Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Kitchener, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	256,885	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	233,222	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.1	...	...	10.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	103,388	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	99,812	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,877.6	...	...	1,877.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	136.81	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	256,885	127,615	129,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	44,905	23,015	21,890	17.5	18.0	16.9
0 to 4 years	14,665	7,450	7,215	5.7	5.8	5.6
5 to 9 years	15,090	7,780	7,305	5.9	6.1	5.7
10 to 14 years	15,150	7,780	7,370	5.9	6.1	5.7
15 to 64 years	174,175	87,700	86,470	67.8	68.7	66.9
15 to 19 years	14,225	7,275	6,955	5.5	5.7	5.4
20 to 24 years	16,410	8,680	7,730	6.4	6.8	6.0
25 to 29 years	21,890	11,345	10,545	8.5	8.9	8.2
30 to 34 years	21,455	10,770	10,685	8.4	8.4	8.3
35 to 39 years	19,795	9,855	9,940	7.7	7.7	7.7
40 to 44 years	17,450	8,690	8,760	6.8	6.8	6.8
45 to 49 years	16,035	7,945	8,090	6.2	6.2	6.3
50 to 54 years	15,760	7,845	7,915	6.1	6.1	6.1
55 to 59 years	16,435	8,125	8,310	6.4	6.4	6.4
60 to 64 years	14,720	7,165	7,550	5.7	5.6	5.8
65 years and over	37,810	16,895	20,910	14.7	13.2	16.2
65 to 69 years	11,995	5,615	6,380	4.7	4.4	4.9
70 to 74 years	9,805	4,565	5,235	3.8	3.6	4.0
75 to 79 years	6,690	3,030	3,655	2.6	2.4	2.8
80 to 84 years	4,660	2,045	2,620	1.8	1.6	2.0
85 years and over	4,660	1,640	3,020	1.8	1.3	2.3
85 to 89 years	2,820	1,095	1,725	1.1	0.9	1.3
90 to 94 years	1,395	440	955	0.5	0.3	0.7
95 to 99 years	400	100	305	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	45	5	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.5	18.0	16.9	17.5	18.0	16.9
15 to 64 years	67.8	68.7	66.9	67.8	68.7	66.9
65 years and over	14.7	13.2	16.2	14.7	13.2	16.2
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.3	1.8	1.3	2.3
Average age of the population	39.0	38.1	40.0	39.0	38.1	40.0
Median age of the population	37.2	36.4	38.4	37.2	36.4	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	99,810	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	47,405	...	...	47.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,420	...	...	5.4	...	...
Row house	12,900	...	...	12.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,185	...	...	3.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	15,470	...	...	15.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	15,330	...	...	15.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	90	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	99,810	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	26,630	...	...	26.7	...	...
2 persons	32,450	...	...	32.5	...	...
3 persons	16,065	...	...	16.1	...	...
4 persons	15,030	...	...	15.1	...	...
5 or more persons	9,645	...	...	9.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	254,145	126,640	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	211,980	104,595	107,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	119,680	59,840	59,840	56.5	57.2	55.7
Married	98,955	49,500	49,455	46.7	47.3	46.1
Living common-law	20,720	10,340	10,385	9.8	9.9	9.7
Living common law - Never married	15,525	7,815	7,710	7.3	7.5	7.2
Living common law - Separated	1,025	540	480	0.5	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	3,775	1,830	1,945	1.8	1.7	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	400	155	245	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	92,300	44,760	47,545	43.5	42.8	44.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	63,440	35,250	28,185	29.9	33.7	26.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,450	2,695	3,760	3.0	2.6	3.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	12,630	4,810	7,820	6.0	4.6	7.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,780	2,000	7,780	4.6	1.9	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	70,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	33,865	...	...	48.1	...	...
3 persons	15,635	...	...	22.2	...	...
4 persons	14,290	...	...	20.3	...	...
5 or more persons	6,635	...	...	9.4	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	70,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	58,325	...	...	82.8	...	...
Married couples	47,970	...	...	68.1	...	...
With children⁶	27,895	...	...	39.6	...	...
Without children	20,070	...	...	28.5	...	...
Common-law couples	10,355	...	...	14.7	...	...
With children⁶	3,625	...	...	5.1	...	...
Without children	6,735	...	...	9.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	12,100	...	...	17.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	9,620	...	...	13.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,480	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	254,145	126,640	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	207,860	102,840	105,020	81.8	81.2	82.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	116,650	58,240	58,410	45.9	46.0	45.8
Parents in one-parent families	12,100	2,480	9,620	4.8	2.0	7.5
Children⁶	79,115	42,120	36,990	31.1	33.3	29.0
In a two-parent family	59,910	31,670	28,240	23.6	25.0	22.1
In a one-parent family	19,200	10,450	8,750	7.6	8.3	6.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	46,285	23,800	22,485	18.2	18.8	17.6
Living alone	26,625	12,690	13,940	10.5	10.0	10.9
Living with other relatives⁷	6,795	3,075	3,725	2.7	2.4	2.9
Living with non-relatives only	12,865	8,040	4,825	5.1	6.3	3.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	60,755	...	...	60.9	...	...
Couple-family households	51,425	...	...	51.5	...	...
With children⁶	27,900	...	...	28.0	...	...
Without children	23,525	...	...	23.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	9,330	...	...	9.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,170	...	...	3.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	700	...	...	0.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,420	...	...	3.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,145	...	...	5.2	...	...
One-person households	26,625	...	...	26.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	209,280	103,640	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	200,310	99,165	101,145	95.7	95.7	95.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,200	37,200	41,600	47,200	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	200,370	99,195	101,175	95.7	95.7	95.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	41,600	34,400	37,600	41,600	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	178,125	90,680	87,445	85.1	87.5	82.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,400	30,200	37,200	44,400	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	151,340	79,550	71,790	72.3	76.8	68.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	33,600	40,000	46,000	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	181,630	88,495	93,135	86.8	85.4	88.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,700	5,360	9,700	7,700	5,360	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	19,700	8,795	10,910	9.4	8.5	10.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,885	30,495	30,390	29.1	29.4	28.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,000	8,000	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	209,280	103,645	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	200,385	99,240	101,145	95.7	95.7	95.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,950	59,350	44,680	51,950	59,350	44,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	200,430	99,270	101,155	95.8	95.8	95.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,720	48,680	38,880	43,720	48,680	38,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	178,185	90,605	87,585	85.1	87.4	82.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,120	56,650	39,320	48,120	56,650	39,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	151,340	79,355	71,990	72.3	76.6	68.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,600	55,900	40,520	48,600	55,900	40,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	181,680	88,400	93,275	86.8	85.3	88.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,080	8,560	11,530	10,080	8,560	11,530
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	19,435	8,500	10,935	9.3	8.2	10.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,840	7,000	6,490	5,840	7,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,055	30,515	30,545	29.2	29.4	28.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,450	8,140	8,770	8,450	8,140	8,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	209,285	103,640	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	74,670	42,770	31,895	35.7	41.3	30.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	66,500	56,400	62,000	66,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,800	79,700	63,700	72,800	79,700	63,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	58,975	27,635	31,335	28.2	26.7	29.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	21,400	16,800	18,800	21,400	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,200	31,080	23,760	27,200	31,080	23,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.4	87.2	76.2	82.4	87.2	76.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	75.4	64.6	70.6	75.4	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.6	12.8	23.8	17.6	12.8	23.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.7	1.2	0.8	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.6	7.0	5.7	4.6	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.2	5.9	5.0	4.2	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	209,285	103,645	105,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,970	4,475	4,495	4.3	4.3	4.3
With total income	200,310	99,165	101,145	95.7	95.7	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	15,980	6,940	9,040	8.0	7.0	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	23,245	9,935	13,310	11.6	10.0	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	30,465	12,970	17,495	15.2	13.1	17.3
$30,000 to $39,999	26,370	11,870	14,500	13.2	12.0	14.3
$40,000 to $49,999	23,935	11,180	12,760	11.9	11.3	12.6
$50,000 to $59,999	20,455	10,205	10,250	10.2	10.3	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	15,200	8,015	7,185	7.6	8.1	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	11,235	6,530	4,700	5.6	6.6	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	8,170	5,010	3,165	4.1	5.1	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	6,370	3,940	2,435	3.2	4.0	2.4
$100,000 and over	18,880	12,575	6,305	9.4	12.7	6.2
$100,000 to $149,999	13,465	8,635	4,830	6.7	8.7	4.8
$150,000 and over	5,415	3,940	1,475	2.7	4.0	1.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	209,285	103,645	105,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	8,910	4,445	4,465	4.3	4.3	4.2
With after-tax income	200,370	99,195	101,175	95.7	95.7	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	16,485	7,125	9,360	8.2	7.2	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	24,235	10,395	13,840	12.1	10.5	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	34,685	14,855	19,830	17.3	15.0	19.6
$30,000 to $39,999	31,730	14,655	17,075	15.8	14.8	16.9
$40,000 to $49,999	28,670	14,215	14,460	14.3	14.3	14.3
$50,000 to $59,999	20,860	10,940	9,920	10.4	11.0	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	14,045	8,065	5,980	7.0	8.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	9,765	5,990	3,775	4.9	6.0	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	7,205	4,215	2,985	3.6	4.2	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	4,055	2,640	1,420	2.0	2.7	1.4
$100,000 and over	8,645	6,095	2,550	4.3	6.1	2.5
$100,000 to $124,999	4,535	3,095	1,435	2.3	3.1	1.4
$125,000 and over	4,110	2,995	1,110	2.1	3.0	1.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	209,285	103,645	105,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	57,940	24,090	33,850	27.7	23.2	32.0
With employment income	151,345	79,555	71,790	72.3	76.8	68.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	18,645	8,860	9,780	12.3	11.1	13.6
