Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Waterloo, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	121,436	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	104,986	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	15.7	...	...	15.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	52,049	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	47,040	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,895.8	...	...	1,895.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	64.06	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	121,435	61,235	60,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,640	9,155	8,485	14.5	15.0	14.1
0 to 4 years	5,015	2,615	2,400	4.1	4.3	4.0
5 to 9 years	5,960	3,110	2,850	4.9	5.1	4.7
10 to 14 years	6,670	3,435	3,235	5.5	5.6	5.4
15 to 64 years	85,080	43,685	41,400	70.1	71.3	68.8
15 to 19 years	8,250	4,255	4,000	6.8	6.9	6.6
20 to 24 years	14,110	7,605	6,510	11.6	12.4	10.8
25 to 29 years	11,145	6,320	4,820	9.2	10.3	8.0
30 to 34 years	8,260	4,370	3,890	6.8	7.1	6.5
35 to 39 years	7,330	3,665	3,660	6.0	6.0	6.1
40 to 44 years	6,915	3,355	3,565	5.7	5.5	5.9
45 to 49 years	7,200	3,430	3,770	5.9	5.6	6.3
50 to 54 years	7,625	3,700	3,930	6.3	6.0	6.5
55 to 59 years	7,575	3,695	3,875	6.2	6.0	6.4
60 to 64 years	6,665	3,285	3,380	5.5	5.4	5.6
65 years and over	18,705	8,395	10,315	15.4	13.7	17.1
65 to 69 years	5,455	2,520	2,935	4.5	4.1	4.9
70 to 74 years	4,700	2,135	2,565	3.9	3.5	4.3
75 to 79 years	3,280	1,500	1,780	2.7	2.4	3.0
80 to 84 years	2,455	1,070	1,390	2.0	1.7	2.3
85 years and over	2,820	1,175	1,650	2.3	1.9	2.7
85 to 89 years	1,615	715	895	1.3	1.2	1.5
90 to 94 years	930	410	525	0.8	0.7	0.9
95 to 99 years	250	45	200	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	25	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.5	15.0	14.1	14.5	15.0	14.1
15 to 64 years	70.1	71.3	68.8	70.1	71.3	68.8
65 years and over	15.4	13.7	17.1	15.4	13.7	17.1
85 years and over	2.3	1.9	2.7	2.3	1.9	2.7
Average age of the population	39.2	37.9	40.5	39.2	37.9	40.5
Median age of the population	36.0	33.6	38.4	36.0	33.6	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	23,145	...	...	49.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,125	...	...	4.5	...	...
Row house	5,375	...	...	11.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,015	...	...	2.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,945	...	...	10.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,330	...	...	22.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,250	...	...	26.0	...	...
2 persons	15,710	...	...	33.4	...	...
3 persons	7,560	...	...	16.1	...	...
4 persons	7,505	...	...	16.0	...	...
5 or more persons	4,020	...	...	8.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	118,390	59,830	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	103,790	52,080	51,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	55,545	27,775	27,765	53.5	53.3	53.7
Married	47,650	23,835	23,810	45.9	45.8	46.0
Living common-law	7,895	3,940	3,955	7.6	7.6	7.6
Living common law - Never married	6,050	3,060	2,995	5.8	5.9	5.8
Living common law - Separated	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,390	655	735	1.3	1.3	1.4
Living common law - Widowed	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	48,245	24,300	23,945	46.5	46.7	46.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	36,880	20,700	16,180	35.5	39.7	31.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,370	970	1,395	2.3	1.9	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,630	1,655	2,980	4.5	3.2	5.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,370	975	3,395	4.2	1.9	6.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,035	...	...	48.2	...	...
3 persons	6,670	...	...	21.4	...	...
4 persons	6,830	...	...	21.9	...	...
5 or more persons	2,675	...	...	8.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,790	...	...	85.8	...	...
Married couples	22,845	...	...	73.2	...	...
With children⁶	13,245	...	...	42.4	...	...
Without children	9,595	...	...	30.7	...	...
Common-law couples	3,945	...	...	12.6	...	...
With children⁶	1,140	...	...	3.7	...	...
Without children	2,805	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,420	...	...	14.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,510	...	...	11.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	905	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	118,390	59,835	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	91,760	45,720	46,040	77.5	76.4	78.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	53,580	26,775	26,805	45.3	44.7	45.8
Parents in one-parent families	4,420	905	3,510	3.7	1.5	6.0
Children⁶	33,765	18,040	15,725	28.5	30.1	26.9
In a two-parent family	26,880	14,255	12,625	22.7	23.8	21.6
In a one-parent family	6,885	3,785	3,100	5.8	6.3	5.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	26,625	14,110	12,515	22.5	23.6	21.4
Living alone	12,245	5,830	6,420	10.3	9.7	11.0
Living with other relatives⁷	2,520	1,075	1,445	2.1	1.8	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	11,860	7,205	4,660	10.0	12.0	8.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,845	...	...	59.2	...	...
Couple-family households	24,310	...	...	51.7	...	...
With children⁶	13,165	...	...	28.0	...	...
Without children	11,145	...	...	23.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,540	...	...	7.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,120	...	...	2.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	210	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,245	...	...	2.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,370	...	...	9.3	...	...
