30	25
Hindi	40	20	20
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	95	45	55
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5
Urdu	50	25	25
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	25	15	15
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	5	5
Persian languages	15	5	5
Dari	5	5	0
Iranian Persian	5	5	5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	715	325	390
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	310	120	190
Portuguese	65	35	30
Romanian	20	10	10
Spanish	320	160	160
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	185	85	95
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	10	5
American Sign Language	10	10	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	135	60	70
Chinese languages	135	60	70
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	80	40	35
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	20	30
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	5	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	5	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	5	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	95	40	60
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	95	40	60
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,070	480	585
English and French	405	165	240
English and non-official language(s)	620	295	325
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	10	5	5
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	55,410	27,050	28,365
None	50,815	24,960	25,850
English	1,145	515	630
French	1,235	515	720
Non-official language	1,830	870	965
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5
Non-Indigenous	1,825	865	960
English and French	25	15	10
English and non-official language(s)	145	70	70
French and non-official language(s)	95	45	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	125	55	70
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	54,980	26,880	28,100
Official languages	54,680	26,790	27,890
English	54,580	26,745	27,835
French	7,305	3,285	4,020
Non-official languages	7,430	3,520	3,910
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	10	20
Algonquian languages	30	10	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	25	10	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,400	3,510	3,890
Afro-Asiatic languages	360	200	155
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	345	200	150
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	305	165	140
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	10	0
Maltese	30	25	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	150	80	65
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	145	80	65
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	315	105	215
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	305	95	210
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	135	80	55
Haitian Creole	120	65	55
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	10	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	85	35	50
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	65	20	40
Tamil	30	15	15
Telugu	0	0	0
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,220	2,515	2,700
Albanian	20	10	10
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,150	535	610
Baltic languages	35	20	10
Latvian	15	0	10
Lithuanian	20	15	0
Slavic languages	1,115	515	600
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	35	15	15
Macedonian	45	30	15
Polish	415	170	245
Russian	215	100	115
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	250	130	120
Bosnian	20	10	0
Croatian	180	75	105
Serbian	65	50	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	75	40	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10
Ukrainian	235	110	130
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	15	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	615	275	340
Frisian	10	0	10
High German languages	335	145	190
German	335	145	190
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	265	130	135
Afrikaans	25	0	20
Dutch	235	130	110
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	10	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	10	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	75	40	35
Indo-Iranian languages	640	305	335
Indo-Aryan languages	595	285	310
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	60	40	20
Hindi	230	110	125
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	325	135	190
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	15
Urdu	165	90	75
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	45	20	20
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	40	20	20
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	40	20	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,810	1,375	1,430
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,630	800	830
Portuguese	195	85	110
Romanian	35	20	15
Spanish	1,035	515	515
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	50	10	40
Korean	250	110	135
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	160	80	80
Akan (Twi)	35	25	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	10	15
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	35	15	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	35	10	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	60	25	35
American Sign Language	45	20	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	215	100	115
Chinese languages	215	100	115
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	165	75	80
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	0	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	65	20	50
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	40	25
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	60	35	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	80	50	30
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	75	50	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	490	205	290
Estonian	10	0	0
Finnish	10	10	0
Hungarian	470	190	280
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	54,980	26,880	28,095
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,365	1,045	1,325
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,255	985	1,270
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,095	485	610
Métis	1,115	470	645
Inuk (Inuit)	45	30	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	70	30	40
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	40	30	15
Non-Indigenous identity	52,610	25,840	26,775
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	54,980	26,880	28,095
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	495	210	285
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	54,490	26,675	27,810
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	23,655	...	...
Owner	16,315	...	...
Renter	7,340	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	23,655	...	...
Condominium	935	...	...
Not condominium	22,720	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	23,655	...	...
No bedrooms	90	...	...
1 bedroom	2,695	...	...
2 bedrooms	5,590	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,100	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,185	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	23,655	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	5,095	...	...
5 rooms	3,600	...	...
6 rooms	3,890	...	...
7 rooms	3,350	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,725	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	23,655	...	...
One person or fewer per room	23,480	...	...
More than one person per room	175	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	23,655	...	...
Suitable	22,805	...	...
Not suitable	850	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	23,655	...	...
1960 or before	8,615	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,895	...	...
1981 to 1990	2,385	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,105	...	...