$5,000 to $9,999	11,590	5,025	6,565	7.7	6.3	9.1
$10,000 to $19,999	17,235	7,825	9,410	11.4	9.8	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	13,845	6,410	7,435	9.1	8.1	10.4
$30,000 to $39,999	14,565	7,010	7,560	9.6	8.8	10.5
$40,000 to $49,999	15,525	7,720	7,805	10.3	9.7	10.9
$50,000 to $59,999	13,600	7,355	6,245	9.0	9.2	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	10,800	6,045	4,750	7.1	7.6	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	8,315	5,130	3,185	5.5	6.4	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	6,535	4,195	2,340	4.3	5.3	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	5,475	3,435	2,040	3.6	4.3	2.8
$100,000 and over	15,225	10,535	4,690	10.1	13.2	6.5
$100,000 to $124,999	7,980	5,170	2,810	5.3	6.5	3.9
$125,000 and over	7,250	5,370	1,880	4.8	6.8	2.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	209,280	103,640	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	195,925	96,860	99,065	93.6	93.5	93.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,200	34,000	39,200	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	195,950	96,870	99,080	93.6	93.5	93.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,400	31,600	35,600	40,400	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	175,570	89,130	86,440	83.9	86.0	81.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,200	31,600	38,000	45,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	150,755	78,860	71,900	72.0	76.1	68.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,400	34,000	40,000	46,400	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	170,340	82,525	87,815	81.4	79.6	83.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,740	850	4,680	1,740	850	4,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	14,270	6,045	8,225	6.8	5.8	7.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,040	5,840	5,520	5,040	5,840
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	209,280	103,645	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	196,230	96,900	99,330	93.8	93.5	94.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,080	56,850	41,480	49,080	56,850	41,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	196,255	96,905	99,350	93.8	93.5	94.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,520	36,000	41,200	46,520	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	175,950	89,175	86,775	84.1	86.0	82.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,080	56,750	39,200	48,080	56,750	39,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	151,255	78,920	72,335	72.3	76.1	68.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,360	55,950	40,120	48,360	55,950	40,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	170,620	82,285	88,335	81.5	79.4	83.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,830	5,415	8,140	6,830	5,415	8,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	14,180	5,785	8,400	6.8	5.6	8.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410	6,235	8,210	7,410	6,235	8,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	209,285	103,640	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	74,260	42,550	31,715	35.5	41.1	30.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	63,200	51,600	57,600	63,200	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,900	74,800	58,500	67,900	74,800	58,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	55,285	25,865	29,425	26.4	25.0	27.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	28,400	22,000	24,400	28,400	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,560	37,400	28,280	32,560	37,400	28,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.8	92.0	82.6	87.8	92.0	82.6
Employment income (%)	76.0	80.2	70.4	76.0	80.2	70.4
Government transfers (%)	12.1	8.1	17.4	12.1	8.1	17.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.7	1.7	1.1	0.7	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	99,810	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	26,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...	44,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...	40,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	73,185	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	99,810	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,300	...	...	104,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,800	...	...	87,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	26,595	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,100	...	...	54,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,720	...	...	45,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	73,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...	122,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,100	...	...	103,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	99,810	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	915	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	375	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,005	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,685	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,985	...	...	3.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,035	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,915	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,320	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,555	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,755	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	7,490	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,440	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,080	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,560	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,235	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	41,450	...	...	41.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	13,060	...	...	13.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	9,265	...	...	9.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,650	...	...	10.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,475	...	...	8.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	99,810	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,000	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	395	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,035	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,770	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,185	...	...	3.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,490	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,550	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,920	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,385	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,450	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,750	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	8,745	...	...	8.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	8,160	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	7,605	...	...	7.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,730	...	...	6.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	32,635	...	...	32.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	12,925	...	...	12.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	8,180	...	...	8.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,525	...	...	11.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	69,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	24,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	31,670	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	11,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	39,490	20,725	18,765	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	42,000	38,000	40,000	42,000	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,600	34,800	36,400	37,600	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	69,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,300	...	...	122,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,600	...	...	102,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	24,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,500	...	...	107,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,100	...	...	90,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,710	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,200	...	...	149,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,500	...	...	123,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,100	...	...	79,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	39,330	20,480	18,850	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,720	50,720	46,560	48,720	50,720	46,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,720	42,800	40,560	41,720	42,800	40,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	254,145	126,640	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	53,460	27,355	26,105	21.0	21.6	20.5
0 to 5 years	17,630	8,980	8,650	6.9	7.1	6.8
18 to 64 years	164,710	82,920	81,795	64.8	65.5	64.1
65 years and over	35,975	16,365	19,610	14.2	12.9	15.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	25,145	11,720	13,420	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,705	3,435	3,270	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,370	1,215	1,150	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,030	6,655	7,370	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,415	1,635	2,785	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9	9.3	10.5	9.9	9.3	10.5
0 to 17 years (%)	12.5	12.6	12.5	12.5	12.6	12.5
0 to 5 years (%)	13.4	13.5	13.3	13.4	13.5	13.3
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5	8.0	9.0	8.5	8.0	9.0
65 years and over (%)	12.3	10.0	14.2	12.3	10.0	14.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	254,145	126,635	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	53,460	27,355	26,105	21.0	21.6	20.5
0 to 5 years	17,630	8,980	8,650	6.9	7.1	6.8
18 to 64 years	164,715	82,920	81,790	64.8	65.5	64.1
65 years and over	35,970	16,365	19,610	14.2	12.9	15.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,760	8,240	7,525	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,305	1,780	1,525	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,140	610	530	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,245	5,945	5,295	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,210	510	695	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.5	5.9	6.2	6.5	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.5	5.8	6.2	6.5	5.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.5	6.8	6.1	6.5	6.8	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	7.2	6.5	6.8	7.2	6.5
65 years and over (%)	3.4	3.1	3.6	3.4	3.1	3.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	254,145	126,640	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	129,545	63,315	66,230	51.0	50.0	51.9
In bottom decile	23,695	11,760	11,935	9.3	9.3	9.4
In second decile	25,640	11,995	13,640	10.1	9.5	10.7
In third decile	26,090	12,730	13,365	10.3	10.1	10.5
In fourth decile	26,495	13,080	13,420	10.4	10.3	10.5
In fifth decile	27,630	13,750	13,875	10.9	10.9	10.9
In top half of the distribution	124,600	63,320	61,280	49.0	50.0	48.1
In sixth decile	27,250	13,645	13,605	10.7	10.8	10.7
In seventh decile	26,490	13,460	13,035	10.4	10.6	10.2
In eighth decile	26,155	13,245	12,905	10.3	10.5	10.1
In ninth decile	24,720	12,730	11,985	9.7	10.1	9.4
In top decile	19,985	10,235	9,755	7.9	8.1	7.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	254,145	...	...	254,145	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.318	...	...	0.318	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.431	...	...	0.431	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.278	...	...	0.278	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	254,820	126,935	127,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	233,095	117,640	115,460	91.5	92.7	90.3
French only	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and French	15,855	6,855	9,000	6.2	5.4	7.0