One-person households	12,245	...	...	26.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	100,820	50,720	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,570	47,955	47,615	94.8	94.5	95.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,200	36,800	41,600	47,200	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,610	47,980	47,635	94.8	94.6	95.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,400	34,000	37,600	42,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,620	44,770	42,850	86.9	88.3	85.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,800	30,200	37,200	44,800	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,200	38,280	33,920	71.6	75.5	67.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,400	31,200	37,200	44,400	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,220	42,285	42,935	84.5	83.4	85.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	3,360	7,200	5,600	3,360	7,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,730	2,980	3,750	6.7	5.9	7.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,400	5,560	5,480	5,400	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,585	13,380	13,210	26.4	26.4	26.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,000	8,000	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	100,820	50,700	50,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,540	47,910	47,625	94.8	94.5	95.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,250	71,000	49,400	60,250	71,000	49,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,590	47,945	47,645	94.8	94.6	95.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,840	56,050	41,640	48,840	56,050	41,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,490	44,750	42,745	86.8	88.3	85.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,400	69,000	45,320	57,400	69,000	45,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,200	38,190	34,010	71.6	75.3	67.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,700	67,400	44,640	56,700	67,400	44,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,150	42,120	43,030	84.5	83.1	85.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,610	7,530	9,670	8,610	7,530	9,670
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,830	2,970	3,860	6.8	5.9	7.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,440	5,715	6,990	6,440	5,715	6,990
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,515	13,295	13,225	26.3	26.2	26.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,470	8,380	8,560	8,470	8,380	8,560
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	100,820	50,700	50,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,335	19,500	13,835	33.1	38.5	27.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,500	81,000	66,000	74,500	81,000	66,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	94,000	105,500	77,900	94,000	105,500	77,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,510	13,820	15,690	29.3	27.3	31.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,800	15,200	16,400	17,800	15,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,800	30,560	23,540	26,800	30,560	23,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2	90.6	82.4	87.2	90.6	82.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	75.6	64.6	71.0	75.6	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.7	9.3	17.7	12.7	9.3	17.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2	0.8	0.5	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.4	3.6	5.6	4.4	3.6	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.3	4.8	3.9	3.3	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	100,820	50,720	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,250	2,765	2,490	5.2	5.5	5.0
With total income	95,570	47,955	47,610	94.8	94.5	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,450	4,690	5,755	10.9	9.8	12.1
$10,000 to $19,999	11,860	5,305	6,555	12.4	11.1	13.8
$20,000 to $29,999	13,380	6,015	7,360	14.0	12.5	15.5
$30,000 to $39,999	10,595	4,745	5,850	11.1	9.9	12.3
$40,000 to $49,999	9,020	4,225	4,795	9.4	8.8	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,510	3,715	3,795	7.9	7.7	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6,030	3,015	3,015	6.3	6.3	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	5,055	2,675	2,385	5.3	5.6	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,925	2,180	1,750	4.1	4.5	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	3,285	1,850	1,435	3.4	3.9	3.0
$100,000 and over	14,460	9,545	4,915	15.1	19.9	10.3
$100,000 to $149,999	8,850	5,450	3,400	9.3	11.4	7.1
$150,000 and over	5,605	4,090	1,515	5.9	8.5	3.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	100,820	50,720	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,210	2,745	2,465	5.2	5.4	4.9
With after-tax income	95,610	47,975	47,635	94.8	94.6	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,870	4,845	6,020	11.4	10.1	12.6
$10,000 to $19,999	12,265	5,485	6,780	12.8	11.4	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	14,955	6,735	8,225	15.6	14.0	17.3
$30,000 to $39,999	12,335	5,645	6,695	12.9	11.8	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	10,380	5,055	5,325	10.9	10.5	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	8,410	4,245	4,165	8.8	8.8	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,420	3,375	3,040	6.7	7.0	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	4,780	2,735	2,050	5.0	5.7	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	4,330	2,355	1,970	4.5	4.9	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,720	1,675	1,045	2.8	3.5	2.2
$100,000 and over	8,145	5,820	2,325	8.5	12.1	4.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3,770	2,590	1,180	3.9	5.4	2.5
$125,000 and over	4,375	3,230	1,145	4.6	6.7	2.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	100,820	50,720	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,620	12,435	16,185	28.4	24.5	32.3
With employment income	72,200	38,280	33,915	71.6	75.5	67.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,605	5,070	5,535	14.7	13.2	16.3
$5,000 to $9,999	6,290	3,005	3,280	8.7	7.9	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	9,255	4,440	4,810	12.8	11.6	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	5,885	2,880	3,000	8.2	7.5	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	5,555	2,660	2,895	7.7	6.9	8.5
$40,000 to $49,999	5,170	2,555	2,620	7.2	6.7	7.7
$50,000 to $59,999	4,735	2,505	2,225	6.6	6.5	6.6
$60,000 to $69,999	4,025	2,105	1,920	5.6	5.5	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,540	1,935	1,600	4.9	5.1	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,900	1,685	1,220	4.0	4.4	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,780	1,585	1,195	3.9	4.1	3.5
$100,000 and over	11,465	7,850	3,615	15.9	20.5	10.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,745	2,865	1,885	6.6	7.5	5.6
$125,000 and over	6,720	4,980	1,735	9.3	13.0	5.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	100,820	50,720	50,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,775	46,455	46,320	92.0	91.6	92.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	45,200	34,000	38,800	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,795	46,460	46,335	92.0	91.6	92.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,800	31,400	35,600	40,800	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,325	43,460	41,865	84.6	85.7	83.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,200	31,200	37,600	45,200	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,060	37,435	33,625	70.5	73.8	67.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,400	31,600	37,600	44,400	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,045	39,135	39,905	78.4	77.2	79.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,040	750	2,140	1,040	750	2,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,475	1,800	2,675	4.4	3.5	5.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,840	5,000	6,600	5,840	5,000	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	100,820	50,700	50,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,870	46,365	46,510	92.1	91.4	92.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,150	68,000	46,400	57,150	68,000	46,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,885	46,365	46,520	92.1	91.4	92.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,240	53,450	39,040	46,240	53,450	39,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,380	43,460	41,920	84.7	85.7	83.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,950	68,400	45,120	56,950	68,400	45,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,155	37,385	33,770	70.6	73.7	67.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,850	66,600	43,920	55,850	66,600	43,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,125	39,135	39,985	78.5	77.2	79.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,625	4,536	6,690	5,625	4,536	6,690
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,570	1,890	2,680	4.5	3.7	5.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,770	6,185	8,880	7,770	6,185	8,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	100,820	50,700	50,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,945	19,265	13,685	32.7	38.0	27.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	76,500	61,200	69,500	76,500	61,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,800	97,800	71,500	86,800	97,800	71,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,010	12,565	14,445	26.8	24.8	28.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	21,800	18,200	19,400	21,800	18,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,920	36,960	27,560	31,920	36,960	27,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.6	94.4	87.6	91.6	94.4	87.6
Employment income (%)	74.8	79.0	68.8	74.8	79.0	68.8
Government transfers (%)	8.4	5.6	12.4	8.4	5.6	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1	0.7	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,040	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,245	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,795	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	47,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	122,400	...	...	122,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	99,300	...	...	99,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,250	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,900	...	...	60,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,040	...	...	50,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,795	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...	144,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,600	...	...	116,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,180	...	...	2.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	460	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	640	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	820	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,265	...	...	2.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,255	...	...	2.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,270	...	...	2.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,335	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,440	...	...	3.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,510	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,965	...	...	6.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,905	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,815	...	...	6.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,690	...	...	5.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,980	...	...	46.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,390	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,160	...	...	8.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,570	...	...	11.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,860	...	...	14.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,270	...	...	2.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	470	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	650	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	860	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,350	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,395	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,475	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,555	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,775	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,775	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,485	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,475	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,255	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,170	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,800	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,270	...	...	38.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,770	...	...	12.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,140	...	...	8.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,360	...	...	17.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,515	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,470	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,000	...	...	155,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,110	13,035	11,075	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,000	31,600	32,800	32,000	31,600	32,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,400	30,000	30,800	30,400	30,000	30,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,020	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,600	...	...	150,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,800	...	...	120,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,510	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...	131,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,600	...	...	105,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	185,800	...	...	185,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,200	...	...	147,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,125	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,400	...	...	90,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,800	...	...	77,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,135	13,000	11,130	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,040	46,400	43,520	45,040	46,400	43,520
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,240	38,880	37,480	38,240	38,880	37,480
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	118,390	59,830	58,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,830	11,295	10,535	18.4	18.9	18.0
0 to 5 years	6,160	3,230	2,930	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years	79,620	40,805	38,810	67.3	68.2	66.3
65 years and over	16,940	7,730	9,210	14.3	12.9	15.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	13,375	6,685	6,690	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,245	1,200	1,045	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	640	325	315	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,610	4,935	4,680	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,520	555	965	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.3	11.2	11.4	11.3	11.2	11.4
0 to 17 years (%)	10.3	10.6	9.9	10.3	10.6	9.9
0 to 5 years (%)	10.4	10.1	10.8	10.4	10.1	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1	12.1
65 years and over (%)	9.0	7.2	10.5	9.0	7.2	10.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	118,390	59,835	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,830	11,300	10,530	18.4	18.9	18.0
0 to 5 years	6,155	3,225	2,930	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years	79,615	40,805	38,815	67.2	68.2	66.3
65 years and over	16,940	7,730	9,210	14.3	12.9	15.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,240	6,650	5,590	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,350	720	625	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	380	200	180	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,365	5,715	4,645	...	...	...
