Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Kitchener, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	256,885	...	...
Population, 2016¹	233,222	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	103,388	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	99,812	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,877.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	136.81	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	256,885	127,615	129,275
0 to 14 years	44,905	23,015	21,890
0 to 4 years	14,665	7,450	7,215
5 to 9 years	15,090	7,780	7,305
10 to 14 years	15,150	7,780	7,370
15 to 64 years	174,175	87,700	86,470
15 to 19 years	14,225	7,275	6,955
20 to 24 years	16,410	8,680	7,730
25 to 29 years	21,890	11,345	10,545
30 to 34 years	21,455	10,770	10,685
35 to 39 years	19,795	9,855	9,940
40 to 44 years	17,450	8,690	8,760
45 to 49 years	16,035	7,945	8,090
50 to 54 years	15,760	7,845	7,915
55 to 59 years	16,435	8,125	8,310
60 to 64 years	14,720	7,165	7,550
65 years and over	37,810	16,895	20,910
65 to 69 years	11,995	5,615	6,380
70 to 74 years	9,805	4,565	5,235
75 to 79 years	6,690	3,030	3,655
80 to 84 years	4,660	2,045	2,620
85 years and over	4,660	1,640	3,020
85 to 89 years	2,820	1,095	1,725
90 to 94 years	1,395	440	955
95 to 99 years	400	100	305
100 years and over	45	5	40
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.5	18.0	16.9
15 to 64 years	67.8	68.7	66.9
65 years and over	14.7	13.2	16.2
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.3
Average age of the population	39.0	38.1	40.0
Median age of the population	37.2	36.4	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	99,810	...	...
Single-detached house	47,405	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,420	...	...
Row house	12,900	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,185	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	15,470	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	15,330	...	...
Other single-attached house	90	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	99,810	...	...
1 person	26,630	...	...
2 persons	32,450	...	...
3 persons	16,065	...	...
4 persons	15,030	...	...
5 or more persons	9,645	...	...
Number of persons in private households	254,145	126,640	127,510
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	211,980	104,595	107,385
Married or living common-law	119,680	59,840	59,840
Married	98,955	49,500	49,455
Living common-law	20,720	10,340	10,385
Living common law - Never married	15,525	7,815	7,710
Living common law - Separated	1,025	540	480
Living common law - Divorced	3,775	1,830	1,945
Living common law - Widowed	400	155	245
Not married and not living common-law	92,300	44,760	47,545
Not married and not living common law - Never married	63,440	35,250	28,185
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,450	2,695	3,760
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	12,630	4,810	7,820
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,780	2,000	7,780
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	70,425	...	...
2 persons	33,865	...	...
3 persons	15,635	...	...
4 persons	14,290	...	...
5 or more persons	6,635	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	70,425	...	...
Total couple families	58,325	...	...
Married couples	47,970	...	...
With children⁶	27,895	...	...
Without children	20,070	...	...
Common-law couples	10,355	...	...
With children⁶	3,625	...	...
Without children	6,735	...	...
Total one-parent families	12,100	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	9,620	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,480	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	254,145	126,640	127,510
Total - Persons in census families	207,860	102,840	105,020
Married spouses or common-law partners	116,650	58,240	58,410
Parents in one-parent families	12,100	2,480	9,620
Children⁶	79,115	42,120	36,990
In a two-parent family	59,910	31,670	28,240
In a one-parent family	19,200	10,450	8,750
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	46,285	23,800	22,485
Living alone	26,625	12,690	13,940
Living with other relatives⁷	6,795	3,075	3,725
Living with non-relatives only	12,865	8,040	4,825
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	99,815	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	60,755	...	...
Couple-family households	51,425	...	...
With children⁶	27,900	...	...
Without children	23,525	...	...
One-parent-family households	9,330	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,170	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	700	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,420	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,145	...	...
One-person households	26,625	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	209,280	103,640	105,640
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	200,310	99,165	101,145
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,200	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	200,370	99,195	101,175
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	41,600	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	178,125	90,680	87,445
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,400	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	151,340	79,550	71,790
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	181,630	88,495	93,135
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,700	5,360	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	19,700	8,795	10,910
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,885	30,495	30,390
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	209,280	103,645	105,640
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	200,385	99,240	101,145
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,950	59,350	44,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	200,430	99,270	101,155
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,720	48,680	38,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	178,185	90,605	87,585
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,120	56,650	39,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	151,340	79,355	71,990
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,600	55,900	40,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	181,680	88,400	93,275
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,080	8,560	11,530
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	19,435	8,500	10,935
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,840	7,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,055	30,515	30,545
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,450	8,140	8,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	209,285	103,640	105,640
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	74,670	42,770	31,895
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	66,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,800	79,700	63,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	58,975	27,635	31,335
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	21,400	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,200	31,080	23,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.4	87.2	76.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	75.4	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.6	12.8	23.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.6	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0	4.2	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	209,285	103,645	105,645
Without total income	8,970	4,475	4,495
With total income	200,310	99,165	101,145
Under $10,000 (including loss)	15,980	6,940	9,040
$10,000 to $19,999	23,245	9,935	13,310
$20,000 to $29,999	30,465	12,970	17,495
$30,000 to $39,999	26,370	11,870	14,500
$40,000 to $49,999	23,935	11,180	12,760
$50,000 to $59,999	20,455	10,205	10,250
$60,000 to $69,999	15,200	8,015	7,185
$70,000 to $79,999	11,235	6,530	4,700
$80,000 to $89,999	8,170	5,010	3,165
$90,000 to $99,999	6,370	3,940	2,435
$100,000 and over	18,880	12,575	6,305
$100,000 to $149,999	13,465	8,635	4,830
$150,000 and over	5,415	3,940	1,475
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	209,285	103,645	105,645
Without after-tax income	8,910	4,445	4,465
With after-tax income	200,370	99,195	101,175
Under $10,000 (including loss)	16,485	7,125	9,360
$10,000 to $19,999	24,235	10,395	13,840
$20,000 to $29,999	34,685	14,855	19,830
$30,000 to $39,999	31,730	14,655	17,075
$40,000 to $49,999	28,670	14,215	14,460
$50,000 to $59,999	20,860	10,940	9,920
$60,000 to $69,999	14,045	8,065	5,980
$70,000 to $79,999	9,765	5,990	3,775
$80,000 to $89,999	7,205	4,215	2,985
$90,000 to $99,999	4,055	2,640	1,420
$100,000 and over	8,645	6,095	2,550
$100,000 to $124,999	4,535	3,095	1,435
$125,000 and over	4,110	2,995	1,110
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	209,285	103,645	105,645
Without employment income	57,940	24,090	33,850
With employment income	151,345	79,555	71,790
Under $5,000 (including loss)	18,645	8,860	9,780
$5,000 to $9,999	11,590	5,025	6,565
$10,000 to $19,999	17,235	7,825	9,410
$20,000 to $29,999	13,845	6,410	7,435
$30,000 to $39,999	14,565	7,010	7,560
$40,000 to $49,999	15,525	7,720	7,805
$50,000 to $59,999	13,600	7,355	6,245
$60,000 to $69,999	10,800	6,045	4,750
$70,000 to $79,999	8,315	5,130	3,185
$80,000 to $89,999	6,535	4,195	2,340
$90,000 to $99,999	5,475	3,435	2,040
$100,000 and over	15,225	10,535	4,690
$100,000 to $124,999	7,980	5,170	2,810
$125,000 and over	7,250	5,370	1,880
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	209,280	103,640	105,640
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	195,925	96,860	99,065
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	195,950	96,870	99,080
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,400	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	175,570	89,130	86,440
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	150,755	78,860	71,900
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,400	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	170,340	82,525	87,815
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,740	850	4,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	14,270	6,045	8,225
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,040	5,840
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	209,280	103,645	105,640
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	196,230	96,900	99,330
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,080	56,850	41,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	196,255	96,905	99,350
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,520	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	175,950	89,175	86,775
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,080	56,750	39,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	151,255	78,920	72,335
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,360	55,950	40,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	170,620	82,285	88,335
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,830	5,415	8,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	14,180	5,785	8,400
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410	6,235	8,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	209,285	103,640	105,640
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	74,260	42,550	31,715
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	63,200	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,900	74,800	58,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	55,285	25,865	29,425
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	28,400	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,560	37,400	28,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.8	92.0	82.6
Employment income (%)	76.0	80.2	70.4
Government transfers (%)	12.1	8.1	17.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.7	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	99,810	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	26,625	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	73,185	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	99,810	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	26,595	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	73,215	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	99,810	...	...
