Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Kitchener, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	256,885
Population, 2016¹	233,222
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.1
Total private dwellings²	103,388
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	99,812
Population density per square kilometre	1,877.6
Land area in square kilometres	136.81
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	256,885
0 to 14 years	44,905
0 to 4 years	14,665
5 to 9 years	15,090
10 to 14 years	15,150
15 to 64 years	174,175
15 to 19 years	14,225
20 to 24 years	16,410
25 to 29 years	21,890
30 to 34 years	21,455
35 to 39 years	19,795
40 to 44 years	17,450
45 to 49 years	16,035
50 to 54 years	15,760
55 to 59 years	16,435
60 to 64 years	14,720
65 years and over	37,810
65 to 69 years	11,995
70 to 74 years	9,805
75 to 79 years	6,690
80 to 84 years	4,660
85 years and over	4,660
85 to 89 years	2,820
90 to 94 years	1,395
95 to 99 years	400
100 years and over	45
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.5
15 to 64 years	67.8
65 years and over	14.7
85 years and over	1.8
Average age of the population	39.0
Median age of the population	37.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	99,810
Single-detached house	47,405
Semi-detached house	5,420
Row house	12,900
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,185
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	15,470
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	15,330
Other single-attached house	90
Movable dwelling⁴	15
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	99,810
1 person	26,630
2 persons	32,450
3 persons	16,065
4 persons	15,030
5 or more persons	9,645
Number of persons in private households	254,145
Average household size	2.6
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	211,980
Married or living common-law	119,680
Married	98,955
Living common-law	20,720
Living common law - Never married	15,525
Living common law - Separated	1,025
Living common law - Divorced	3,775
Living common law - Widowed	400
Not married and not living common-law	92,300
Not married and not living common law - Never married	63,440
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,450
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	12,630
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,780
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	70,425
2 persons	33,865
3 persons	15,635
4 persons	14,290
5 or more persons	6,635
Average size of census families	3.0
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	70,425
Total couple families	58,325
Married couples	47,970
With children⁶	27,895
Without children	20,070
Common-law couples	10,355
With children⁶	3,625
Without children	6,735
Total one-parent families	12,100
in which the parent is a woman+	9,620
in which the parent is a man+	2,480
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	254,145
Total - Persons in census families	207,860
Married spouses or common-law partners	116,650
Parents in one-parent families	12,100
Children⁶	79,115
In a two-parent family	59,910
In a one-parent family	19,200
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	46,285
Living alone	26,625
Living with other relatives⁷	6,795
Living with non-relatives only	12,865
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	99,815
One-census-family households without additional persons	60,755
Couple-family households	51,425
With children⁶	27,900
Without children	23,525
One-parent-family households	9,330
Multigenerational households⁸	3,170
Multiple-census-family households⁹	700
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,420
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,145
One-person households	26,625
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	209,280
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	200,310
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	200,370
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	178,125
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	151,340
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	181,630
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	19,700
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,885
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	209,280
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	200,385
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,950
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	200,430
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	178,185
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	151,340
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	181,680
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	19,435
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,055
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,450
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	209,285
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	74,670
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	58,975
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,200
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	209,285
Without total income	8,970
With total income	200,310
Under $10,000 (including loss)	15,980
$10,000 to $19,999	23,245
$20,000 to $29,999	30,465
$30,000 to $39,999	26,370
$40,000 to $49,999	23,935
$50,000 to $59,999	20,455
$60,000 to $69,999	15,200
$70,000 to $79,999	11,235
$80,000 to $89,999	8,170
$90,000 to $99,999	6,370
$100,000 and over	18,880
$100,000 to $149,999	13,465
$150,000 and over	5,415
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	209,285
Without after-tax income	8,910
With after-tax income	200,370
Under $10,000 (including loss)	16,485
$10,000 to $19,999	24,235
$20,000 to $29,999	34,685
$30,000 to $39,999	31,730
$40,000 to $49,999	28,670
$50,000 to $59,999	20,860
$60,000 to $69,999	14,045
$70,000 to $79,999	9,765
$80,000 to $89,999	7,205
$90,000 to $99,999	4,055
$100,000 and over	8,645
$100,000 to $124,999	4,535
$125,000 and over	4,110
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	209,285
Without employment income	57,940
With employment income	151,345
Under $5,000 (including loss)	18,645
$5,000 to $9,999	11,590
$10,000 to $19,999	17,235
$20,000 to $29,999	13,845
$30,000 to $39,999	14,565
$40,000 to $49,999	15,525
$50,000 to $59,999	13,600
$60,000 to $69,999	10,800
$70,000 to $79,999	8,315
$80,000 to $89,999	6,535
$90,000 to $99,999	5,475
$100,000 and over	15,225
$100,000 to $124,999	7,980
$125,000 and over	7,250
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	209,280
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	195,925
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	195,950
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	175,570
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	150,755
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	170,340
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	14,270
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	209,280
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	196,230
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	196,255
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	175,950
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	151,255
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	170,620
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,830
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	14,180
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	209,285