Neither English nor French	5,740	2,385	3,355	2.3	1.9	2.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	254,820	126,935	127,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	245,265	122,730	122,540	96.3	96.7	95.8
French	2,585	1,220	1,370	1.0	1.0	1.1
English and French	1,360	675	690	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	5,600	2,310	3,285	2.2	1.8	2.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	254,820	126,935	127,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	244,010	121,500	122,505	95.8	95.7	95.8
Official languages	169,210	84,445	84,765	66.4	66.5	66.3
English	166,675	83,265	83,410	65.4	65.6	65.2
French	2,540	1,180	1,355	1.0	0.9	1.1
Non-official languages	74,795	37,055	37,740	29.4	29.2	29.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	74,780	37,045	37,730	29.3	29.2	29.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,065	5,650	5,415	4.3	4.5	4.2
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,740	860	880	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bilen	560	295	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oromo	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Somali	995	470	520	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	9,305	4,785	4,520	3.7	3.8	3.5
Amharic	885	415	470	0.3	0.3	0.4
Arabic	5,460	2,825	2,640	2.1	2.2	2.1
Aramaic languages	375	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	215	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,475	1,295	1,180	1.0	1.0	0.9
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,580	1,210	1,370	1.0	1.0	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	200	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	2,360	1,115	1,250	0.9	0.9	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,700	735	965	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bikol	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,280	545	735	0.5	0.4	0.6
Waray-Waray	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	160	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,330	1,325	1,005	0.9	1.0	0.8
Kannada	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,125	635	485	0.4	0.5	0.4
Tamil	605	325	280	0.2	0.3	0.2
Telugu	495	310	190	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	315	150	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-European languages	48,090	23,810	24,275	18.9	18.8	19.0
Albanian	855	440	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	190	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	10,965	5,235	5,735	4.3	4.1	4.5
Baltic languages	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10,905	5,200	5,700	4.3	4.1	4.5
Belarusian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	310	135	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,610	1,180	1,425	1.0	0.9	1.1
Russian	1,025	475	550	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	120	65	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5,770	2,860	2,910	2.3	2.3	2.3
Bosnian	505	255	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	1,285	615	665	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbian	3,895	1,945	1,950	1.5	1.5	1.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	290	125	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	430	195	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,095	1,870	2,225	1.6	1.5	1.7
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,390	1,540	1,850	1.3	1.2	1.4
German	3,340	1,520	1,820	1.3	1.2	1.4
Pennsylvania German	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	605	275	325	0.2	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	515	235	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	690	345	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	17,440	9,180	8,260	6.8	7.2	6.5
Indo-Aryan languages	14,150	7,525	6,625	5.6	5.9	5.2
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	665	335	330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	2,680	1,570	1,115	1.1	1.2	0.9
Hindi	1,780	920	860	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kacchi	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	170	95	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	700	350	355	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,580	2,985	2,595	2.2	2.4	2.0
Rohingya	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	160	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,990	975	1,010	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,280	1,650	1,625	1.3	1.3	1.3
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	565	285	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	245	125	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,430	1,215	1,210	1.0	1.0	0.9
Dari	1,230	595	635	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	905	470	430	0.4	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	300	155	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,840	6,650	7,190	5.4	5.2	5.6
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	585	300	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	3,480	1,675	1,810	1.4	1.3	1.4
Romanian	3,460	1,640	1,820	1.4	1.3	1.4
Spanish	6,305	3,030	3,275	2.5	2.4	2.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	160	45	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,110	505	605	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	685	350	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	120	65	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	220	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	140	60	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,770	1,810	1,960	1.5	1.4	1.5
Chinese languages	3,325	1,590	1,740	1.3	1.3	1.4
Hakka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,335	1,120	1,215	0.9	0.9	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	850	405	445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	430	210	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	195	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	610	265	340	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lao	545	255	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,070	555	510	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	995	520	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	830	420	415	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	755	375	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,810	5,430	5,380	4.2	4.3	4.2
English and French	965	475	495	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	8,580	4,325	4,255	3.4	3.4	3.3
French and non-official language(s)	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	930	460	470	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	254,820	126,935	127,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	174,175	87,025	87,150	68.4	68.6	68.1
French	500	230	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	21,935	10,760	11,175	8.6	8.5	8.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	21,930	10,760	11,170	8.6	8.5	8.7
English and French	2,165	950	1,220	0.8	0.7	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	52,615	26,335	26,280	20.6	20.7	20.5
French and non-official language(s)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,405	635	775	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	1,950	960	990	0.8	0.8	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	254,820	126,935	127,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	241,960	120,530	121,430	95.0	95.0	95.0
Official languages	197,210	98,180	99,030	77.4	77.3	77.4
English	196,405	97,790	98,615	77.1	77.0	77.1
French	810	385	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	44,750	22,345	22,405	17.6	17.6	17.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	44,745	22,345	22,400	17.6	17.6	17.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,905	3,975	3,930	3.1	3.1	3.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,250	615	630	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bilen	515	285	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oromo	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	625	285	340	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,645	3,355	3,290	2.6	2.6	2.6
Amharic	540	245	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	3,805	1,940	1,855	1.5	1.5	1.5
Aramaic languages	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,980	1,015	970	0.8	0.8	0.8
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,760	845	915	0.7	0.7	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	1,635	790	850	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	980	500	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	745	380	365	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,545	870	670	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kannada	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	815	465	355	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	365	195	170	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	315	195	120	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-European languages	27,130	13,545	13,585	10.6	10.7	10.6
Albanian	525	275	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,945	2,890	3,055	2.3	2.3	2.4
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,940	2,885	3,050	2.3	2.3	2.4
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,215	570	645	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	620	295	320	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,525	1,735	1,790	1.4	1.4	1.4
Bosnian	300	135	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	545	250	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,655	1,330	1,325	1.0	1.0	1.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	205	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	500	215	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	425	185	240	0.2	0.1	0.2
German	420	185	240	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	290	140	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	12,300	6,415	5,880	4.8	5.1	4.6
Indo-Aryan languages	10,090	5,330	4,760	4.0	4.2	3.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	435	210	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	1,710	965	745	0.7	0.8	0.6
Hindi	1,265	670	600	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	580	295	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,380	2,345	2,030	1.7	1.8	1.6
Rohingya	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,310	635	675	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,210	1,085	1,120	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	345	165	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	195	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,640	815	825	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	835	405	425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	590	300	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	210	105	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,465	3,555	3,910	2.9	2.8	3.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	1,830	880	955	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	1,700	795	900	0.7	0.6	0.7
Spanish	3,825	1,835	1,990	1.5	1.4	1.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	860	395	470	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	265	140	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,485	1,205	1,280	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese languages	2,140	1,040	1,095	0.8	0.8	0.9
Hakka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,655	815	845	0.6	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	425	205	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	335	160	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	295	125	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	270	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	770	395	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	740	375	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	275	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	270	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,860	6,405	6,450	5.0	5.0	5.0
English and French	355	170	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	12,090	6,045	6,040	4.7	4.8	4.7