65 years and over	525	215	315	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.3	11.1	9.6	10.3	11.1	9.6
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.4	6.0	6.2	6.4	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	6.2	6.1	6.1	6.2	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	13.0	14.0	12.0	13.0	14.0	12.0
65 years and over (%)	3.1	2.8	3.4	3.1	2.8	3.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	118,390	59,830	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	52,920	26,700	26,220	44.7	44.6	44.8
In bottom decile	15,260	8,130	7,130	12.9	13.6	12.2
In second decile	9,635	4,655	4,975	8.1	7.8	8.5
In third decile	9,445	4,610	4,835	8.0	7.7	8.3
In fourth decile	9,025	4,490	4,535	7.6	7.5	7.7
In fifth decile	9,555	4,810	4,745	8.1	8.0	8.1
In top half of the distribution	65,470	33,135	32,335	55.3	55.4	55.2
In sixth decile	10,320	5,190	5,130	8.7	8.7	8.8
In seventh decile	11,320	5,675	5,645	9.6	9.5	9.6
In eighth decile	12,155	6,140	6,015	10.3	10.3	10.3
In ninth decile	13,790	7,040	6,750	11.6	11.8	11.5
In top decile	17,880	9,080	8,800	15.1	15.2	15.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	118,390	...	...	118,390	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.375	...	...	0.375	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.458	...	...	0.458	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.324	...	...	0.324	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	119,980	60,640	59,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	107,495	55,175	52,315	89.6	91.0	88.2
French only	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	10,360	4,540	5,825	8.6	7.5	9.8
Neither English nor French	2,075	895	1,175	1.7	1.5	2.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	119,980	60,640	59,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	116,070	58,860	57,210	96.7	97.1	96.4
French	1,100	520	580	0.9	0.9	1.0
English and French	790	385	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Neither English nor French	2,020	865	1,150	1.7	1.4	1.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	119,980	60,640	59,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	114,560	57,820	56,745	95.5	95.3	95.6
Official languages	78,510	39,540	38,970	65.4	65.2	65.7
English	77,465	39,035	38,430	64.6	64.4	64.8
French	1,045	505	545	0.9	0.8	0.9
Non-official languages	36,050	18,280	17,770	30.0	30.1	29.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,045	18,275	17,770	30.0	30.1	29.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,305	1,710	1,595	2.8	2.8	2.7
Berber languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	355	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	285	140	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,935	1,530	1,405	2.4	2.5	2.4
Amharic	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	2,630	1,380	1,245	2.2	2.3	2.1
Aramaic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	620	285	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	595	280	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	655	260	395	0.5	0.4	0.7
Bikol	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	445	175	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Waray-Waray	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,485	845	640	1.2	1.4	1.1
Kannada	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	440	270	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamil	475	245	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	475	270	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tulu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-European languages	18,120	9,345	8,780	15.1	15.4	14.8
Albanian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	160	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,645	1,770	1,875	3.0	2.9	3.2
Baltic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,610	1,755	1,850	3.0	2.9	3.1
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	940	440	495	0.8	0.7	0.8
Russian	925	460	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rusyn	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,155	575	580	1.0	0.9	1.0
Bosnian	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	800	405	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,240	1,045	1,195	1.9	1.7	2.0
Frisian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,835	860	975	1.5	1.4	1.6
German	1,780	835	940	1.5	1.4	1.6
Pennsylvania German	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	345	155	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	260	120	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	330	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	8,010	4,475	3,535	6.7	7.4	6.0
Indo-Aryan languages	6,185	3,530	2,655	5.2	5.8	4.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	560	310	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Gujarati	920	540	375	0.8	0.9	0.6
Hindi	1,525	910	615	1.3	1.5	1.0
Kacchi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	170	95	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nepali	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,405	810	595	1.2	1.3	1.0
Rohingya	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,185	635	545	1.0	1.0	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,825	940	880	1.5	1.6	1.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	155	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,525	780	745	1.3	1.3	1.3
Dari	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,215	630	580	1.0	1.0	1.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,620	1,755	1,865	3.0	2.9	3.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	280	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	795	400	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	780	365	420	0.7	0.6	0.7
Spanish	1,770	855	910	1.5	1.4	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	195	90	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,305	615	685	1.1	1.0	1.2
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,830	4,335	4,490	7.4	7.1	7.6
Chinese languages	8,805	4,325	4,480	7.3	7.1	7.5
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,435	3,650	3,785	6.2	6.0	6.4
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,050	495	555	0.9	0.8	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	680	365	310	0.6	0.6	0.5
Azerbaijani	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	580	310	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Uyghur	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	295	135	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	255	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,420	2,820	2,600	4.5	4.7	4.4
English and French	485	220	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	4,230	2,240	1,990	3.5	3.7	3.4
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	480	245	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	119,980	60,640	59,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	81,860	41,370	40,490	68.2	68.2	68.2
French	160	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	9,930	4,910	5,015	8.3	8.1	8.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,930	4,910	5,015	8.3	8.1	8.5
English and French	1,175	525	655	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	25,220	12,995	12,230	21.0	21.4	20.6
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	840	385	455	0.7	0.6	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	745	370	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	119,980	60,640	59,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	114,035	57,575	56,465	95.0	94.9	95.2
Official languages	93,275	47,095	46,185	77.7	77.7	77.8
English	92,950	46,945	46,005	77.5	77.4	77.5
French	325	145	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	20,765	10,485	10,280	17.3	17.3	17.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,760	10,485	10,280	17.3	17.3	17.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,065	1,020	1,050	1.7	1.7	1.8
Berber languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	170	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,835	905	925	1.5	1.5	1.6
Amharic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Arabic	1,655	825	830	1.4	1.4	1.4
Aramaic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	65	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	370	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	360	170	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	325	150	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	855	480	370	0.7	0.8	0.6
Kannada	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	260	150	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	275	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	280	175	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,965	4,640	4,330	7.5	7.7	7.3
Albanian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,750	865	885	1.5	1.4	1.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,750	865	885	1.5	1.4	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	370	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	585	280	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	620	320	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	490	255	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	215	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,930	2,685	2,240	4.1	4.4	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages	3,570	2,000	1,575	3.0	3.3	2.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	300	150	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Gujarati	520	295	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hindi	770	450	320	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	940	545	390	0.8	0.9	0.7
Rohingya	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	720	395	330	0.6	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,355	685	670	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,175	590	580	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	925	470	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,720	815	905	1.4	1.3	1.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	390	200	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	355	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	940	440	500	0.8	0.7	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,005	475	535	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,295	3,120	3,170	5.2	5.1	5.3