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	74,260
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	55,285
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	87.8
Employment income (%)	76.0
Government transfers (%)	12.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	99,810
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	26,625
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	73,185
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	99,810
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,300
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,800
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	26,595
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,100
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,720
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	73,215
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,500
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,100
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	99,810
Under $5,000	915
$5,000 to $9,999	375
$10,000 to $14,999	1,005
$15,000 to $19,999	1,685
$20,000 to $24,999	2,985
$25,000 to $29,999	3,035
$30,000 to $34,999	2,915
$35,000 to $39,999	3,320
$40,000 to $44,999	3,555
$45,000 to $49,999	3,755
$50,000 to $59,999	7,490
$60,000 to $69,999	7,440
$70,000 to $79,999	7,080
$80,000 to $89,999	6,560
$90,000 to $99,999	6,235
$100,000 and over	41,450
$100,000 to $124,999	13,060
$125,000 to $149,999	9,265
$150,000 to $199,999	10,650
$200,000 and over	8,475
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	99,810
Under $5,000	1,000
$5,000 to $9,999	395
$10,000 to $14,999	1,035
$15,000 to $19,999	1,770
$20,000 to $24,999	3,185
$25,000 to $29,999	3,490
$30,000 to $34,999	3,550
$35,000 to $39,999	3,920
$40,000 to $44,999	4,385
$45,000 to $49,999	4,450
$50,000 to $59,999	8,750
$60,000 to $69,999	8,745
$70,000 to $79,999	8,160
$80,000 to $89,999	7,605
$90,000 to $99,999	6,730
$100,000 and over	32,635
$100,000 to $124,999	12,925
$125,000 to $149,999	8,180
$150,000 and over	11,525
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	69,490
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000
Average family size of economic families	3.1
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	24,290
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	31,670
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	11,125
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	39,490
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	69,455
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,300
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,600
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	24,155
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,500
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,710
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,200
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,500
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,050
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,100
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	39,330
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,720
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	254,145
0 to 17 years	53,460
0 to 5 years	17,630
18 to 64 years	164,710
65 years and over	35,975
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	25,145
0 to 17 years	6,705
0 to 5 years	2,370
18 to 64 years	14,030
65 years and over	4,415
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9
0 to 17 years (%)	12.5
0 to 5 years (%)	13.4
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5
65 years and over (%)	12.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	254,145
0 to 17 years	53,460
0 to 5 years	17,630
18 to 64 years	164,715
65 years and over	35,970
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,760
0 to 17 years	3,305
0 to 5 years	1,140
18 to 64 years	11,245
65 years and over	1,210
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2
0 to 5 years (%)	6.5
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8
65 years and over (%)	3.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	254,145
In bottom half of the distribution	129,545
In bottom decile	23,695
In second decile	25,640
In third decile	26,090
In fourth decile	26,495
In fifth decile	27,630
In top half of the distribution	124,600
In sixth decile	27,250
In seventh decile	26,490
In eighth decile	26,155
In ninth decile	24,720
In top decile	19,985
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	254,145
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.318
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.431
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.278
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	254,820
English only	233,095
French only	125
English and French	15,855
Neither English nor French	5,740
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	254,820
English	245,265
French	2,585
English and French	1,360
Neither English nor French	5,600
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	254,820
Single responses	244,010
Official languages	169,210
English	166,675
French	2,540
Non-official languages	74,795
Indigenous languages³⁹	15
Algonquian languages	10
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	5
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	5
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	74,780
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,065
Berber languages	5
Kabyle	5
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	5
Hausa	5
Mina	0
Coptic	15
Cushitic languages	1,740
Bilen	560
Oromo	110
Somali	995
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	75
Semitic languages	9,305
Amharic	885
Arabic	5,460
Aramaic languages	375
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	215
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	90
Aramaic, n.o.s.	70
Harari	20
Hebrew	70
Maltese	20
Tigrigna	2,475
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,580
Khmer (Cambodian)	200
Vietnamese	2,360
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20
Austronesian languages	1,700
Bikol	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75
Cebuano	70
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	50
Ilocano	65
Indonesian	70
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	5
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	20
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,280
Waray-Waray	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40
Creole languages	160
Haitian Creole	30
Jamaican English Creole	0
Krio	15
Morisyen	30
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35
Dravidian languages	2,330
Kannada	90
Malayalam	1,125
Tamil	605
Telugu	495
Tulu	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	315
Indo-European languages	48,090
Albanian	855
Armenian	190
Balto-Slavic languages	10,965
Baltic languages	65
Latvian	35
Lithuanian	30
Slavic languages	10,905
Belarusian	10
Bulgarian	75
Czech	310
Macedonian	115
Polish	2,610
Russian	1,025
Rusyn	120
Serbo-Croatian	5,770
Bosnian	505
Croatian	1,285
Serbian	3,895
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85
Slovak	290
Slovene (Slovenian)	145
Ukrainian	430
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5
Celtic languages	10
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	5
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	4,095
Frisian	5
High German languages	3,390
German	3,340
