Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Brantford, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	104,688	...	...
Population, 2016¹	98,563^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	43,269	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,673	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,061.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	98.65	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	104,690	51,205	53,480
0 to 14 years	17,970	9,280	8,685
0 to 4 years	5,660	3,000	2,660
5 to 9 years	6,000	3,045	2,955
10 to 14 years	6,305	3,240	3,070
15 to 64 years	66,925	33,165	33,755
15 to 19 years	5,930	3,065	2,865
20 to 24 years	6,195	3,230	2,960
25 to 29 years	7,125	3,575	3,550
30 to 34 years	7,120	3,500	3,625
35 to 39 years	6,985	3,420	3,565
40 to 44 years	6,670	3,285	3,385
45 to 49 years	6,345	3,095	3,250
50 to 54 years	6,325	3,125	3,195
55 to 59 years	7,205	3,535	3,675
60 to 64 years	7,030	3,345	3,685
65 years and over	19,800	8,760	11,035
65 to 69 years	6,185	2,870	3,315
70 to 74 years	5,155	2,395	2,765
75 to 79 years	3,465	1,565	1,900
80 to 84 years	2,335	1,020	1,315
85 years and over	2,650	905	1,740
85 to 89 years	1,530	585	950
90 to 94 years	825	260	565
95 to 99 years	260	50	205
100 years and over	35	10	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.2	18.1	16.2
15 to 64 years	63.9	64.8	63.1
65 years and over	18.9	17.1	20.6
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.3
Average age of the population	41.4	40.1	42.6
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,675	...	...
Single-detached house	25,235	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,950	...	...
Row house	3,965	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,585	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,370	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,480	...	...
Other single-attached house	75	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,675	...	...
1 person	11,660	...	...
2 persons	13,850	...	...
3 persons	6,740	...	...
4 persons	5,690	...	...
5 or more persons	3,740	...	...
Number of persons in private households	103,170	50,645	52,520
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	86,715	41,925	44,795
Married or living common-law	47,125	23,500	23,620
Married	37,280	18,610	18,670
Living common-law	9,845	4,895	4,945
Living common law - Never married	6,895	3,440	3,455
Living common law - Separated	710	365	350
Living common law - Divorced	1,970	990	980
Living common law - Widowed	270	110	165
Not married and not living common-law	39,595	18,420	21,170
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,650	13,440	11,210
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,335	1,410	1,930
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,050	2,365	3,685
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,555	1,205	4,350
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,420	...	...
2 persons	14,910	...	...
3 persons	6,595	...	...
4 persons	5,420	...	...
5 or more persons	2,490	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,425	...	...
Total couple families	23,105	...	...
Married couples	18,190	...	...
With children⁶	9,725	...	...
Without children	8,465	...	...
Common-law couples	4,915	...	...
With children⁶	2,240	...	...
Without children	2,675	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,320	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,920	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,400	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	103,165	50,645	52,520
Total - Persons in census families	84,700	41,790	42,910
Married spouses or common-law partners	46,210	23,045	23,170
Parents in one-parent families	6,315	1,395	4,920
Children⁶	32,170	17,350	14,825
In a two-parent family	22,145	11,835	10,310
In a one-parent family	10,025	5,515	4,515
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,460	8,850	9,615
Living alone	11,655	5,315	6,340
Living with other relatives⁷	2,650	1,080	1,570
Living with non-relatives only	4,160	2,450	1,710
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,670	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,025	...	...
Couple-family households	20,335	...	...
With children⁶	10,490	...	...
Without children	9,840	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,695	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,595	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	255	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,480	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,665	...	...
One-person households	11,655	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	85,210	41,365	43,840
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,945	39,655	42,290
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,975	39,675	42,305
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,000	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,005	35,160	35,850
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	42,000	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,015	29,880	28,140
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,400	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,070	35,790	39,275
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	8,000	12,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,105	3,965	5,140
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,560	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,890	11,260	12,625
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	85,220	41,370	43,855
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,980	39,615	42,370
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,160	53,000	41,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,030	39,635	42,395
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,600	44,680	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,015	35,145	35,870
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,880	49,360	34,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,045	29,765	28,275
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,120	49,760	36,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,180	35,770	39,410
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,860	10,190	13,380
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,165	3,905	5,260
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,650	6,215	6,970
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,800	11,195	12,600
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,890	8,580	9,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	85,225	41,370	43,855
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,535	15,800	11,730
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	63,200	52,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,700	71,300	58,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	22,575	9,920	12,660
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	20,800	15,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,180	29,040	22,140
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.0	82.6	70.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.8	70.6	57.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	23.1	17.4	29.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.2	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.3	5.1	7.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.6	6.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	85,205	41,365	43,845
Without total income	3,260	1,705	1,555
With total income	81,950	39,660	42,285
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,925	2,580	3,350
$10,000 to $19,999	10,525	4,355	6,165
$20,000 to $29,999	13,840	5,795	8,045
$30,000 to $39,999	11,450	4,920	6,530
$40,000 to $49,999	9,975	4,545	5,430
$50,000 to $59,999	8,535	4,215	4,325
$60,000 to $69,999	6,360	3,475	2,890
$70,000 to $79,999	4,270	2,560	1,705
$80,000 to $89,999	3,155	1,990	1,160
$90,000 to $99,999	2,265	1,365	900
$100,000 and over	5,645	3,855	1,795
$100,000 to $149,999	4,355	2,875	1,485
$150,000 and over	1,290	980	310
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	85,205	41,365	43,845
Without after-tax income	3,230	1,690	1,535
With after-tax income	81,980	39,675	42,305
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,180	2,655	3,520
$10,000 to $19,999	10,875	4,545	6,330
$20,000 to $29,999	15,740	6,605	9,145
$30,000 to $39,999	13,430	6,025	7,405
$40,000 to $49,999	11,975	5,790	6,185
$50,000 to $59,999	8,610	4,600	4,015
$60,000 to $69,999	5,480	3,225	2,260
$70,000 to $79,999	3,570	2,175	1,390
$80,000 to $89,999	2,465	1,490	970
$90,000 to $99,999	1,355	900	455
$100,000 and over	2,295	1,670	620
$100,000 to $124,999	1,365	965	400
$125,000 and over	925	700	220
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	85,205	41,365	43,845
Without employment income	27,190	11,485	15,705
With employment income	58,020	29,880	28,140
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,890	3,710	4,180
$5,000 to $9,999	4,620	1,925	2,695
$10,000 to $19,999	7,295	3,075	4,220
$20,000 to $29,999	5,585	2,430	3,155
$30,000 to $39,999	5,645	2,590	3,055
$40,000 to $49,999	6,100	3,025	3,070
$50,000 to $59,999	5,335	2,925	2,405
$60,000 to $69,999	4,235	2,605	1,635
$70,000 to $79,999	2,910	1,910	1,000
