Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	St. Catharines, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	136,803	...	...
Population, 2016¹	133,113	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	61,977	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	58,903	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,422.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	96.20	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	136,805	65,670	71,135
0 to 14 years	19,350	9,925	9,420
0 to 4 years	6,125	3,145	2,980
5 to 9 years	6,405	3,325	3,080
10 to 14 years	6,815	3,455	3,360
15 to 64 years	85,590	41,710	43,880
15 to 19 years	6,945	3,570	3,375
20 to 24 years	8,510	4,290	4,215
25 to 29 years	9,385	4,735	4,650
30 to 34 years	8,885	4,355	4,530
35 to 39 years	8,185	3,990	4,195
40 to 44 years	7,455	3,585	3,875
45 to 49 years	7,855	3,765	4,090
50 to 54 years	8,365	4,035	4,330
55 to 59 years	10,165	4,745	5,415
60 to 64 years	9,840	4,630	5,210
65 years and over	31,865	14,040	17,830
65 to 69 years	8,920	4,125	4,800
70 to 74 years	8,150	3,730	4,420
75 to 79 years	5,895	2,655	3,240
80 to 84 years	4,165	1,850	2,310
85 years and over	4,735	1,680	3,060
85 to 89 years	2,790	1,075	1,715
90 to 94 years	1,465	475	985
95 to 99 years	440	110	330
100 years and over	45	10	30
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.1	15.1	13.2
15 to 64 years	62.6	63.5	61.7
65 years and over	23.3	21.4	25.1
85 years and over	3.5	2.6	4.3
Average age of the population	44.3	42.9	45.6
Median age of the population	44.8	42.8	46.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	58,900	...	...
Single-detached house	32,725	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,425	...	...
Row house	5,010	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,500	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	8,465	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,500	...	...
Other single-attached house	180	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	95	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	58,905	...	...
1 person	19,010	...	...
2 persons	20,870	...	...
3 persons	8,400	...	...
4 persons	6,780	...	...
5 or more persons	3,840	...	...
Number of persons in private households	134,340	64,735	69,600
Average household size	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	117,455	55,745	61,710
Married or living common-law	62,175	31,020	31,155
Married	50,360	25,130	25,225
Living common-law	11,820	5,895	5,925
Living common law - Never married	8,115	4,060	4,055
Living common law - Separated	765	380	380
Living common law - Divorced	2,535	1,270	1,265
Living common law - Widowed	410	175	230
Not married and not living common-law	55,280	24,725	30,555
Not married and not living common law - Never married	33,845	17,825	16,020
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,370	1,820	2,550
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,570	3,270	5,300
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	8,490	1,805	6,690
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	38,015	...	...
2 persons	21,220	...	...
3 persons	7,905	...	...
4 persons	6,250	...	...
5 or more persons	2,645	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	38,020	...	...
Total couple families	30,305	...	...
Married couples	24,420	...	...
With children⁶	11,785	...	...
Without children	12,630	...	...
Common-law couples	5,880	...	...
With children⁶	2,085	...	...
Without children	3,795	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,715	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,195	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,515	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	134,335	64,735	69,600
Total - Persons in census families	105,320	51,470	53,850
Married spouses or common-law partners	60,610	30,240	30,365
Parents in one-parent families	7,710	1,515	6,195
Children⁶	37,000	19,715	17,285
In a two-parent family	25,155	13,355	11,805
In a one-parent family	11,845	6,360	5,480
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	29,015	13,270	15,750
Living alone	19,010	8,110	10,900
Living with other relatives⁷	3,305	1,410	1,890
Living with non-relatives only	6,700	3,745	2,955
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	58,905	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	33,610	...	...
Couple-family households	27,525	...	...
With children⁶	12,565	...	...
Without children	14,960	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,085	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,465	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	300	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,635	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,880	...	...
One-person households	19,015	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	115,005	54,820	60,180
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,155	52,830	58,320
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,000	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,215	52,860	58,350
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,000	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,105	47,100	50,005
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,600	36,000	24,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,210	38,965	37,245
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,000	34,400	26,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,005	48,445	54,560
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	10,000	12,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	12,135	5,800	6,335
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,985	16,130	17,855
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	115,005	54,820	60,180
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,005	52,720	58,290
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,560	53,700	42,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,060	52,750	58,310
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	45,200	36,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,135	46,975	50,160
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,400	48,920	34,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,210	38,985	37,225
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,520	45,440	35,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	102,885	48,300	54,590
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,210	11,030	13,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	12,060	5,705	6,360
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,170	5,775	6,530
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,195	16,130	18,065
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,460	9,310	9,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	115,005	54,825	60,180
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,725	17,550	14,180
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	61,600	52,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,900	72,700	59,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,895	14,985	17,905
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,900	17,200	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,180	27,200	21,660
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	76.2	81.2	70.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	58.5	62.6	53.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	23.8	18.8	29.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.9	5.8	8.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.1	5.3	7.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	115,005	54,825	60,185
Without total income	3,850	1,985	1,865
With total income	111,150	52,835	58,320
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,145	3,520	4,625
$10,000 to $19,999	14,520	5,920	8,600
$20,000 to $29,999	19,465	8,045	11,415
$30,000 to $39,999	17,265	7,590	9,675
$40,000 to $49,999	13,865	6,420	7,450
$50,000 to $59,999	10,405	5,100	5,305
$60,000 to $69,999	7,415	3,990	3,430
$70,000 to $79,999	5,380	3,115	2,270
$80,000 to $89,999	3,665	2,195	1,475
$90,000 to $99,999	2,995	1,725	1,265
$100,000 and over	8,030	5,210	2,820
$100,000 to $149,999	5,620	3,465	2,155
$150,000 and over	2,410	1,745	665
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	115,005	54,825	60,185
Without after-tax income	3,790	1,960	1,830
With after-tax income	111,210	52,860	58,350
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,575	3,640	4,930
$10,000 to $19,999	15,170	6,200	8,970
$20,000 to $29,999	22,235	9,320	12,910
$30,000 to $39,999	19,845	8,955	10,890
$40,000 to $49,999	15,310	7,335	7,970
$50,000 to $59,999	10,105	5,350	4,755
$60,000 to $69,999	6,780	3,920	2,855
$70,000 to $79,999	4,325	2,525	1,800
$80,000 to $89,999	3,275	1,825	1,450
$90,000 to $99,999	1,715	1,085	630
$100,000 and over	3,885	2,705	1,180
$100,000 to $124,999	2,040	1,350	685
$125,000 and over	1,845	1,350	495
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	115,005	54,825	60,185
Without employment income	38,795	15,860	22,935
With employment income	76,215	38,960	37,250
Under $5,000 (including loss)	13,100	6,860	6,235
$5,000 to $9,999	6,935	2,930	4,005
$10,000 to $19,999	10,445	4,625	5,820
$20,000 to $29,999	7,665	3,500	4,165
$30,000 to $39,999	7,365	3,490	3,875
$40,000 to $49,999	6,935	3,270	3,665
$50,000 to $59,999	5,680	3,005	2,675
$60,000 to $69,999	4,380	2,555	1,820
$70,000 to $79,999	3,265	2,010	1,255
$80,000 to $89,999	2,405	1,525	880
$90,000 to $99,999	2,365	1,290	1,070
$100,000 and over	5,670	3,890	1,785
$100,000 to $124,999	2,875	1,855	1,015
$125,000 and over	2,795	2,030	770
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	115,005	54,820	60,180