Under $5,000	915	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	375	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,005	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,685	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,985	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,035	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,915	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,320	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,555	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,755	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	7,490	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,440	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,080	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,560	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,235	...	...
$100,000 and over	41,450	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	13,060	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	9,265	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,650	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,475	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	99,810	...	...
Under $5,000	1,000	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	395	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,035	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,770	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,185	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,490	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,550	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,920	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,385	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,450	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,750	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	8,745	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	8,160	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	7,605	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,730	...	...
$100,000 and over	32,635	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	12,925	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	8,180	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,525	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	69,490	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	24,290	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	31,670	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	11,125	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	39,490	20,725	18,765
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	42,000	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,600	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	69,455	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	24,155	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,710	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,050	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	39,330	20,480	18,850
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,720	50,720	46,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,720	42,800	40,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	254,145	126,640	127,510
0 to 17 years	53,460	27,355	26,105
0 to 5 years	17,630	8,980	8,650
18 to 64 years	164,710	82,920	81,795
65 years and over	35,975	16,365	19,610
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	25,145	11,720	13,420
0 to 17 years	6,705	3,435	3,270
0 to 5 years	2,370	1,215	1,150
18 to 64 years	14,030	6,655	7,370
65 years and over	4,415	1,635	2,785
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9	9.3	10.5
0 to 17 years (%)	12.5	12.6	12.5
0 to 5 years (%)	13.4	13.5	13.3
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5	8.0	9.0
65 years and over (%)	12.3	10.0	14.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	254,145	126,635	127,510
0 to 17 years	53,460	27,355	26,105
0 to 5 years	17,630	8,980	8,650
18 to 64 years	164,715	82,920	81,790
65 years and over	35,970	16,365	19,610
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,760	8,240	7,525
0 to 17 years	3,305	1,780	1,525
0 to 5 years	1,140	610	530
18 to 64 years	11,245	5,945	5,295
65 years and over	1,210	510	695
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.5	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.5	5.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.5	6.8	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	7.2	6.5
65 years and over (%)	3.4	3.1	3.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	254,145	126,640	127,510
In bottom half of the distribution	129,545	63,315	66,230
In bottom decile	23,695	11,760	11,935
In second decile	25,640	11,995	13,640
In third decile	26,090	12,730	13,365
In fourth decile	26,495	13,080	13,420
In fifth decile	27,630	13,750	13,875
In top half of the distribution	124,600	63,320	61,280
In sixth decile	27,250	13,645	13,605
In seventh decile	26,490	13,460	13,035
In eighth decile	26,155	13,245	12,905
In ninth decile	24,720	12,730	11,985
In top decile	19,985	10,235	9,755
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	254,145	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.318	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.431	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.278	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	254,820	126,935	127,885
English only	233,095	117,640	115,460
French only	125	55	70
English and French	15,855	6,855	9,000
Neither English nor French	5,740	2,385	3,355
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	254,820	126,935	127,885
English	245,265	122,730	122,540
French	2,585	1,220	1,370
English and French	1,360	675	690
Neither English nor French	5,600	2,310	3,285
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	254,820	126,935	127,885
Single responses	244,010	121,500	122,505
Official languages	169,210	84,445	84,765
English	166,675	83,265	83,410
French	2,540	1,180	1,355
Non-official languages	74,795	37,055	37,740
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	5	0	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	74,780	37,045	37,730
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,065	5,650	5,415
Berber languages	5	5	0
Kabyle	5	5	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	0	0
Hausa	5	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	0	10
Cushitic languages	1,740	860	880
Bilen	560	295	265
Oromo	110	45	65
Somali	995	470	520
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30
Semitic languages	9,305	4,785	4,520
Amharic	885	415	470
Arabic	5,460	2,825	2,640
Aramaic languages	375	185	185
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	215	115	100
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90	45	45
Aramaic, n.o.s.	70	30	40
Harari	20	5	10
Hebrew	70	45	25
Maltese	20	10	10
Tigrigna	2,475	1,295	1,180
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,580	1,210	1,370
Khmer (Cambodian)	200	85	115
Vietnamese	2,360	1,115	1,250
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	10	10
Austronesian languages	1,700	735	965
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	40	35
Cebuano	70	25	40
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	50	20	35
Ilocano	65	30	30
Indonesian	70	25	50
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	10	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,280	545	735
Waray-Waray	10	5	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20
Creole languages	160	80	85
Haitian Creole	30	10	15
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	15	5	10
Morisyen	30	15	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	25	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Dravidian languages	2,330	1,325	1,005
Kannada	90	45	40
Malayalam	1,125	635	485
Tamil	605	325	280
Telugu	495	310	190
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	315	150	165
Indo-European languages	48,090	23,810	24,275
Albanian	855	440	420
Armenian	190	85	100
Balto-Slavic languages	10,965	5,235	5,735
Baltic languages	65	30	30
Latvian	35	15	15
Lithuanian	30	10	20
Slavic languages	10,905	5,200	5,700
Belarusian	10	10	5
Bulgarian	75	35	40
Czech	310	135	175
Macedonian	115	60	55
Polish	2,610	1,180	1,425
Russian	1,025	475	550
Rusyn	120	65	55
Serbo-Croatian	5,770	2,860	2,910
Bosnian	505	255	255
Croatian	1,285	615	665
Serbian	3,895	1,945	1,950
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85	40	40
Slovak	290	125	170
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	65	80
Ukrainian	430	195	240
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Celtic languages	10	5	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	5	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	4,095	1,870	2,225
Frisian	5	5	0
High German languages	3,390	1,540	1,850
German	3,340	1,520	1,820
Pennsylvania German	25	10	15
Swiss German	25	15	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	605	275	325
Afrikaans	35	20	15
Dutch	515	235	285
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Low Saxon	15	5	10
Plautdietsch	20	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10
Scandinavian languages	85	45	40
Danish	55	25	30
Icelandic	5	0	5
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	20	15	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	690	345	345
Indo-Iranian languages	17,440	9,180	8,260
Indo-Aryan languages	14,150	7,525	6,625
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	665	335	330
Gujarati	2,680	1,570	1,115
Hindi	1,780	920	860
Kacchi	85	40	45
Kashmiri	5	5	0
Konkani	30	15	10
Marathi	170	95	75