Pennsylvania German	25
Swiss German	25
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	605
Afrikaans	35
Dutch	515
Low German, n.o.s.	10
Low Saxon	15
Plautdietsch	20
Vlaams (Flemish)	15
Scandinavian languages	85
Danish	55
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	5
Swedish	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	690
Indo-Iranian languages	17,440
Indo-Aryan languages	14,150
Assamese	5
Bengali	665
Gujarati	2,680
Hindi	1,780
Kacchi	85
Kashmiri	5
Konkani	30
Marathi	170
Nepali	700
Oriya languages	10
Odia	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,580
Rohingya	205
Sindhi	50
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	160
Urdu	1,990
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35
Iranian languages	3,280
Baluchi	5
Kurdish	565
Parsi	10
Pashto	245
Persian languages	2,430
Dari	1,230
Iranian Persian	905
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	300
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Italic (Romance) languages	13,840
Catalan	5
Italian	585
Portuguese	3,480
Romanian	3,460
Spanish	6,305
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	160
Korean	1,110
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	685
Akan (Twi)	65
Bamanankan	0
Edo	10
Éwé	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	5
Ganda	15
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40
Lingala	0
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	5
Ndebele	25
Rundi (Kirundi)	25
Shona	70
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10
Swahili	120
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	10
Yoruba	145
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95
Nilo-Saharan languages	220
Dinka	5
Nuer	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	140
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	55
American Sign Language	45
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,770
Chinese languages	3,325
Hakka	20
Mandarin	2,335
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65
Wu (Shanghainese)	20
Yue (Cantonese)	850
Chinese, n.o.s.	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	430
Burmese	105
Kuki-Chin languages	195
Karenic languages	95
S'gaw Karen	85
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibetan	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15
Tai-Kadai languages	610
Lao	545
Thai	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	1,070
Azerbaijani	25
Kazakh	10
Turkish	995
Uyghur	5
Uzbek	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20
Uralic languages	830
Estonian	35
Finnish	45
Hungarian	755
Other languages, n.i.e.	30
Multiple responses	10,810
English and French	965
English and non-official language(s)	8,580
French and non-official language(s)	160
English, French and non-official language(s)	180
Multiple non-official languages	930
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	254,820
English	174,175
French	500
Non-official language	21,935
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	21,930
English and French	2,165
English and non-official language(s)	52,615
French and non-official language(s)	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,405
Multiple non-official languages	1,950
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	254,820
Single responses	241,960
Official languages	197,210
English	196,405
French	810
Non-official languages	44,750
Indigenous languages³⁹	10
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	44,745
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,905
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	10
Cushitic languages	1,250
Bilen	515
Oromo	75
Somali	625
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	35
Semitic languages	6,645
Amharic	540
Arabic	3,805
Aramaic languages	270
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	150
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	65
Aramaic, n.o.s.	50
Harari	15
Hebrew	25
Maltese	5
Tigrigna	1,980
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,760
Khmer (Cambodian)	120
Vietnamese	1,635
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5
Austronesian languages	980
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50
Cebuano	30
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	30
Ilocano	40
Indonesian	30
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	745
Waray-Waray	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20
Creole languages	75
Haitian Creole	15
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	15
Morisyen	10
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10
Dravidian languages	1,545
Kannada	35
Malayalam	815
Tamil	365
Telugu	315
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	130
Indo-European languages	27,130
Albanian	525
Armenian	100
Balto-Slavic languages	5,945
Baltic languages	5
Latvian	5
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	5,940
Belarusian	10
Bulgarian	30
Czech	90
Macedonian	55
Polish	1,215
Russian	620
Rusyn	75
Serbo-Croatian	3,525
Bosnian	300
Croatian	545
Serbian	2,655
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30
Slovak	90
Slovene (Slovenian)	25
Ukrainian	205
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	500
Frisian	0
High German languages	425
German	420
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	5
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65
Afrikaans	20
Dutch	40
Low German, n.o.s.	5
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	10
Danish	5
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	290
Indo-Iranian languages	12,300
Indo-Aryan languages	10,090
Assamese	0
Bengali	435
Gujarati	1,710
Hindi	1,265
Kacchi	30
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	5
Marathi	80
Nepali	580
Oriya languages	5
Odia	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,380
Rohingya	155
Sindhi	40
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85
Urdu	1,310
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5
Iranian languages	2,210
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	345
Parsi	0
Pashto	195
Persian languages	1,640
Dari	835
Iranian Persian	590
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	210
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,465
Catalan	0
Italian	110
Portuguese	1,830
Romanian	1,700
Spanish	3,825
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	70
Korean	860
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	265
Akan (Twi)	25
Bamanankan	0
Edo	0
Éwé	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15
Lingala	0
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	20
Shona	30
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	70
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	35
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	95
Dinka	0
Nuer	30
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60
African, n.o.s.	5
Sign languages	85
American Sign Language	75
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,485
Chinese languages	2,140
Hakka	10
Mandarin	1,655
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	15
Yue (Cantonese)	425
Chinese, n.o.s.	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	335
Burmese	90
Kuki-Chin languages	145
Karenic languages	85
S'gaw Karen	80
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10
Tai-Kadai languages	295
Lao	270
Thai	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	770
Azerbaijani	10
Kazakh	5
Turkish	740
Uyghur	5
Uzbek	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10
Uralic languages	275