$80,000 to $89,999	2,270	1,500	765
$90,000 to $99,999	1,885	1,120	765
$100,000 and over	4,265	3,065	1,200
$100,000 to $124,999	2,470	1,670	805
$125,000 and over	1,790	1,400	390
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	85,210	41,365	43,840
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,535	38,930	41,605
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,600	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,550	38,930	41,620
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	38,800	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,425	34,830	35,590
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	43,600	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,330	29,985	28,345
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,200	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,175	33,675	37,500
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,880	1,430	7,850
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,710	2,780	3,925
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,320	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	85,220	41,370	43,855
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,610	38,855	41,755
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,960	51,550	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,625	38,865	41,760
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,360	43,240	33,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,225	34,710	35,515
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,920	50,760	35,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	58,160	29,910	28,250
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,280	51,080	37,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,325	33,715	37,610
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,520	7,150	9,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,790	2,875	3,915
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,800	6,075	7,340
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	85,225	41,370	43,855
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,345	15,690	11,655
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200	61,600	48,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,800	69,200	54,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,260	9,400	11,855
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	28,800	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,400	36,280	27,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.2	88.0	77.4
Employment income (%)	71.0	76.2	64.6
Government transfers (%)	16.8	12.0	22.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,675	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,655	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,015	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,675	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,660	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,240	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,020	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,675	...	...
Under $5,000	260	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	460	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	945	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,650	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,660	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,435	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,585	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,765	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,710	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,310	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,180	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,900	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,750	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,585	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,305	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,365	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,685	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,895	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,360	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,675	...	...
Under $5,000	290	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	180	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	465	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	975	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,740	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,905	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,650	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,860	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,125	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,905	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,800	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,645	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,445	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,100	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,825	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,760	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,255	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,000	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,500	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,795	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,045	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,120	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,750	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,815	7,770	8,045
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	38,400	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	34,800	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,765	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,075	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,170	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,745	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,875	7,715	8,160
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,400	45,000	41,840
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,920	38,840	37,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	103,165	50,645	52,525
0 to 17 years	21,550	11,160	10,385
0 to 5 years	6,870	3,585	3,285
18 to 64 years	62,915	31,025	31,885
65 years and over	18,705	8,455	10,250
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,140	5,085	6,050
0 to 17 years	2,820	1,455	1,365
0 to 5 years	1,020	530	490
18 to 64 years	5,905	2,770	3,130
65 years and over	2,415	860	1,555
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.8	10.0	11.5
0 to 17 years (%)	13.1	13.1	13.1
0 to 5 years (%)	14.8	14.8	14.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.4	8.9	9.8
65 years and over (%)	12.9	10.1	15.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	103,165	50,645	52,520
0 to 17 years	21,545	11,160	10,390
0 to 5 years	6,865	3,580	3,285
18 to 64 years	62,915	31,030	31,890
65 years and over	18,700	8,455	10,245
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,180	2,170	2,015
0 to 17 years	760	395	365
0 to 5 years	260	140	115
18 to 64 years	3,140	1,660	1,480
65 years and over	280	110	170
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.1	4.3	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.5	3.5	3.5
0 to 5 years (%)	3.8	4.0	3.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.0	5.4	4.6
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.3	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	103,170	50,645	52,525
In bottom half of the distribution	56,795	27,130	29,670
In bottom decile	9,980	4,750	5,230
In second decile	11,405	5,185	6,220
In third decile	11,820	5,645	6,175
In fourth decile	12,100	5,860	6,240
In fifth decile	11,490	5,685	5,805
In top half of the distribution	46,370	23,515	22,855
In sixth decile	11,590	5,805	5,790
In seventh decile	10,685	5,405	5,280
In eighth decile	9,840	5,025	4,815
In ninth decile	8,925	4,540	4,390
In top decile	5,325	2,745	2,585
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	103,165	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.289	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.426	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.255	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	103,745	50,870	52,870
English only	97,805	48,395	49,405
French only	25	10	15
English and French	4,930	2,065	2,860
Neither English nor French	990	400	595
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	103,745	50,870	52,870
English	101,595	49,950	51,645
French	980	455	530
English and French	205	80	120
Neither English nor French	960	390	575
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	103,745	50,870	52,870
Single responses	101,335	49,755	51,580
Official languages	88,175	43,420	44,760
English	87,175	42,965	44,215
French	995	455	540
Non-official languages	13,160	6,335	6,825
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	15	30
Algonquian languages	10	5	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	35	15	25
Cayuga	20	10	15
Mohawk	15	5	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,110	6,315	6,790
Afro-Asiatic languages	560	290	265