French and non-official language(s)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	60	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	235	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	254,820	126,935	127,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	206,965	103,160	103,805	81.2	81.3	81.2
English	17,975	9,085	8,895	7.1	7.2	7.0
French	1,940	805	1,135	0.8	0.6	0.9
Non-official language	21,530	10,580	10,955	8.4	8.3	8.6
Indigenous³⁹	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	21,500	10,570	10,930	8.4	8.3	8.5
English and French	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,145	1,650	1,495	1.2	1.3	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	610	265	350	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,390	1,250	1,145	0.9	1.0	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	254,145	126,635	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	248,265	124,180	124,085	97.7	98.1	97.3
English	248,150	124,130	124,020	97.6	98.0	97.3
French	15,840	6,790	9,050	6.2	5.4	7.1
Non-official languages	95,265	47,070	48,195	37.5	37.2	37.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	95,230	47,060	48,170	37.5	37.2	37.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,770	7,330	7,435	5.8	5.8	5.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,300	1,055	1,245	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bilen	770	410	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oromo	220	75	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,265	550	720	0.5	0.4	0.6
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,175	6,610	6,565	5.2	5.2	5.1
Amharic	1,795	920	875	0.7	0.7	0.7
Arabic	8,540	4,340	4,195	3.4	3.4	3.3
Aramaic languages	520	245	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	375	185	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	325	220	105	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,730	1,885	1,845	1.5	1.5	1.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,375	1,590	1,775	1.3	1.3	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	285	125	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	3,060	1,455	1,605	1.2	1.1	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,480	1,105	1,375	1.0	0.9	1.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,170	980	1,185	0.9	0.8	0.9
Waray-Waray	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	530	245	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	140	60	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	120	65	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,095	1,825	1,270	1.2	1.4	1.0
Kannada	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	1,510	940	575	0.6	0.7	0.5
Tamil	1,095	595	500	0.4	0.5	0.4
Telugu	665	420	245	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	345	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-European languages	62,410	30,835	31,570	24.6	24.3	24.8
Albanian	1,055	535	515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	295	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	13,340	6,440	6,905	5.2	5.1	5.4
Baltic languages	115	65	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Latvian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,240	6,380	6,865	5.2	5.0	5.4
Belarusian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	385	200	185	0.2	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	150	60	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Polish	3,295	1,440	1,855	1.3	1.1	1.5
Russian	1,820	885	935	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	7,130	3,575	3,555	2.8	2.8	2.8
Bosnian	760	385	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	2,280	1,120	1,155	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbian	5,100	2,550	2,550	2.0	2.0	2.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	465	215	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	220	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	715	320	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,260	2,835	3,430	2.5	2.2	2.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,325	2,380	2,940	2.1	1.9	2.3
German	5,250	2,345	2,900	2.1	1.9	2.3
Pennsylvania German	50	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	885	420	460	0.3	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	705	325	380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	210	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	110	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,030	485	540	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	23,110	12,105	11,005	9.1	9.6	8.6
Indo-Aryan languages	19,815	10,450	9,370	7.8	8.3	7.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	975	495	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	3,610	2,065	1,545	1.4	1.6	1.2
Hindi	8,955	4,785	4,170	3.5	3.8	3.3
Kacchi	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	400	220	180	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nepali	745	395	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oriya languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,160	4,385	3,775	3.2	3.5	3.0
Rohingya	305	125	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	265	140	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	3,610	1,765	1,845	1.4	1.4	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,625	1,820	1,805	1.4	1.4	1.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	760	390	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	270	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,795	1,405	1,395	1.1	1.1	1.1
Dari	1,380	690	690	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	1,155	605	550	0.5	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	270	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	19,075	9,080	9,990	7.5	7.2	7.8
Catalan	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,280	645	635	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	4,460	2,160	2,300	1.8	1.7	1.8
Romanian	4,335	2,055	2,275	1.7	1.6	1.8
Spanish	9,675	4,565	5,115	3.8	3.6	4.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	535	250	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	1,020	510	510	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,665	850	815	0.7	0.7	0.6
Akan (Twi)	155	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	140	60	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	380	220	165	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	500	260	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	255	110	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	345	155	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	95	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	245	90	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	335	140	195	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	275	110	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,745	2,370	2,375	1.9	1.9	1.9
Chinese languages	4,240	2,120	2,125	1.7	1.7	1.7
Hakka	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,180	1,590	1,590	1.3	1.3	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,295	655	645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	520	260	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	300	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	250	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages	65	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	820	375	440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lao	720	340	380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Thai	180	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,485	770	710	0.6	0.6	0.6
Azerbaijani	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,360	725	640	0.5	0.6	0.5
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	990	475	515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	870	415	450	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	254,145	126,635	127,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,795	2,150	2,645	1.9	1.7	2.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,520	2,040	2,480	1.8	1.6	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,830	1,250	1,580	1.1	1.0	1.2
Métis	1,615	745	865	0.6	0.6	0.7
Inuk (Inuit)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	135	55	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	140	50	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	249,355	124,490	124,865	98.1	98.3	97.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	254,145	126,635	127,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,285	550	735	0.5	0.4	0.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	252,865	126,090	126,775	99.5	99.6	99.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	59,580	...	...	59.7	...	...
Renter	40,235	...	...	40.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	14,280	...	...	14.3	...	...
Not condominium	85,530	...	...	85.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	595	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	14,310	...	...	14.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,630	...	...	23.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	40,710	...	...	40.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	20,570	...	...	20.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	30,975	...	...	31.0	...	...
5 rooms	15,565	...	...	15.6	...	...
6 rooms	15,270	...	...	15.3	...	...
7 rooms	12,045	...	...	12.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	25,960	...	...	26.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	96,320	...	...	96.5	...	...
More than one person per room	3,490	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	92,815	...	...	93.0	...	...
Not suitable	7,000	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	19,090	...	...	19.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	29,425	...	...	29.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	12,795	...	...	12.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,355	...	...	10.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,510	...	...	7.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,865	...	...	6.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,025	...	...	6.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	7,755	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	95,085	...	...	95.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,720	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	47,875	...	...	48.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	46,020	...	...	46.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,920	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,510	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	18,375	...	...	18.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	19,805	...	...	19.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	18,150	...	...	18.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	18,440	...	...	18.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	12,855	...	...	12.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,100	...	...	7.1	...	...
85 years and over	2,570	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	99,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	76,255	...	...	76.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	23,190	...	...	23.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	21,315	...	...	21.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	99,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	31,795	...	...	31.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	20,605	...	...	20.6	...	...
Not suitable only	5,225	...	...	5.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,930	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,240	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,265	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	450	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	68,015	...	...	68.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	97,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	9,950	...	...	10.2	...	...