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	270
Other languages, n.i.e.	15
Multiple responses	12,860
English and French	355
English and non-official language(s)	12,090
French and non-official language(s)	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	135
Multiple non-official languages	235
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	254,820
None	206,965
English	17,975
French	1,940
Non-official language	21,530
Indigenous³⁹	30
Non-Indigenous	21,500
English and French	200
English and non-official language(s)	3,145
French and non-official language(s)	610
English, French and non-official language(s)	55
Multiple non-official languages	2,390
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	254,145
Official languages	248,265
English	248,150
French	15,840
Non-official languages	95,265
Indigenous languages³⁹	60
Algonquian languages	50
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	35
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	10
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	10
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	95,230
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,770
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	45
Hausa	45
Mina	0
Coptic	50
Cushitic languages	2,300
Bilen	770
Oromo	220
Somali	1,265
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55
Semitic languages	13,175
Amharic	1,795
Arabic	8,540
Aramaic languages	520
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	375
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	75
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75
Harari	45
Hebrew	325
Maltese	20
Tigrigna	3,730
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	80
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,375
Khmer (Cambodian)	285
Vietnamese	3,060
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30
Austronesian languages	2,480
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	95
Cebuano	105
Fijian	0
Hiligaynon	110
Ilocano	95
Indonesian	115
Kankanaey	0
Kinaray-a	0
Malagasy languages	30
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	30
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,170
Waray-Waray	45
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110
Creole languages	530
Haitian Creole	105
Jamaican English Creole	35
Krio	55
Morisyen	75
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	140
Creole languages, n.i.e.	120
Dravidian languages	3,095
Kannada	170
Malayalam	1,510
Tamil	1,095
Telugu	665
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	345
Indo-European languages	62,410
Albanian	1,055
Armenian	295
Balto-Slavic languages	13,340
Baltic languages	115
Latvian	65
Lithuanian	50
Slavic languages	13,240
Belarusian	30
Bulgarian	115
Czech	385
Macedonian	150
Polish	3,295
Russian	1,820
Rusyn	110
Serbo-Croatian	7,130
Bosnian	760
Croatian	2,280
Serbian	5,100
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	95
Slovak	465
Slovene (Slovenian)	220
Ukrainian	715
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10
Celtic languages	45
Irish	10
Scottish Gaelic	10
Welsh	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	6,260
Frisian	0
High German languages	5,325
German	5,250
Pennsylvania German	50
Swiss German	45
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	885
Afrikaans	75
Dutch	705
Low German, n.o.s.	15
Low Saxon	30
Plautdietsch	30
Vlaams (Flemish)	30
Scandinavian languages	210
Danish	110
Icelandic	10
Norwegian	30
Swedish	70
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	1,030
Indo-Iranian languages	23,110
Indo-Aryan languages	19,815
Assamese	0
Bengali	975
Gujarati	3,610
Hindi	8,955
Kacchi	155
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	95
Marathi	400
Nepali	745
Oriya languages	35
Odia	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	25
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,160
Rohingya	305
Sindhi	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	265
Urdu	3,610
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70
Iranian languages	3,625
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	760
Parsi	0
Pashto	270
Persian languages	2,795
Dari	1,380
Iranian Persian	1,155
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	270
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Italic (Romance) languages	19,075
Catalan	25
Italian	1,280
Portuguese	4,460
Romanian	4,335
Spanish	9,675
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30
Japanese	535
Korean	1,020
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	1,665
Akan (Twi)	155
Bamanankan	0
Edo	45
Éwé	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10
Ga	45
Ganda	10
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	200
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25
Lingala	35
Luba-Kasai	15
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	50
Rundi (Kirundi)	15
Shona	140
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	380
Wojenaka	10
Wolof	25
Yoruba	500
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	255
Nilo-Saharan languages	345
Dinka	0
Nuer	95
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	245
African, n.o.s.	25
Sign languages	335
American Sign Language	275
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,745
Chinese languages	4,240
Hakka	15
Mandarin	3,180
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150
Wu (Shanghainese)	35
Yue (Cantonese)	1,295
Chinese, n.o.s.	55
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	520
Burmese	300
Kuki-Chin languages	250
Karenic languages	65
S'gaw Karen	60
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55
Tai-Kadai languages	820
Lao	720
Thai	180
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	1,485
Azerbaijani	60
Kazakh	15
Turkish	1,360
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40
Uralic languages	990
Estonian	75
Finnish	45
Hungarian	870
Other languages, n.i.e.	55
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	254,145
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,795
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,520
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,830
Métis	1,615
Inuk (Inuit)	75
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	135
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	140
Non-Indigenous identity	249,355
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	254,145
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,285
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	252,865
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	99,815
Owner	59,580
Renter	40,235
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	99,815
Condominium	14,280
Not condominium	85,530
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	99,815
No bedrooms	595
1 bedroom	14,310
2 bedrooms	23,630
3 bedrooms	40,710
4 or more bedrooms	20,570
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	99,815
1 to 4 rooms	30,975
5 rooms	15,565
6 rooms	15,270
7 rooms	12,045
8 or more rooms	25,960
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	99,815
One person or fewer per room	96,320
More than one person per room	3,490
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	99,815
Suitable	92,815
Not suitable	7,000
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	99,815
1960 or before	19,090
1961 to 1980	29,425
1981 to 1990	12,795
1991 to 2000	10,355
2001 to 2005	7,510
2006 to 2010	6,865
2011 to 2015	6,025
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	7,755
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	99,815