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	5	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	15	10	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	15	10	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	540	275	260
Amharic	5	0	5
Arabic	460	245	220
Aramaic languages	30	10	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	5
Maltese	35	15	15
Tigrigna	5	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	715	340	375
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15
Vietnamese	680	320	360
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	685	280	410
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	15	5	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	5	5
Ilocano	50	20	30
Indonesian	20	5	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	555	225	325
Waray-Waray	10	10	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	30	20	10
Haitian Creole	5	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Dravidian languages	285	155	130
Kannada	10	5	5
Malayalam	130	75	55
Tamil	85	45	40
Telugu	60	30	30
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	9,505	4,610	4,895
Albanian	55	25	30
Armenian	15	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,940	895	1,045
Baltic languages	15	5	5
Latvian	5	5	0
Lithuanian	10	5	0
Slavic languages	1,930	890	1,040
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	5	10
Czech	30	10	15
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	1,275	570	705
Russian	160	80	80
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	220	115	105
Bosnian	20	5	10
Croatian	100	55	45
Serbian	105	55	45
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	50	30	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10
Ukrainian	150	60	85
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	850	355	495
Frisian	5	5	5
High German languages	345	130	215
German	340	125	215
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	470	215	260
Afrikaans	25	15	10
Dutch	425	190	235
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	10	0	5
Plautdietsch	5	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	10
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20
Danish	10	5	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	10	0	5
Swedish	10	0	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	120	60	60
Indo-Iranian languages	4,040	2,060	1,980
Indo-Aryan languages	3,885	1,995	1,885
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	90	40	50
Gujarati	485	265	215
Hindi	350	195	155
Kacchi	5	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	5	0
Marathi	30	15	10
Nepali	155	65	85
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,195	1,100	1,090
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	5	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	15
Urdu	520	270	245
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	155	70	90
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	5	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	5	5
Persian languages	145	60	85
Dari	85	40	40
Iranian Persian	55	25	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,475	1,200	1,270
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	920	460	455
Portuguese	635	305	330
Romanian	115	60	60
Spanish	805	375	430
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	45	20	20
Korean	160	70	90
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	155	75	85
Akan (Twi)	30	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	5	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	25	10	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	45	20	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	10
American Sign Language	20	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	495	235	265
Chinese languages	480	230	250
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	290	135	155
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	170	90	85
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	5
Burmese	10	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	20	35
Lao	45	20	25
Thai	10	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40	20	20
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	30	15	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	350	165	185
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	10	5	10
Hungarian	330	150	175
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,410	1,115	1,290
English and French	385	175	210
English and non-official language(s)	1,785	840	950
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20
Multiple non-official languages	165	75	90
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	103,745	50,870	52,870
English	89,765	44,220	45,540
French	165	70	90
Non-official language	3,415	1,620	1,790
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,410	1,615	1,790
English and French	750	310	445
English and non-official language(s)	9,120	4,415	4,705
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	260	105	155
Multiple non-official languages	255	120	130
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	103,745	50,870	52,870
Single responses	101,415	49,725	51,690
Official languages	94,590	46,445	48,140
English	94,355	46,345	48,010
French	235	105	135
Non-official languages	6,825	3,280	3,545
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,820	3,275	3,545
Afro-Asiatic languages	290	150	140
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	5	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	5	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	280	140	140
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	255	130	125
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	5	5	5
Tigrigna	5	5	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	540	250	285
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	515	240	275
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	345	170	180
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5
Ilocano	20	10	15
Indonesian	5	5	5
Kankanaey	5	5	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	295	140	155
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	15	10	10
Haitian Creole	5	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	170	90	80
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	80	45	40
Tamil	40	20	20
Telugu	40	25	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,760	2,280	2,485
Albanian	20	10	10
Armenian	5	5	0
Balto-Slavic languages	765	345	430
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	770	345	425
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	5	5
Czech	5	5	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	540	230	305
Russian	100	50	50
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	35
Bosnian	5	5	5
Croatian	20	10	10
Serbian	40	20	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	35	15	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	55	25	25
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	25	15	15
German	25	15	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	15	15
Afrikaans	15	5	5
Dutch	15	5	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	55	25	25
Indo-Iranian languages	2,945	1,460	1,490
Indo-Aryan languages	2,855	1,420	1,435
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	40	15	20
Gujarati	335	175	155
Hindi	250	135	120
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	0	10
Nepali	125	55	70
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,740	865	880
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	10
Urdu	330	170	165
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	90	40	50
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	85	40	45
Dari	40	20	25
Iranian Persian	35	20	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	5	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	915	415	505
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	230	90	145
Portuguese	220	100	120
Romanian	45	20	25
Spanish	420	200	220
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	35	20	15
Korean	105	45	65
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	65	30	35
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	15
American Sign Language	30	20	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	335	160	180
Chinese languages	330	150	175
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	210	90	120
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	105	55	50
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5
Burmese	5	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	10	20
Lao	30	10	20
Thai	5	5	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	20	10	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	15	10	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	60	25	35
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	60	25	35
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,330	1,145	1,180
English and French	125	60	70
English and non-official language(s)	2,135	1,065	1,070
French and non-official language(s)	20	5	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	103,745	50,870	52,870
None	95,265	46,870	48,395
English	2,750	1,320	1,430
French	625	250	375
Non-official language	4,025	1,910	2,115
Indigenous³⁹	70	25	45
Non-Indigenous	3,960	1,890	2,070
English and French	25	10	15
English and non-official language(s)	475	240	240
French and non-official language(s)	130	50	80