2001 to 2005	935	...	...
2006 to 2010	715	...	...
2011 to 2015	885	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,115	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	23,655	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	22,165	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,495	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	23,655	...	...
One-maintainer household	12,055	...	...
Two-maintainer household	10,610	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	995	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	23,655	...	...
15 to 24 years	615	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,890	...	...
35 to 44 years	3,495	...	...
45 to 54 years	3,805	...	...
55 to 64 years	4,950	...	...
65 to 74 years	4,435	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,605	...	...
85 years and over	860	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	23,585	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	18,430	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	5,150	...	...
30% to less than 100%	4,795	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	23,655	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	6,870	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	4,605	...	...
Not suitable only	640	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,000	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	125	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	415	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...
Acceptable housing	16,790	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	23,225	...	...
In core need	2,835	...	...
Not in core need	20,395	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,305	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,100	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,255	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	516,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	7,340	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,072	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	54,980	26,885	28,095
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	600	275	325
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	590	270	320
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	395	175	215
Métis single ancestry	195	95	100
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,490	1,085	1,410
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,440	1,060	1,380
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,615	710	905
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	785	325	460
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	25	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	51,890	25,520	26,370
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	54,980	26,885	28,095
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	52,915	25,875	27,035
Canadian citizens aged under 18	9,790	5,135	4,655
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	43,120	20,740	22,380
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	2,070	1,010	1,060
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	54,980	26,885	28,095
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	47,670	23,350	24,315
Immigrants⁸¹	6,540	3,135	3,400
Before 1980	2,990	1,445	1,545
1980 to 1990	770	345	425
1991 to 2000	680	330	350
2001 to 2010	835	395	440
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,270	625	650
2011 to 2015	550	265	285
2016 to 2021	720	360	360
Non-permanent residents⁸³	775	395	375
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	6,540	3,135	3,400
Under 5 years	805	420	385
5 to 14 years	1,395	710	685
15 to 24 years	1,540	705	830
25 to 44 years	2,325	1,055	1,270
45 years and over	480	245	230
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	6,540	3,135	3,400
Americas	1,465	670	795
Brazil	50	15	30
Colombia	175	85	90
El Salvador	50	25	25
Guyana	15	10	10
Haiti	110	55	50
Jamaica	140	70	65
Mexico	25	15	10
Peru	40	25	15
Trinidad and Tobago	115	55	60
United States of America	475	180	300
Other places of birth in Americas	260	135	130
Europe	3,600	1,775	1,820
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	15	0
Croatia	140	70	65
France	30	10	15
Germany	200	110	90
Greece	30	25	0
Hungary	190	75	115
Italy	910	470	435
Netherlands	270	160	115
Poland	285	110	175
Portugal	85	45	45
Romania	55	25	30
Russian Federation	35	15	20
Serbia⁸⁶	35	20	20
Ukraine	90	35	55
United Kingdom⁸⁷	885	410	475
Other places of birth in Europe	330	180	155
Africa	305	145	160
Algeria	10	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10
Egypt	25	15	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	45	20	25
Somalia	10	0	10
South Africa, Republic of	40	10	35
Other places of birth in Africa	150	75	70
Asia	1,145	530	610
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Iran⁸⁸	30	20	10
Iraq	0	0	0
Lebanon	25	10	15
Syria⁸⁹	60	30	25
Turkey	15	15	0
China⁹⁰	75	35	40
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	10
Korea, South⁹²	105	50	60
Taiwan	15	0	10
Philippines	200	65	135
Viet Nam	100	60	40
Bangladesh	0	0	0
India	265	115	145
Pakistan	95	60	35
Sri Lanka	30	15	10
Other places of birth in Asia	100	35	65
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	25	15	10
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	715	360	360
Americas	195	90	100
Brazil	25	10	15
Colombia	35	20	15
Haiti	15	0	10
Jamaica	15	10	0
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	60	35	30
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	35	20	15
Europe	80	40	40
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	25	15	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Europe	40	15	25
Africa	95	50	45
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	35	10	20
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	20	15
Asia	345	170	175
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	25	20	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	135	55	80
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	50	25	30
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	0	0	0
Philippines	40	20	20
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	10
Turkey	15	10	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	10	10	0
Other places of birth in Asia	25	10	15
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0
Australia	10	10	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	54,980	26,880	28,100
First generation¹⁰⁰	7,695	3,685	4,010
Second generation¹⁰¹	9,545	4,710	4,835
Third generation or more¹⁰²	37,740	18,485	19,255