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	95,085
Major repairs needed	4,720
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	99,815
One-maintainer household	47,875
Two-maintainer household	46,020
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,920
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	99,815
15 to 24 years	2,510
25 to 34 years	18,375
35 to 44 years	19,805
45 to 54 years	18,150
55 to 64 years	18,440
65 to 74 years	12,855
75 to 84 years	7,100
85 years and over	2,570
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	99,445
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	76,255
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	23,190
30% to less than 100%	21,315
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	99,815
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	31,795
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	20,605
Not suitable only	5,225
Major repairs needed only	2,930
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,240
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,265
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	450
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75
Acceptable housing	68,015
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	97,570
In core need	9,950
Not in core need	87,625
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	59,580
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.0
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.8
% in core housing need⁶³	3.9
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,550
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,608
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	680,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	701,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	40,230
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.7
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.0
% in core housing need⁶³	19.8
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,334
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	254,145
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,300
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,270
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	935
Métis single ancestry	290
Inuit single ancestry	50
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,540
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,400
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,115
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,225
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	135
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	105
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	247,310
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	254,145
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	221,325
Canadian citizens aged under 18	48,320
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	173,005
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	32,820
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	254,145
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	169,405
Immigrants⁸¹	75,450
Before 1980	11,965
1980 to 1990	8,395
1991 to 2000	13,320
2001 to 2010	16,345
2011 to 2021⁸²	25,425
2011 to 2015	9,080
2016 to 2021	16,345
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,300
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	75,450
Under 5 years	7,495
5 to 14 years	14,105
15 to 24 years	14,790
25 to 44 years	33,040
45 years and over	6,015
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	75,450
Americas	11,185
Brazil	655
Colombia	1,325
El Salvador	1,350
Guyana	1,260
Haiti	85
Jamaica	1,300
Mexico	495
Peru	75
Trinidad and Tobago	395
United States of America	1,875
Other places of birth in Americas	2,375
Europe	23,585
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,205
Croatia	1,425
France	170
Germany	1,860
Greece	270
Hungary	340
Italy	395
Netherlands	525
Poland	2,335
Portugal	1,940
Romania	3,175
Russian Federation	460
Serbia⁸⁶	1,615
Ukraine	555
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,525
Other places of birth in Europe	2,785
Africa	9,400
Algeria	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	140
Egypt	685
Eritrea	2,895
Ethiopia	1,325
Morocco	20
Nigeria	850
Somalia	685
South Africa, Republic of	230
Other places of birth in Africa	2,550
Asia	31,050
Afghanistan	1,030
Iran⁸⁸	980
Iraq	1,495
Lebanon	405
Syria⁸⁹	2,325
Turkey	690
China⁹⁰	2,095
Hong Kong⁹¹	285
Korea, South⁹²	495
Taiwan	130
Philippines	2,020
Viet Nam	2,130
Bangladesh	560
India	9,105
Pakistan	2,150
Sri Lanka	380
Other places of birth in Asia	4,775
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	230
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	16,345
Americas	1,625
Brazil	425
Colombia	195
Haiti	15
Jamaica	150
Mexico	40
United States of America	275
Venezuela⁹⁵	170
Other places of birth in Americas	365
Europe	1,045
France	20
Germany	60
Ireland⁹⁶	35
Italy	10
Russian Federation	100
Ukraine	195
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95
Other places of birth in Europe	525
Africa	4,160
Algeria	0
Burundi	0
Cameroon	60
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	70
Côte d'Ivoire	0
Egypt	100
Eritrea	2,055
Ethiopia	365
Morocco	0
Nigeria	600
Somalia	175
South Africa, Republic of	65
Sudan⁹⁷	280
Tunisia	0
Other places of birth in Africa	375
Asia	9,440
Afghanistan	220
Bangladesh	100
China⁹⁰	500
Hong Kong⁹¹	10
India	3,565
Iran⁸⁸	170
Iraq	230
Israel	230
Japan	35
Jordan	150
Korea, South⁹²	105
Lebanon	130
Nepal	15
Pakistan	365
Philippines	495
Saudi Arabia	190
Sri Lanka	65
Syria⁸⁹	1,700
Turkey	465
United Arab Emirates	115
Viet Nam	190
Other places of birth in Asia	385
Oceania and other⁹³	70
Australia	55
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	254,145
First generation¹⁰⁰	86,780
Second generation¹⁰¹	54,990
Third generation or more¹⁰²	112,375
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	63,485
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,725
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,975
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,750
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,015
Refugees¹⁰⁸	23,210
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	535
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	63,485
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,150
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,160
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,085
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,380
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	280
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	50,430
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	254,145
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	80,485
South Asian	25,170
Chinese	4,660
Black	17,510
Filipino	2,820
Arab	6,105
Latin American	7,795
Southeast Asian	6,635
West Asian	3,290
Korean	1,110
Japanese	465
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,255
Multiple visible minorities	2,665
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	173,665
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	254,145
Canadian	29,130
English	40,520
Irish	34,940
Scottish	33,160
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,575
German	45,005
Chinese	5,630
Italian	7,835
Indian (India)	14,285
Ukrainian	5,540
Dutch	9,395
Polish	11,440
Québécois	380
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,805