Nepali	700	350	355
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	5	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,580	2,985	2,595
Rohingya	205	100	105
Sindhi	50	20	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	160	85	80
Urdu	1,990	975	1,010
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Iranian languages	3,280	1,650	1,625
Baluchi	5	0	0
Kurdish	565	285	280
Parsi	10	5	0
Pashto	245	125	120
Persian languages	2,430	1,215	1,210
Dari	1,230	595	635
Iranian Persian	905	470	430
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	300	155	140
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Italic (Romance) languages	13,840	6,650	7,190
Catalan	5	0	0
Italian	585	300	285
Portuguese	3,480	1,675	1,810
Romanian	3,460	1,640	1,820
Spanish	6,305	3,030	3,275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	160	45	115
Korean	1,110	505	605
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	685	350	335
Akan (Twi)	65	35	30
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	10
Éwé	5	0	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	5	0	0
Ganda	15	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	25	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	25	10	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10
Shona	70	25	40
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	5
Swahili	120	65	55
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	10	5	0
Yoruba	145	70	75
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	50	50
Nilo-Saharan languages	220	95	125
Dinka	5	5	0
Nuer	65	30	35
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	140	60	85
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	55	25	25
American Sign Language	45	25	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,770	1,810	1,960
Chinese languages	3,325	1,590	1,740
Hakka	20	5	15
Mandarin	2,335	1,120	1,215
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	10
Yue (Cantonese)	850	405	445
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	430	210	215
Burmese	105	55	55
Kuki-Chin languages	195	95	100
Karenic languages	95	50	45
S'gaw Karen	85	45	45
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Tai-Kadai languages	610	265	340
Lao	545	255	290
Thai	65	15	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,070	555	510
Azerbaijani	25	15	10
Kazakh	10	0	5
Turkish	995	520	480
Uyghur	5	0	0
Uzbek	10	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Uralic languages	830	420	415
Estonian	35	15	20
Finnish	45	25	15
Hungarian	755	375	375
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Multiple responses	10,810	5,430	5,380
English and French	965	475	495
English and non-official language(s)	8,580	4,325	4,255
French and non-official language(s)	160	80	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	180	95	85
Multiple non-official languages	930	460	470
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	254,820	126,935	127,885
English	174,175	87,025	87,150
French	500	230	275
Non-official language	21,935	10,760	11,175
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	21,930	10,760	11,170
English and French	2,165	950	1,220
English and non-official language(s)	52,615	26,335	26,280
French and non-official language(s)	75	40	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,405	635	775
Multiple non-official languages	1,950	960	990
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	254,820	126,935	127,885
Single responses	241,960	120,530	121,430
Official languages	197,210	98,180	99,030
English	196,405	97,790	98,615
French	810	385	420
Non-official languages	44,750	22,345	22,405
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	44,745	22,345	22,400
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,905	3,975	3,930
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	10
Cushitic languages	1,250	615	630
Bilen	515	285	230
Oromo	75	25	50
Somali	625	285	340
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15
Semitic languages	6,645	3,355	3,290
Amharic	540	245	290
Arabic	3,805	1,940	1,855
Aramaic languages	270	130	140
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150	75	80
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	65	35	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	50	20	30
Harari	15	5	10
Hebrew	25	15	15
Maltese	5	5	5
Tigrigna	1,980	1,015	970
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,760	845	915
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	50	65
Vietnamese	1,635	790	850
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5
Austronesian languages	980	500	480
Bikol	0	5	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	30	20
Cebuano	30	10	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	30	15	20
Ilocano	40	20	20
Indonesian	30	10	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	745	380	365
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Creole languages	75	30	40
Haitian Creole	15	5	10
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5
Krio	15	5	10
Morisyen	10	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Dravidian languages	1,545	870	670
Kannada	35	15	25
Malayalam	815	465	355
Tamil	365	195	170
Telugu	315	195	120
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	130	65	70
Indo-European languages	27,130	13,545	13,585
Albanian	525	275	245
Armenian	100	50	50
Balto-Slavic languages	5,945	2,890	3,055
Baltic languages	5	5	5
Latvian	5	5	5
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	5,940	2,885	3,050
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	30	15	10
Czech	90	40	50
Macedonian	55	30	30
Polish	1,215	570	645
Russian	620	295	320
Rusyn	75	45	30
Serbo-Croatian	3,525	1,735	1,790
Bosnian	300	135	160
Croatian	545	250	295
Serbian	2,655	1,330	1,325
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Slovak	90	40	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15
Ukrainian	205	105	105
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	500	215	285
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	425	185	240
German	420	185	240
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	30	35
Afrikaans	20	10	10
Dutch	40	15	25
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	0
Danish	5	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	290	140	150
Indo-Iranian languages	12,300	6,415	5,880
Indo-Aryan languages	10,090	5,330	4,760
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	435	210	220
Gujarati	1,710	965	745
Hindi	1,265	670	600
Kacchi	30	15	15
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	5	0	5
Marathi	80	45	40
Nepali	580	295	290
Oriya languages	5	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,380	2,345	2,030
Rohingya	155	75	80
Sindhi	40	15	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	40	40
Urdu	1,310	635	675
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Iranian languages	2,210	1,085	1,120
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	345	165	175
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	195	95	100
Persian languages	1,640	815	825
Dari	835	405	425
Iranian Persian	590	300	295
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	210	105	100
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,465	3,555	3,910
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	110	45	65
Portuguese	1,830	880	955
Romanian	1,700	795	900
Spanish	3,825	1,835	1,990
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	70	25	45
Korean	860	395	470
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	265	140	125
Akan (Twi)	25	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	5	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	5
Shona	30	15	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	70	40	30
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	35	20	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	95	45	50
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	30	20	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Sign languages	85	55	35
American Sign Language	75	40	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,485	1,205	1,280
Chinese languages	2,140	1,040	1,095
Hakka	10	0	5
Mandarin	1,655	815	845
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10
Yue (Cantonese)	425	205	220
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	335	160	175
Burmese	90	40	50
Kuki-Chin languages	145	65	75
Karenic languages	85	40	45
S'gaw Karen	80	40	40
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages	295	125	165
Lao	270	120	150
Thai	20	5	15
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	770	395	375
Azerbaijani	10	5	5
Kazakh	5	5	0
Turkish	740	375	360
Uyghur	5	0	0
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Uralic languages	275	125	145
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	270	125	145
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Multiple responses	12,860	6,405	6,450
English and French	355	170	190
English and non-official language(s)	12,090	6,045	6,040
French and non-official language(s)	45	25	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	60	70
Multiple non-official languages	235	105	130
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	254,820	126,935	127,890
None	206,965	103,160	103,805
English	17,975	9,085	8,895
French	1,940	805	1,135
Non-official language	21,530	10,580	10,955
Indigenous³⁹	30	5	25
Non-Indigenous	21,500	10,570	10,930
English and French	200	105	95
English and non-official language(s)	3,145	1,650	1,495
French and non-official language(s)	610	265	350
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	35	25