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	3,550	1,695	1,860
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,360	685	675
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	700	405	295
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	660	285	380
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,195	495	700
Refugees¹⁰⁸	890	465	430
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	110	50	60
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	3,550	1,695	1,860
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	620	320	300
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	485	240	245
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	80	25	55
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	240	115	120
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	35	10	30
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	2,090	980	1,115
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	54,980	26,880	28,100
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	4,760	2,410	2,350
South Asian	855	415	440
Chinese	265	115	145
Black	1,430	800	635
Filipino	370	145	220
Arab	200	100	95
Latin American	695	355	340
Southeast Asian	275	175	105
West Asian	50	30	20
Korean	235	115	120
Japanese	70	25	50
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	90	45	45
Multiple visible minorities	220	105	125
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	50,220	24,470	25,750
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	54,980	26,885	28,100
Canadian	8,935	4,480	4,455
English	13,060	6,230	6,830
Irish	9,100	4,140	4,960
Scottish	9,000	4,365	4,635
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,240	3,780	4,460
German	6,885	3,270	3,615
Chinese	330	160	170
Italian	6,825	3,550	3,280
Indian (India)	575	275	290
Ukrainian	2,825	1,365	1,465
Dutch	3,450	1,810	1,640
Polish	2,350	1,125	1,225
Québécois	365	135	230
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,035	990	1,045
Filipino	395	150	250
French Canadian	1,585	765	820
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,265	635	630
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	800	340	465
Métis	1,045	445	595
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	610	330	280
Russian	550	270	280
Norwegian	200	80	120
Welsh	1,195	550	645
Portuguese	395	180	215
American	720	355	370
Spanish	350	175	175
Swedish	260	110	150
Hungarian	2,705	1,260	1,445
Acadian	150	65	85
Pakistani	135	75	60
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	365	205	160
Jewish	100	50	50
Punjabi	55	15	45
Vietnamese	125	80	45
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	145	80	60
Greek	220	120	105
Jamaican	340	195	145
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	60	30	30
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	135	40	95
Korean	225	110	115
Romanian	360	200	160
Lebanese	125	85	45
Iranian	45	25	25
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	265	150	110
Danish	160	85	75
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	460	205	255
Sikh	0	0	0
Austrian	285	150	135
Belgian	150	85	65
Haitian	135	70	65
Hindu	70	35	35
Mexican	90	40	55
Mennonite	55	30	25
Swiss	215	105	105
Finnish	205	100	105
Sri Lankan	20	10	10
Croatian	575	280	295
Japanese	75	20	55
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	100	40	60
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	145	55	90
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	90	50	35
Muslim	40	20	20
Egyptian	45	20	25
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	195	90	105
Tamil	25	10	15
Icelandic	15	0	10
Colombian	230	110	120
Moroccan	0	0	0
Czech	180	90	90
Syrian	70	35	40
Guyanese	35	10	20
Afghan	0	0	0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	65	30	35
Serbian	150	85	70
Ojibway	145	90	65
Newfoundlander	190	95	100
Hong Konger	0	0	0
Ontarian	345	155	190
Persian	25	10	15
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	145	75	65
Turkish	95	45	45
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	20	10
Bangladeshi	0	0	0
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	30	20	10
Nigerian	55	25	30
Armenian	30	15	20
Slovak	295	155	145
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	75	35	40
Somali	40	20	20
Taiwanese	45	20	30
Iraqi	0	0	0
Salvadorean	80	45	35
African Caribbean	90	50	35
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	50	35	15
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	30	20	10
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	50	20	20
Algonquin	70	35	35
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	55	25	35
Lithuanian	130	70	60
South African	80	45	40
Australian	55	30	25
Palestinian	35	15	20
Chilean	30	20	10
Congolese	40	25	10
Nova Scotian	40	15	25
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	95	60	35
Peruvian	20	0	10
Yoruba	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	0	0	0
Berber	15	0	0
Albanian	35	15	15
Maltese	170	125	55
Macedonian	100	65	45
Slovenian	145	50	95
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	75	20	60
New Brunswicker	60	25	40
Gujarati	0	0	0
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	20	15	10
Israeli	0	0	0
Mohawk	115	65	50
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	160	70	85
Bulgarian	45	35	15
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	70	30	35
Barbadian	55	25	30
African American	80	50	30
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	95	65	30
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	85	45	40
Cuban	25	15	10
Bosnian	25	10	15
Venezuelan	40	25	20
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	0	10
Latvian	55	25	30
Bengali	0	0	0
Cameroonian	15	15	0
Guatemalan	65	40	25
Indonesian	25	15	10
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	30	15	15
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	10	10
British Columbian	10	0	0
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	130	75	50
Argentinian	0	0	0
Estonian	20	20	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	80	50	35
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	50	30	20
Dominican	30	10	15
Nepali	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	20	15	0
Byelorussian	35	25	10
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	15	10
Abenaki	10	0	10
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	110	65	45
New Zealander	25	0	15
Sudanese	35	15	20
Breton	10	0	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	185	95	90
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	10	0	10
Gaspesian	20	0	15
Norman	35	15	20
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	0	20
