Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Waterloo, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	121,436	...	...
Population, 2016¹	104,986	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	15.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	52,049	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	47,040	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,895.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	64.06	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	121,435	61,235	60,200
0 to 14 years	17,640	9,155	8,485
0 to 4 years	5,015	2,615	2,400
5 to 9 years	5,960	3,110	2,850
10 to 14 years	6,670	3,435	3,235
15 to 64 years	85,080	43,685	41,400
15 to 19 years	8,250	4,255	4,000
20 to 24 years	14,110	7,605	6,510
25 to 29 years	11,145	6,320	4,820
30 to 34 years	8,260	4,370	3,890
35 to 39 years	7,330	3,665	3,660
40 to 44 years	6,915	3,355	3,565
45 to 49 years	7,200	3,430	3,770
50 to 54 years	7,625	3,700	3,930
55 to 59 years	7,575	3,695	3,875
60 to 64 years	6,665	3,285	3,380
65 years and over	18,705	8,395	10,315
65 to 69 years	5,455	2,520	2,935
70 to 74 years	4,700	2,135	2,565
75 to 79 years	3,280	1,500	1,780
80 to 84 years	2,455	1,070	1,390
85 years and over	2,820	1,175	1,650
85 to 89 years	1,615	715	895
90 to 94 years	930	410	525
95 to 99 years	250	45	200
100 years and over	25	5	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.5	15.0	14.1
15 to 64 years	70.1	71.3	68.8
65 years and over	15.4	13.7	17.1
85 years and over	2.3	1.9	2.7
Average age of the population	39.2	37.9	40.5
Median age of the population	36.0	33.6	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,040	...	...
Single-detached house	23,145	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,125	...	...
Row house	5,375	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,015	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,945	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,330	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	95	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,040	...	...
1 person	12,250	...	...
2 persons	15,710	...	...
3 persons	7,560	...	...
4 persons	7,505	...	...
5 or more persons	4,020	...	...
Number of persons in private households	118,390	59,830	58,560
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	103,790	52,080	51,715
Married or living common-law	55,545	27,775	27,765
Married	47,650	23,835	23,810
Living common-law	7,895	3,940	3,955
Living common law - Never married	6,050	3,060	2,995
Living common law - Separated	325	170	155
Living common law - Divorced	1,390	655	735
Living common law - Widowed	130	55	70
Not married and not living common-law	48,245	24,300	23,945
Not married and not living common law - Never married	36,880	20,700	16,180
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,370	970	1,395
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,630	1,655	2,980
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,370	975	3,395
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,210	...	...
2 persons	15,035	...	...
3 persons	6,670	...	...
4 persons	6,830	...	...
5 or more persons	2,675	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,210	...	...
Total couple families	26,790	...	...
Married couples	22,845	...	...
With children⁶	13,245	...	...
Without children	9,595	...	...
Common-law couples	3,945	...	...
With children⁶	1,140	...	...
Without children	2,805	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,420	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,510	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	905	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	118,390	59,835	58,560
Total - Persons in census families	91,760	45,720	46,040
Married spouses or common-law partners	53,580	26,775	26,805
Parents in one-parent families	4,420	905	3,510
Children⁶	33,765	18,040	15,725
In a two-parent family	26,880	14,255	12,625
In a one-parent family	6,885	3,785	3,100
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	26,625	14,110	12,515
Living alone	12,245	5,830	6,420
Living with other relatives⁷	2,520	1,075	1,445
Living with non-relatives only	11,860	7,205	4,660
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	47,040	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,845	...	...
Couple-family households	24,310	...	...
With children⁶	13,165	...	...
Without children	11,145	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,540	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,120	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	210	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,245	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,370	...	...