Multiple non-official languages	2,390	1,250	1,145
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	254,145	126,635	127,510
Official languages	248,265	124,180	124,085
English	248,150	124,130	124,020
French	15,840	6,790	9,050
Non-official languages	95,265	47,070	48,195
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	15	45
Algonquian languages	50	15	30
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	10	25
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	35	10	25
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	20
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	10	0	10
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	95,230	47,060	48,170
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,770	7,330	7,435
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	45	30	20
Hausa	45	30	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	50	15	35
Cushitic languages	2,300	1,055	1,245
Bilen	770	410	360
Oromo	220	75	145
Somali	1,265	550	720
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Semitic languages	13,175	6,610	6,565
Amharic	1,795	920	875
Arabic	8,540	4,340	4,195
Aramaic languages	520	245	280
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	375	185	200
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	75	40	35
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	25	50
Harari	45	20	25
Hebrew	325	220	105
Maltese	20	15	0
Tigrigna	3,730	1,885	1,845
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	80	55	25
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,375	1,590	1,775
Khmer (Cambodian)	285	125	155
Vietnamese	3,060	1,455	1,605
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	15
Austronesian languages	2,480	1,105	1,375
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	95	50	45
Cebuano	105	40	65
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	110	45	60
Ilocano	95	50	45
Indonesian	115	40	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	30	10	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	30	15	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,170	980	1,185
Waray-Waray	45	15	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50
Creole languages	530	245	285
Haitian Creole	105	45	60
Jamaican English Creole	35	25	20
Krio	55	15	45
Morisyen	75	45	35
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	140	60	80
Creole languages, n.i.e.	120	65	55
Dravidian languages	3,095	1,825	1,270
Kannada	170	75	90
Malayalam	1,510	940	575
Tamil	1,095	595	500
Telugu	665	420	245
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	345	175	165
Indo-European languages	62,410	30,835	31,570
Albanian	1,055	535	515
Armenian	295	150	145
Balto-Slavic languages	13,340	6,440	6,905
Baltic languages	115	65	50
Latvian	65	40	25
Lithuanian	50	25	30
Slavic languages	13,240	6,380	6,865
Belarusian	30	20	15
Bulgarian	115	55	55
Czech	385	200	185
Macedonian	150	60	90
Polish	3,295	1,440	1,855
Russian	1,820	885	935
Rusyn	110	50	55
Serbo-Croatian	7,130	3,575	3,555
Bosnian	760	385	375
Croatian	2,280	1,120	1,155
Serbian	5,100	2,550	2,550
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	95	55	40
Slovak	465	215	250
Slovene (Slovenian)	220	100	125
Ukrainian	715	320	395
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Celtic languages	45	15	30
Irish	10	0	10
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10
Welsh	20	10	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	6,260	2,835	3,430
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	5,325	2,380	2,940
German	5,250	2,345	2,900
Pennsylvania German	50	20	20
Swiss German	45	25	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	885	420	460
Afrikaans	75	50	30
Dutch	705	325	380
Low German, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Low Saxon	30	20	15
Plautdietsch	30	10	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	15	15
Scandinavian languages	210	105	105
Danish	110	45	55
Icelandic	10	0	0
Norwegian	30	25	10
Swedish	70	35	35
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	1,030	485	540
Indo-Iranian languages	23,110	12,105	11,005
Indo-Aryan languages	19,815	10,450	9,370
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	975	495	480
Gujarati	3,610	2,065	1,545
Hindi	8,955	4,785	4,170
Kacchi	155	70	85
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	95	45	50
Marathi	400	220	180
Nepali	745	395	350
Oriya languages	35	15	15
Odia	10	10	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,160	4,385	3,775
Rohingya	305	125	185
Sindhi	15	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	265	140	125
Urdu	3,610	1,765	1,845
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40
Iranian languages	3,625	1,820	1,805
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	760	390	370
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	270	155	115
Persian languages	2,795	1,405	1,395
Dari	1,380	690	690
Iranian Persian	1,155	605	550
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	270	125	145
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Italic (Romance) languages	19,075	9,080	9,990
Catalan	25	20	0
Italian	1,280	645	635
Portuguese	4,460	2,160	2,300
Romanian	4,335	2,055	2,275
Spanish	9,675	4,565	5,115
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Japanese	535	250	285
Korean	1,020	510	510
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,665	850	815
Akan (Twi)	155	85	65
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	45	15	35
Éwé	10	0	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	10	0
Ga	45	20	20
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	200	105	95
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	10
Lingala	35	15	20
Luba-Kasai	15	0	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	50	30	30
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	0
Shona	140	60	80
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	380	220	165
Wojenaka	10	0	0
Wolof	25	15	10
Yoruba	500	260	240
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	255	110	145
Nilo-Saharan languages	345	155	190
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	95	55	35
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	245	90	155
African, n.o.s.	25	15	15
Sign languages	335	140	195
American Sign Language	275	110	165
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,745	2,370	2,375
Chinese languages	4,240	2,120	2,125
Hakka	15	10	10
Mandarin	3,180	1,590	1,590
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	70	75
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,295	655	645
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	30	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	520	260	260
Burmese	300	150	145
Kuki-Chin languages	250	120	125
Karenic languages	65	25	30
S'gaw Karen	60	25	35
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Tai-Kadai languages	820	375	440
Lao	720	340	380
Thai	180	75	105
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	1,485	770	710
Azerbaijani	60	35	30
Kazakh	15	10	0
Turkish	1,360	725	640
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	25	15	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30
Uralic languages	990	475	515
Estonian	75	35	40
Finnish	45	20	20
Hungarian	870	415	450
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	254,145	126,635	127,505
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,795	2,150	2,645
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,520	2,040	2,480
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,830	1,250	1,580
Métis	1,615	745	865
Inuk (Inuit)	75	40	35
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	135	55	80
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	140	50	85
Non-Indigenous identity	249,355	124,490	124,865
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	254,145	126,635	127,505
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,285	550	735
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	252,865	126,090	126,775
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	99,815	...	...
Owner	59,580	...	...
Renter	40,235	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	99,815	...	...
Condominium	14,280	...	...
Not condominium	85,530	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	99,815	...	...
No bedrooms	595	...	...
1 bedroom	14,310	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,630	...	...
3 bedrooms	40,710	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	20,570	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	99,815	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	30,975	...	...
5 rooms	15,565	...	...
6 rooms	15,270	...	...
7 rooms	12,045	...	...
8 or more rooms	25,960	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	99,815	...	...
One person or fewer per room	96,320	...	...
More than one person per room	3,490	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	99,815	...	...
Suitable	92,815	...	...
Not suitable	7,000	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	99,815	...	...
1960 or before	19,090	...	...
1961 to 1980	29,425	...	...
1981 to 1990	12,795	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,355	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,510	...	...
2006 to 2010	6,865	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,025	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	7,755	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	99,815	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	95,085	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,720	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	99,815	...	...