Chinese languages	6,280	3,110	3,165	5.2	5.1	5.3
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,550	2,750	2,800	4.6	4.5	4.7
Min Dong	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	540	260	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	430	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	390	195	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,940	3,060	2,880	5.0	5.0	4.9
English and French	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	5,535	2,870	2,670	4.6	4.7	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	119,980	60,640	59,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	96,725	48,820	47,905	80.6	80.5	80.7
English	8,895	4,560	4,335	7.4	7.5	7.3
French	1,020	430	590	0.9	0.7	1.0
Non-official language	10,090	5,105	4,980	8.4	8.4	8.4
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,070	5,100	4,970	8.4	8.4	8.4
English and French	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,280	690	590	1.1	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	415	200	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,395	760	635	1.2	1.3	1.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	118,390	59,835	58,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	116,335	58,970	57,365	98.3	98.6	98.0
English	116,310	58,960	57,350	98.2	98.5	97.9
French	10,370	4,510	5,860	8.8	7.5	10.0
Non-official languages	46,875	23,855	23,020	39.6	39.9	39.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,835	23,835	23,000	39.6	39.8	39.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,010	2,680	2,330	4.2	4.5	4.0
Berber languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	465	240	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	310	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages	4,570	2,455	2,115	3.9	4.1	3.6
Amharic	225	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	3,970	2,130	1,840	3.4	3.6	3.1
Aramaic languages	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	280	160	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	800	340	455	0.7	0.6	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	760	330	430	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,045	460	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	780	340	440	0.7	0.6	0.8
Waray-Waray	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	2,290	1,390	905	1.9	2.3	1.5
Kannada	185	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Malayalam	630	400	230	0.5	0.7	0.4
Tamil	1,035	610	425	0.9	1.0	0.7
Telugu	735	445	285	0.6	0.7	0.5
Tulu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-European languages	25,500	13,205	12,295	21.5	22.1	21.0
Albanian	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	4,530	2,260	2,270	3.8	3.8	3.9
Baltic languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,485	2,245	2,245	3.8	3.8	3.8
Belarusian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	150	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,105	540	565	0.9	0.9	1.0
Russian	1,395	695	700	1.2	1.2	1.2
Rusyn	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,560	780	780	1.3	1.3	1.3
Bosnian	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	535	260	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Serbian	1,140	565	575	1.0	0.9	1.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	450	250	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,900	1,865	2,040	3.3	3.1	3.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,300	1,610	1,690	2.8	2.7	2.9
German	3,215	1,560	1,655	2.7	2.6	2.8
Pennsylvania German	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	505	205	295	0.4	0.3	0.5
Afrikaans	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	355	150	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	175	90	90	0.1	0.2	0.2
Danish	95	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	500	240	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	11,325	6,315	5,015	9.6	10.6	8.6
Indo-Aryan languages	9,060	5,195	3,865	7.7	8.7	6.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	720	390	335	0.6	0.7	0.6
Gujarati	1,250	725	530	1.1	1.2	0.9
Hindi	5,425	3,130	2,290	4.6	5.2	3.9
Kacchi	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	370	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	110	80	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,370	1,390	975	2.0	2.3	1.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	2,245	1,240	1,010	1.9	2.1	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	2,500	1,245	1,250	2.1	2.1	2.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	265	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	295	155	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	2,050	1,005	1,050	1.7	1.7	1.8
Dari	240	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,600	775	825	1.4	1.3	1.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	240	150	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,960	2,870	3,090	5.0	4.8	5.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	730	385	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	1,085	530	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	935	460	480	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	3,545	1,660	1,880	3.0	2.8	3.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	550	275	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korean	1,560	725	840	1.3	1.2	1.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	765	375	390	0.6	0.6	0.7
Akan (Twi)	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	145	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,910	4,905	5,010	8.4	8.2	8.6
Chinese languages	9,900	4,905	5,000	8.4	8.2	8.5
Hakka	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	8,730	4,325	4,395	7.4	7.2	7.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	230	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,755	825	940	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	165	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	300	125	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lao	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	85	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	960	485	480	0.8	0.8	0.8
Azerbaijani	180	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	815	415	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	420	175	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	365	150	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	118,390	59,835	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,585	770	810	1.3	1.3	1.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,435	690	745	1.2	1.2	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	825	400	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Métis	590	280	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	116,805	59,065	57,745	98.7	98.7	98.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	118,390	59,835	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	415	175	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	117,980	59,660	58,325	99.7	99.7	99.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	28,835	...	...	61.3	...	...
Renter	18,205	...	...	38.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	9,655	...	...	20.5	...	...
Not condominium	37,385	...	...	79.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	165	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	5,385	...	...	11.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,890	...	...	23.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,220	...	...	36.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	13,380	...	...	28.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,065	...	...	27.8	...	...
5 rooms	6,885	...	...	14.6	...	...
6 rooms	7,260	...	...	15.4	...	...
7 rooms	5,665	...	...	12.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,165	...	...	30.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,065	...	...	97.9	...	...
More than one person per room	975	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,440	...	...	94.5	...	...
Not suitable	2,600	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	4,530	...	...	9.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,955	...	...	23.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,310	...	...	17.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,715	...	...	16.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,830	...	...	10.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,410	...	...	5.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,065	...	...	6.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,215	...	...	11.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,305	...	...	96.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,735	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,955	...	...	46.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	21,925	...	...	46.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,165	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,460	...	...	9.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,145	...	...	17.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,525	...	...	16.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,325	...	...	17.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,270	...	...	17.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,835	...	...	12.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,220	...	...	6.8	...	...
85 years and over	1,250	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,630	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,415	...	...	75.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,210	...	...	24.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,355	...	...	20.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	47,040	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,260	...	...	30.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,055	...	...	21.4	...	...
Not suitable only	1,795	...	...	3.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,160	...	...	2.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	675	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	455	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,775	...	...	69.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,775	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,580	...	...	8.0	...	...