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	20	0	15
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	15	0	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	30	15	20
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	10	10	0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0
Rwandan	25	15	15
Grenadian	10	10	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	25	15	15
Mayan	50	25	25
Honduran	25	10	15
Cherokee	25	15	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10
Flemish	10	10	0
United Empire Loyalist	125	80	45
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	25	15	15
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Goan	10	10	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	30	0	20
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	30	15	20
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	10	10	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	54,980	26,880	28,095
Buddhist	170	95	80
Christian	34,330	16,005	18,330
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,220	1,895	2,325
Anabaptist	220	100	120
Anglican	2,775	1,205	1,570
Baptist	820	370	450
Catholic	19,305	9,300	10,000
Christian Orthodox	355	190	165
Jehovah's Witness	470	225	250
Latter Day Saints	140	65	80
Lutheran	665	280	385
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	135	65	70
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	650	300	345
Presbyterian	925	400	520
Reformed	255	110	145
United Church	1,875	795	1,075
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,515	700	820
Hindu	235	135	100
Jewish	35	10	20
Muslim	475	245	225
Sikh	200	65	130
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	25	10	20
Other religions and spiritual traditions	325	130	195
No religion and secular perspectives	19,185	10,180	9,005
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	54,480	26,635	27,845
Non-movers	47,725	23,395	24,325
Movers	6,755	3,235	3,520
Non-migrants	3,325	1,570	1,760
Migrants	3,425	1,670	1,760
Internal migrants	3,215	1,590	1,625
Intraprovincial migrants	3,140	1,560	1,585
Interprovincial migrants	75	35	45
External migrants	215	80	135
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	52,245	25,470	26,775
Non-movers	31,780	15,515	16,265
Movers	20,465	9,950	10,510
Non-migrants	8,110	3,825	4,280
Migrants	12,355	6,125	6,230
Internal migrants	11,155	5,535	5,615
Intraprovincial migrants	10,620	5,225	5,395
Interprovincial migrants	535	315	220
External migrants	1,200	585	615
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	46,670	22,625	24,045
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,930	4,730	4,200
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	37,740	17,895	19,845
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	28,440	13,715	14,720
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,805	1,630	1,175
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	25,635	12,085	13,540
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	46,670	22,620	24,045
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,125	4,205	3,915
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,680	7,860	7,820
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,865	10,565	12,305
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,250	7,820	8,430
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,415	2,480	935
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,635	1,025	605
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,780	1,455	325
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,115	5,005	7,110
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	725	335	390
Bachelor's degree or higher	6,615	2,745	3,875
Bachelor's degree	4,945	2,000	2,945
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	395	155	230
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	80	55	25
Master's degree	1,115	480	635
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	80	45	35
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	28,440	13,720	14,720
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,495	1,450	1,040
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,370	4,980	4,395
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,575	7,295	9,285
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,685	5,425	6,260
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,095	1,490	610
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,030	615	415
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,070	875	195
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,150	3,735	5,415
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	435	195	240
Bachelor's degree or higher	4,895	1,865	3,025
Bachelor's degree	3,695	1,435	2,260
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	275	85	195
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	50	25	25
Master's degree	830	305	520
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	45	20	30
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	46,670	22,625	24,045
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	23,805	12,060	11,740
Education	1,440	385	1,050
13. Education	1,440	385	1,050
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	800	355	445
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	85	65	20
50. Visual and performing arts	720	290	430
Humanities	1,095	435	665
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	90	30	65
23. English language and literature/letters	245	50	195
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	350	150	200
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	55	25	25
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	75	35
54. History	135	85	50
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	10	60
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,595	760	1,835
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	30	15	15
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	285	125	160
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	790	65	725
22. Legal professions and studies	235	80	150
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	75	20	55
42. Psychology	495	115	380
45. Social sciences	685	345	340
Business, management and public administration	3,800	1,370	2,430
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	510	85	425
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	3,280	1,285	1,995
Physical and life sciences and technologies	550	290	260
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	200	100	100
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	145	50	100