Not in core need	87,625	...	...	89.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	59,580	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.0	...	...	65.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.8	...	...	14.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,550	...	...	1,550	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,608	...	...	1,608	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	680,000	...	...	680,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	701,000	...	...	701,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	40,230	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.7	...	...	10.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.0	...	...	36.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.8	...	...	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,334	...	...	1,334	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	254,145	126,640	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,300	610	695	0.5	0.5	0.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,270	590	680	0.5	0.5	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	935	435	495	0.4	0.3	0.4
Métis single ancestry	290	120	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,540	2,530	3,010	2.2	2.0	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,400	2,465	2,940	2.1	1.9	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,115	1,880	2,230	1.6	1.5	1.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,225	550	670	0.5	0.4	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	135	60	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	247,310	123,505	123,800	97.3	97.5	97.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	254,145	126,640	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	221,325	109,740	111,585	87.1	86.7	87.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	48,320	24,910	23,410	19.0	19.7	18.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	173,005	84,830	88,175	68.1	67.0	69.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	32,820	16,895	15,925	12.9	13.3	12.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	254,145	126,640	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	169,405	84,405	85,000	66.7	66.6	66.7
Immigrants⁸¹	75,450	36,720	38,730	29.7	29.0	30.4
Before 1980	11,965	5,730	6,230	4.7	4.5	4.9
1980 to 1990	8,395	4,220	4,175	3.3	3.3	3.3
1991 to 2000	13,320	6,435	6,880	5.2	5.1	5.4
2001 to 2010	16,345	7,815	8,535	6.4	6.2	6.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	25,425	12,515	12,910	10.0	9.9	10.1
2011 to 2015	9,080	4,430	4,645	3.6	3.5	3.6
2016 to 2021	16,345	8,080	8,265	6.4	6.4	6.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,300	5,515	3,785	3.7	4.4	3.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	75,450	36,720	38,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	7,495	3,800	3,695	9.9	10.3	9.5
5 to 14 years	14,105	7,155	6,950	18.7	19.5	17.9
15 to 24 years	14,790	6,835	7,955	19.6	18.6	20.5
25 to 44 years	33,040	16,050	16,985	43.8	43.7	43.9
45 years and over	6,015	2,875	3,140	8.0	7.8	8.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	75,450	36,720	38,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	11,185	5,220	5,970	14.8	14.2	15.4
Brazil	655	305	350	0.9	0.8	0.9
Colombia	1,325	625	705	1.8	1.7	1.8
El Salvador	1,350	660	690	1.8	1.8	1.8
Guyana	1,260	625	630	1.7	1.7	1.6
Haiti	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	1,300	605	695	1.7	1.6	1.8
Mexico	495	240	260	0.7	0.7	0.7
Peru	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	395	170	230	0.5	0.5	0.6
United States of America	1,875	795	1,080	2.5	2.2	2.8
Other places of birth in Americas	2,375	1,125	1,255	3.1	3.1	3.2
Europe	23,585	11,405	12,175	31.3	31.1	31.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,205	1,120	1,090	2.9	3.1	2.8
Croatia	1,425	710	715	1.9	1.9	1.8
France	170	60	115	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germany	1,860	905	950	2.5	2.5	2.5
Greece	270	130	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungary	340	140	195	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italy	395	215	185	0.5	0.6	0.5
Netherlands	525	285	240	0.7	0.8	0.6
Poland	2,335	1,040	1,300	3.1	2.8	3.4
Portugal	1,940	940	995	2.6	2.6	2.6
Romania	3,175	1,515	1,660	4.2	4.1	4.3
Russian Federation	460	200	255	0.6	0.5	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	1,615	770	850	2.1	2.1	2.2
Ukraine	555	240	320	0.7	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,525	1,725	1,800	4.7	4.7	4.6
Other places of birth in Europe	2,785	1,415	1,365	3.7	3.9	3.5
Africa	9,400	4,670	4,730	12.5	12.7	12.2
Algeria	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	140	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	685	355	330	0.9	1.0	0.9
Eritrea	2,895	1,490	1,405	3.8	4.1	3.6
Ethiopia	1,325	645	685	1.8	1.8	1.8
Morocco	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	850	440	410	1.1	1.2	1.1
Somalia	685	280	400	0.9	0.8	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	230	105	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	2,550	1,270	1,280	3.4	3.5	3.3
Asia	31,050	15,295	15,750	41.2	41.7	40.7
Afghanistan	1,030	510	525	1.4	1.4	1.4
Iran⁸⁸	980	495	480	1.3	1.3	1.2
Iraq	1,495	745	750	2.0	2.0	1.9
Lebanon	405	195	210	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	2,325	1,150	1,180	3.1	3.1	3.0
Turkey	690	380	305	0.9	1.0	0.8
China⁹⁰	2,095	965	1,130	2.8	2.6	2.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	285	120	165	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	495	255	245	0.7	0.7	0.6
Taiwan	130	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Philippines	2,020	850	1,170	2.7	2.3	3.0
Viet Nam	2,130	1,020	1,110	2.8	2.8	2.9
Bangladesh	560	245	315	0.7	0.7	0.8
India	9,105	4,740	4,360	12.1	12.9	11.3
Pakistan	2,150	1,010	1,140	2.8	2.8	2.9
Sri Lanka	380	205	175	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	4,775	2,340	2,440	6.3	6.4	6.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	230	130	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	16,345	8,080	8,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,625	840	790	9.9	10.4	9.6
Brazil	425	205	220	2.6	2.5	2.7
Colombia	195	100	90	1.2	1.2	1.1
Haiti	15	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Jamaica	150	65	85	0.9	0.8	1.0
Mexico	40	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	275	165	110	1.7	2.0	1.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	170	80	85	1.0	1.0	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	365	190	175	2.2	2.4	2.1
Europe	1,045	505	545	6.4	6.3	6.6
France	20	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Germany	60	35	30	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	35	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	100	45	55	0.6	0.6	0.7
Ukraine	195	80	120	1.2	1.0	1.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	75	20	0.6	0.9	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	525	235	285	3.2	2.9	3.4
Africa	4,160	2,055	2,105	25.5	25.4	25.5
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	60	20	35	0.4	0.2	0.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	70	35	35	0.4	0.4	0.4
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	100	45	50	0.6	0.6	0.6
Eritrea	2,055	1,070	985	12.6	13.2	11.9
Ethiopia	365	160	200	2.2	2.0	2.4
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	600	310	290	3.7	3.8	3.5
Somalia	175	65	115	1.1	0.8	1.4
South Africa, Republic of	65	15	45	0.4	0.2	0.5
Sudan⁹⁷	280	145	130	1.7	1.8	1.6
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	375	175	205	2.3	2.2	2.5
Asia	9,440	4,625	4,820	57.8	57.2	58.3
Afghanistan	220	130	90	1.3	1.6	1.1
Bangladesh	100	40	60	0.6	0.5	0.7
China⁹⁰	500	225	270	3.1	2.8	3.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
India	3,565	1,835	1,725	21.8	22.7	20.9
Iran⁸⁸	170	60	110	1.0	0.7	1.3
Iraq	230	115	115	1.4	1.4	1.4
Israel	230	135	95	1.4	1.7	1.1
Japan	35	10	25	0.2	0.1	0.3
Jordan	150	85	70	0.9	1.1	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	105	65	40	0.6	0.8	0.5
Lebanon	130	35	95	0.8	0.4	1.1
Nepal	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pakistan	365	160	205	2.2	2.0	2.5
Philippines	495	225	275	3.0	2.8	3.3
Saudi Arabia	190	85	110	1.2	1.1	1.3
Sri Lanka	65	30	35	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,700	820	875	10.4	10.1	10.6
Turkey	465	250	210	2.8	3.1	2.5
United Arab Emirates	115	70	45	0.7	0.9	0.5
Viet Nam	190	70	120	1.2	0.9	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	385	150	235	2.4	1.9	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	70	55	15	0.4	0.7	0.2
Australia	55	40	10	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	254,145	126,635	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	86,780	43,190	43,590	34.1	34.1	34.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	54,990	27,860	27,125	21.6	22.0	21.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	112,375	55,585	56,790	44.2	43.9	44.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	63,485	30,990	32,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,725	12,480	11,245	37.4	40.3	34.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,975	6,800	3,175	15.7	21.9	9.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,750	5,680	8,070	21.7	18.3	24.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,015	6,300	9,710	25.2	20.3	29.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	23,210	11,940	11,270	36.6	38.5	34.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	535	270	270	0.8	0.9	0.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	63,485	30,990	32,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,150	2,115	2,040	6.5	6.8	6.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,160	2,110	2,050	6.6	6.8	6.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,085	580	505	1.7	1.9	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,380	1,925	1,455	5.3	6.2	4.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	280	100	180	0.4	0.3	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	50,430	24,160	26,270	79.4	78.0	80.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	254,145	126,635	127,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	80,485	40,840	39,640	31.7	32.3	31.1
South Asian	25,170	13,390	11,785	9.9	10.6	9.2
Chinese	4,660	2,335	2,320	1.8	1.8	1.8
Black	17,510	8,790	8,720	6.9	6.9	6.8
Filipino	2,820	1,300	1,530	1.1	1.0	1.2
Arab	6,105	3,125	2,985	2.4	2.5	2.3
Latin American	7,795	3,765	4,025	3.1	3.0	3.2
Southeast Asian	6,635	3,225	3,405	2.6	2.5	2.7
West Asian	3,290	1,725	1,565	1.3	1.4	1.2
Korean	1,110	575	535	0.4	0.5	0.4
Japanese	465	190	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,255	1,140	1,120	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple visible minorities	2,665	1,290	1,380	1.0	1.0	1.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	173,665	85,795	87,870	68.3	67.7	68.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	254,145	126,635	127,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	29,130	14,825	14,300	11.5	11.7	11.2
English	40,520	19,800	20,720	15.9	15.6	16.2
Irish	34,940	16,710	18,230	13.7	13.2	14.3
Scottish	33,160	15,740	17,415	13.0	12.4	13.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,575	7,645	7,930	6.1	6.0	6.2
German	45,005	21,970	23,025	17.7	17.3	18.1
Chinese	5,630	2,790	2,840	2.2	2.2	2.2
Italian	7,835	4,050	3,785	3.1	3.2	3.0
Indian (India)	14,285	7,760	6,525	5.6	6.1	5.1
Ukrainian	5,540	2,775	2,770	2.2	2.2	2.2
Dutch	9,395	4,680	4,720	3.7	3.7	3.7
Polish	11,440	5,545	5,895	4.5	4.4	4.6
Québécois	380	205	180	0.1	0.2	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,805	4,345	4,465	3.5	3.4	3.5
Filipino	2,905	1,335	1,565	1.1	1.1	1.2
French Canadian	2,775	1,315	1,460	1.1	1.0	1.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,885	1,955	1,925	1.5	1.5	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,160	1,005	1,155	0.8	0.8	0.9
Métis	1,670	750	920	0.7	0.6	0.7
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,695	1,825	1,875	1.5	1.4	1.5
Russian	2,720	1,300	1,420	1.1	1.0	1.1
Norwegian	995	460	535	0.4	0.4	0.4
Welsh	3,190	1,560	1,630	1.3	1.2	1.3
Portuguese	6,225	3,155	3,070	2.4	2.5	2.4
American	2,325	1,215	1,110	0.9	1.0	0.9
Spanish	2,910	1,415	1,495	1.1	1.1	1.2
Swedish	995	520	475	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungarian	3,790	1,870	1,920	1.5	1.5	1.5