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,375	51,900	57,475
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,800	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,405	51,905	57,500
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	36,800	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	96,475	46,750	49,720
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	38,000	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,935	39,275	37,655
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	36,800	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,915	45,780	52,135
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,360	2,060	7,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,035	3,600	4,435
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,880	4,800	4,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	115,005	54,820	60,180
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,240	51,755	57,485
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,320	51,750	39,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,275	51,755	57,520
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,680	43,360	34,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,615	46,690	49,925
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,720	50,200	35,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,825	39,140	37,680
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,400	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,765	45,540	52,225
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,450	7,360	9,390
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,915	3,560	4,350
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,420	5,895	6,840
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	115,005	54,825	60,180
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,465	17,410	14,055
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600	58,800	48,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,000	70,400	56,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,395	14,245	17,145
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	25,200	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,720	34,840	27,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.4	87.4	78.4
Employment income (%)	65.2	69.2	60.3
Government transfers (%)	16.7	12.5	21.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.8	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	58,905	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	19,015	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	39,895	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	58,905	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	89,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	19,010	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,320	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,960	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	39,895	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	58,905	...	...
Under $5,000	585	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	755	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,490	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,570	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,495	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,430	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,565	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,735	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,725	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,080	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,630	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,405	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,780	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,435	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,910	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,520	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,365	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,520	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,505	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	58,905	...	...
Under $5,000	650	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	325	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	785	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,550	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,720	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,840	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,895	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,975	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,145	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,040	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,700	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,290	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,800	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,230	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,475	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,480	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,120	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,555	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,810	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	37,805	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	15,330	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,040	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,185	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	25,710	11,855	13,855
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	36,400	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,800	33,200	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	37,755	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,335	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,085	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,125	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	25,700	11,935	13,770
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,560	44,720	42,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,960	38,600	37,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	134,335	64,740	69,600
0 to 17 years	23,465	12,015	11,455
0 to 5 years	7,380	3,785	3,595
18 to 64 years	80,920	39,280	41,640
65 years and over	29,950	13,440	16,510
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	16,700	7,525	9,170
0 to 17 years	3,650	1,850	1,805
0 to 5 years	1,270	625	640
18 to 64 years	9,410	4,385	5,020
65 years and over	3,635	1,290	2,345
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.4	11.6	13.2
0 to 17 years (%)	15.6	15.4	15.7
0 to 5 years (%)	17.2	16.6	17.8
18 to 64 years (%)	11.6	11.2	12.1
65 years and over (%)	12.2	9.6	14.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	134,335	64,735	69,600
0 to 17 years	23,465	12,015	11,455
0 to 5 years	7,380	3,790	3,595
18 to 64 years	80,915	39,280	41,635
65 years and over	29,955	13,445	16,510
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,900	3,510	3,385
0 to 17 years	1,020	535	485
0 to 5 years	340	170	175
18 to 64 years	5,355	2,765	2,590
65 years and over	525	210	310
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	5.4	4.9
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3	4.4	4.2
0 to 5 years (%)	4.6	4.5	4.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.6	7.0	6.2
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.6	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	134,335	64,740	69,600
In bottom half of the distribution	76,955	36,075	40,875
In bottom decile	15,270	7,160	8,115
In second decile	16,275	7,275	9,000
In third decile	16,000	7,430	8,570
In fourth decile	14,940	7,170	7,775
In fifth decile	14,465	7,045	7,420
In top half of the distribution	57,380	28,665	28,720
In sixth decile	13,650	6,675	6,975
In seventh decile	12,635	6,265	6,365
In eighth decile	11,455	5,770	5,685
In ninth decile	10,545	5,340	5,205
In top decile	9,105	4,610	4,490
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	134,335	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.321	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.465	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.283	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	134,840	64,920	69,925
English only	124,605	60,540	64,065
French only	90	40	50
English and French	8,815	3,760	5,055
Neither English nor French	1,330	580	755
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	134,840	64,920	69,925
English	130,785	63,110	67,675
French	2,340	1,050	1,290
English and French	425	205	220
Neither English nor French	1,285	555	730
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	134,840	64,920	69,925
Single responses	131,185	63,250	67,935
Official languages	109,560	53,160	56,405
English	107,140	52,080	55,060
French	2,420	1,075	1,345
Non-official languages	21,625	10,095	11,535
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10
Algonquian languages	15	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,605	10,080	11,525
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,885	965	920
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	5	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	35	10	25
Bilen	5	0	5
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	25	10	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,845	955	895
Amharic	30	10	15
Arabic	1,705	890	820
Aramaic languages	40	20	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	20	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	10	10
Maltese	20	10	10
Tigrigna	35	15	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	450	195	260
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	45	60