One-maintainer household	47,875	...	...
Two-maintainer household	46,020	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,920	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	99,815	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,510	...	...
25 to 34 years	18,375	...	...
35 to 44 years	19,805	...	...
45 to 54 years	18,150	...	...
55 to 64 years	18,440	...	...
65 to 74 years	12,855	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,100	...	...
85 years and over	2,570	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	99,445	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	76,255	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	23,190	...	...
30% to less than 100%	21,315	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	99,815	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	31,795	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	20,605	...	...
Not suitable only	5,225	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,930	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,240	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,265	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	450	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...
Acceptable housing	68,015	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	97,570	...	...
In core need	9,950	...	...
Not in core need	87,625	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	59,580	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,550	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,608	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	680,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	701,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	40,230	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,334	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	254,145	126,640	127,510
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,300	610	695
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,270	590	680
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	935	435	495
Métis single ancestry	290	120	165
Inuit single ancestry	50	30	20
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	15	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	15	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,540	2,530	3,010
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,400	2,465	2,940
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,115	1,880	2,230
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,225	550	670
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	30	40
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	135	60	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105	50	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	247,310	123,505	123,800
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	254,145	126,640	127,510
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	221,325	109,740	111,585
Canadian citizens aged under 18	48,320	24,910	23,410
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	173,005	84,830	88,175
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	32,820	16,895	15,925
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	254,145	126,640	127,510
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	169,405	84,405	85,000
Immigrants⁸¹	75,450	36,720	38,730
Before 1980	11,965	5,730	6,230
1980 to 1990	8,395	4,220	4,175
1991 to 2000	13,320	6,435	6,880
2001 to 2010	16,345	7,815	8,535
2011 to 2021⁸²	25,425	12,515	12,910
2011 to 2015	9,080	4,430	4,645
2016 to 2021	16,345	8,080	8,265
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,300	5,515	3,785
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	75,450	36,720	38,725
Under 5 years	7,495	3,800	3,695
5 to 14 years	14,105	7,155	6,950
15 to 24 years	14,790	6,835	7,955
25 to 44 years	33,040	16,050	16,985
45 years and over	6,015	2,875	3,140
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	75,450	36,720	38,725
Americas	11,185	5,220	5,970
Brazil	655	305	350
Colombia	1,325	625	705
El Salvador	1,350	660	690
Guyana	1,260	625	630
Haiti	85	35	45
Jamaica	1,300	605	695
Mexico	495	240	260
Peru	75	40	35
Trinidad and Tobago	395	170	230
United States of America	1,875	795	1,080
Other places of birth in Americas	2,375	1,125	1,255
Europe	23,585	11,405	12,175
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,205	1,120	1,090
Croatia	1,425	710	715
France	170	60	115
Germany	1,860	905	950
Greece	270	130	140
Hungary	340	140	195
Italy	395	215	185
Netherlands	525	285	240
Poland	2,335	1,040	1,300
Portugal	1,940	940	995
Romania	3,175	1,515	1,660
Russian Federation	460	200	255
Serbia⁸⁶	1,615	770	850
Ukraine	555	240	320
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,525	1,725	1,800
Other places of birth in Europe	2,785	1,415	1,365
Africa	9,400	4,670	4,730
Algeria	15	0	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	140	70	70
Egypt	685	355	330
Eritrea	2,895	1,490	1,405
Ethiopia	1,325	645	685
Morocco	20	15	10
Nigeria	850	440	410
Somalia	685	280	400
South Africa, Republic of	230	105	130
Other places of birth in Africa	2,550	1,270	1,280
Asia	31,050	15,295	15,750
Afghanistan	1,030	510	525
Iran⁸⁸	980	495	480
Iraq	1,495	745	750
Lebanon	405	195	210
Syria⁸⁹	2,325	1,150	1,180
Turkey	690	380	305
China⁹⁰	2,095	965	1,130
Hong Kong⁹¹	285	120	165
Korea, South⁹²	495	255	245
Taiwan	130	70	55
Philippines	2,020	850	1,170
Viet Nam	2,130	1,020	1,110
Bangladesh	560	245	315
India	9,105	4,740	4,360
Pakistan	2,150	1,010	1,140
Sri Lanka	380	205	175
Other places of birth in Asia	4,775	2,340	2,440
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	230	130	100
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	16,345	8,080	8,265
Americas	1,625	840	790
Brazil	425	205	220
Colombia	195	100	90
Haiti	15	15	0
Jamaica	150	65	85
Mexico	40	15	20
United States of America	275	165	110
Venezuela⁹⁵	170	80	85
Other places of birth in Americas	365	190	175
Europe	1,045	505	545
France	20	15	0
Germany	60	35	30
Ireland⁹⁶	35	15	20
Italy	10	0	0
Russian Federation	100	45	55
Ukraine	195	80	120
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	75	20
Other places of birth in Europe	525	235	285
Africa	4,160	2,055	2,105
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	60	20	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	70	35	35
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	100	45	50
Eritrea	2,055	1,070	985
Ethiopia	365	160	200
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	600	310	290
Somalia	175	65	115
South Africa, Republic of	65	15	45
Sudan⁹⁷	280	145	130
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	375	175	205
Asia	9,440	4,625	4,820
Afghanistan	220	130	90
Bangladesh	100	40	60
China⁹⁰	500	225	270
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	10	0
India	3,565	1,835	1,725
Iran⁸⁸	170	60	110
Iraq	230	115	115
Israel	230	135	95
Japan	35	10	25
Jordan	150	85	70
Korea, South⁹²	105	65	40
Lebanon	130	35	95
Nepal	15	10	0
Pakistan	365	160	205
Philippines	495	225	275
Saudi Arabia	190	85	110
Sri Lanka	65	30	35
Syria⁸⁹	1,700	820	875
Turkey	465	250	210
United Arab Emirates	115	70	45
Viet Nam	190	70	120
Other places of birth in Asia	385	150	235
Oceania and other⁹³	70	55	15
Australia	55	40	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	254,145	126,635	127,510
First generation¹⁰⁰	86,780	43,190	43,590
Second generation¹⁰¹	54,990	27,860	27,125
Third generation or more¹⁰²	112,375	55,585	56,790
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	63,485	30,990	32,500
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,725	12,480	11,245
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,975	6,800	3,175
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,750	5,680	8,070
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,015	6,300	9,710
Refugees¹⁰⁸	23,210	11,940	11,270
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	535	270	270
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	63,485	30,990	32,500
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,150	2,115	2,040
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,160	2,110	2,050
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,085	580	505
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,380	1,925	1,455
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	280	100	180
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	50,430	24,160	26,270
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	254,145	126,635	127,505
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	80,485	40,840	39,640
South Asian	25,170	13,390	11,785
Chinese	4,660	2,335	2,320
Black	17,510	8,790	8,720
Filipino	2,820	1,300	1,530
Arab	6,105	3,125	2,985
Latin American	7,795	3,765	4,025
Southeast Asian	6,635	3,225	3,405
West Asian	3,290	1,725	1,565
Korean	1,110	575	535
Japanese	465	190	275
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,255	1,140	1,120
Multiple visible minorities	2,665	1,290	1,380
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	173,665	85,795	87,870
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	254,145	126,635	127,510
Canadian	29,130	14,825	14,300
English	40,520	19,800	20,720
Irish	34,940	16,710	18,230
Scottish	33,160	15,740	17,415
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,575	7,645	7,930
German	45,005	21,970	23,025
Chinese	5,630	2,790	2,840
Italian	7,835	4,050	3,785
Indian (India)	14,285	7,760	6,525
Ukrainian	5,540	2,775	2,770
Dutch	9,395	4,680	4,720
Polish	11,440	5,545	5,895
Québécois	380	205	180
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,805	4,345	4,465
Filipino	2,905	1,335	1,565
French Canadian	2,775	1,315	1,460
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,885	1,955	1,925