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	5	5
Multiple non-official languages	445	215	225
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	103,210	50,645	52,560
Official languages	102,245	50,275	51,965
English	102,220	50,275	51,945
French	4,890	2,105	2,790
Non-official languages	17,615	8,415	9,200
Indigenous languages³⁹	215	85	130
Algonquian languages	40	10	30
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	0	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	0	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	0	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	160	60	95
Cayuga	105	45	60
Mohawk	55	20	40
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,415	8,345	9,075
Afro-Asiatic languages	825	435	385
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	0	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	25	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	805	435	370
Amharic	10	0	0
Arabic	730	385	340
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	10	15
Maltese	40	35	10
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	930	390	540
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	25	40
Vietnamese	900	380	520
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	965	440	525
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Cebuano	60	35	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	20	15
Ilocano	70	35	35
Indonesian	40	15	25
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	0	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	880	395	485
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15
Creole languages	135	60	75
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	25	0	15
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	30	35
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15
Dravidian languages	330	160	170
Kannada	25	10	15
Malayalam	145	60	85
Tamil	90	35	55
Telugu	120	70	50
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	12,570	6,105	6,465
Albanian	40	20	20
Armenian	15	15	0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,355	1,065	1,290
Baltic languages	10	0	10
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	10	0	0
Slavic languages	2,355	1,060	1,290
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	50	25	30
Czech	40	25	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	1,490	645	850
Russian	300	120	180
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	320	180	140
Bosnian	50	35	15
Croatian	230	130	100
Serbian	125	65	60
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Slovak	60	25	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0
Ukrainian	255	100	155
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	15	0	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,155	525	630
Frisian	10	0	0
High German languages	565	250	320
German	565	250	320
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	565	270	290
Afrikaans	55	30	25
Dutch	465	225	240
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	20	10	10
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	0	20
Scandinavian languages	50	15	35
Danish	30	15	20
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	20	0	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	175	105	75
Indo-Iranian languages	5,310	2,685	2,625
Indo-Aryan languages	5,155	2,625	2,530
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	120	50	70
Gujarati	730	395	335
Hindi	2,075	1,035	1,040
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	90	45	45
Nepali	200	90	100
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,160	1,625	1,535
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	15
Urdu	755	395	360
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Iranian languages	190	80	110
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	30	10	15
Persian languages	145	60	85
Dari	75	35	40
Iranian Persian	50	30	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	0	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,730	1,795	1,940
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,355	650	710
Portuguese	1,020	490	535
Romanian	155	90	70
Spanish	1,440	700	740
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Japanese	50	20	30
Korean	255	120	135
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	565	280	285
Akan (Twi)	75	30	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	20	10	10
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	45	20	25
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	130	65	70
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	225	115	110
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	160	60	105
American Sign Language	130	45	85
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	525	240	285
Chinese languages	490	225	265
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	360	150	205
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	165	75	90
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20
Burmese	20	15	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25
Lao	40	20	20
Thai	25	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	85	25	60
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	45	10	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	45	15	30
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	410	190	225
Estonian	10	0	0
Finnish	20	10	10
Hungarian	385	180	205
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	103,205	50,645	52,560
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,415	2,530	2,885
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,215	2,460	2,760
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,290	2,030	2,265
Métis	895	430	465
Inuk (Inuit)	35	0	30
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	15	25
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	160	55	105
Non-Indigenous identity	97,790	48,120	49,675
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	103,205	50,645	52,560
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,055	1,405	1,650
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	100,150	49,240	50,910
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,675	...	...
Owner	27,505	...	...
Renter	14,170	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,675	...	...
Condominium	3,880	...	...
Not condominium	37,800	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,675	...	...
No bedrooms	185	...	...
1 bedroom	4,630	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,825	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,200	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	9,835	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,675	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	9,265	...	...
5 rooms	6,140	...	...
6 rooms	6,720	...	...
7 rooms	6,255	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,295	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,675	...	...
One person or fewer per room	41,020	...	...
More than one person per room	655	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,675	...	...
Suitable	39,490	...	...
Not suitable	2,185	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,675	...	...
1960 or before	13,905	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,285	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,330	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,615	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,050	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,910	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,630	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,950	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,675	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,160	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,520	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,675	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,205	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,420	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,050	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,675	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,000	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,670	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,235	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,310	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,455	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,845	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,715	...	...
85 years and over	1,450	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,570	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	32,250	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,320	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,700	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,675	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,680	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,195	...	...
Not suitable only	1,625	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,555	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	340	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	750	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	185	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,995	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	40,955	...	...
In core need	4,540	...	...