Acadian	520	225	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	2,810	1,335	1,475	1.1	1.1	1.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,675	1,370	1,310	1.1	1.1	1.0
Jewish	825	420	400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	2,240	1,180	1,055	0.9	0.9	0.8
Vietnamese	3,710	1,850	1,860	1.5	1.5	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,435	1,245	1,190	1.0	1.0	0.9
Greek	1,745	870	875	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jamaican	2,890	1,475	1,420	1.1	1.2	1.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,175	585	590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	255	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,065	550	515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	5,690	2,790	2,900	2.2	2.2	2.3
Lebanese	700	335	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	1,130	590	545	0.4	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,720	870	850	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	925	455	470	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	940	445	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	1,640	890	750	0.6	0.7	0.6
Austrian	1,820	875	940	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belgian	925	420	500	0.4	0.3	0.4
Haitian	125	70	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hindu	2,050	1,100	945	0.8	0.9	0.7
Mexican	905	455	450	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	1,370	720	650	0.5	0.6	0.5
Swiss	1,890	915	985	0.7	0.7	0.8
Finnish	865	415	450	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sri Lankan	440	245	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	3,070	1,525	1,545	1.2	1.2	1.2
Japanese	620	265	355	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	795	390	405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	655	315	335	0.3	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	545	280	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	1,325	650	675	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	740	380	365	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,640	820	820	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	410	220	190	0.2	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	185	110	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	1,435	700	735	0.6	0.6	0.6
Moroccan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,060	545	520	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	1,585	780	805	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyanese	1,830	950	885	0.7	0.8	0.7
Afghan	1,405	690	715	0.6	0.5	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	715	365	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	4,695	2,395	2,300	1.8	1.9	1.8
Ojibway	395	150	240	0.2	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	960	485	475	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hong Konger	190	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	1,145	525	625	0.5	0.4	0.5
Persian	445	220	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	675	315	360	0.3	0.2	0.3
Turkish	1,315	670	645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	515	245	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,000	490	510	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	850	410	445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	545	270	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	910	490	420	0.4	0.4	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	605	275	330	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	1,310	585	720	0.5	0.5	0.6
Taiwanese	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	1,240	650	595	0.5	0.5	0.5
Salvadorean	1,500	735	760	0.6	0.6	0.6
African Caribbean	310	145	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	320	165	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	690	335	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	370	155	215	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	515	245	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	445	205	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	225	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	310	175	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	675	365	315	0.3	0.3	0.2
Chilean	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	240	130	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	200	65	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	1,205	565	640	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	640	270	370	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peruvian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	390	205	185	0.2	0.2	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	485	220	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	855	420	430	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	220	135	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	350	165	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	650	335	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	280	140	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	895	580	310	0.4	0.5	0.2
Eritrean	2,920	1,460	1,465	1.1	1.2	1.1
African Canadian	240	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	140	90	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	195	105	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	195	70	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	290	145	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	235	125	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	205	50	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
African American	180	115	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	495	275	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	425	220	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	290	130	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	980	460	510	0.4	0.4	0.4
Venezuelan	215	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	270	160	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	240	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	430	230	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	140	55	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Laotian	1,190	550	645	0.5	0.4	0.5
Ilocano	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	195	85	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	105	65	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	170	55	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	230	100	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	665	365	305	0.3	0.3	0.2
Fijian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	150	90	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	310	145	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	245	75	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	230	135	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	410	215	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	215	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	135	90	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	205	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	595	285	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Breton	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	680	310	365	0.3	0.2	0.3
Malaysian	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	255	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	1,055	570	495	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nicaraguan	510	255	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mauritian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	220	125	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Rwandan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	105	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	250	150	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	130	60	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sinhalese	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mayan	175	100	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	125	65	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cherokee	55	0	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	160	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	425	190	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ugandan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	225	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	145	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Basque	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	50	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	210	120	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	254,145	126,635	127,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,015	1,400	1,615	1.2	1.1	1.3
Christian	131,390	61,815	69,575	51.7	48.8	54.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,625	10,820	11,805	8.9	8.5	9.3
Anabaptist	2,525	1,145	1,380	1.0	0.9	1.1
Anglican	6,090	2,770	3,320	2.4	2.2	2.6
Baptist	3,520	1,600	1,925	1.4	1.3	1.5
Catholic	56,665	26,985	29,675	22.3	21.3	23.3
Christian Orthodox	11,020	5,475	5,545	4.3	4.3	4.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,020	480	545	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	330	145	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	7,750	3,525	4,225	3.0	2.8	3.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	795	400	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,170	1,895	2,275	1.6	1.5	1.8
Presbyterian	3,555	1,540	2,015	1.4	1.2	1.6
Reformed	655	305	350	0.3	0.2	0.3
United Church	5,810	2,415	3,400	2.3	1.9	2.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,860	2,320	2,540	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hindu	9,610	5,230	4,375	3.8	4.1	3.4
Jewish	525	285	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	19,140	9,490	9,650	7.5	7.5	7.6
Sikh	6,520	3,445	3,075	2.6	2.7	2.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,400	1,035	1,370	0.9	0.8	1.1
No religion and secular perspectives	81,475	43,910	37,570	32.1	34.7	29.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	251,370	125,185	126,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	217,200	107,650	109,550	86.4	86.0	86.8
Movers	34,165	17,535	16,630	13.6	14.0	13.2
Non-migrants	19,290	9,970	9,320	7.7	8.0	7.4
Migrants	14,875	7,565	7,310	5.9	6.0	5.8
Internal migrants	12,675	6,515	6,155	5.0	5.2	4.9
Intraprovincial migrants	11,685	5,975	5,710	4.6	4.8	4.5
Interprovincial migrants	985	540	440	0.4	0.4	0.3
External migrants	2,200	1,045	1,155	0.9	0.8	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	239,560	119,160	120,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	135,675	66,620	69,055	56.6	55.9	57.4
Movers	103,890	52,540	51,345	43.4	44.1	42.6
Non-migrants	41,850	20,865	20,990	17.5	17.5	17.4
Migrants	62,030	31,675	30,355	25.9	26.6	25.2
Internal migrants	42,335	21,285	21,045	17.7	17.9	17.5
Intraprovincial migrants	37,680	18,905	18,785	15.7	15.9	15.6
Interprovincial migrants	4,650	2,380	2,270	1.9	2.0	1.9
External migrants	19,700	10,395	9,310	8.2	8.7	7.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	209,285	103,645	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	38,095	19,185	18,915	18.2	18.5	17.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	171,190	84,455	86,730	81.8	81.5	82.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	142,735	71,125	71,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,425	8,705	7,720	11.5	12.2	10.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	126,310	62,420	63,890	88.5	87.8	89.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	209,280	103,645	105,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	34,805	17,285	17,520	16.6	16.7	16.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	58,090	30,070	28,020	27.8	29.0	26.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	116,390	56,290	60,100	55.6	54.3	56.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	58,380	28,955	29,420	27.9	27.9	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,180	7,745	3,445	5.3	7.5	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,300	3,200	2,100	2.5	3.1	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,885	4,545	1,345	2.8	4.4	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	42,990	19,155	23,830	20.5	18.5	22.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,205	2,060	2,140	2.0	2.0	2.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	58,015	27,335	30,680	27.7	26.4	29.0