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0	0	0
40. Physical sciences	165	130	30
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	0	30
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	720	400	325
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	520	320	200
25. Library science	75	0	75
27. Mathematics and statistics	115	60	50
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	15	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	4,690	4,425	265
04. Architecture and related services	85	70	20
14. Engineering	355	305	55
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,280	1,170	105
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	955	930	25
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,135	1,105	30
48. Precision production	875	850	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	480	250	240
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	325	150	175
03. Natural resources and conservation	165	100	65
Health and related fields	4,410	800	3,610
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	460	220	240
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,920	565	3,350
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	15	15	0
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,285	1,095	1,190
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,140	315	820
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	870	530	335
49. Transportation and materials moving	280	240	35
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	28,435	13,720	14,720
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,865	6,430	5,435
Education	920	230	690
13. Education	920	230	690
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	540	245	300
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	30	25	10
50. Visual and performing arts	505	220	285
Humanities	775	300	470
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	60	15	50
23. English language and literature/letters	195	35	160
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	265	105	160
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	40	30	15
39. Theology and religious vocations	60	40	15
54. History	115	70	40
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	25	0	20
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,065	570	1,495
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	25	10	15
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	225	90	135
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	660	55	605
22. Legal professions and studies	205	60	145
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	30	15	15
42. Psychology	375	90	285
45. Social sciences	550	255	295
Business, management and public administration	2,855	940	1,910
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	400	45	355
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	2,440	890	1,550
Physical and life sciences and technologies	410	190	220
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	155	80	80
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	135	35	100
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0	0	0
40. Physical sciences	90	65	20
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	0	20
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	535	315	225
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	440	275	165
25. Library science	35	0	35
27. Mathematics and statistics	55	35	20
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	3,135	2,930	200
04. Architecture and related services	65	50	15
14. Engineering	210	175	35
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	940	850	90
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	665	645	20
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	750	730	20
48. Precision production	505	485	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	385	175	210
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	270	115	160
03. Natural resources and conservation	115	60	50
Health and related fields	3,230	535	2,690
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	335	145	190
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	2,875	390	2,485
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,725	855	875
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	835	235	600
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	690	435	260
49. Transportation and materials moving	200	185	15
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	28,435	13,720	14,720
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,865	6,430	5,435
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	16,575	7,290	9,285
Location of study inside Canada	15,065	6,615	8,450
Same as province or territory of residence	14,610	6,425	8,180
Different than province or territory of residence	455	185	270
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	1,510	675	830
Americas	650	305	345
United States of America	420	185	230
Mexico	0	0	0
Cuba	10	0	10
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	20	20	0
Brazil	40	20	20
Colombia	65	30	35
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	15
Other locations of study in Americas	55	25	30
Europe	275	155	120
Belgium	0	0	0
France	25	20	0
Germany	0	0	0
Netherlands	10	10	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	30	10	20
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	35	10	15
Romania	0	0	0
Russian Federation	15	10	10
Ukraine	30	15	10
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	80	50	30
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	15	10	10
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	20	10	0
Africa	90	45	45
Nigeria	25	15	10
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	20	10	10
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	35	10	25
Asia	455	150	305
Iran⁸⁸	10	0	10
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	15	15	0
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	15	10	0
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	75	20	55
Philippines	115	30	85
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	10	10	0
India	120	25	90
Pakistan	45	25	15
Other locations of study in Asia	35	10	25
Oceania	40	20	20
Australia	35	20	20
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	46,670	22,620	24,045
In the labour force	26,570	13,560	13,010
Employed	22,595	11,750	10,845
Unemployed	3,975	1,810	2,170
Not in the labour force	20,095	9,065	11,035
Participation rate	56.9	59.9	54.1
Employment rate	48.4	51.9	45.1
Unemployment rate	15.0	13.3	16.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	46,670	22,625	24,045