Not in core need	36,410	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,500	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,330	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,412	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	588,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,165	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	15.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,189	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	103,205	50,650	52,560
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,365	1,105	1,265
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,355	1,090	1,265
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,205	1,005	1,200
Métis single ancestry	130	85	50
Inuit single ancestry	15	0	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	15	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	10	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,980	1,920	2,065
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,915	1,885	2,025
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,185	1,555	1,630
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	690	320	370
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	15	25
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	65	35	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	20	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	96,855	47,625	49,230
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	103,205	50,645	52,560
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	97,805	48,000	49,800
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,875	10,875	9,995
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	76,930	37,120	39,805
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	5,405	2,650	2,755
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	103,205	50,645	52,560
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	85,830	42,110	43,715
Immigrants⁸¹	16,095	7,820	8,280
Before 1980	5,125	2,445	2,680
1980 to 1990	1,995	1,020	970
1991 to 2000	2,420	1,160	1,255
2001 to 2010	2,890	1,425	1,470
2011 to 2021⁸²	3,660	1,765	1,900
2011 to 2015	1,655	820	835
2016 to 2021	2,005	945	1,060
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,285	715	565
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	16,095	7,820	8,280
Under 5 years	1,835	895	940
5 to 14 years	3,280	1,665	1,615
15 to 24 years	3,630	1,660	1,975
25 to 44 years	6,155	3,020	3,140
45 years and over	1,190	575	620
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	16,095	7,820	8,280
Americas	2,635	1,295	1,335
Brazil	75	30	50
Colombia	155	65	90
El Salvador	110	65	40
Guyana	130	65	60
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	680	350	330
Mexico	100	45	60
Peru	25	10	10
Trinidad and Tobago	200	120	80
United States of America	645	255	385
Other places of birth in Americas	525	285	235
Europe	6,300	3,125	3,170
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	25	20
Croatia	90	40	50
France	45	15	25
Germany	330	150	180
Greece	65	35	30
Hungary	185	90	90
Italy	675	335	345
Netherlands	435	230	205
Poland	1,015	460	560
Portugal	480	265	215
Romania	160	85	70
Russian Federation	60	40	20
Serbia⁸⁶	65	35	25
Ukraine	70	25	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,085	1,035	1,050
Other places of birth in Europe	500	255	240
Africa	845	390	455
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Egypt	50	35	20
Eritrea	10	0	0
Ethiopia	10	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	270	120	150
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	55	30	30
Other places of birth in Africa	425	190	240
Asia	6,240	2,960	3,285
Afghanistan	55	20	30
Iran⁸⁸	60	35	25
Iraq	115	50	60
Lebanon	95	45	55
Syria⁸⁹	125	60	65
Turkey	10	0	10
China⁹⁰	285	110	180
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	25
Korea, South⁹²	185	75	110
Taiwan	20	15	10
Philippines	890	415	475
Viet Nam	650	300	355
Bangladesh	65	35	30
India	2,485	1,200	1,280
Pakistan	480	260	220
Sri Lanka	50	30	25
Other places of birth in Asia	635	300	335
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	70	40	30
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,005	945	1,060
Americas	370	190	175
Brazil	30	10	20
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	100	50	50
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	105	50	55
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	20	20
Other places of birth in Americas	95	60	30
Europe	95	65	30
France	0	0	0
Germany	15	10	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20	15	0
Other places of birth in Europe	40	35	10
Africa	250	105	150
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	170	70	100
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0
Sudan⁹⁷	20	10	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	10	25
Asia	1,280	575	705
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	45	20	30
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	580	260	315
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	15	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	30	20	10
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	110	40	65
Philippines	130	50	80
Saudi Arabia	15	10	10
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	105	50	55
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	15	0	10
Viet Nam	125	50	75
Other places of birth in Asia	60	35	20
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	0
Australia	10	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	103,210	50,645	52,560
First generation¹⁰⁰	18,190	8,875	9,320
Second generation¹⁰¹	19,270	9,450	9,820
Third generation or more¹⁰²	65,740	32,325	33,420
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	10,970	5,375	5,600
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	4,465	2,280	2,180
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	1,715	1,015	700
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	2,750	1,265	1,485
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	4,575	2,100	2,480
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,815	945	875
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	110	45	65
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	10,970	5,375	5,600
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	560	310	250
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,070	520	550
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	190	120	65
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	470	255	215
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	90	40	50
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	8,595	4,130	4,460
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	103,210	50,645	52,560
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	15,780	7,955	7,830
South Asian	6,070	3,115	2,955
Chinese	630	255	370
Black	3,570	1,920	1,650
Filipino	1,235	610	625
Arab	665	360	305
Latin American	905	435	470
Southeast Asian	1,150	505	645
West Asian	245	125	125
Korean	325	160	170
Japanese	65	30	35
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	370	200	165
Multiple visible minorities	550	240	305
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	87,425	42,690	44,735
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	103,210	50,645	52,560
Canadian	17,485	8,740	8,745
English	27,370	13,130	14,240
Irish	18,005	8,450	9,555
Scottish	20,490	9,980	10,515
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,815	3,305	3,515
German	10,835	5,225	5,615
Chinese	885	360	525
Italian	6,380	3,100	3,280
Indian (India)	3,595	1,850	1,750
Ukrainian	3,190	1,510	1,680
Dutch	6,320	3,145	3,175
Polish	5,360	2,590	2,770
Québécois	205	95	110
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,925	2,415	2,510
Filipino	1,205	590	615
French Canadian	1,280	610	670
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,005	1,020	985
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,510	1,205	1,310
Métis	910	455	455
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,365	665	700
Russian	740	335	405
Norwegian	530	310	220
Welsh	1,900	880	1,020
Portuguese	2,035	1,000	1,030
American	1,140	605	535
Spanish	650	285	365
Swedish	550	230	320
Hungarian	2,990	1,430	1,565
Acadian	230	100	130
Pakistani	685	350	335
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	810	415	390
Jewish	340	145	190
Punjabi	855	420	440
Vietnamese	935	410	525
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	290	135	155