Bachelor's degree	38,755	17,985	20,770	18.5	17.4	19.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,615	1,685	1,925	1.7	1.6	1.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,145	515	630	0.5	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	12,505	5,885	6,620	6.0	5.7	6.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,995	1,265	735	1.0	1.2	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	142,735	71,120	71,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,610	7,750	6,855	10.2	10.9	9.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,070	18,780	16,295	24.6	26.4	22.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	93,055	44,595	48,460	65.2	62.7	67.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	44,470	21,990	22,480	31.2	30.9	31.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,815	5,350	2,460	5.5	7.5	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,600	2,120	1,480	2.5	3.0	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,210	3,235	980	2.9	4.5	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	33,685	15,230	18,450	23.6	21.4	25.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,970	1,405	1,565	2.1	2.0	2.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	48,585	22,605	25,980	34.0	31.8	36.3
Bachelor's degree	31,900	14,735	17,165	22.3	20.7	24.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,975	1,355	1,620	2.1	1.9	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	985	415	565	0.7	0.6	0.8
Master's degree	11,055	5,045	6,005	7.7	7.1	8.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,675	1,050	625	1.2	1.5	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	209,285	103,640	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	92,890	47,355	45,540	44.4	45.7	43.1
Education	5,395	1,230	4,165	2.6	1.2	3.9
13. Education	5,395	1,230	4,165	2.6	1.2	3.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,665	1,565	2,100	1.8	1.5	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	380	305	80	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,285	1,265	2,015	1.6	1.2	1.9
Humanities	7,440	2,695	4,745	3.6	2.6	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	560	125	435	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	1,950	505	1,445	0.9	0.5	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,040	660	1,380	1.0	0.6	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	225	75	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	535	255	280	0.3	0.2	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	870	540	330	0.4	0.5	0.3
54. History	945	475	470	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	320	55	265	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,330	4,320	10,015	6.8	4.2	9.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185	25	165	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,930	765	1,170	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,605	145	2,460	1.2	0.1	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	1,830	535	1,290	0.9	0.5	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	430	145	290	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	2,355	510	1,845	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	4,990	2,190	2,800	2.4	2.1	2.7
Business, management and public administration	23,345	9,770	13,575	11.2	9.4	12.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,225	405	1,825	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	21,095	9,355	11,735	10.1	9.0	11.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,880	2,290	2,590	2.3	2.2	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,020	765	1,250	1.0	0.7	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,090	495	595	0.5	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,495	950	540	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	195	60	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,835	5,435	2,400	3.7	5.2	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,915	4,325	1,590	2.8	4.2	1.5
25. Library science	325	65	260	0.2	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,350	870	475	0.6	0.8	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	245	180	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	25,115	22,105	3,010	12.0	21.3	2.8
04. Architecture and related services	750	420	330	0.4	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	8,435	6,835	1,610	4.0	6.6	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,070	5,300	770	2.9	5.1	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,395	3,270	130	1.6	3.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,300	3,190	105	1.6	3.1	0.1
48. Precision production	3,160	3,100	60	1.5	3.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,075	1,055	1,020	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,285	640	650	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	785	415	375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	15,845	2,875	12,975	7.6	2.8	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,615	700	915	0.8	0.7	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,915	2,020	11,895	6.6	1.9	11.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	10	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	255	140	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,295	2,915	3,385	3.0	2.8	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,620	900	2,720	1.7	0.9	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,730	1,140	590	0.8	1.1	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	910	835	75	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	170	40	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	142,735	71,120	71,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	49,685	26,525	23,155	34.8	37.3	32.3
Education	4,070	895	3,175	2.9	1.3	4.4
13. Education	4,070	895	3,175	2.9	1.3	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,920	1,220	1,695	2.0	1.7	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	265	205	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,655	1,015	1,635	1.9	1.4	2.3
Humanities	5,860	2,145	3,715	4.1	3.0	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	445	100	350	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	1,615	435	1,180	1.1	0.6	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,555	490	1,065	1.1	0.7	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	170	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	410	225	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	605	390	215	0.4	0.5	0.3
54. History	795	400	395	0.6	0.6	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	255	35	220	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,670	3,400	8,265	8.2	4.8	11.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	165	20	145	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,755	665	1,090	1.2	0.9	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,055	115	1,940	1.4	0.2	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,510	380	1,125	1.1	0.5	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	345	120	225	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,805	360	1,440	1.3	0.5	2.0
45. Social sciences	4,040	1,740	2,305	2.8	2.4	3.2
Business, management and public administration	19,055	7,785	11,265	13.3	10.9	15.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,845	305	1,540	1.3	0.4	2.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,195	7,475	9,715	12.0	10.5	13.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,945	1,820	2,130	2.8	2.6	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,625	610	1,020	1.1	0.9	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	825	375	450	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,265	770	495	0.9	1.1	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	160	45	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,730	4,725	2,010	4.7	6.6	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,205	3,820	1,375	3.6	5.4	1.9
25. Library science	235	50	185	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,095	705	385	0.8	1.0	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200	145	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	19,665	17,070	2,600	13.8	24.0	3.6
04. Architecture and related services	660	380	280	0.5	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	7,130	5,670	1,460	5.0	8.0	2.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,870	4,240	625	3.4	6.0	0.9
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,470	2,375	100	1.7	3.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,365	2,275	85	1.7	3.2	0.1
48. Precision production	2,165	2,130	45	1.5	3.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,705	825	880	1.2	1.2	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,025	460	565	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	680	360	315	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	12,285	2,305	9,975	8.6	3.2	13.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,315	575	740	0.9	0.8	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,695	1,610	9,085	7.5	2.3	12.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	0	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,035	2,375	2,660	3.5	3.3	3.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,795	675	2,115	2.0	0.9	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,475	980	490	1.0	1.4	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	755	700	50	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	120	30	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	142,735	71,120	71,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,685	26,525	23,155	34.8	37.3	32.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	93,055	44,595	48,460	65.2	62.7	67.7
Location of study inside Canada	70,600	33,400	37,200	49.5	47.0	51.9
Same as province or territory of residence	66,895	31,505	35,385	46.9	44.3	49.4
Different than province or territory of residence	3,705	1,890	1,815	2.6	2.7	2.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,450	11,195	11,260	15.7	15.7	15.7
Americas	4,410	2,165	2,245	3.1	3.0	3.1
United States of America	2,140	1,110	1,030	1.5	1.6	1.4
Mexico	215	85	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	660	315	340	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	580	285	300	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	450	200	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	4,860	2,510	2,350	3.4	3.5	3.3
Belgium	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	190	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Poland	430	220	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romania	1,100	545	555	0.8	0.8	0.8
Russian Federation	220	105	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	245	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	920	535	390	0.6	0.8	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	295	145	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	360	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Europe	670	330	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	1,600	850	745	1.1	1.2	1.0
Nigeria	405	210	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	290	145	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	805	440	360	0.6	0.6	0.5
Asia	11,175	5,465	5,710	7.8	7.7	8.0
Iran⁸⁸	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	295	150	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	315	145	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	675	320	355	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	360	160	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	1,065	430	635	0.7	0.6	0.9
Viet Nam	140	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	170	55	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	6,035	3,180	2,855	4.2	4.5	4.0
Pakistan	630	260	365	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	610	300	310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oceania	410	205	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	380	190	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	209,280	103,645	105,645	...	...	...