Filipino	2,905
French Canadian	2,775
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,885
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,160
Métis	1,670
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,695
Russian	2,720
Norwegian	995
Welsh	3,190
Portuguese	6,225
American	2,325
Spanish	2,910
Swedish	995
Hungarian	3,790
Acadian	520
Pakistani	2,810
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,675
Jewish	825
Punjabi	2,240
Vietnamese	3,710
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,435
Greek	1,745
Jamaican	2,890
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,175
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	255
Korean	1,065
Romanian	5,690
Lebanese	700
Iranian	1,130
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,720
Danish	925
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	940
Sikh	1,640
Austrian	1,820
Belgian	925
Haitian	125
Hindu	2,050
Mexican	905
Mennonite	1,370
Swiss	1,890
Finnish	865
Sri Lankan	440
Croatian	3,070
Japanese	620
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	795
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	655
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	545
Muslim	1,325
Egyptian	740
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,640
Tamil	410
Icelandic	185
Colombian	1,435
Moroccan	50
Czech	1,060
Syrian	1,585
Guyanese	1,830
Afghan	1,405
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	715
Serbian	4,695
Ojibway	395
Newfoundlander	960
Hong Konger	190
Ontarian	1,145
Persian	445
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	675
Turkish	1,315
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	150
Bangladeshi	515
Algerian	45
Brazilian	1,000
Nigerian	850
Armenian	545
Slovak	910
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	605
Somali	1,310
Taiwanese	170
Iraqi	1,240
Salvadorean	1,500
African Caribbean	310
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	320
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	690
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	370
Algonquin	155
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	515
Lithuanian	445
South African	225
Australian	310
Palestinian	675
Chilean	265
Congolese	240
Nova Scotian	200
Ethiopian	1,205
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	640
Peruvian	160
Yoruba	390
Cambodian (Khmer)	485
Berber	55
Albanian	855
Maltese	220
Macedonian	350
Slovenian	650
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	280
New Brunswicker	55
Gujarati	895
Eritrean	2,920
African Canadian	240
Israeli	140
Mohawk	195
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	195
Bulgarian	290
Albertan	15
Ghanaian	235
Barbadian	205
African American	180
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	495
Tunisian	10
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	425
Cuban	290
Bosnian	980
Venezuelan	215
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20
Latvian	270
Bengali	240
Cameroonian	60
Guatemalan	430
Indonesian	140
Laotian	1,190
Ilocano	75
Northern Irish	195
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	105
British Columbian	35
Ecuadorian	75
Franco Ontarian	100
Argentinian	170
Estonian	230
Kurdish	665
Fijian	15
Jatt	150
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	105
Coptic	310
Thai	245
Dominican	230
Nepali	410
Kabyle	0
Assyrian	215
Igbo	135
Byelorussian	130
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	85
Abenaki	25
Moldovan	205
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45
New Zealander	95
Sudanese	595
Breton	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	680
Malaysian	70
Plains Cree	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35
Huron (Wendat)	25
Saskatchewanian	0
Buddhist	185
Gaspesian	0
Norman	30
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	255
Ivorian	0
Saulteaux	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50
Burundian	25
Tigrinya	1,055
Nicaraguan	510
Mauritian	55
Kenyan	105
Oji-Cree	10
Vincentian	60
Jordanian	220
Manitoban	15
Cape Bretoner	125
Rwandan	35
Grenadian	105
Malayali	250
Chaldean	130
Sinhalese	105
Mayan	175
Honduran	125
Cherokee	55
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	50
Indo-Caribbean	95
Flemish	70
United Empire Loyalist	75
Senegalese	0
Azerbaijani	80
Sicilian	90
Pashtun	75
Malay	55
Goan	50
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40
Tibetan	0
Zimbabwean	160
Burmese	425
Mongolian	45
Azorean	100
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	0
Indo-Guyanese	140
Ugandan	60
Oromo	225
Tanzanian	90
Yemeni	65
Central African	0
Libyan	145
Basque	20
Uruguayan	50
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	85
Igorot	40
Fulani	0
Woodland Cree	10
Guinean	0
St. Lucian	95
Prince Edward Islander	25
Maliseet	15
Beninese	0
Telugu	15
Roma	80
Costa Rican	35
African Nova Scotian	15
Malagasy	0
Kashmiri	0
Singaporean	15
Karen	65
Edo	60
Tajik	105
Amhara	210
Paraguayan	35
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	254,145
Buddhist	3,015
Christian	131,390
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,625
Anabaptist	2,525
Anglican	6,090
Baptist	3,520
Catholic	56,665
Christian Orthodox	11,020
Jehovah's Witness	1,020
Latter Day Saints	330
Lutheran	7,750
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	795
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	4,170
Presbyterian	3,555
Reformed	655
United Church	5,810
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,860
Hindu	9,610
Jewish	525
Muslim	19,140
Sikh	6,520
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	70
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,400
No religion and secular perspectives	81,475
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	251,370
Non-movers	217,200
Movers	34,165
Non-migrants	19,290
Migrants	14,875
Internal migrants	12,675
Intraprovincial migrants	11,685
Interprovincial migrants	985
External migrants	2,200
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	239,560
Non-movers	135,675
Movers	103,890
Non-migrants	41,850
Migrants	62,030
Internal migrants	42,335
Intraprovincial migrants	37,680
Interprovincial migrants	4,650
External migrants	19,700
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	209,285
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	38,095
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	171,190
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	142,735
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,425
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	126,310
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	209,280
No certificate, diploma or degree	34,805
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	58,090
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	116,390
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	58,380
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,180
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,300
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,885
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	42,990
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,205
Bachelor's degree or higher	58,015
Bachelor's degree	38,755
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,615
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,145
Master's degree	12,505
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,995
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	142,735
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,610