Vietnamese	350	150	200
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,010	385	625
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Cebuano	35	15	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10
Ilocano	70	30	40
Indonesian	25	10	15
Kankanaey	5	5	5
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	810	305	510
Waray-Waray	5	5	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Creole languages	50	25	25
Haitian Creole	25	15	15
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	5	0
Morisyen	5	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	385	185	195
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	250	120	130
Tamil	100	45	50
Telugu	30	20	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	14,240	6,680	7,560
Albanian	125	60	65
Armenian	165	75	90
Balto-Slavic languages	3,605	1,595	2,010
Baltic languages	75	35	45
Latvian	35	15	15
Lithuanian	40	20	25
Slavic languages	3,530	1,560	1,970
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	60	35	30
Czech	105	50	50
Macedonian	40	20	15
Polish	1,530	645	885
Russian	515	235	285
Rusyn	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	490	240	250
Bosnian	130	65	65
Croatian	200	100	105
Serbian	155	70	85
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Slovak	115	50	60
Slovene (Slovenian)	110	45	70
Ukrainian	550	240	315
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,785	1,195	1,595
Frisian	20	10	10
High German languages	1,630	685	945
German	1,610	675	940
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	0	5
Yiddish	5	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,055	465	585
Afrikaans	35	15	20
Dutch	915	400	510
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Low Saxon	15	5	5
Plautdietsch	75	35	50
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	80	30	45
Danish	45	20	25
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	5
Swedish	25	5	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	255	120	130
Indo-Iranian languages	1,825	930	895
Indo-Aryan languages	1,410	730	680
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	160	90	75
Gujarati	225	125	100
Hindi	230	135	90
Kacchi	15	10	0
Kashmiri	0	0	5
Konkani	5	5	0
Marathi	30	10	15
Nepali	30	10	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	250	120	130
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20
Urdu	420	195	220
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Iranian languages	410	195	210
Baluchi	5	0	5
Kurdish	170	85	85
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	10	15
Persian languages	215	105	110
Dari	65	30	35
Iranian Persian	130	65	65
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	5	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,470	2,700	2,765
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,935	945	990
Portuguese	495	225	270
Romanian	170	80	85
Spanish	2,855	1,440	1,415
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	80	25	50
Korean	550	245	300
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	280	125	160
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	15	5	10
Gikuyu	10	0	5
Igbo	15	5	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5
Lingala	10	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	5
Shona	50	20	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	50	25	25
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	45	20	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	35	20	10
American Sign Language	30	20	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,815	830	985
Chinese languages	1,805	825	980
Hakka	5	0	5
Mandarin	1,390	640	755
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	335	150	185
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	210	100	115
Lao	175	80	90
Thai	35	10	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	175	95	75
Azerbaijani	15	10	5
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	130	70	60
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	15	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	425	195	225
Estonian	40	20	20
Finnish	45	20	20
Hungarian	335	155	185
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,660	1,670	1,985
English and French	610	285	320
English and non-official language(s)	2,650	1,215	1,440
French and non-official language(s)	95	45	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40
Multiple non-official languages	240	95	140
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	134,840	64,920	69,925
English	112,710	54,650	58,060
French	500	225	280
Non-official language	5,145	2,365	2,785
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,145	2,365	2,785
English and French	1,445	630	815
English and non-official language(s)	14,185	6,685	7,505
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	530	220	310
Multiple non-official languages	275	135	140
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	134,840	64,920	69,925
Single responses	131,400	63,285	68,115
Official languages	121,200	58,495	62,705
English	120,470	58,175	62,300
French	730	320	415
Non-official languages	10,200	4,790	5,410
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5
Algonquian languages	5	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,190	4,790	5,400
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,090	530	565
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	5	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	5	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,080	525	550
Amharic	5	5	5
Arabic	1,000	490	510
Aramaic languages	30	15	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	5	5
Maltese	5	0	0
Tigrigna	25	15	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	300	135	170
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	25	35
Vietnamese	230	105	130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	540	235	305
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Cebuano	5	0	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	40	15	25
Indonesian	10	5	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	460	200	260
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Creole languages	20	10	15
Haitian Creole	15	5	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	225	120	110
Kannada	5	0	0
Malayalam	150	80	75
Tamil	60	35	25
Telugu	10	5	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,735	2,675	3,065
Albanian	55	30	25
Armenian	85	30	55
Balto-Slavic languages	1,420	635	785
Baltic languages	10	5	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	5	5
Slavic languages	1,405	630	780
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	15	15
Czech	25	10	15
Macedonian	15	10	5
Polish	655	280	375
Russian	305	140	170
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	185	90	95
Bosnian	50	25	30
Croatian	60	30	30
Serbian	70	35	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	35	20	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15
Ukrainian	135	55	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	325	145	180
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	215	90	120
German	215	90	120
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	110	55	55
Afrikaans	15	10	10
Dutch	45	20	20
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	5
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	40	20	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	90	40	50
Indo-Iranian languages	1,070	510	560
Indo-Aryan languages	795	385	415
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	80	40	40
Gujarati	120	70	55
Hindi	105	60	40
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	10	5
Nepali	25	10	10
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	165	70	90
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	10
Urdu	270	115	155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	270	125	150
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	110	50	60
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	5	10
Persian languages	150	65	80
Dari	55	25	25
Iranian Persian	75	30	40
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	5	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,690	1,280	1,405
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	510	205	305
Portuguese	245	110	135
Romanian	70	35	35
Spanish	1,855	925	930
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	30	15	15
Korean	440	195	240
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	125	60	65
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	10	5
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	5	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	5	0
Shona	20	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	25	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	35	20
American Sign Language	45	30	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,280	620	655
Chinese languages	1,275	615	660
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,070	520	555
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	160	85	80
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	55	75
Lao	110	50	60
Thai	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	45	45
Azerbaijani	10	5	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	75	35	35
Uyghur	5	5	0
Uzbek	5	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	130	60	70
Estonian	0	5	5
Finnish	5	5	0
Hungarian	120	50	65
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,440	1,635	1,810
English and French	240	105	135
English and non-official language(s)	3,090	1,480	1,615
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15
Multiple non-official languages	50	20	25
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	134,840	64,915	69,920
None	121,265	58,625	62,640
English	4,495	2,150	2,350
French	1,160	500	655