One-person households	12,245	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	100,820	50,720	50,100
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,570	47,955	47,615
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,200	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,610	47,980	47,635
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,620	44,770	42,850
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,800	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,200	38,280	33,920
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,400	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,220	42,285	42,935
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	3,360	7,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,730	2,980	3,750
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,400	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,585	13,380	13,210
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	100,820	50,700	50,120
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,540	47,910	47,625
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,250	71,000	49,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,590	47,945	47,645
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,840	56,050	41,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,490	44,750	42,745
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,400	69,000	45,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,200	38,190	34,010
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,700	67,400	44,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,150	42,120	43,030
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,610	7,530	9,670
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,830	2,970	3,860
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,440	5,715	6,990
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,515	13,295	13,225
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,470	8,380	8,560
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	100,820	50,700	50,120
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,335	19,500	13,835
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,500	81,000	66,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	94,000	105,500	77,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,510	13,820	15,690
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,800	15,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,800	30,560	23,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2	90.6	82.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	75.6	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.7	9.3	17.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.4	3.6	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.3	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	100,820	50,720	50,100
Without total income	5,250	2,765	2,490
With total income	95,570	47,955	47,610
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,450	4,690	5,755
$10,000 to $19,999	11,860	5,305	6,555
$20,000 to $29,999	13,380	6,015	7,360
$30,000 to $39,999	10,595	4,745	5,850
$40,000 to $49,999	9,020	4,225	4,795
$50,000 to $59,999	7,510	3,715	3,795
$60,000 to $69,999	6,030	3,015	3,015
$70,000 to $79,999	5,055	2,675	2,385
$80,000 to $89,999	3,925	2,180	1,750
$90,000 to $99,999	3,285	1,850	1,435
$100,000 and over	14,460	9,545	4,915
$100,000 to $149,999	8,850	5,450	3,400
$150,000 and over	5,605	4,090	1,515
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	100,820	50,720	50,100
Without after-tax income	5,210	2,745	2,465
With after-tax income	95,610	47,975	47,635
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,870	4,845	6,020
$10,000 to $19,999	12,265	5,485	6,780
$20,000 to $29,999	14,955	6,735	8,225
$30,000 to $39,999	12,335	5,645	6,695
$40,000 to $49,999	10,380	5,055	5,325
$50,000 to $59,999	8,410	4,245	4,165
$60,000 to $69,999	6,420	3,375	3,040
$70,000 to $79,999	4,780	2,735	2,050
$80,000 to $89,999	4,330	2,355	1,970
$90,000 to $99,999	2,720	1,675	1,045
$100,000 and over	8,145	5,820	2,325
$100,000 to $124,999	3,770	2,590	1,180
$125,000 and over	4,375	3,230	1,145
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	100,820	50,720	50,100
Without employment income	28,620	12,435	16,185
With employment income	72,200	38,280	33,915
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,605	5,070	5,535
$5,000 to $9,999	6,290	3,005	3,280
$10,000 to $19,999	9,255	4,440	4,810
$20,000 to $29,999	5,885	2,880	3,000
$30,000 to $39,999	5,555	2,660	2,895
$40,000 to $49,999	5,170	2,555	2,620
$50,000 to $59,999	4,735	2,505	2,225
$60,000 to $69,999	4,025	2,105	1,920
$70,000 to $79,999	3,540	1,935	1,600
$80,000 to $89,999	2,900	1,685	1,220
$90,000 to $99,999	2,780	1,585	1,195
$100,000 and over	11,465	7,850	3,615
$100,000 to $124,999	4,745	2,865	1,885
$125,000 and over	6,720	4,980	1,735
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	100,820	50,720	50,100
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,775	46,455	46,320
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	45,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,795	46,460	46,335
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,800	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,325	43,460	41,865
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,200	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,060	37,435	33,625
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,400	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,045	39,135	39,905
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,040	750	2,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,475	1,800	2,675
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,840	5,000	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	100,820	50,700	50,120
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,870	46,365	46,510
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,150	68,000	46,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,885	46,365	46,520
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,240	53,450	39,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,380	43,460	41,920
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,950	68,400	45,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,155	37,385	33,770
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,850	66,600	43,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,125	39,135	39,985
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,625	4,536	6,690
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,570	1,890	2,680
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,770	6,185	8,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	100,820	50,700	50,120
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,945	19,265	13,685
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	76,500	61,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,800	97,800	71,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,010	12,565	14,445
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	21,800	18,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,920	36,960	27,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.6	94.4	87.6
Employment income (%)	74.8	79.0	68.8
Government transfers (%)	8.4	5.6	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,040	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,245	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,795	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	47,040	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	122,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	99,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,250	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,795	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,040	...	...
Under $5,000	1,180	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	460	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	640	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	820	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,265	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,255	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,270	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,335	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,440	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,510	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,965	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,905	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,815	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,690	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,980	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,390	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,160	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,570	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,860	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,040	...	...