Not in core need	41,190	...	...	92.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,835	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.5	...	...	56.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.6	...	...	13.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...	1,390	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,606	...	...	1,606	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	750,000	...	...	750,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	779,000	...	...	779,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	18,205	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.9	...	...	40.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.9	...	...	14.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...	1,400	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...	1,440	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	118,390	59,830	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	390	215	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	335	185	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,005	950	1,050	1.7	1.6	1.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,930	925	1,005	1.6	1.5	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,390	650	740	1.2	1.1	1.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	525	270	255	0.4	0.5	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	115,995	58,665	57,330	98.0	98.1	97.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	118,390	59,830	58,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	97,955	48,885	49,070	82.7	81.7	83.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,450	10,140	9,315	16.4	16.9	15.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	78,505	38,750	39,755	66.3	64.8	67.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	20,435	10,945	9,490	17.3	18.3	16.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	118,390	59,830	58,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	75,610	37,660	37,950	63.9	62.9	64.8
Immigrants⁸¹	32,530	16,260	16,270	27.5	27.2	27.8
Before 1980	5,195	2,570	2,625	4.4	4.3	4.5
1980 to 1990	2,985	1,495	1,490	2.5	2.5	2.5
1991 to 2000	5,595	2,855	2,745	4.7	4.8	4.7
2001 to 2010	7,995	3,870	4,120	6.8	6.5	7.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,765	5,475	5,290	9.1	9.2	9.0
2011 to 2015	4,150	2,065	2,080	3.5	3.5	3.6
2016 to 2021	6,610	3,405	3,210	5.6	5.7	5.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	10,245	5,910	4,335	8.7	9.9	7.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	32,530	16,260	16,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,600	1,960	1,640	11.1	12.1	10.1
5 to 14 years	6,035	3,280	2,760	18.6	20.2	17.0
15 to 24 years	5,290	2,450	2,840	16.3	15.1	17.5
25 to 44 years	14,980	7,335	7,645	46.0	45.1	47.0
45 years and over	2,625	1,235	1,390	8.1	7.6	8.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	32,530	16,260	16,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,925	1,915	2,010	12.1	11.8	12.4
Brazil	285	145	145	0.9	0.9	0.9
Colombia	295	135	160	0.9	0.8	1.0
El Salvador	195	100	95	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyana	400	200	200	1.2	1.2	1.2
Haiti	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	265	140	125	0.8	0.9	0.8
Mexico	175	105	70	0.5	0.6	0.4
Peru	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	170	85	90	0.5	0.5	0.6
United States of America	1,310	620	690	4.0	3.8	4.2
Other places of birth in Americas	770	365	405	2.4	2.2	2.5
Europe	8,285	4,175	4,115	25.5	25.7	25.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	440	220	220	1.4	1.4	1.4
Croatia	270	150	120	0.8	0.9	0.7
France	130	75	55	0.4	0.5	0.3
Germany	905	485	420	2.8	3.0	2.6
Greece	140	90	55	0.4	0.6	0.3
Hungary	155	55	95	0.5	0.3	0.6
Italy	205	100	100	0.6	0.6	0.6
Netherlands	235	140	95	0.7	0.9	0.6
Poland	745	355	395	2.3	2.2	2.4
Portugal	245	125	120	0.8	0.8	0.7
Romania	750	370	380	2.3	2.3	2.3
Russian Federation	385	160	220	1.2	1.0	1.4
Serbia⁸⁶	450	225	225	1.4	1.4	1.4
Ukraine	245	125	125	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,905	950	960	5.9	5.8	5.9
Other places of birth in Europe	1,080	540	540	3.3	3.3	3.3
Africa	2,525	1,320	1,205	7.8	8.1	7.4
Algeria	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	395	225	170	1.2	1.4	1.0
Eritrea	205	95	115	0.6	0.6	0.7
Ethiopia	210	110	105	0.6	0.7	0.6
Morocco	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	360	210	150	1.1	1.3	0.9
Somalia	175	90	90	0.5	0.6	0.6
South Africa, Republic of	205	100	105	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Africa	905	475	430	2.8	2.9	2.6
Asia	17,690	8,800	8,895	54.4	54.1	54.7
Afghanistan	130	70	65	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,065	480	585	3.3	3.0	3.6
Iraq	345	165	180	1.1	1.0	1.1
Lebanon	285	135	145	0.9	0.8	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	785	390	395	2.4	2.4	2.4
Turkey	375	215	160	1.2	1.3	1.0
China⁹⁰	4,450	2,135	2,320	13.7	13.1	14.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	430	220	210	1.3	1.4	1.3
Korea, South⁹²	880	440	445	2.7	2.7	2.7
Taiwan	275	115	155	0.8	0.7	1.0
Philippines	725	300	420	2.2	1.8	2.6
Viet Nam	475	240	240	1.5	1.5	1.5
Bangladesh	320	165	155	1.0	1.0	1.0
India	3,440	1,820	1,615	10.6	11.2	9.9
Pakistan	1,340	710	625	4.1	4.4	3.8
Sri Lanka	280	140	140	0.9	0.9	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	2,085	1,070	1,015	6.4	6.6	6.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	105	60	50	0.3	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,610	3,405	3,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	630	300	330	9.5	8.8	10.3
Brazil	170	95	80	2.6	2.8	2.5
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	70	35	35	1.1	1.0	1.1
Mexico	30	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
United States of America	215	105	115	3.3	3.1	3.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	115	40	80	1.7	1.2	2.5
Europe	550	265	285	8.3	7.8	8.9
France	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Germany	70	40	35	1.1	1.2	1.1
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	80	40	45	1.2	1.2	1.4
Ukraine	65	25	45	1.0	0.7	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	50	25	1.1	1.5	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	225	100	125	3.4	2.9	3.9
Africa	910	470	435	13.8	13.8	13.6
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	85	40	40	1.3	1.2	1.2
Eritrea	145	60	80	2.2	1.8	2.5
Ethiopia	85	40	40	1.3	1.2	1.2
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	195	120	75	3.0	3.5	2.3
Somalia	65	40	30	1.0	1.2	0.9
South Africa, Republic of	35	10	25	0.5	0.3	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	50	20	25	0.8	0.6	0.8
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	205	120	90	3.1	3.5	2.8
Asia	4,510	2,355	2,155	68.2	69.2	67.2
Afghanistan	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bangladesh	85	55	30	1.3	1.6	0.9
China⁹⁰	890	410	480	13.5	12.0	15.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.5
India	1,270	730	535	19.2	21.4	16.7
Iran⁸⁸	215	100	115	3.3	2.9	3.6
Iraq	75	45	30	1.1	1.3	0.9
Israel	55	20	30	0.8	0.6	0.9
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	40	20	20	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	115	60	60	1.7	1.8	1.9
Lebanon	40	20	25	0.6	0.6	0.8
Nepal	20	15	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Pakistan	285	135	150	4.3	4.0	4.7
Philippines	280	140	135	4.2	4.1	4.2
Saudi Arabia	85	50	35	1.3	1.5	1.1
Sri Lanka	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	545	285	260	8.2	8.4	8.1
Turkey	220	130	95	3.3	3.8	3.0
United Arab Emirates	65	45	25	1.0	1.3	0.8
Viet Nam	55	20	30	0.8	0.6	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	115	65	50	1.7	1.9	1.6
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	118,390	59,835	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,095	22,805	21,290	37.2	38.1	36.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,535	12,115	11,420	19.9	20.2	19.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	50,765	24,910	25,850	42.9	41.6	44.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	27,340	13,690	13,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	16,480	8,765	7,715	60.3	64.0	56.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,490	4,675	1,805	23.7	34.1	13.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,995	4,085	5,905	36.6	29.8	43.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,720	2,160	3,560	20.9	15.8	26.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,895	2,650	2,245	17.9	19.4	16.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	245	115	125	0.9	0.8	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	27,340	13,690	13,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,245	670	580	4.6	4.9	4.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,605	1,290	1,315	9.5	9.4	9.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,275	630	645	4.7	4.6	4.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,090	1,250	840	7.6	9.1	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	95	35	60	0.3	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	20,020	9,815	10,210	73.2	71.7	74.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	118,390	59,835	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	41,465	21,720	19,745	35.0	36.3	33.7
South Asian	12,680	7,245	5,435	10.7	12.1	9.3
Chinese	10,870	5,415	5,455	9.2	9.0	9.3
Black	3,660	1,925	1,735	3.1	3.2	3.0
Filipino	1,140	525	615	1.0	0.9	1.1
Arab	3,155	1,695	1,460	2.7	2.8	2.5
Latin American	2,250	1,185	1,065	1.9	2.0	1.8
Southeast Asian	1,670	775	895	1.4	1.3	1.5
West Asian	2,005	1,000	1,010	1.7	1.7	1.7
Korean	1,645	785	870	1.4	1.3	1.5
Japanese	520	250	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	735	390	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	1,130	525	600	1.0	0.9	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	76,925	38,115	38,810	65.0	63.7	66.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	118,390	59,835	58,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	12,045	6,080	5,965	10.2	10.2	10.2
English	20,130	9,880	10,250	17.0	16.5	17.5
Irish	16,890	7,970	8,925	14.3	13.3	15.2
Scottish	17,330	8,245	9,085	14.6	13.8	15.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,145	3,535	3,605	6.0	5.9	6.2
German	21,150	10,525	10,625	17.9	17.6	18.1
Chinese	10,510	5,270	5,245	8.9	8.8	9.0
Italian	3,875	1,985	1,890	3.3	3.3	3.2
Indian (India)	7,620	4,380	3,240	6.4	7.3	5.5
Ukrainian	2,900	1,420	1,480	2.4	2.4	2.5
Dutch	4,610	2,310	2,295	3.9	3.9	3.9
Polish	4,805	2,230	2,570	4.1	3.7	4.4
Québécois	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,890	2,440	2,445	4.1	4.1	4.2
Filipino	1,070	490	580	0.9	0.8	1.0
French Canadian	965	465	500	0.8	0.8	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,080	1,010	1,075	1.8	1.7	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	770	390	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Métis	725	385	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,705	910	795	1.4	1.5	1.4