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,070
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	93,055
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	44,470
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,815
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,600
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,210
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	33,685
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,970
Bachelor's degree or higher	48,585
Bachelor's degree	31,900
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,975
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	985
Master's degree	11,055
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,675
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	209,285
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	92,890
Education	5,395
13. Education	5,395
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,665
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	380
50. Visual and performing arts	3,285
Humanities	7,440
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	560
23. English language and literature/letters	1,950
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,040
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	225
38. Philosophy and religious studies	535
39. Theology and religious vocations	870
54. History	945
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	320
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,330
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,930
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,605
22. Legal professions and studies	1,830
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	430
42. Psychology	2,355
45. Social sciences	4,990
Business, management and public administration	23,345
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,225
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	21,095
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,880
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,020
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,090
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80
40. Physical sciences	1,495
41. Science technologies/technicians	195
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,835
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,915
25. Library science	325
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,350
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	245
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	25,115
04. Architecture and related services	750
14. Engineering	8,435
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,070
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	3,395
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,300
48. Precision production	3,160
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,075
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,285
03. Natural resources and conservation	785
Health and related fields	15,845
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,615
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,915
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	255
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,295
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,620
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35
43. Security and protective services	1,730
49. Transportation and materials moving	910
Other¹⁷⁹	170
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	142,735
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	49,685
Education	4,070
13. Education	4,070
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,920
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	265
50. Visual and performing arts	2,655
Humanities	5,860
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	445
23. English language and literature/letters	1,615
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,555
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	170
38. Philosophy and religious studies	410
39. Theology and religious vocations	605
54. History	795
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	255
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,670
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	165
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,755
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,055
22. Legal professions and studies	1,510
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	345
42. Psychology	1,805
45. Social sciences	4,040
Business, management and public administration	19,055
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,845
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,195
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,945
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,625
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	825
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70
40. Physical sciences	1,265
41. Science technologies/technicians	160
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,730
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,205
25. Library science	235
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,095
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	200
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	19,665
04. Architecture and related services	660
14. Engineering	7,130
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,870
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	2,470
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,365
48. Precision production	2,165
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,705
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,025
03. Natural resources and conservation	680
Health and related fields	12,285
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,315
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,695
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	220
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,035
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,795
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25
43. Security and protective services	1,475
49. Transportation and materials moving	755
Other¹⁷⁹	120
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	142,735
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,685
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	93,055
Location of study inside Canada	70,600
Same as province or territory of residence	66,895
Different than province or territory of residence	3,705
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,450
Americas	4,410
United States of America	2,140
Mexico	215
Cuba	110
Haiti	10
Jamaica	140
Brazil	660
Colombia	580
Peru	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	85
Other locations of study in Americas	450
Europe	4,860
Belgium	15
France	80
Germany	190
Netherlands	75
Switzerland	25
Hungary	50
Moldova¹⁸³	75
Poland	430
Romania	1,100
Russian Federation	220
Ukraine	245
Ireland⁹⁶	70
United Kingdom⁸⁷	920
Bosnia and Herzegovina	295
Italy	45
Serbia⁸⁶	360
Other locations of study in Europe	670
Africa	1,600
Nigeria	405
Algeria	0
Morocco	20
Tunisia	10
Egypt	290
South Africa, Republic of	75
Other locations of study in Africa	805
Asia	11,175
Iran⁸⁸	275
Iraq	295
Israel	30
Lebanon	105
Syria⁸⁹	315
Turkey	225
China⁹⁰	675
Taiwan	30
Hong Kong⁹¹	25
Japan	85
Korea, South⁹²	360
Philippines	1,065
Viet Nam	140
Bangladesh	170
Sri Lanka	115
India	6,035
Pakistan	630