Under $5,000	1,270	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	470	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	650	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	860	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,350	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,395	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,475	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,555	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,775	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,775	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,485	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,475	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,255	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,170	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,800	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,270	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,770	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,140	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,360	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,060	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,515	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,470	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,125	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,110	13,035	11,075
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,000	31,600	32,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,400	30,000	30,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,020	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,510	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,460	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	185,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,125	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,135	13,000	11,130
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,040	46,400	43,520
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,240	38,880	37,480
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	118,390	59,830	58,555
0 to 17 years	21,830	11,295	10,535
0 to 5 years	6,160	3,230	2,930
18 to 64 years	79,620	40,805	38,810
65 years and over	16,940	7,730	9,210
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	13,375	6,685	6,690
0 to 17 years	2,245	1,200	1,045
0 to 5 years	640	325	315
18 to 64 years	9,610	4,935	4,680
65 years and over	1,520	555	965
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.3	11.2	11.4
0 to 17 years (%)	10.3	10.6	9.9
0 to 5 years (%)	10.4	10.1	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1	12.1	12.1
65 years and over (%)	9.0	7.2	10.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	118,390	59,835	58,560
0 to 17 years	21,830	11,300	10,530
0 to 5 years	6,155	3,225	2,930
18 to 64 years	79,615	40,805	38,815
65 years and over	16,940	7,730	9,210
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,240	6,650	5,590
0 to 17 years	1,350	720	625
0 to 5 years	380	200	180
18 to 64 years	10,365	5,715	4,645
65 years and over	525	215	315
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.3	11.1	9.6
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.4	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	6.1	6.2	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	13.0	14.0	12.0
65 years and over (%)	3.1	2.8	3.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	118,390	59,830	58,560
In bottom half of the distribution	52,920	26,700	26,220
In bottom decile	15,260	8,130	7,130
In second decile	9,635	4,655	4,975
In third decile	9,445	4,610	4,835
In fourth decile	9,025	4,490	4,535
In fifth decile	9,555	4,810	4,745
In top half of the distribution	65,470	33,135	32,335
In sixth decile	10,320	5,190	5,130
In seventh decile	11,320	5,675	5,645
In eighth decile	12,155	6,140	6,015
In ninth decile	13,790	7,040	6,750
In top decile	17,880	9,080	8,800
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	118,390	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.375	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.458	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.324	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	119,980	60,640	59,340
English only	107,495	55,175	52,315
French only	45	25	25
English and French	10,360	4,540	5,825
Neither English nor French	2,075	895	1,175
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	119,980	60,640	59,340
English	116,070	58,860	57,210
French	1,100	520	580
English and French	790	385	405
Neither English nor French	2,020	865	1,150
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	119,980	60,640	59,340
Single responses	114,560	57,820	56,745
Official languages	78,510	39,540	38,970
English	77,465	39,035	38,430
French	1,045	505	545
Non-official languages	36,050	18,280	17,770
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,045	18,275	17,770
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,305	1,710	1,595
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	5	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	5	5
Hausa	10	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	5	0
Cushitic languages	355	170	180
Bilen	5	5	5
Oromo	20	10	10
Somali	285	140	140
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Semitic languages	2,935	1,530	1,405
Amharic	105	45	55
Arabic	2,630	1,380	1,245
Aramaic languages	30	15	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Harari	5	0	0
Hebrew	65	35	30
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	100	50	55
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	620	285	330
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	595	280	315
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	655	260	395
Bikol	5	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Cebuano	20	5	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10
Ilocano	25	10	20
Indonesian	85	40	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	5	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	445	175	270
Waray-Waray	10	0	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Creole languages	45	15	25
Haitian Creole	10	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	5	0
Morisyen	15	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Dravidian languages	1,485	845	640
Kannada	80	45	30
Malayalam	440	270	170
Tamil	475	245	230
Telugu	475	270	205
Tulu	5	5	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	10	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	60	30	30
Indo-European languages	18,120	9,345	8,780
Albanian	105	50	55
Armenian	160	85	80
Balto-Slavic languages	3,645	1,770	1,875
Baltic languages	40	15	20
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	25	10	15
Slavic languages	3,610	1,755	1,850
Belarusian	5	0	0
Bulgarian	80	35	40
Czech	115	55	60
Macedonian	35	20	15
Polish	940	440	495
Russian	925	460	465
Rusyn	10	5	10
Serbo-Croatian	1,155	575	580
Bosnian	70	30	40
Croatian	265	130	135
Serbian	800	405	400
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Slovak	85	40	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	210	100	110