Russian	1,855	890	965	1.6	1.5	1.6
Norwegian	605	335	270	0.5	0.6	0.5
Welsh	1,825	855	965	1.5	1.4	1.6
Portuguese	1,455	740	720	1.2	1.2	1.2
American	1,425	675	750	1.2	1.1	1.3
Spanish	955	455	500	0.8	0.8	0.9
Swedish	600	300	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hungarian	1,405	650	755	1.2	1.1	1.3
Acadian	285	150	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Pakistani	1,560	840	720	1.3	1.4	1.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	645	375	270	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jewish	735	380	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Punjabi	745	460	280	0.6	0.8	0.5
Vietnamese	880	375	505	0.7	0.6	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,700	875	830	1.4	1.5	1.4
Greek	910	445	465	0.8	0.7	0.8
Jamaican	630	345	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,025	510	510	0.9	0.9	0.9
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,570	770	805	1.3	1.3	1.4
Romanian	1,600	800	800	1.4	1.3	1.4
Lebanese	565	280	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian	1,445	700	740	1.2	1.2	1.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	485	230	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	600	280	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	250	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	205	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Austrian	1,110	570	540	0.9	1.0	0.9
Belgian	565	335	235	0.5	0.6	0.4
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,100	655	445	0.9	1.1	0.8
Mexican	350	215	140	0.3	0.4	0.2
Mennonite	930	435	495	0.8	0.7	0.8
Swiss	1,305	665	635	1.1	1.1	1.1
Finnish	430	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	365	185	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	845	465	380	0.7	0.8	0.6
Japanese	585	260	320	0.5	0.4	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	760	370	390	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	220	80	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	330	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	675	380	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Egyptian	600	340	260	0.5	0.6	0.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	470	220	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	375	195	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Icelandic	150	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	330	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	480	230	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	550	280	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyanese	390	200	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afghan	290	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,110	565	540	0.9	0.9	0.9
Ojibway	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	345	170	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hong Konger	220	80	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	470	215	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian	710	370	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	330	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	705	370	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	525	290	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	435	225	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	315	190	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Armenian	280	145	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	350	195	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	335	150	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	325	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwanese	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	175	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Salvadorean	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	385	150	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	630	320	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	190	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	280	160	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Chilean	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	210	135	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	130	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	245	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	130	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	75	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	375	235	145	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrean	225	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Canadian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	115	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	150	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	130	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	300	170	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Venezuelan	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	125	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	305	130	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ilocano	40	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Northern Irish	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	120	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	180	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	75	60	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	320	135	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Malaysian	130	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ivorian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nicaraguan	145	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mauritian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Manitoban	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	60	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Flemish	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ugandan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	170	100	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Basque	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	75	60	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Roma	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	118,390	59,830	58,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,335	575	755	1.1	1.0	1.3
Christian	54,215	25,620	28,595	45.8	42.8	48.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,720	4,640	5,075	8.2	7.8	8.7
Anabaptist	1,545	710	835	1.3	1.2	1.4
Anglican	3,290	1,420	1,865	2.8	2.4	3.2
Baptist	1,280	625	655	1.1	1.0	1.1
Catholic	21,185	10,200	10,985	17.9	17.0	18.8
Christian Orthodox	2,810	1,435	1,375	2.4	2.4	2.3
Jehovah's Witness	370	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	170	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	3,780	1,780	1,990	3.2	3.0	3.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,145	545	600	1.0	0.9	1.0
Presbyterian	2,030	915	1,115	1.7	1.5	1.9
Reformed	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	3,960	1,710	2,255	3.3	2.9	3.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,510	1,180	1,335	2.1	2.0	2.3
Hindu	5,580	3,200	2,385	4.7	5.3	4.1
Jewish	640	340	305	0.5	0.6	0.5
Muslim	9,540	4,955	4,580	8.1	8.3	7.8
Sikh	1,390	800	590	1.2	1.3	1.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,085	505	575	0.9	0.8	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	44,575	23,825	20,750	37.7	39.8	35.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	117,480	59,400	58,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	96,620	48,250	48,370	82.2	81.2	83.3
Movers	20,855	11,150	9,710	17.8	18.8	16.7
Non-migrants	11,125	6,010	5,115	9.5	10.1	8.8
Migrants	9,740	5,140	4,595	8.3	8.7	7.9
Internal migrants	7,180	3,740	3,435	6.1	6.3	5.9
Intraprovincial migrants	6,585	3,425	3,160	5.6	5.8	5.4
Interprovincial migrants	590	315	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
External migrants	2,565	1,405	1,155	2.2	2.4	2.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	113,415	57,250	56,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	59,995	29,470	30,525	52.9	51.5	54.4
Movers	53,420	27,785	25,635	47.1	48.5	45.6
Non-migrants	13,695	7,160	6,525	12.1	12.5	11.6
Migrants	39,725	20,620	19,105	35.0	36.0	34.0
Internal migrants	26,370	13,115	13,255	23.3	22.9	23.6
Intraprovincial migrants	23,875	11,765	12,115	21.1	20.6	21.6
Interprovincial migrants	2,495	1,350	1,140	2.2	2.4	2.0
External migrants	13,355	7,505	5,850	11.8	13.1	10.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,820	50,700	50,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,250	5,670	5,580	11.2	11.2	11.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	89,565	45,030	44,535	88.8	88.8	88.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,245	31,460	30,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,355	1,785	1,570	5.4	5.7	5.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	58,890	29,680	29,210	94.6	94.3	94.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,820	50,700	50,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,335	5,205	5,140	10.3	10.3	10.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,335	12,820	12,515	25.1	25.3	25.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	65,150	32,675	32,465	64.6	64.4	64.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,230	10,640	10,590	21.1	21.0	21.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,185	2,215	970	3.2	4.4	1.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,530	890	640	1.5	1.8	1.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,655	1,320	330	1.6	2.6	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,125	7,435	8,690	16.0	14.7	17.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,925	995	930	1.9	2.0	1.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,915	22,035	21,880	43.6	43.5	43.7
Bachelor's degree	26,265	12,815	13,450	26.1	25.3	26.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,170	940	1,230	2.2	1.9	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	845	405	440	0.8	0.8	0.9
Master's degree	11,185	5,570	5,615	11.1	11.0	11.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,455	2,305	1,150	3.4	4.5	2.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,245	31,465	30,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,870	1,555	1,310	4.6	4.9	4.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,510	5,620	4,895	16.9	17.9	15.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,870	24,290	24,575	78.5	77.2	79.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,945	7,475	7,470	24.0	23.8	24.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,905	1,295	605	3.1	4.1	2.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	910	525	385	1.5	1.7	1.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	995	775	220	1.6	2.5	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,790	5,540	6,250	18.9	17.6	20.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,250	640	615	2.0	2.0	2.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,920	16,815	17,110	54.5	53.4	55.6