Non-official language	6,500	2,990	3,505
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	10
Non-Indigenous	6,480	2,985	3,500
English and French	75	35	40
English and non-official language(s)	460	220	240
French and non-official language(s)	260	105	160
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5
Multiple non-official languages	625	300	330
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	134,335	64,735	69,600
Official languages	132,955	64,195	68,760
English	132,850	64,155	68,695
French	8,905	3,820	5,085
Non-official languages	28,695	13,225	15,465
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	15	25
Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0
Cayuga	10	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,660	13,210	15,450
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,715	1,355	1,360
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	0	15
Hausa	15	0	15
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	20	10	10
Cushitic languages	65	35	30
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	50	35	15
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,640	1,315	1,320
Amharic	45	10	35
Arabic	2,410	1,220	1,195
Aramaic languages	50	25	25
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	25	20
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	90	55	40
Maltese	45	10	30
Tigrigna	30	0	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	585	260	325
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	55	70
Vietnamese	460	210	250
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,550	595	960
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	80	25	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	200	70	130
Indonesian	40	15	30
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	0	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,450	560	890
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Creole languages	210	105	100
Haitian Creole	135	70	60
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	10	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	0	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10
Dravidian languages	510	295	210
Kannada	20	10	10
Malayalam	310	175	130
Tamil	185	120	75
Telugu	55	35	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	19,225	8,870	10,350
Albanian	115	60	50
Armenian	175	80	100
Balto-Slavic languages	4,365	1,925	2,435
Baltic languages	65	30	35
Latvian	25	10	15
Lithuanian	40	20	15
Slavic languages	4,300	1,900	2,400
Belarusian	15	0	10
Bulgarian	25	25	0
Czech	175	90	85
Macedonian	65	30	35
Polish	1,765	690	1,080
Russian	910	440	470
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	650	330	310
Bosnian	220	130	95
Croatian	225	110	115
Serbian	270	135	125
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	155	70	85
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	55	90
Ukrainian	875	385	490
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	30	25	0
Irish	15	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Germanic languages	3,885	1,680	2,210
Frisian	25	15	10
High German languages	2,365	1,045	1,315
German	2,350	1,040	1,315
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,410	595	820
Afrikaans	150	60	80
Dutch	1,205	515	690
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	65	20	50
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	150	55	85
Danish	90	40	45
Icelandic	15	0	10
Norwegian	20	0	20
Swedish	25	10	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	385	185	210
Indo-Iranian languages	2,685	1,370	1,315
Indo-Aryan languages	2,265	1,160	1,110
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	215	145	70
Gujarati	340	160	175
Hindi	1,060	595	460
Kacchi	50	30	20
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	90	50	35
Nepali	50	20	35
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	515	265	250
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	30	20	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	20	25
Urdu	955	410	545
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Iranian languages	470	235	230
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	175	85	90
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	65	25	30
Persian languages	310	165	140
Dari	45	25	15
Iranian Persian	250	135	115
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,150	3,810	4,340
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	3,010	1,400	1,610
Portuguese	745	360	385
Romanian	200	110	90
Spanish	4,600	2,145	2,450
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	175	75	95
Korean	615	310	305
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	700	325	375
Akan (Twi)	80	50	30
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	15	20
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	30	10	20
Gikuyu	10	0	10
Igbo	60	40	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10
Lingala	40	25	20
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	10	0
Shona	105	40	65
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	160	85	75
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	150	60	90
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	15	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	205	65	140
American Sign Language	175	55	125
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,085	985	1,100
Chinese languages	2,080	980	1,100
Hakka	10	0	10
Mandarin	1,770	845	930
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	25	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10
Yue (Cantonese)	420	200	220
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	405	185	215
Lao	310	150	155
Thai	170	60	110
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	325	185	140
Azerbaijani	50	30	20
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	270	150	110
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Uralic languages	435	170	260
Estonian	30	15	15
Finnish	55	15	45
Hungarian	350	145	205
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	134,335	64,735	69,600
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,305	1,535	1,770
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,155	1,450	1,705
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,885	865	1,015
Métis	1,245	565	680
Inuk (Inuit)	25	25	0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	50	25	30
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	105	60	45
Non-Indigenous identity	131,030	63,200	67,830
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	134,335	64,735	69,600
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	925	430	495
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	133,410	64,305	69,105
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	58,905	...	...
Owner	37,945	...	...
Renter	20,960	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	58,905	...	...
Condominium	6,310	...	...
Not condominium	52,590	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	58,905	...	...
No bedrooms	275	...	...
1 bedroom	7,990	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,780	...	...
3 bedrooms	23,540	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,310	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	58,905	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	15,300	...	...
5 rooms	8,820	...	...
6 rooms	9,365	...	...
7 rooms	8,225	...	...
8 or more rooms	17,195	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	58,905	...	...
One person or fewer per room	58,135	...	...
More than one person per room	765	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	58,905	...	...
Suitable	56,445	...	...
Not suitable	2,460	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	58,905	...	...
1960 or before	19,160	...	...
1961 to 1980	22,675	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,560	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,460	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,825	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,355	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,205	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,655	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	58,905	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	55,505	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,395	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	58,905	...	...
One-maintainer household	31,635	...	...
Two-maintainer household	24,855	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,410	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	58,905	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,675	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,620	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,395	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,305	...	...
55 to 64 years	11,940	...	...
65 to 74 years	10,760	...	...
75 to 84 years	6,455	...	...
85 years and over	2,755	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	58,620	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	44,650	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,970	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,810	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	58,905	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,110	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,475	...	...
Not suitable only	1,755	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,200	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	485	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	975	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	185	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...
Acceptable housing	40,795	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	57,455	...	...
In core need	7,025	...	...