Greek	715	375	335
Jamaican	1,155	600	550
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	245	110	130
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	140	45	95
Korean	325	145	175
Romanian	440	220	210
Lebanese	190	95	95
Iranian	130	60	65
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	270	140	135
Danish	430	210	220
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	950	435	515
Sikh	560	295	265
Austrian	475	230	245
Belgian	710	270	435
Haitian	50	35	15
Hindu	210	100	110
Mexican	220	95	125
Mennonite	150	65	85
Swiss	315	140	175
Finnish	360	180	190
Sri Lankan	50	25	20
Croatian	465	255	210
Japanese	110	55	55
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	220	120	100
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	215	115	100
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	215	85	125
Muslim	175	85	90
Egyptian	100	70	30
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	165	65	95
Tamil	15	0	15
Icelandic	55	30	25
Colombian	190	100	90
Moroccan	25	10	10
Czech	275	115	155
Syrian	155	70	85
Guyanese	155	65	85
Afghan	155	70	80
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	175	105	70
Serbian	225	105	125
Ojibway	310	125	190
Newfoundlander	305	160	140
Hong Konger	0	0	0
Ontarian	595	275	320
Persian	35	10	20
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	260	205	55
Turkish	65	45	20
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	85	25	60
Bangladeshi	70	30	40
Algerian	10	0	10
Brazilian	185	95	90
Nigerian	275	130	140
Armenian	195	125	75
Slovak	235	110	130
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	105	60	40
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	15	10	0
Iraqi	100	55	45
Salvadorean	160	80	85
African Caribbean	170	85	85
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	75	45	30
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	40	20	25
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	115	60	55
Algonquin	35	25	15
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	110	65	45
Lithuanian	160	85	70
South African	125	55	70
Australian	140	65	80
Palestinian	195	115	80
Chilean	45	25	25
Congolese	0	0	0
Nova Scotian	100	50	45
Ethiopian	25	20	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	55	30	25
Peruvian	40	25	15
Yoruba	190	85	100
Cambodian (Khmer)	90	45	45
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	70	35	40
Maltese	375	220	150
Macedonian	40	25	15
Slovenian	125	75	50
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	60	25	40
New Brunswicker	40	20	20
Gujarati	50	35	25
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	185	95	95
Israeli	15	10	10
Mohawk	685	325	360
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	165	100	65
Bulgarian	70	40	25
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	135	65	70
Barbadian	100	75	20
African American	140	70	75
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	145	55	95
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	40	35	0
Cuban	65	45	20
Bosnian	65	30	40
Venezuelan	125	45	80
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	10	10
Latvian	35	20	20
Bengali	0	0	0
Cameroonian	30	10	20
Guatemalan	60	15	40
Indonesian	55	20	30
Laotian	60	25	30
Ilocano	15	15	0
Northern Irish	90	45	45
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	85	45	40
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	50	15	35
Franco Ontarian	30	10	25
Argentinian	60	25	35
Estonian	65	40	25
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	155	60	100
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	180	90	90
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	15	0	10
Dominican	10	0	0
Nepali	145	80	65
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Byelorussian	40	15	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	270	135	125
New Zealander	40	25	15
Sudanese	75	35	40
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	160	65	100
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	15	0	15
Buddhist	50	25	30
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	15	15	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	15	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	55	20	30
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	65	35	30
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	30	20	10
Jordanian	10	10	0
Manitoban	15	10	0
Cape Bretoner	55	35	20
Rwandan	15	10	10
Grenadian	90	50	40
Malayali	0	10	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	15	10	10
Honduran	25	20	0
Cherokee	10	0	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	60	25	35
United Empire Loyalist	35	15	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	40	25	20
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	35	20	15
Goan	15	0	15
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	75	30	45
Burmese	10	0	0
Mongolian	65	25	45
Azorean	100	35	65
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	30	20	10
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	40	15	25
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	30	15	10
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	20	10	15
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	15	0	15
Costa Rican	25	15	10
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	40	35	10
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	103,205	50,650	52,560
Buddhist	480	220	265
Christian	53,420	24,795	28,625
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,990	3,885	4,110
Anabaptist	125	70	60
Anglican	5,375	2,305	3,070
Baptist	2,885	1,370	1,515
Catholic	22,950	10,890	12,060
Christian Orthodox	725	385	335
Jehovah's Witness	550	250	295
Latter Day Saints	210	105	105
Lutheran	650	330	320
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	280	130	150
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,565	730	830
Presbyterian	1,710	705	1,000
Reformed	810	390	425
United Church	4,805	1,950	2,850
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,785	1,305	1,480
Hindu	1,725	885	835
Jewish	120	65	55
Muslim	2,060	1,035	1,025
Sikh	2,665	1,355	1,310
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	315	140	180
Other religions and spiritual traditions	720	275	445
No religion and secular perspectives	41,700	21,880	19,820
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	102,165	50,125	52,035
Non-movers	89,885	44,140	45,740
Movers	12,285	5,990	6,295
Non-migrants	6,010	2,905	3,105
Migrants	6,270	3,085	3,190
Internal migrants	5,920	2,900	3,025
Intraprovincial migrants	5,655	2,760	2,895
Interprovincial migrants	265	140	125
External migrants	350	185	165
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	97,500	47,610	49,890
Non-movers	59,135	28,865	30,275
Movers	38,365	18,750	19,615
Non-migrants	17,540	8,555	8,980
Migrants	20,825	10,195	10,635
Internal migrants	18,235	8,950	9,290
Intraprovincial migrants	17,135	8,410	8,725
Interprovincial migrants	1,110	540	565
External migrants	2,585	1,245	1,340
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,220	41,370	43,855
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,485	9,640	8,850
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	66,740	31,730	35,010
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,530	26,705	27,825
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,640	4,270	3,370
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	46,895	22,435	24,455
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,225	41,370	43,855
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,605	8,590	8,015
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	27,345	13,860	13,490
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	41,270	18,925	22,350
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,335	12,955	14,380
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,255	3,870	1,385
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,460	1,515	940
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,800	2,355	445
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	20,690	8,520	12,160
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,395	565	825
Bachelor's degree or higher	13,940	5,965	7,975
Bachelor's degree	10,210	4,245	5,965
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	820	345	475
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	245	140	95
Master's degree	2,390	1,065	1,330
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	270	160	110
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,530	26,705	27,830