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,160	1,005	1,155
Métis	1,670	750	920
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,695	1,825	1,875
Russian	2,720	1,300	1,420
Norwegian	995	460	535
Welsh	3,190	1,560	1,630
Portuguese	6,225	3,155	3,070
American	2,325	1,215	1,110
Spanish	2,910	1,415	1,495
Swedish	995	520	475
Hungarian	3,790	1,870	1,920
Acadian	520	225	295
Pakistani	2,810	1,335	1,475
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,675	1,370	1,310
Jewish	825	420	400
Punjabi	2,240	1,180	1,055
Vietnamese	3,710	1,850	1,860
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,435	1,245	1,190
Greek	1,745	870	875
Jamaican	2,890	1,475	1,420
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,175	585	590
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	255	135	120
Korean	1,065	550	515
Romanian	5,690	2,790	2,900
Lebanese	700	335	370
Iranian	1,130	590	545
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,720	870	850
Danish	925	455	470
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	940	445	490
Sikh	1,640	890	750
Austrian	1,820	875	940
Belgian	925	420	500
Haitian	125	70	50
Hindu	2,050	1,100	945
Mexican	905	455	450
Mennonite	1,370	720	650
Swiss	1,890	915	985
Finnish	865	415	450
Sri Lankan	440	245	195
Croatian	3,070	1,525	1,545
Japanese	620	265	355
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	795	390	405
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	655	315	335
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	545	280	270
Muslim	1,325	650	675
Egyptian	740	380	365
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,640	820	820
Tamil	410	220	190
Icelandic	185	110	75
Colombian	1,435	700	735
Moroccan	50	20	30
Czech	1,060	545	520
Syrian	1,585	780	805
Guyanese	1,830	950	885
Afghan	1,405	690	715
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	715	365	350
Serbian	4,695	2,395	2,300
Ojibway	395	150	240
Newfoundlander	960	485	475
Hong Konger	190	95	85
Ontarian	1,145	525	625
Persian	445	220	225
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	675	315	360
Turkish	1,315	670	645
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	150	70	75
Bangladeshi	515	245	270
Algerian	45	15	30
Brazilian	1,000	490	510
Nigerian	850	410	445
Armenian	545	270	275
Slovak	910	490	420
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	605	275	330
Somali	1,310	585	720
Taiwanese	170	85	80
Iraqi	1,240	650	595
Salvadorean	1,500	735	760
African Caribbean	310	145	165
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	320	165	155
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	690	335	360
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	370	155	215
Algonquin	155	85	70
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	515	245	270
Lithuanian	445	205	235
South African	225	120	110
Australian	310	175	140
Palestinian	675	365	315
Chilean	265	125	140
Congolese	240	130	100
Nova Scotian	200	65	130
Ethiopian	1,205	565	640
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	640	270	370
Peruvian	160	75	85
Yoruba	390	205	185
Cambodian (Khmer)	485	220	260
Berber	55	25	30
Albanian	855	420	430
Maltese	220	135	90
Macedonian	350	165	190
Slovenian	650	335	320
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	280	140	140
New Brunswicker	55	10	40
Gujarati	895	580	310
Eritrean	2,920	1,460	1,465
African Canadian	240	115	130
Israeli	140	90	45
Mohawk	195	105	90
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	195	70	130
Bulgarian	290	145	140
Albertan	15	15	0
Ghanaian	235	125	110
Barbadian	205	50	150
African American	180	115	70
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	495	275	220
Tunisian	10	0	10
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	425	220	205
Cuban	290	130	165
Bosnian	980	460	510
Venezuelan	215	110	100
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	15	0
Latvian	270	160	115
Bengali	240	110	140
Cameroonian	60	25	40
Guatemalan	430	230	200
Indonesian	140	55	85
Laotian	1,190	550	645
Ilocano	75	40	35
Northern Irish	195	85	110
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	105	65	40
British Columbian	35	20	15
Ecuadorian	75	35	35
Franco Ontarian	100	60	40
Argentinian	170	55	110
Estonian	230	100	135
Kurdish	665	365	305
Fijian	15	10	0
Jatt	150	90	55
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	105	45	60
Coptic	310	145	165
Thai	245	75	170
Dominican	230	135	95
Nepali	410	215	205
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	215	110	105
Igbo	135	90	50
Byelorussian	130	70	65
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	85	40	45
Abenaki	25	10	15
Moldovan	205	110	100
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	15	30
New Zealander	95	50	45
Sudanese	595	285	310
Breton	10	10	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	680	310	365
Malaysian	70	40	30
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	20	20
Huron (Wendat)	25	15	15
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0
Buddhist	185	80	105
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	30	15	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	255	130	120
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	15	40
Burundian	25	15	10
Tigrinya	1,055	570	495
Nicaraguan	510	255	250
Mauritian	55	25	30
Kenyan	105	50	60
Oji-Cree	10	0	10
Vincentian	60	45	15
Jordanian	220	125	90
Manitoban	15	0	15
Cape Bretoner	125	50	70
Rwandan	35	15	25
Grenadian	105	55	40
Malayali	250	150	105
Chaldean	130	60	70
Sinhalese	105	40	65
Mayan	175	100	75
Honduran	125	65	60
Cherokee	55	0	50
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	50	25	25
Indo-Caribbean	95	45	50
Flemish	70	30	35
United Empire Loyalist	75	40	35
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	80	30	45
Sicilian	90	55	40
Pashtun	75	30	40
Malay	55	30	20
Goan	50	20	30
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	25	15
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	160	65	105
Burmese	425	190	230
Mongolian	45	25	25
Azorean	100	50	50
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	140	70	75
Ugandan	60	30	30
Oromo	225	95	135
Tanzanian	90	40	45
Yemeni	65	40	25
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	145	90	60
Basque	20	10	10
Uruguayan	50	0	40
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	35	25
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	85	50	35
Igorot	40	20	15
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	10	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	95	55	40
Prince Edward Islander	25	10	15
Maliseet	15	0	10
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	15	15	0
Roma	80	30	50
Costa Rican	35	10	25
African Nova Scotian	15	10	10
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	15	10	0
Karen	65	30	35
Edo	60	30	30
Tajik	105	60	50
Amhara	210	120	85
Paraguayan	35	10	30
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	254,145	126,635	127,505
Buddhist	3,015	1,400	1,615
Christian	131,390	61,815	69,575
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,625	10,820	11,805
Anabaptist	2,525	1,145	1,380
Anglican	6,090	2,770	3,320
Baptist	3,520	1,600	1,925
Catholic	56,665	26,985	29,675
Christian Orthodox	11,020	5,475	5,545
Jehovah's Witness	1,020	480	545
Latter Day Saints	330	145	185
Lutheran	7,750	3,525	4,225
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	795	400	395
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,170	1,895	2,275
Presbyterian	3,555	1,540	2,015
Reformed	655	305	350
United Church	5,810	2,415	3,400
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,860	2,320	2,540
Hindu	9,610	5,230	4,375
Jewish	525	285	245
Muslim	19,140	9,490	9,650
Sikh	6,520	3,445	3,075
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	70	40	35
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,400	1,035	1,370
No religion and secular perspectives	81,475	43,910	37,570
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	251,370	125,185	126,185
Non-movers	217,200	107,650	109,550
Movers	34,165	17,535	16,630
Non-migrants	19,290	9,970	9,320
Migrants	14,875	7,565	7,310
Internal migrants	12,675	6,515	6,155
Intraprovincial migrants	11,685	5,975	5,710
Interprovincial migrants	985	540	440
External migrants	2,200	1,045	1,155
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	239,560	119,160	120,400
Non-movers	135,675	66,620	69,055
Movers	103,890	52,540	51,345
Non-migrants	41,850	20,865	20,990
Migrants	62,030	31,675	30,355
Internal migrants	42,335	21,285	21,045
Intraprovincial migrants	37,680	18,905	18,785
Interprovincial migrants	4,650	2,380	2,270
External migrants	19,700	10,395	9,310
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	209,285	103,645	105,640
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	38,095	19,185	18,915
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	171,190	84,455	86,730
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	142,735	71,125	71,615
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,425	8,705	7,720
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	126,310	62,420	63,890
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	209,280	103,645	105,645
No certificate, diploma or degree	34,805	17,285	17,520
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	58,090	30,070	28,020
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	116,390	56,290	60,100
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	58,380	28,955	29,420
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,180	7,745	3,445
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,300	3,200	2,100
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,885	4,545	1,345
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	42,990	19,155	23,830