Not in core need	50,435	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	37,920	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,140	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,306	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	548,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	581,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,955	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	15.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	41.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,100	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,168	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	134,340	64,740	69,595
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,060	510	550
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,035	495	535
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	770	370	400
Métis single ancestry	245	120	125
Inuit single ancestry	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	10	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	30	10	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,600	1,645	1,950
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,540	1,625	1,910
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,600	1,220	1,375
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	935	400	535
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	60	20	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	20	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	129,685	62,580	67,100
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	134,335	64,740	69,600
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	125,595	60,380	65,210
Canadian citizens aged under 18	22,365	11,525	10,845
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	103,225	48,860	54,370
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,740	4,350	4,385
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	134,335	64,740	69,600
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	104,880	50,720	54,160
Immigrants⁸¹	26,235	12,295	13,945
Before 1980	10,025	4,695	5,330
1980 to 1990	2,790	1,265	1,525
1991 to 2000	3,540	1,660	1,880
2001 to 2010	4,485	2,095	2,390
2011 to 2021⁸²	5,395	2,575	2,815
2011 to 2015	2,135	1,010	1,120
2016 to 2021	3,265	1,565	1,700
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,225	1,725	1,500
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,235	12,290	13,945
Under 5 years	2,915	1,465	1,450
5 to 14 years	5,495	2,675	2,820
15 to 24 years	5,535	2,625	2,905
25 to 44 years	10,170	4,540	5,635
45 years and over	2,120	990	1,130
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,235	12,290	13,945
Americas	5,305	2,575	2,730
Brazil	135	75	65
Colombia	665	320	345
El Salvador	355	165	185
Guyana	115	55	60
Haiti	110	60	55
Jamaica	610	295	320
Mexico	230	100	125
Peru	75	35	40
Trinidad and Tobago	325	190	135
United States of America	1,370	585	780
Other places of birth in Americas	1,315	700	620
Europe	11,885	5,500	6,380
Bosnia and Herzegovina	175	95	85
Croatia	105	60	50
France	90	25	60
Germany	885	370	510
Greece	190	100	85
Hungary	165	65	95
Italy	1,675	820	860
Netherlands	1,085	485	605
Poland	1,200	450	750
Portugal	155	75	75
Romania	215	100	115
Russian Federation	260	100	155
Serbia⁸⁶	150	75	70
Ukraine	345	140	205
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,925	1,940	1,980
Other places of birth in Europe	1,275	605	670
Africa	1,945	930	1,015
Algeria	30	15	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	80	55	30
Egypt	225	100	120
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	45	15	30
Morocco	50	25	20
Nigeria	290	145	140
Somalia	50	30	20
South Africa, Republic of	235	100	135
Other places of birth in Africa	940	445	500
Asia	7,010	3,245	3,765
Afghanistan	30	20	15
Iran⁸⁸	175	90	90
Iraq	200	100	100
Lebanon	145	85	55
Syria⁸⁹	370	180	195
Turkey	125	60	65
China⁹⁰	915	425	485
Hong Kong⁹¹	110	50	55
Korea, South⁹²	405	195	205
Taiwan	50	20	30
Philippines	1,460	560	900
Viet Nam	270	120	150
Bangladesh	100	65	30
India	795	415	385
Pakistan	505	230	275
Sri Lanka	40	15	25
Other places of birth in Asia	1,320	610	710
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	100	40	60
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,260	1,565	1,700
Americas	760	410	355
Brazil	30	10	20
Colombia	120	65	60
Haiti	30	15	20
Jamaica	115	65	55
Mexico	40	25	15
United States of America	150	80	65
Venezuela⁹⁵	95	55	40
Other places of birth in Americas	185	100	85
Europe	250	105	150
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	10
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	45	10	40
Ukraine	25	10	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	35	30
Other places of birth in Europe	85	35	45
Africa	415	200	220
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	15	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	10	0	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	190	95	90
Somalia	10	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	35	0	25
Sudan⁹⁷	50	30	20
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	95	40	60
Asia	1,820	850	965
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	35	25	15
China⁹⁰	405	165	240
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	245	130	115
Iran⁸⁸	35	20	15
Iraq	65	20	40
Israel	15	15	0
Japan	10	0	0
Jordan	25	15	10
Korea, South⁹²	150	80	70
Lebanon	15	10	0
Nepal	15	0	10
Pakistan	75	30	40
Philippines	205	80	120
Saudi Arabia	55	25	25
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	240	120	125
Turkey	40	20	25
United Arab Emirates	55	40	20
Viet Nam	15	10	0
Other places of birth in Asia	125	45	85
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	10
Australia	15	0	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	134,335	64,735	69,600
First generation¹⁰⁰	30,765	14,610	16,155
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,560	14,285	15,275
Third generation or more¹⁰²	74,010	35,845	38,170
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	16,205	7,590	8,615
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	6,640	3,235	3,400
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,895	1,615	1,275
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,745	1,620	2,125
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,050	2,200	2,850
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,135	1,995	2,150
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	375	165	215
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	16,205	7,590	8,615
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,220	1,135	1,090
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,725	820	910
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	520	265	255
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	990	435	550
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	170	65	110
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	10,580	4,875	5,700
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	134,335	64,735	69,600
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	22,215	11,055	11,160
South Asian	3,325	1,815	1,510
Chinese	2,200	1,035	1,170
Black	5,540	2,895	2,645
Filipino	2,015	830	1,175
Arab	1,735	880	860
Latin American	3,065	1,515	1,555
Southeast Asian	1,280	585	695
West Asian	395	220	175
Korean	630	320	315
Japanese	260	110	145
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	445	205	235
Multiple visible minorities	1,325	650	680
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	112,120	53,680	58,440
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	134,335	64,740	69,600
Canadian	19,025	9,305	9,720
English	31,030	14,885	16,145
Irish	22,070	10,180	11,890
Scottish	24,775	11,865	12,910
French, n.o.s.¹²²	11,345	5,180	6,165
German	16,000	7,610	8,395
Chinese	2,405	1,110	1,295
Italian	12,515	6,115	6,400
Indian (India)	2,110	1,195	910
Ukrainian	6,955	3,390	3,565
Dutch	9,120	4,345	4,780
Polish	6,930	3,045	3,890
Québécois	290	120	160
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,015	2,845	3,170
Filipino	2,020	875	1,135
French Canadian	2,130	1,055	1,075
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,215	1,120	1,095
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,465	665	800
Métis	1,255	550	710
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,795	865	930
Russian	2,440	1,115	1,325
Norwegian	705	330	380
Welsh	2,600	1,150	1,455
Portuguese	940	475	465
American	1,985	895	1,090
Spanish	1,550	700	850
Swedish	760	315	450
Hungarian	2,290	1,115	1,170
Acadian	360	145	210
Pakistani	785	355	430
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,240	600	635
Jewish	535	320	215
Punjabi	160	55	105
Vietnamese	665	320	345
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	935	475	460
Greek	1,040	520	520
Jamaican	1,545	735	810