In the labour force	139,695	73,960	65,735	...	...	...
Employed	124,325	66,835	57,485	...	...	...
Unemployed	15,375	7,125	8,245	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	69,585	29,680	39,910	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.8	71.4	62.2	66.8	71.4	62.2
Employment rate	59.4	64.5	54.4	59.4	64.5	54.4
Unemployment rate	11.0	9.6	12.5	11.0	9.6	12.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	209,285	103,640	105,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	70,460	30,450	40,010	33.7	29.4	37.9
Worked	138,820	73,190	65,630	66.3	70.6	62.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	76,635	44,020	32,615	36.6	42.5	30.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	62,185	29,170	33,015	29.7	28.1	31.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.9	40.7	41.8	42.9	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	139,695	73,965	65,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415	1,705	1,710	2.4	2.3	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	136,280	72,260	64,020	97.6	97.7	97.4
Employee	120,815	62,830	57,985	86.5	84.9	88.2
Permanent position	105,215	55,345	49,870	75.3	74.8	75.9
Temporary position	15,605	7,480	8,120	11.2	10.1	12.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,785	2,830	2,950	4.1	3.8	4.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	9,815	4,655	5,165	7.0	6.3	7.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	15,465	9,430	6,035	11.1	12.7	9.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	139,695	73,965	65,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415	1,705	1,710	2.4	2.3	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	136,280	72,260	64,020	97.6	97.7	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,260	940	320	0.9	1.3	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	22,220	6,970	15,250	15.9	9.4	23.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	15,760	12,130	3,625	11.3	16.4	5.5
3 Health occupations	9,385	1,645	7,745	6.7	2.2	11.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	13,905	4,250	9,650	10.0	5.7	14.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,485	1,440	2,045	2.5	1.9	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	32,380	14,125	18,255	23.2	19.1	27.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	23,065	20,875	2,185	16.5	28.2	3.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,425	1,105	320	1.0	1.5	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	13,400	8,775	4,625	9.6	11.9	7.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	139,695	73,965	65,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415	1,705	1,710	2.4	2.3	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	136,280	72,260	64,020	97.6	97.7	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	785	475	305	0.6	0.6	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	110	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	650	480	175	0.5	0.6	0.3
23 Construction	9,615	8,365	1,250	6.9	11.3	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	22,495	15,805	6,685	16.1	21.4	10.2
41 Wholesale trade	4,505	3,060	1,440	3.2	4.1	2.2
44-45 Retail trade	14,255	6,965	7,290	10.2	9.4	11.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,115	5,555	1,555	5.1	7.5	2.4
51 Information and cultural industries	3,900	2,210	1,690	2.8	3.0	2.6
52 Finance and insurance	8,015	3,035	4,980	5.7	4.1	7.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,170	1,180	990	1.6	1.6	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	12,650	7,555	5,095	9.1	10.2	7.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	480	230	250	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,405	3,480	2,925	4.6	4.7	4.5
61 Educational services	10,700	3,415	7,285	7.7	4.6	11.1
62 Health care and social assistance	14,980	2,480	12,500	10.7	3.4	19.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,595	825	770	1.1	1.1	1.2
72 Accommodation and food services	7,130	3,035	4,100	5.1	4.1	6.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,610	2,170	2,440	3.3	2.9	3.7
91 Public administration	4,085	1,840	2,250	2.9	2.5	3.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	148,245	77,880	70,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	141,815	74,880	66,935	95.7	96.1	95.1
French	255	85	170	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	670	345	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	670	345	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and French	1,670	525	1,135	1.1	0.7	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	3,715	2,000	1,715	2.5	2.6	2.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	148,245	77,880	70,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	147,325	77,450	69,880	99.4	99.4	99.3
Official languages	146,030	76,780	69,245	98.5	98.6	98.4
English	145,530	76,670	68,860	98.2	98.4	97.9
French	500	115	390	0.3	0.1	0.6
Non-official languages	1,300	665	630	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,300	665	630	0.9	0.9	0.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	185	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	175	100	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	130	90	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	700	370	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	235	150	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	225	145	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	160	110	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	280	130	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	170	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	150	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	925	430	490	0.6	0.6	0.7
English and French	235	50	180	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	670	375	295	0.5	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	148,245	77,880	70,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	143,540	75,665	67,875	96.8	97.2	96.5
English	790	315	480	0.5	0.4	0.7
French	1,190	450	740	0.8	0.6	1.1
Non-official language	2,215	1,175	1,040	1.5	1.5	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,205	1,175	1,025	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	390	220	175	0.3	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	124,325	66,835	57,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	33,970	15,755	18,215	27.3	23.6	31.7
Worked outside Canada	430	330	100	0.3	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	13,920	10,575	3,340	11.2	15.8	5.8
Usual place of work	76,005	40,180	35,825	61.1	60.1	62.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	76,005	40,180	35,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	35,775	15,730	20,045	47.1	39.1	56.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	28,015	16,135	11,875	36.9	40.2	33.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,090	8,215	3,875	15.9	20.4	10.8
Commute to a different province or territory	130	95	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	89,925	50,755	39,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	79,585	46,040	33,545	88.5	90.7	85.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	72,320	42,990	29,330	80.4	84.7	74.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,265	3,050	4,215	8.1	6.0	10.8
Public transit	5,090	2,235	2,860	5.7	4.4	7.3
Walked	2,890	1,295	1,595	3.2	2.6	4.1
Bicycle	545	385	160	0.6	0.8	0.4
Other method	1,815	800	1,015	2.0	1.6	2.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	89,925	50,755	39,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	26,845	13,160	13,685	29.9	25.9	34.9
15 to 29 minutes	40,385	22,530	17,860	44.9	44.4	45.6
30 to 44 minutes	12,435	7,945	4,490	13.8	15.7	11.5
45 to 59 minutes	4,360	2,855	1,505	4.8	5.6	3.8
60 minutes and over	5,895	4,270	1,625	6.6	8.4	4.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	89,925	50,755	39,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	7,665	5,460	2,200	8.5	10.8	5.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	17,645	11,505	6,140	19.6	22.7	15.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	19,580	10,825	8,750	21.8	21.3	22.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	16,425	7,340	9,085	18.3	14.5	23.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,605	4,990	5,615	11.8	9.8	14.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	18,005	10,625	7,380	20.0	20.9	18.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	54,445	27,885	26,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,130	2,100	2,040	7.6	7.5	7.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	50,310	25,790	24,525	92.4	92.5	92.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	38,775	19,925	18,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,150	1,595	1,555	8.1	8.0	8.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,960	955	1,000	5.1	4.8	5.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,195	640	555	3.1	3.2	2.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,625	18,330	17,295	91.9	92.0	91.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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