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,590	3,725	2,865
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,745	9,035	7,715
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	31,200	13,950	17,255
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,435	9,515	10,915
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,480	2,580	900
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,625	1,035	585
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,860	1,540	320
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,030	6,580	9,455
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	920	365	560
Bachelor's degree or higher	10,765	4,430	6,330
Bachelor's degree	7,875	3,215	4,660
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	625	245	380
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	160	85	75
Master's degree	1,900	770	1,130
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	200	120	80
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	85,225	41,370	43,855
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,950	22,445	21,500
Education	2,285	530	1,755
13. Education	2,285	530	1,755
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,475	730	745
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	225	190	35
50. Visual and performing arts	1,250	545	710
Humanities	2,515	1,090	1,430
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	150	55	100
23. English language and literature/letters	515	140	375
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	780	270	505
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	0	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	180	85	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	345	230	120
54. History	395	285	110
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	15	70
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,900	1,475	3,430
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	10	35
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	480	230	245
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,435	120	1,315
22. Legal professions and studies	575	135	445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	115	40	75
42. Psychology	615	150	470
45. Social sciences	1,635	795	840
Business, management and public administration	7,725	2,785	4,945
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,205	170	1,035
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,510	2,610	3,900
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,330	660	670
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	450	185	265
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	330	145	180
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	0	25
40. Physical sciences	400	275	125
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	45	75
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,265	855	415
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,025	730	295
25. Library science	70	10	60
27. Mathematics and statistics	145	95	55
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	20	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,145	7,530	615
04. Architecture and related services	245	200	45
14. Engineering	1,055	890	160
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,075	1,860	215
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,380	1,340	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,920	1,855	65
48. Precision production	1,475	1,385	80
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	785	440	345
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	525	275	250
03. Natural resources and conservation	260	170	95
Health and related fields	7,585	1,175	6,410
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	740	280	460
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,760	845	5,915
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	85	50	35
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,220	1,655	1,565
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,535	365	1,175
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	10	0
43. Security and protective services	1,140	785	350
49. Transportation and materials moving	520	500	25
Other¹⁷⁹	35	0	30
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	54,535	26,705	27,825
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	23,330	12,755	10,575
Education	1,620	350	1,270
13. Education	1,620	350	1,270
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,120	535	580
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	140	115	25
50. Visual and performing arts	980	425	555
Humanities	1,830	760	1,070
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	115	35	85
23. English language and literature/letters	365	90	280
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	610	205	410
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	0	45
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	65	55
39. Theology and religious vocations	195	135	55
54. History	310	220	90
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	10	55
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,795	1,075	2,720
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	0	35
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	405	195	210
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,165	100	1,070
22. Legal professions and studies	435	90	345
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	25	60
42. Psychology	455	90	365
45. Social sciences	1,215	580	630
Business, management and public administration	5,855	2,040	3,820
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	945	130	810
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	4,900	1,900	3,000
Physical and life sciences and technologies	970	460	515
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	360	135	225
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	250	120	135
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	0	25
40. Physical sciences	275	190	90
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	15	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,040	685	355
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	880	615	265
25. Library science	50	0	45
27. Mathematics and statistics	100	50	45
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	15	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,955	5,455	495
04. Architecture and related services	190	145	45
14. Engineering	845	705	140
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,565	1,385	175
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,000	965	35
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,380	1,340	50
48. Precision production	970	920	50
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	575	305	270
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	385	200	185
03. Natural resources and conservation	190	105	80
Health and related fields	5,765	895	4,865
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	565	205	360
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,140	675	4,470
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	55	20	35
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,645	1,385	1,265
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,235	300	930
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	1,000	685	315
49. Transportation and materials moving	405	390	15
Other¹⁷⁹	30	0	30
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	54,535	26,705	27,825
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	23,330	12,755	10,575
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	31,195	13,945	17,250
Location of study inside Canada	27,250	12,125	15,125
Same as province or territory of residence	26,300	11,680	14,625
Different than province or territory of residence	950	450	505
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	3,945	1,820	2,125
Americas	835	395	440
United States of America	540	270	270
Mexico	30	10	20
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	55	30	20
Brazil	55	20	30
Colombia	55	25	35
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	10
Other locations of study in Americas	75	30	50
Europe	770	365	405
Belgium	0	0	0
France	40	20	25
Germany	40	15	25
Netherlands	15	15	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	20	10	10
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	145	50	95
Romania	55	25	30
Russian Federation	30	20	10
Ukraine	40	20	25