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	400	230	170
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	125	50	75
Korean	635	320	320
Romanian	705	335	370
Lebanese	310	190	120
Iranian	190	100	90
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	605	310	300
Danish	735	375	365
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	720	335	385
Sikh	55	15	45
Austrian	765	380	385
Belgian	375	185	190
Haitian	160	90	65
Hindu	155	75	80
Mexican	460	225	240
Mennonite	1,350	685	665
Swiss	505	275	225
Finnish	505	210	295
Sri Lankan	55	25	35
Croatian	785	360	425
Japanese	330	135	195
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	155	85	75
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	225	100	120
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	330	175	160
Muslim	280	125	150
Egyptian	325	170	155
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	605	260	350
Tamil	30	15	10
Icelandic	90	50	35
Colombian	820	410	415
Moroccan	45	20	25
Czech	435	175	260
Syrian	265	110	155
Guyanese	230	120	110
Afghan	120	65	50
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	295	150	145
Serbian	510	250	265
Ojibway	255	150	105
Newfoundlander	270	120	155
Hong Konger	25	20	10
Ontarian	690	350	340
Persian	130	65	60
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	410	260	145
Turkish	340	190	150
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	15	10
Bangladeshi	120	75	45
Algerian	20	10	15
Brazilian	345	175	170
Nigerian	265	120	145
Armenian	635	295	340
Slovak	690	340	350
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	305	160	150
Somali	170	95	75
Taiwanese	75	25	45
Iraqi	130	85	45
Salvadorean	480	250	230
African Caribbean	160	80	80
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	75	35	50
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	235	130	105
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	185	115	75
Algonquin	115	45	65
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	220	115	105
Lithuanian	295	145	150
South African	270	125	145
Australian	200	100	105
Palestinian	230	100	125
Chilean	140	50	90
Congolese	50	30	20
Nova Scotian	140	80	60
Ethiopian	65	30	40
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	400	215	185
Peruvian	100	60	40
Yoruba	190	115	75
Cambodian (Khmer)	185	85	100
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	130	65	65
Maltese	325	185	140
Macedonian	195	75	120
Slovenian	565	245	325
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	95	40	55
New Brunswicker	90	25	60
Gujarati	45	15	30
Eritrean	55	25	35
African Canadian	75	40	40
Israeli	40	25	10
Mohawk	265	135	135
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	225	120	105
Bulgarian	130	80	50
Albertan	35	15	20
Ghanaian	105	70	40
Barbadian	265	155	105
African American	260	155	100
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	225	90	135
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	165	95	65
Cuban	185	105	85
Bosnian	215	120	90
Venezuelan	160	90	70
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	10	10
Latvian	225	105	125
Bengali	70	45	25
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	175	95	80
Indonesian	90	45	50
Laotian	325	170	155
Ilocano	125	45	85
Northern Irish	150	75	75
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	95	55	40
British Columbian	10	0	0
Ecuadorian	55	20	30
Franco Ontarian	60	35	25
Argentinian	85	35	50
Estonian	190	80	105
Kurdish	155	85	75
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	85	45	40
Coptic	80	40	40
Thai	205	75	120
Dominican	20	0	10
Nepali	50	25	25
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	40	20	20
Igbo	65	45	20
Byelorussian	105	55	50
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	15	10
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	25	20	10
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	85	25	55
New Zealander	40	20	30
Sudanese	535	245	290
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	150	55	90
Malaysian	25	15	10
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	30	15	15
Buddhist	50	20	25
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	10	10	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	25	20
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	10	25
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	60	35	20
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	20	15	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	35	15	15
Jordanian	55	20	35
Manitoban	10	10	0
Cape Bretoner	70	25	45
Rwandan	10	0	10
Grenadian	45	25	20
Malayali	50	30	20
Chaldean	20	10	20
Sinhalese	35	20	20
Mayan	10	0	0
Honduran	95	60	35
Cherokee	25	15	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20	20	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	35	15	20
United Empire Loyalist	125	40	85
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	40	20	15
Sicilian	40	20	20
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	15	0	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	105	40	70
Burmese	10	0	0
Mongolian	50	20	30
Azorean	20	15	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	55	25	30
Oromo	15	0	15
Tanzanian	60	35	25
Yemeni	65	30	30
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	100	35	65
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	25	15	15
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	45	20	25
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	0	10
Igorot	15	0	10
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	25	10	15
St. Lucian	30	15	10
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	45	30	20
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	20	10	0
Singaporean	10	0	10
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	10	0	10
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	120	65	55
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	134,335	64,735	69,600
Buddhist	865	380	480
Christian	78,270	35,830	42,445
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,610	6,025	6,585
Anabaptist	1,630	780	850
Anglican	8,010	3,490	4,520
Baptist	1,605	720	880
Catholic	34,770	16,150	18,625
Christian Orthodox	1,780	810	970
Jehovah's Witness	565	235	330
Latter Day Saints	215	85	130
Lutheran	1,450	670	780
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	515	215	300
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,545	690	855
Presbyterian	2,545	1,145	1,405
Reformed	1,150	570	580
United Church	5,450	2,240	3,210
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,435	2,005	2,435
Hindu	775	460	315
Jewish	445	190	260
Muslim	4,535	2,270	2,265
Sikh	230	110	120
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	70	35	35
Other religions and spiritual traditions	915	385	530
No religion and secular perspectives	48,235	25,085	23,150
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	133,135	64,180	68,955
Non-movers	117,050	56,405	60,645
Movers	16,090	7,780	8,310
Non-migrants	8,940	4,260	4,680
Migrants	7,150	3,520	3,630
Internal migrants	6,445	3,125	3,325
Intraprovincial migrants	6,040	2,935	3,105
Interprovincial migrants	405	190	215
External migrants	700	395	305
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	128,210	61,625	66,585
Non-movers	79,285	37,850	41,425
Movers	48,925	23,770	25,155
Non-migrants	22,100	10,660	11,435
Migrants	26,825	13,110	13,715
Internal migrants	21,905	10,590	11,315
Intraprovincial migrants	20,290	9,790	10,500
Interprovincial migrants	1,620	795	820
External migrants	4,925	2,520	2,400
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	115,005	54,825	60,180
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,990	10,105	9,885
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	95,020	44,720	50,295
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	69,690	33,645	36,050
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,980	3,865	3,115
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	62,710	29,770	32,935
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	115,005	54,820	60,180
No certificate, diploma or degree	17,880	8,865	9,005
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	36,115	17,490	18,625
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,010	28,465	32,545
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	35,590	17,185	18,405
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,540	5,195	2,345
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,575	2,035	1,545
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,960	3,155	805
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,940	11,155	14,790
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,105	840	1,270
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,420	11,280	14,140
Bachelor's degree	17,075	7,295	9,780
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,615	750	860