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,205	2,060	2,140
Bachelor's degree or higher	58,015	27,335	30,680
Bachelor's degree	38,755	17,985	20,770
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,615	1,685	1,925
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,145	515	630
Master's degree	12,505	5,885	6,620
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,995	1,265	735
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	142,735	71,120	71,615
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,610	7,750	6,855
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,070	18,780	16,295
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	93,055	44,595	48,460
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	44,470	21,990	22,480
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,815	5,350	2,460
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,600	2,120	1,480
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,210	3,235	980
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	33,685	15,230	18,450
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,970	1,405	1,565
Bachelor's degree or higher	48,585	22,605	25,980
Bachelor's degree	31,900	14,735	17,165
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,975	1,355	1,620
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	985	415	565
Master's degree	11,055	5,045	6,005
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,675	1,050	625
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	209,285	103,640	105,640
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	92,890	47,355	45,540
Education	5,395	1,230	4,165
13. Education	5,395	1,230	4,165
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,665	1,565	2,100
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	380	305	80
50. Visual and performing arts	3,285	1,265	2,015
Humanities	7,440	2,695	4,745
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	560	125	435
23. English language and literature/letters	1,950	505	1,445
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,040	660	1,380
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	225	75	145
38. Philosophy and religious studies	535	255	280
39. Theology and religious vocations	870	540	330
54. History	945	475	470
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	320	55	265
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,330	4,320	10,015
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185	25	165
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,930	765	1,170
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,605	145	2,460
22. Legal professions and studies	1,830	535	1,290
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	430	145	290
42. Psychology	2,355	510	1,845
45. Social sciences	4,990	2,190	2,800
Business, management and public administration	23,345	9,770	13,575
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,225	405	1,825
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	21,095	9,355	11,735
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,880	2,290	2,590
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,020	765	1,250
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,090	495	595
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	25	60
40. Physical sciences	1,495	950	540
41. Science technologies/technicians	195	60	145
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,835	5,435	2,400
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,915	4,325	1,590
25. Library science	325	65	260
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,350	870	475
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	245	180	70
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	25,115	22,105	3,010
04. Architecture and related services	750	420	330
14. Engineering	8,435	6,835	1,610
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,070	5,300	770
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,395	3,270	130
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,300	3,190	105
48. Precision production	3,160	3,100	60
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,075	1,055	1,020
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,285	640	650
03. Natural resources and conservation	785	415	375
Health and related fields	15,845	2,875	12,975
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,615	700	915
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,915	2,020	11,895
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	10	55
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	255	140	115
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,295	2,915	3,385
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,620	900	2,720
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0
43. Security and protective services	1,730	1,140	590
49. Transportation and materials moving	910	835	75
Other¹⁷⁹	170	40	130
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	142,735	71,120	71,615
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	49,685	26,525	23,155
Education	4,070	895	3,175
13. Education	4,070	895	3,175
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,920	1,220	1,695
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	265	205	60
50. Visual and performing arts	2,655	1,015	1,635
Humanities	5,860	2,145	3,715
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	445	100	350
23. English language and literature/letters	1,615	435	1,180
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,555	490	1,065
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	170	70	105
38. Philosophy and religious studies	410	225	185
39. Theology and religious vocations	605	390	215
54. History	795	400	395
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	255	35	220
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,670	3,400	8,265
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	165	20	145
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,755	665	1,090
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,055	115	1,940
22. Legal professions and studies	1,510	380	1,125
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	345	120	225
42. Psychology	1,805	360	1,440
45. Social sciences	4,040	1,740	2,305
Business, management and public administration	19,055	7,785	11,265
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,845	305	1,540
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,195	7,475	9,715
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,945	1,820	2,130
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,625	610	1,020
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	825	375	450
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	25	45
40. Physical sciences	1,265	770	495
41. Science technologies/technicians	160	45	115
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,730	4,725	2,010
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,205	3,820	1,375
25. Library science	235	50	185
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,095	705	385
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200	145	55
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	19,665	17,070	2,600
04. Architecture and related services	660	380	280
14. Engineering	7,130	5,670	1,460
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,870	4,240	625
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,470	2,375	100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,365	2,275	85
48. Precision production	2,165	2,130	45
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,705	825	880
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,025	460	565
03. Natural resources and conservation	680	360	315
Health and related fields	12,285	2,305	9,975
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,315	575	740
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,695	1,610	9,085
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	0	50
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	220	120	100
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,035	2,375	2,660
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,795	675	2,115
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	1,475	980	490
49. Transportation and materials moving	755	700	50
Other¹⁷⁹	120	30	90
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	142,735	71,120	71,615
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,685	26,525	23,155
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	93,055	44,595	48,460
Location of study inside Canada	70,600	33,400	37,200
Same as province or territory of residence	66,895	31,505	35,385
Different than province or territory of residence	3,705	1,890	1,815
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,450	11,195	11,260
Americas	4,410	2,165	2,245
United States of America	2,140	1,110	1,030
Mexico	215	85	130
Cuba	110	55	55
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	140	65	75
Brazil	660	315	340
Colombia	580	285	300
Peru	20	10	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	35	50
Other locations of study in Americas	450	200	250
Europe	4,860	2,510	2,350
Belgium	15	0	10
France	80	50	30
Germany	190	100	85
Netherlands	75	40	35
Switzerland	25	10	20
Hungary	50	20	25
Moldova¹⁸³	75	50	25
Poland	430	220	220
Romania	1,100	545	555
Russian Federation	220	105	115
Ukraine	245	115	125
Ireland⁹⁶	70	30	40
United Kingdom⁸⁷	920	535	390
Bosnia and Herzegovina	295	145	150
Italy	45	30	15
Serbia⁸⁶	360	180	180
Other locations of study in Europe	670	330	340
Africa	1,600	850	745
Nigeria	405	210	195
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	20	0	10
Tunisia	10	0	0
Egypt	290	145	150
South Africa, Republic of	75	45	30
Other locations of study in Africa	805	440	360