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	5	0	5
Scottish Gaelic	0	5	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,240	1,045	1,195
Frisian	10	0	5
High German languages	1,835	860	975
German	1,780	835	940
Pennsylvania German	35	15	20
Swiss German	15	0	10
Yiddish	5	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	345	155	185
Afrikaans	35	15	15
Dutch	260	120	145
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	5
Plautdietsch	30	10	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	10
Scandinavian languages	50	25	30
Danish	30	15	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	15	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	330	165	165
Indo-Iranian languages	8,010	4,475	3,535
Indo-Aryan languages	6,185	3,530	2,655
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	560	310	255
Gujarati	920	540	375
Hindi	1,525	910	615
Kacchi	25	15	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	20	15	10
Marathi	170	95	70
Nepali	130	75	55
Oriya languages	10	10	0
Odia	5	5	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,405	810	595
Rohingya	20	10	10
Sindhi	50	30	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	75	70
Urdu	1,185	635	545
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Iranian languages	1,825	940	880
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	155	90	70
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	135	70	70
Persian languages	1,525	780	745
Dari	155	75	85
Iranian Persian	1,215	630	580
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	155	75	85
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,620	1,755	1,865
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	280	130	145
Portuguese	795	400	390
Romanian	780	365	420
Spanish	1,770	855	910
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	195	90	105
Korean	1,305	615	685
Mongolian	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages	225	115	115
Akan (Twi)	35	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	0	5
Éwé	10	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5
Shona	10	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	15	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	5	0
Yoruba	50	20	30
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	25	25
Dinka	5	0	0
Nuer	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	5	5
American Sign Language	10	5	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,830	4,335	4,490
Chinese languages	8,805	4,325	4,480
Hakka	10	5	5
Mandarin	7,435	3,650	3,785
Min Dong	5	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	45	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	25	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,050	495	555
Chinese, n.o.s.	180	100	75
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	10
Burmese	5	5	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	15	10	5
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	150	70	75
Lao	110	60	50
Thai	35	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	680	365	310
Azerbaijani	70	45	25
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	580	310	270
Uyghur	10	5	10
Uzbek	10	0	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Uralic languages	295	135	160
Estonian	15	10	10
Finnish	25	10	10
Hungarian	255	110	140
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Multiple responses	5,420	2,820	2,600
English and French	485	220	265
English and non-official language(s)	4,230	2,240	1,990
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	45
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	70	70
Multiple non-official languages	480	245	235
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	119,980	60,640	59,340
English	81,860	41,370	40,490
French	160	70	95
Non-official language	9,930	4,910	5,015
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	9,930	4,910	5,015
English and French	1,175	525	655
English and non-official language(s)	25,220	12,995	12,230
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	840	385	455
Multiple non-official languages	745	370	375
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	119,980	60,640	59,340
Single responses	114,035	57,575	56,465
Official languages	93,275	47,095	46,185
English	92,950	46,945	46,005
French	325	145	180
Non-official languages	20,765	10,485	10,280
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,760	10,485	10,280
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,065	1,020	1,050
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	5	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	5
Hausa	10	0	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	220	105	115
Bilen	10	5	5
Oromo	5	5	5
Somali	170	85	90
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Semitic languages	1,835	905	925
Amharic	50	20	30
Arabic	1,655	825	830
Aramaic languages	20	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	5	0	0
Hebrew	35	20	20
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	65	30	40
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	370	175	195
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5
Vietnamese	360	170	185
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	325	150	175
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Cebuano	10	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5
Ilocano	10	5	5
Indonesian	20	10	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	255	115	140
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Creole languages	20	5	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	855	480	370
Kannada	30	20	15
Malayalam	260	150	110
Tamil	275	130	140
Telugu	280	175	110
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	30	15	10
Indo-European languages	8,965	4,640	4,330
Albanian	65	35	35
Armenian	130	65	65
Balto-Slavic languages	1,750	865	885
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,750	865	885
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	30	15	15
Czech	30	15	15
Macedonian	15	5	5
Polish	370	180	190
Russian	585	280	305
Rusyn	5	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	620	320	300
Bosnian	35	20	15
Croatian	90	45	45
Serbian	490	255	230
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Slovak	20	10	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	75	35	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	260	120	140
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	215	105	115
German	215	105	110
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	15
Afrikaans	10	5	5
Dutch	25	10	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5
Danish	10	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	105	45	65
Indo-Iranian languages	4,930	2,685	2,240
Indo-Aryan languages	3,570	2,000	1,575
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	300	150	150
Gujarati	520	295	225
Hindi	770	450	320
Kacchi	5	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	80	40	40
Nepali	90	55	40
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	940	545	390
Rohingya	20	10	15
Sindhi	20	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	40	40