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625	385	240
Master's degree	5,175	2,300	2,880
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	930	550	380
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	69,695	33,640	36,050
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,095	3,370	2,725
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,240	10,555	9,680
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,360	19,710	23,645
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,660	11,780	12,875
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,535	3,035	1,500
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,255	1,265	995
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,280	1,775	510
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,825	8,215	10,610
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,300	535	765
Bachelor's degree or higher	18,700	7,930	10,770
Bachelor's degree	12,545	5,270	7,270
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,195	525	670
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	410	225	180
Master's degree	3,905	1,545	2,360
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	640	355	290
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	115,005	54,825	60,185
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	53,990	26,360	27,630
Education	4,225	1,045	3,180
13. Education	4,225	1,045	3,180
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,525	1,200	1,330
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	205	140	65
50. Visual and performing arts	2,325	1,055	1,270
Humanities	3,645	1,490	2,155
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	390	65	320
23. English language and literature/letters	825	250	575
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	875	320	560
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	140	60	75
38. Philosophy and religious studies	305	165	140
39. Theology and religious vocations	405	275	130
54. History	495	325	175
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	210	30	175
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,675	2,405	5,270
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	15	60
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	880	375	505
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,750	145	1,605
22. Legal professions and studies	760	275	485
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	225	75	150
42. Psychology	1,425	310	1,120
45. Social sciences	2,555	1,210	1,345
Business, management and public administration	11,475	4,665	6,810
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	20	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,245	285	960
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,200	4,355	5,845
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,240	1,135	1,110
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	955	375	575
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	495	235	260
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	15	15
40. Physical sciences	670	485	185
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	25	75
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,020	1,350	670
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,540	1,110	425
25. Library science	90	10	85
27. Mathematics and statistics	325	180	145
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	70	45	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,745	10,055	695
04. Architecture and related services	350	270	80
14. Engineering	1,625	1,350	275
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,840	2,650	195
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,085	2,035	45
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,110	2,075	30
48. Precision production	1,740	1,670	70
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,250	660	590
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	870	445	425
03. Natural resources and conservation	385	215	170
Health and related fields	10,665	2,230	8,435
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,140	605	535
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	9,280	1,485	7,785
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	20	30
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	200	120	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,510	2,220	2,285
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,625	825	1,810
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	1,320	905	420
49. Transportation and materials moving	530	470	60
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	69,690	33,640	36,055
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,330	13,930	12,405
Education	2,705	625	2,080
13. Education	2,705	625	2,080
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,890	885	1,005
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	110	65	40
50. Visual and performing arts	1,780	815	965
Humanities	2,420	985	1,440
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	270	40	230
23. English language and literature/letters	515	160	355
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	650	220	430
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	45	40
38. Philosophy and religious studies	205	110	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	275	200	65
54. History	290	185	105
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	145	25	120
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,780	1,755	4,025
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	0	50
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	715	305	410
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,395	125	1,270
22. Legal professions and studies	585	190	395
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	145	60	85
42. Psychology	970	215	760
45. Social sciences	1,915	855	1,060
Business, management and public administration	8,435	3,240	5,200
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	15	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,010	190	825
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,410	3,040	4,370
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,490	665	825
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	660	235	425
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	345	145	200
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	10	10
40. Physical sciences	400	270	130
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	10	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,630	1,125	505
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,305	955	345
25. Library science	45	0	45
27. Mathematics and statistics	230	135	95
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	35	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,145	6,600	550
04. Architecture and related services	235	175	60
14. Engineering	1,190	945	240
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,975	1,825	150
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,315	1,285	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,420	1,400	20
48. Precision production	1,015	965	45
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	940	470	470
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	640	300	340
03. Natural resources and conservation	300	170	135
Health and related fields	7,630	1,685	5,945
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	890	470	420
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,565	1,135	5,425
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0	30
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	145	75	70
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,285	1,685	1,600
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,835	625	1,210
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	1,065	715	350
49. Transportation and materials moving	360	320	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	69,690	33,640	36,055
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	26,330	13,930	12,405
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	43,360	19,715	23,650
Location of study inside Canada	36,520	16,725	19,795
Same as province or territory of residence	34,960	15,960	19,000
Different than province or territory of residence	1,560	765	790
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,845	2,990	3,855
Americas	2,715	1,240	1,475
United States of America	1,710	795	915
Mexico	95	30	55
Cuba	45	15	30
Haiti	15	10	10
Jamaica	70	35	30
Brazil	150	55	100
Colombia	300	145	150
Peru	20	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	40	45
Other locations of study in Americas	235	110	125
Europe	1,275	635	640
Belgium	0	0	0
France	45	10	30
Germany	45	35	0
Netherlands	45	25	25
Switzerland	20	10	0
Hungary	50	15	30
Moldova¹⁸³	10	10	0
Poland	150	70	80