Asia	11,175	5,465	5,710
Iran⁸⁸	275	130	145
Iraq	295	150	145
Israel	30	30	0
Lebanon	105	45	65
Syria⁸⁹	315	145	175
Turkey	225	120	105
China⁹⁰	675	320	355
Taiwan	30	10	20
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15
Japan	85	25	55
Korea, South⁹²	360	160	200
Philippines	1,065	430	635
Viet Nam	140	40	90
Bangladesh	170	55	120
Sri Lanka	115	60	55
India	6,035	3,180	2,855
Pakistan	630	260	365
Other locations of study in Asia	610	300	310
Oceania	410	205	205
Australia	380	190	190
New Zealand	35	15	20
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	209,280	103,645	105,645
In the labour force	139,695	73,960	65,735
Employed	124,325	66,835	57,485
Unemployed	15,375	7,125	8,245
Not in the labour force	69,585	29,680	39,910
Participation rate	66.8	71.4	62.2
Employment rate	59.4	64.5	54.4
Unemployment rate	11.0	9.6	12.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	209,285	103,640	105,640
Did not work¹⁸⁶	70,460	30,450	40,010
Worked	138,820	73,190	65,630
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	76,635	44,020	32,615
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	62,185	29,170	33,015
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.9	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	139,695	73,965	65,730
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415	1,705	1,710
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	136,280	72,260	64,020
Employee	120,815	62,830	57,985
Permanent position	105,215	55,345	49,870
Temporary position	15,605	7,480	8,120
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,785	2,830	2,950
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	9,815	4,655	5,165
Self-employed¹⁹²	15,465	9,430	6,035
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	139,695	73,965	65,730
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415	1,705	1,710
All occupations¹⁹¹	136,280	72,260	64,020
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,260	940	320
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	22,220	6,970	15,250
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	15,760	12,130	3,625
3 Health occupations	9,385	1,645	7,745
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	13,905	4,250	9,650
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,485	1,440	2,045
6 Sales and service occupations	32,380	14,125	18,255
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	23,065	20,875	2,185
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,425	1,105	320
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	13,400	8,775	4,625
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	139,695	73,965	65,730
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415	1,705	1,710
All industries¹⁹¹	136,280	72,260	64,020
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	785	475	305
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135	110	25
22 Utilities	650	480	175
23 Construction	9,615	8,365	1,250
31-33 Manufacturing	22,495	15,805	6,685
41 Wholesale trade	4,505	3,060	1,440
44-45 Retail trade	14,255	6,965	7,290
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,115	5,555	1,555
51 Information and cultural industries	3,900	2,210	1,690
52 Finance and insurance	8,015	3,035	4,980
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,170	1,180	990
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	12,650	7,555	5,095
55 Management of companies and enterprises	480	230	250
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,405	3,480	2,925
61 Educational services	10,700	3,415	7,285
62 Health care and social assistance	14,980	2,480	12,500
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,595	825	770
72 Accommodation and food services	7,130	3,035	4,100
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,610	2,170	2,440
91 Public administration	4,085	1,840	2,250
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	148,245	77,880	70,370
English	141,815	74,880	66,935
French	255	85	170
Non-official language	670	345	325
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	670	345	325
English and French	1,670	525	1,135
English and non-official language(s)	3,715	2,000	1,715
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	30	55
Multiple non-official languages	35	0	30
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	148,245	77,880	70,370
Single responses	147,325	77,450	69,880
Official languages	146,030	76,780	69,245
English	145,530	76,670	68,860
French	500	115	390
Non-official languages	1,300	665	630
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,300	665	630
Afro-Asiatic languages	185	100	85
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	0	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	175	100	75
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	130	90	40
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	35	15	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	95	45	55
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	95	40	55
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	30	20	15
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	15	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	10	0	10
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	700	370	330
Albanian	20	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	135	60	75
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	130	60	70
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	35	15	15
Russian	30	10	15
Serbo-Croatian	65	35	30
Bosnian	10	0	10
Croatian	10	10	0
Serbian	50	25	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	15	10	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	10	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	10	10	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	235	150	90
Indo-Aryan languages	225	145	80
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	15	10	10
Hindi	35	20	15
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	160	110	50
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	0	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	0	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	10	0	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	280	130	155
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	65	35	35
Romanian	45	25	25
Spanish	170	75	100
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	0	15
Korean	35	30	10
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	0	20
American Sign Language	15	0	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	175	90	85
Chinese languages	175	90	85
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	150	65	75
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	15	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	925	430	490
English and French	235	50	180
English and non-official language(s)	670	375	295
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	148,245	77,880	70,370
None	143,540	75,665	67,875
English	790	315	480
French	1,190	450	740
Non-official language	2,215	1,175	1,040
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	15
Non-Indigenous	2,205	1,175	1,025
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	45	25	15
French and non-official language(s)	70	25	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	390	220	175
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	124,325	66,835	57,490
Worked at home	33,970	15,755	18,215
Worked outside Canada	430	330	100
No fixed workplace address	13,920	10,575	3,340
Usual place of work	76,005	40,180	35,825
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	76,005	40,180	35,825
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	35,775	15,730	20,045
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	28,015	16,135	11,875
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,090	8,215	3,875
Commute to a different province or territory	130	95	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	89,925	50,755	39,170
Car, truck or van	79,585	46,040	33,545
Car, truck or van - as a driver	72,320	42,990	29,330
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,265	3,050	4,215
Public transit	5,090	2,235	2,860
Walked	2,890	1,295	1,595
Bicycle	545	385	160
Other method	1,815	800	1,015
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	89,925	50,755	39,170
Less than 15 minutes	26,845	13,160	13,685
15 to 29 minutes	40,385	22,530	17,860
30 to 44 minutes	12,435	7,945	4,490
45 to 59 minutes	4,360	2,855	1,505
60 minutes and over	5,895	4,270	1,625
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	89,925	50,755	39,170
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	7,665	5,460	2,200
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	17,645	11,505	6,140
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	19,580	10,825	8,750
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	16,425	7,340	9,085
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,605	4,990	5,615
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	18,005	10,625	7,380
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	54,445	27,885	26,560
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,130	2,100	2,040
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	50,310	25,790	24,525
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	38,775	19,925	18,850
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,150	1,595	1,555
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,960	955	1,000
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,195	640	555
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,625	18,330	17,295

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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