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	250	120	125
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	10	10	0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	10	0
Other locations of study in Europe	100	45	50
Africa	210	95	115
Nigeria	100	40	60
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	20	15	0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	80	35	40
Asia	2,015	915	1,100
Iran⁸⁸	10	10	0
Iraq	30	15	15
Israel	0	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	10	0	0
Turkey	10	0	0
China⁹⁰	90	45	45
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10
Japan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	40	10	20
Philippines	350	110	240
Viet Nam	40	15	20
Bangladesh	30	0	20
Sri Lanka	20	10	0
India	1,180	575	600
Pakistan	140	80	60
Other locations of study in Asia	45	20	30
Oceania	115	45	65
Australia	100	40	65
New Zealand	15	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	85,225	41,370	43,855
In the labour force	52,320	27,290	25,025
Employed	45,825	24,310	21,520
Unemployed	6,490	2,980	3,510
Not in the labour force	32,910	14,080	18,830
Participation rate	61.4	66.0	57.1
Employment rate	53.8	58.8	49.1
Unemployment rate	12.4	10.9	14.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	85,225	41,370	43,855
Did not work¹⁸⁶	33,185	14,470	18,715
Worked	52,040	26,900	25,140
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	28,120	16,200	11,925
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	23,920	10,700	13,210
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.4	42.6	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	52,315	27,290	25,030
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,295	670	625
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	51,020	26,620	24,400
Employee	45,505	23,220	22,285
Permanent position	39,790	20,555	19,235
Temporary position	5,715	2,665	3,050
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,755	820	930
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,965	1,845	2,120
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,510	3,395	2,115
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	52,315	27,290	25,030
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,295	670	625
All occupations¹⁹¹	51,020	26,620	24,400
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	390	280	105
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	7,260	2,185	5,075
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,685	2,060	630
3 Health occupations	3,735	540	3,195
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,490	1,660	3,825
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,050	500	545
6 Sales and service occupations	13,245	5,310	7,930
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,530	9,485	1,050
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	825	615	205
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,810	3,975	1,845
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	52,315	27,290	25,030
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,295	670	625
All industries¹⁹¹	51,020	26,620	24,400
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	470	240	225
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	75	60	15
22 Utilities	270	190	80
23 Construction	3,855	3,435	420
31-33 Manufacturing	9,260	6,625	2,635
41 Wholesale trade	1,980	1,285	695
44-45 Retail trade	6,005	2,830	3,175
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,490	2,565	925
51 Information and cultural industries	550	365	190
52 Finance and insurance	1,370	465	910
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	780	395	385
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,450	1,345	1,100
55 Management of companies and enterprises	65	15	50
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,540	1,380	1,165
61 Educational services	3,580	1,005	2,575
62 Health care and social assistance	6,415	830	5,580
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	860	395	465
72 Accommodation and food services	3,070	1,135	1,930
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,160	1,090	1,070
91 Public administration	1,775	970	805
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	55,920	28,820	27,105
English	54,505	28,225	26,280
French	95	15	80
Non-official language	75	45	25
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	75	45	25
English and French	400	100	305
English and non-official language(s)	810	435	380
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	0	25
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	55,920	28,820	27,105
Single responses	55,690	28,730	26,960
Official languages	55,500	28,620	26,885
English	55,360	28,605	26,760
French	145	15	130
Non-official languages	185	110	75
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	185	110	75
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10	0	10
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	0	10
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	20	15	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	115	80	35
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	15	10	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	10	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	80	60	20
Indo-Aryan languages	80	60	20
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	75	55	20
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	20	10	10
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	10	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	0	10
American Sign Language	15	0	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	15	10	0
Chinese languages	15	10	0
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	10	10	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	235	90	145
English and French	90	10	80
English and non-official language(s)	140	80	60
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	55,920	28,820	27,105
None	54,895	28,370	26,525
English	150	75	85
French	275	90	185
Non-official language	495	255	240
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	490	255	235
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	80	35	45
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	45,825	24,310	21,520
Worked at home	7,495	3,130	4,370
Worked outside Canada	130	100	25
No fixed workplace address	5,565	4,130	1,435
Usual place of work	32,635	16,955	15,685
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,635	16,950	15,685
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	20,470	9,695	10,780
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,135	1,670	1,465
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,990	5,565	3,430
Commute to a different province or territory	45	25	20
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	38,205	21,080	17,125
Car, truck or van	34,890	19,560	15,330
Car, truck or van - as a driver	31,580	17,980	13,595
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,310	1,580	1,735
Public transit	1,210	515	700
Walked	1,335	630	700
Bicycle	170	145	30
Other method	605	235	365
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	38,205	21,080	17,125
Less than 15 minutes	15,815	7,555	8,260
15 to 29 minutes	10,315	5,600	4,720
30 to 44 minutes	6,310	3,975	2,330
45 to 59 minutes	2,980	1,905	1,080
60 minutes and over	2,785	2,050	740
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	38,205	21,080	17,125
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,765	2,780	985
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,395	5,360	3,035
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,540	4,510	4,030
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,340	2,625	3,715
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	3,780	1,670	2,110
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,390	4,145	3,245
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,960	11,365	10,600
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,595	790	800
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,370	10,570	9,800
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,880	8,150	7,730
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,190	575	610
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	725	345	380
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	460	230	230
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,690	7,570	7,115

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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