Did not work¹⁸⁶	20,690	9,360	11,330
Worked	25,980	13,260	12,715
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	13,070	7,175	5,895
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	12,910	6,090	6,820
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.0	40.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	26,570	13,560	13,010
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	840	395	445
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	25,735	13,165	12,565
Employee	22,975	11,545	11,430
Permanent position	20,045	10,075	9,975
Temporary position	2,925	1,475	1,455
Fixed term (1 year or more)	860	400	465
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	2,060	1,075	985
Self-employed¹⁹²	2,760	1,620	1,135
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	26,570	13,560	13,010
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	840	395	445
All occupations¹⁹¹	25,735	13,165	12,565
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	155	110	40
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	3,450	985	2,460
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	1,260	1,035	225
3 Health occupations	2,275	350	1,925
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	2,915	915	2,000
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	535	210	320
6 Sales and service occupations	8,010	3,155	4,860
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,120	4,775	340
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	655	515	140
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,360	1,105	255
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	26,570	13,560	13,010
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	840	395	445
All industries¹⁹¹	25,735	13,165	12,565
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	380	235	145
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	65	60	0
22 Utilities	165	145	25
23 Construction	2,350	2,130	225
31-33 Manufacturing	2,530	2,080	455
41 Wholesale trade	640	480	160
44-45 Retail trade	3,470	1,545	1,925
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,165	880	280
51 Information and cultural industries	260	150	110
52 Finance and insurance	1,125	375	755
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	365	200	160
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	1,165	555	610
55 Management of companies and enterprises	35	25	15
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,430	880	550
61 Educational services	1,945	575	1,375
62 Health care and social assistance	3,665	530	3,130
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	595	320	270
72 Accommodation and food services	2,060	770	1,285
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,120	535	585
91 Public administration	1,205	695	505
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	28,140	14,295	13,840
English	26,625	13,760	12,865
French	385	85	300
Non-official language	50	15	35
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	50	15	35
English and French	865	280	580
English and non-official language(s)	185	135	55
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	28,140	14,295	13,840
Single responses	27,945	14,215	13,735
Official languages	27,875	14,180	13,695
English	27,275	14,050	13,230
French	600	130	470
Non-official languages	70	35	35
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	70	35	35
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	40	15	20
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	10	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	10	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	25	10	15
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	25	10	15
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10	0	10
Chinese languages	10	0	10
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	0	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	190	80	110
English and French	140	35	100
English and non-official language(s)	50	40	10
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	28,140	14,295	13,840
None	27,245	13,940	13,305
English	230	55	175
French	515	200	315
Non-official language	125	80	45
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	125	80	45
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	22,595	11,750	10,840
Worked at home	3,845	1,465	2,375
Worked outside Canada	75	35	40
No fixed workplace address	3,215	2,430	780
Usual place of work	15,460	7,815	7,645
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	15,465	7,820	7,645
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	6,570	2,770	3,805
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,330	3,950	3,380
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,515	1,070	445
Commute to a different province or territory	45	25	15
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	18,675	10,245	8,430
Car, truck or van	17,260	9,590	7,660
Car, truck or van - as a driver	15,935	8,930	7,010
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,325	665	655
Public transit	295	115	175
Walked	610	250	355
Bicycle	140	115	25
Other method	375	175	210
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	18,675	10,245	8,430
Less than 15 minutes	6,455	2,975	3,485
15 to 29 minutes	6,890	3,800	3,090
30 to 44 minutes	3,390	2,020	1,375
45 to 59 minutes	840	635	210
60 minutes and over	1,095	825	275
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	18,675	10,245	8,430
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,745	1,260	490
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,620	2,510	1,115
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	4,230	2,340	1,890
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	3,560	1,455	2,105
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	2,170	820	1,350
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,345	1,870	1,475
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	10,240	5,285	4,950
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,780	940	835
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,460	4,345	4,110
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	7,340	3,780	3,560
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,340	720	620
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	915	475	440
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	425	240	185
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,005	3,060	2,940

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 1, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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