Bachelor's degree	19,285	9,370	9,910	31.0	29.8	32.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,620	690	935	2.6	2.2	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	650	265	390	1.0	0.8	1.3
Master's degree	9,480	4,650	4,835	15.2	14.8	15.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,875	1,835	1,040	4.6	5.8	3.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100,820	50,700	50,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	35,670	18,025	17,650	35.4	35.6	35.2
Education	3,265	770	2,495	3.2	1.5	5.0
13. Education	3,265	770	2,495	3.2	1.5	5.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,935	720	1,210	1.9	1.4	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	125	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,755	595	1,160	1.7	1.2	2.3
Humanities	4,820	1,810	3,015	4.8	3.6	6.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	390	70	315	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	1,425	410	1,010	1.4	0.8	2.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,140	435	705	1.1	0.9	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	425	210	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	440	260	180	0.4	0.5	0.4
54. History	625	340	280	0.6	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	295	55	245	0.3	0.1	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,615	3,120	5,495	8.5	6.2	11.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,005	400	600	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,005	75	930	1.0	0.1	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	885	275	615	0.9	0.5	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	275	80	200	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,730	430	1,300	1.7	0.8	2.6
45. Social sciences	3,595	1,830	1,765	3.6	3.6	3.5
Business, management and public administration	12,160	5,595	6,570	12.1	11.0	13.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	930	185	745	0.9	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,200	5,405	5,800	11.1	10.7	11.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,960	2,015	1,945	3.9	4.0	3.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,505	545	960	1.5	1.1	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	805	420	385	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,485	985	500	1.5	1.9	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,925	4,645	2,275	6.9	9.2	4.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,580	3,315	1,265	4.5	6.5	2.5
25. Library science	220	30	190	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,855	1,100	750	1.8	2.2	1.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	270	200	75	0.3	0.4	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,320	10,835	2,490	13.2	21.4	5.0
04. Architecture and related services	510	270	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
14. Engineering	7,345	5,635	1,710	7.3	11.1	3.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,585	2,215	375	2.6	4.4	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,020	955	70	1.0	1.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	945	910	35	0.9	1.8	0.1
48. Precision production	910	845	65	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,250	595	655	1.2	1.2	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	605	295	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	640	300	345	0.6	0.6	0.7
Health and related fields	6,725	1,575	5,150	6.7	3.1	10.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,075	405	670	1.1	0.8	1.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,425	1,040	4,380	5.4	2.1	8.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	215	135	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,045	975	1,070	2.0	1.9	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,230	365	860	1.2	0.7	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	580	395	185	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	225	195	25	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	115	25	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	62,245	31,465	30,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,380	7,175	6,205	21.5	22.8	20.2
Education	2,255	460	1,795	3.6	1.5	5.8
13. Education	2,255	460	1,795	3.6	1.5	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,465	485	985	2.4	1.5	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	85	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,340	400	940	2.2	1.3	3.1
Humanities	3,370	1,245	2,125	5.4	4.0	6.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	280	45	230	0.4	0.1	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	990	290	705	1.6	0.9	2.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	765	290	470	1.2	0.9	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	300	150	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
39. Theology and religious vocations	320	175	140	0.5	0.6	0.5
54. History	470	250	215	0.8	0.8	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	195	25	165	0.3	0.1	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,430	2,265	4,165	10.3	7.2	13.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	25	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	795	305	490	1.3	1.0	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	770	50	720	1.2	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	695	180	510	1.1	0.6	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	235	65	165	0.4	0.2	0.5
42. Psychology	1,150	295	860	1.8	0.9	2.8
45. Social sciences	2,685	1,340	1,345	4.3	4.3	4.4
Business, management and public administration	9,245	4,180	5,060	14.9	13.3	16.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	720	115	600	1.2	0.4	1.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,500	4,065	4,435	13.7	12.9	14.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,935	1,465	1,470	4.7	4.7	4.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,170	425	750	1.9	1.4	2.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	560	315	255	0.9	1.0	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,090	710	380	1.8	2.3	1.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,430	3,645	1,785	8.7	11.6	5.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,830	2,785	1,045	6.2	8.9	3.4
25. Library science	155	25	130	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,260	695	565	2.0	2.2	1.8
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190	140	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,230	8,195	2,040	16.4	26.0	6.6
04. Architecture and related services	410	210	200	0.7	0.7	0.6
14. Engineering	5,945	4,500	1,445	9.6	14.3	4.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,980	1,690	290	3.2	5.4	0.9
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	650	620	30	1.0	2.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	595	580	20	1.0	1.8	0.1
48. Precision production	650	600	50	1.0	1.9	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	955	435	520	1.5	1.4	1.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	465	205	260	0.7	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	230	260	0.8	0.7	0.8
Health and related fields	4,970	1,190	3,780	8.0	3.8	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	855	315	530	1.4	1.0	1.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,950	780	3,165	6.3	2.5	10.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	80	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,490	705	775	2.4	2.2	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	885	250	630	1.4	0.8	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	420	295	120	0.7	0.9	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	180	155	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	90	15	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	62,245	31,465	30,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,380	7,175	6,205	21.5	22.8	20.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,870	24,290	24,575	78.5	77.2	79.8
Location of study inside Canada	36,130	17,955	18,180	58.0	57.1	59.1
Same as province or territory of residence	33,885	16,835	17,050	54.4	53.5	55.4
Different than province or territory of residence	2,250	1,120	1,130	3.6	3.6	3.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,740	6,340	6,400	20.5	20.1	20.8
Americas	2,465	1,305	1,160	4.0	4.1	3.8
United States of America	1,710	960	750	2.7	3.1	2.4
Mexico	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Brazil	260	110	150	0.4	0.3	0.5
Colombia	125	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	210	95	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
Europe	2,410	1,280	1,130	3.9	4.1	3.7
Belgium	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	125	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	165	95	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
Netherlands	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	130	50	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romania	225	110	115	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian Federation	155	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	120	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	740	420	320	1.2	1.3	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	95	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	260	125	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	605	275	330	1.0	0.9	1.1
Nigeria	145	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	210	80	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	170	90	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	7,045	3,380	3,665	11.3	10.7	11.9
Iran⁸⁸	415	175	240	0.7	0.6	0.8
Iraq	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Israel	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	105	65	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkey	165	85	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,520	660	855	2.4	2.1	2.8
Taiwan	45	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japan	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	505	225	285	0.8	0.7	0.9
Philippines	415	135	275	0.7	0.4	0.9
Viet Nam	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	115	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	50	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
India	2,560	1,425	1,140	4.1	4.5	3.7
Pakistan	370	140	230	0.6	0.4	0.7
Other locations of study in Asia	350	180	165	0.6	0.6	0.5
Oceania	210	95	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Australia	175	85	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	100,820	50,700	50,120	...	...	...