Romania	45	20	25
Russian Federation	85	40	50
Ukraine	60	20	40
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	485	250	230
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	15
Italy	50	30	20
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	0
Other locations of study in Europe	110	45	65
Africa	510	205	295
Nigeria	125	60	65
Algeria	15	0	10
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	90	45	50
South Africa, Republic of	70	35	40
Other locations of study in Africa	205	70	140
Asia	2,230	870	1,360
Iran⁸⁸	55	25	25
Iraq	40	25	20
Israel	15	10	10
Lebanon	10	0	10
Syria⁸⁹	45	30	20
Turkey	75	30	40
China⁹⁰	280	110	175
Taiwan	25	10	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10
Japan	25	0	20
Korea, South⁹²	165	70	100
Philippines	540	175	365
Viet Nam	30	0	25
Bangladesh	30	15	20
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	480	230	255
Pakistan	190	80	110
Other locations of study in Asia	195	45	150
Oceania	115	35	90
Australia	110	35	75
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	115,005	54,820	60,180
In the labour force	67,120	34,290	32,830
Employed	56,490	29,205	27,285
Unemployed	10,630	5,080	5,545
Not in the labour force	47,885	20,535	27,350
Participation rate	58.4	62.6	54.6
Employment rate	49.1	53.3	45.3
Unemployment rate	15.8	14.8	16.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	115,005	54,825	60,185
Did not work¹⁸⁶	47,760	20,725	27,035
Worked	67,245	34,095	33,145
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	32,485	18,045	14,440
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	34,760	16,050	18,710
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.8	40.7	38.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	67,120	34,290	32,830
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,045	1,085	955
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	65,075	33,200	31,875
Employee	56,505	28,095	28,405
Permanent position	48,280	24,110	24,175
Temporary position	8,220	3,990	4,235
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,525	1,115	1,410
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,700	2,875	2,825
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,570	5,105	3,470
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	67,120	34,290	32,830
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,045	1,085	955
All occupations¹⁹¹	65,075	33,200	31,875
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	575	410	165
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,290	2,905	6,385
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,655	2,895	760
3 Health occupations	5,780	1,195	4,585
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,750	2,550	5,205
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,905	940	965
6 Sales and service occupations	20,410	8,785	11,625
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,900	9,920	980
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,620	1,150	470
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,195	2,455	740
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	67,120	34,290	32,830
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,045	1,085	955
All industries¹⁹¹	65,075	33,200	31,875
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,445	855	595
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	75	60	20
22 Utilities	425	335	90
23 Construction	5,020	4,400	620
31-33 Manufacturing	5,685	4,265	1,415
41 Wholesale trade	2,240	1,440	795
44-45 Retail trade	9,135	4,330	4,805
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,810	2,165	650
51 Information and cultural industries	900	600	295
52 Finance and insurance	2,075	860	1,210
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,240	670	575
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,095	2,210	1,885
55 Management of companies and enterprises	75	20	60
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,495	1,995	1,500
61 Educational services	5,055	1,615	3,445
62 Health care and social assistance	9,185	1,730	7,455
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,425	775	655
72 Accommodation and food services	5,305	2,260	3,045
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,765	1,215	1,545
91 Public administration	2,615	1,400	1,215
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	72,330	36,590	35,740
English	69,615	35,370	34,245
French	165	55	110
Non-official language	220	125	90
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	220	125	90
English and French	915	380	545
English and non-official language(s)	1,305	600	710
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	65	40
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	72,330	36,590	35,740
Single responses	71,995	36,460	35,530
Official languages	71,605	36,255	35,350
English	71,290	36,150	35,135
French	320	105	210
Non-official languages	390	205	180
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	390	205	180
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	10	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	15	10	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	0	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30	10	20
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	30	10	20
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	195	105	90
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	20
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	35	15	20
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	20	0	20
Russian	15	15	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	20	10	10
Indo-Aryan languages	10	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	135	75	65
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	120	70	50
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	10	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	110	60	50
Chinese languages	110	60	50
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	105	60	45
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	330	130	205
English and French	110	30	80
English and non-official language(s)	220	100	120
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	72,330	36,590	35,740
None	70,300	35,665	34,635
English	320	125	200
French	660	300	360
Non-official language	860	400	460
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	850	400	450
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	95	55	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	85	40	45
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,490	29,210	27,285
Worked at home	11,620	5,040	6,585
Worked outside Canada	240	185	55
No fixed workplace address	6,735	4,935	1,795
Usual place of work	37,900	19,045	18,850
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	37,895	19,045	18,850
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	22,575	10,255	12,320
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	11,025	5,790	5,235
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	4,245	2,955	1,290
Commute to a different province or territory	60	50	10
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	44,635	23,985	20,645
Car, truck or van	40,200	21,755	18,445
Car, truck or van - as a driver	36,610	20,205	16,405
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,590	1,550	2,035
Public transit	1,360	570	790
Walked	1,825	965	860
Bicycle	355	295	65
Other method	895	405	490
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	44,635	23,985	20,645
Less than 15 minutes	18,475	8,630	9,845
15 to 29 minutes	16,450	8,900	7,550
30 to 44 minutes	5,525	3,510	2,015
45 to 59 minutes	1,660	1,095	560
60 minutes and over	2,520	1,850	670
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	44,635	23,985	20,645
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,300	2,235	1,070
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,705	4,910	2,795
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,310	5,725	4,585
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,635	4,245	5,390
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,370	2,885	3,490
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,310	3,990	3,320
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,915	12,230	11,680
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,050	1,020	1,035
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,860	11,215	10,645
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,325	8,875	8,455
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,600	805	795
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,000	475	520
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	600	330	275
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,730	8,070	7,660

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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