Other locations of study in Asia	610
Oceania	410
Australia	380
New Zealand	35
Other locations of study in Oceania	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	209,280
In the labour force	139,695
Employed	124,325
Unemployed	15,375
Not in the labour force	69,585
Participation rate	66.8
Employment rate	59.4
Unemployment rate	11.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	209,285
Did not work¹⁸⁶	70,460
Worked	138,820
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	76,635
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	62,185
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	139,695
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	136,280
Employee	120,815
Permanent position	105,215
Temporary position	15,605
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,785
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	9,815
Self-employed¹⁹²	15,465
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	139,695
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415
All occupations¹⁹¹	136,280
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,260
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	22,220
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	15,760
3 Health occupations	9,385
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	13,905
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,485
6 Sales and service occupations	32,380
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	23,065
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,425
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	13,400
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	139,695
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,415
All industries¹⁹¹	136,280
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	785
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	135
22 Utilities	650
23 Construction	9,615
31-33 Manufacturing	22,495
41 Wholesale trade	4,505
44-45 Retail trade	14,255
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,115
51 Information and cultural industries	3,900
52 Finance and insurance	8,015
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,170
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	12,650
55 Management of companies and enterprises	480
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,405
61 Educational services	10,700
62 Health care and social assistance	14,980
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,595
72 Accommodation and food services	7,130
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,610
91 Public administration	4,085
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	148,245
English	141,815
French	255
Non-official language	670
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	670
English and French	1,670
English and non-official language(s)	3,715
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80
Multiple non-official languages	35
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	148,245
Single responses	147,325
Official languages	146,030
English	145,530
French	500
Non-official languages	1,300
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,300
Afro-Asiatic languages	185
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	10
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	175
Amharic	0
Arabic	130
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	95
Khmer (Cambodian)	0
Vietnamese	95
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	30
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	10
Kannada	0
Malayalam	0
Tamil	0
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	700
Albanian	20
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	135
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	130
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	35
Russian	30
Serbo-Croatian	65
Bosnian	10
Croatian	10
Serbian	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	15
Frisian	0
High German languages	0
German	0
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	0
Indo-Iranian languages	235
Indo-Aryan languages	225
Bengali	0
Gujarati	15
Hindi	35
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	160
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	10
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	15
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	10
Dari	0
Iranian Persian	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	280
Catalan	0
Italian	0
Portuguese	65
Romanian	45
Spanish	170
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	20
Korean	35
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	0
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	25
American Sign Language	15
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	175
Chinese languages	175
Hakka	0
Mandarin	150
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	25
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0
Lao	0
Thai	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	15
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	15
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	925
English and French	235
English and non-official language(s)	670
French and non-official language(s)	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10
Multiple non-official languages	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	148,245
None	143,540
English	790
French	1,190
Non-official language	2,215
Indigenous³⁹	15
Non-Indigenous	2,205
English and French	0
English and non-official language(s)	45
French and non-official language(s)	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	390
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	124,325
Worked at home	33,970
Worked outside Canada	430
No fixed workplace address	13,920
Usual place of work	76,005
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	76,005
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	35,775
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	28,015
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,090
Commute to a different province or territory	130
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	89,925
Car, truck or van	79,585
Car, truck or van - as a driver	72,320
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,265
Public transit	5,090
Walked	2,890
Bicycle	545
Other method	1,815
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	89,925
Less than 15 minutes	26,845
15 to 29 minutes	40,385
30 to 44 minutes	12,435
45 to 59 minutes	4,360
60 minutes and over	5,895
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	89,925
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	7,665
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	17,645
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	19,580
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	16,425
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,605
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	18,005
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	54,445
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,130
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	50,310
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	38,775
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,150
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,960
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,195
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,625

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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