In the labour force	65,955	35,530	30,425	...	...	...
Employed	58,050	31,860	26,190	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,905	3,670	4,235	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	34,865	15,170	19,695	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.4	70.1	60.7	65.4	70.1	60.7
Employment rate	57.6	62.8	52.3	57.6	62.8	52.3
Unemployment rate	12.0	10.3	13.9	12.0	10.3	13.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	100,820	50,700	50,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,650	15,415	19,230	34.4	30.4	38.4
Worked	66,170	35,280	30,890	65.6	69.6	61.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,455	20,245	14,215	34.2	39.9	28.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	31,720	15,040	16,675	31.5	29.7	33.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.5	39.3	40.5	41.5	39.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	65,955	35,530	30,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,925	925	1,000	2.9	2.6	3.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	64,035	34,605	29,430	97.1	97.4	96.7
Employee	56,260	29,875	26,385	85.3	84.1	86.7
Permanent position	45,215	24,385	20,825	68.6	68.6	68.4
Temporary position	11,040	5,490	5,555	16.7	15.5	18.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,580	1,730	1,855	5.4	4.9	6.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,465	3,765	3,700	11.3	10.6	12.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,775	4,725	3,040	11.8	13.3	10.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	65,955	35,530	30,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,925	925	1,000	2.9	2.6	3.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	64,035	34,605	29,430	97.1	97.4	96.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,065	740	325	1.6	2.1	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,205	4,040	7,170	17.0	11.4	23.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	11,260	8,400	2,860	17.1	23.6	9.4
3 Health occupations	3,560	900	2,660	5.4	2.5	8.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,680	3,910	5,770	14.7	11.0	19.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,040	820	1,215	3.1	2.3	4.0
6 Sales and service occupations	14,280	6,895	7,380	21.7	19.4	24.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,640	5,970	670	10.1	16.8	2.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	705	540	165	1.1	1.5	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,595	2,380	1,210	5.5	6.7	4.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	65,955	35,530	30,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,925	925	1,000	2.9	2.6	3.3
All industries¹⁹¹	64,035	34,605	29,430	97.1	97.4	96.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	370	230	140	0.6	0.6	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	290	225	60	0.4	0.6	0.2
23 Construction	3,180	2,630	555	4.8	7.4	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	6,825	4,840	1,985	10.3	13.6	6.5
41 Wholesale trade	1,900	1,285	615	2.9	3.6	2.0
44-45 Retail trade	6,510	3,355	3,155	9.9	9.4	10.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,915	1,480	440	2.9	4.2	1.4
51 Information and cultural industries	2,565	1,570	990	3.9	4.4	3.3
52 Finance and insurance	5,055	2,260	2,790	7.7	6.4	9.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,065	590	480	1.6	1.7	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,940	5,760	3,180	13.6	16.2	10.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	340	165	180	0.5	0.5	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,390	1,400	990	3.6	3.9	3.3
61 Educational services	8,770	3,615	5,160	13.3	10.2	17.0
62 Health care and social assistance	5,670	1,295	4,375	8.6	3.6	14.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	935	460	480	1.4	1.3	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	3,420	1,620	1,800	5.2	4.6	5.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,920	850	1,070	2.9	2.4	3.5
91 Public administration	1,900	935	960	2.9	2.6	3.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	71,760	38,380	33,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	68,270	36,720	31,545	95.1	95.7	94.5
French	100	25	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	565	305	255	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	565	305	255	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	810	325	485	1.1	0.8	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,945	970	975	2.7	2.5	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	30	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	71,760	38,380	33,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	71,325	38,215	33,115	99.4	99.6	99.2
Official languages	70,375	37,695	32,675	98.1	98.2	97.9
English	70,170	37,660	32,510	97.8	98.1	97.4
French	200	35	165	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	950	520	435	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	950	520	435	1.3	1.4	1.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	230	120	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	560	290	270	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	560	290	270	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	505	255	250	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	435	165	270	0.6	0.4	0.8
English and French	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	320	125	200	0.4	0.3	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	71,760	38,380	33,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	69,320	37,200	32,120	96.6	96.9	96.2
English	450	190	260	0.6	0.5	0.8
French	605	270	330	0.8	0.7	1.0
Non-official language	1,210	640	575	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,200	640	565	1.7	1.7	1.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	40	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	115	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	58,050	31,860	26,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	23,380	12,230	11,150	40.3	38.4	42.6
Worked outside Canada	325	225	105	0.6	0.7	0.4
No fixed workplace address	4,275	3,090	1,180	7.4	9.7	4.5
Usual place of work	30,065	16,315	13,750	51.8	51.2	52.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,065	16,315	13,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,560	6,730	6,825	45.1	41.3	49.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	13,045	7,335	5,710	43.4	45.0	41.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,380	2,200	1,180	11.2	13.5	8.6
Commute to a different province or territory	80	45	35	0.3	0.3	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,345	19,410	14,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	28,810	16,655	12,160	83.9	85.8	81.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,245	15,610	10,635	76.4	80.4	71.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,565	1,040	1,525	7.5	5.4	10.2
Public transit	2,245	1,055	1,190	6.5	5.4	8.0
Walked	1,910	940	965	5.6	4.8	6.5
Bicycle	460	370	85	1.3	1.9	0.6
Other method	920	385	535	2.7	2.0	3.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,345	19,410	14,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	12,645	6,450	6,195	36.8	33.2	41.5
15 to 29 minutes	14,215	8,120	6,100	41.4	41.8	40.8
30 to 44 minutes	4,420	2,770	1,645	12.9	14.3	11.0
45 to 59 minutes	1,155	695	455	3.4	3.6	3.0
60 minutes and over	1,915	1,370	545	5.6	7.1	3.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,345	19,410	14,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,930	1,400	530	5.6	7.2	3.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,150	3,405	1,740	15.0	17.5	11.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,555	4,420	3,135	22.0	22.8	21.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,245	3,900	4,345	24.0	20.1	29.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,445	2,795	2,655	15.9	14.4	17.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,010	3,485	2,525	17.5	18.0	16.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,340	11,570	10,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,840	990	855	8.2	8.6	7.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,495	10,580	9,915	91.7	91.4	92.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,935	8,750	8,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,495	780	715	8.8	8.9	8.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	915	465	445	5.4	5.3	5.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	580	315	270	3.4	3.6	3.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,435	7,975	7,470	91.1	91.1	91.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 7, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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