Urdu	720	395	330
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Iranian languages	1,355	685	670
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	80	45	40
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	95	45	45
Persian languages	1,175	590	580
Dari	110	50	60
Iranian Persian	925	470	455
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	75	70
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,720	815	905
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	35	15	20
Portuguese	390	200	195
Romanian	355	165	190
Spanish	940	440	500
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	120	60	60
Korean	1,005	475	535
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	65	30	35
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5
Lingala	5	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	15	5	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	15
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	10	0	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	10
American Sign Language	25	15	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,295	3,120	3,170
Chinese languages	6,280	3,110	3,165
Hakka	5	0	5
Mandarin	5,550	2,750	2,800
Min Dong	0	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	10
Yue (Cantonese)	540	260	275
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	70	55
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	15	10	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	35	45
Lao	65	30	35
Thai	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	430	220	210
Azerbaijani	30	20	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	390	195	190
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	85	40	45
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	80	35	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	5,940	3,060	2,880
English and French	225	105	120
English and non-official language(s)	5,535	2,870	2,670
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30
Multiple non-official languages	105	50	55
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	119,980	60,640	59,340
None	96,725	48,820	47,905
English	8,895	4,560	4,335
French	1,020	430	590
Non-official language	10,090	5,105	4,980
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	10,070	5,100	4,970
English and French	135	65	70
English and non-official language(s)	1,280	690	590
French and non-official language(s)	415	200	215
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	1,395	760	635
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	118,390	59,835	58,555
Official languages	116,335	58,970	57,365
English	116,310	58,960	57,350
French	10,370	4,510	5,860
Non-official languages	46,875	23,855	23,020
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	30	30
Algonquian languages	35	10	20
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,835	23,835	23,000
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,010	2,680	2,330
Berber languages	45	25	20
Kabyle	30	20	10
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	15	0	10
Hausa	15	0	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	15	10	10
Cushitic languages	465	240	225
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	10	0
Somali	310	150	155
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	145	85	60
Semitic languages	4,570	2,455	2,115
Amharic	225	130	100
Arabic	3,970	2,130	1,840
Aramaic languages	35	25	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	10	0	0
Hebrew	280	160	125
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	190	100	90
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	800	340	455
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15
Vietnamese	760	330	430
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,045	460	585
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	50	15	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	45	15	25
Indonesian	135	70	60
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	70	35	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	780	340	440
Waray-Waray	15	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	10	30
Creole languages	200	100	105
Haitian Creole	25	20	10
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	45	20	25
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	25	45
Dravidian languages	2,290	1,390	905
Kannada	185	80	105
Malayalam	630	400	230
Tamil	1,035	610	425
Telugu	735	445	285
Tulu	10	10	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	65	30	30
Indo-European languages	25,500	13,205	12,295
Albanian	70	45	25
Armenian	160	80	80
Balto-Slavic languages	4,530	2,260	2,270
Baltic languages	60	25	35
Latvian	20	10	10
Lithuanian	35	10	25
Slavic languages	4,485	2,245	2,245
Belarusian	40	25	15
Bulgarian	130	75	60
Czech	150	90	60
Macedonian	55	30	30
Polish	1,105	540	565
Russian	1,395	695	700
Rusyn	20	20	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,560	780	780
Bosnian	235	115	120
Croatian	535	260	275
Serbian	1,140	565	575
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	20	10
Slovak	105	40	65
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	10	35
Ukrainian	450	250	200
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	15	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,900	1,865	2,040
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	3,300	1,610	1,690
German	3,215	1,560	1,655
Pennsylvania German	20	0	20
Swiss German	25	10	15
Yiddish	50	35	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	505	205	295
Afrikaans	75	30	40
Dutch	355	150	205
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	60	25	40
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10
Scandinavian languages	175	90	90
Danish	95	25	65
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	25	25	0
Swedish	60	45	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	500	240	255
Indo-Iranian languages	11,325	6,315	5,015
Indo-Aryan languages	9,060	5,195	3,865
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	720	390	335
Gujarati	1,250	725	530
Hindi	5,425	3,130	2,290
Kacchi	100	60	40
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	25	10	15
Marathi	370	180	185
Nepali	110	80	30
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,370	1,390	975
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	90	50	45
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	210	110	100
Urdu	2,245	1,240	1,010
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	45	15
Iranian languages	2,500	1,245	1,250
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	265	145	120
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	295	155	145
Persian languages	2,050	1,005	1,050
Dari	240	100	140
Iranian Persian	1,600	775	825
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	240	150	90
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Italic (Romance) languages	5,960	2,870	3,090
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	730	385	345
Portuguese	1,085	530	555
Romanian	935	460	480
Spanish	3,545	1,660	1,880
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Japanese	550	275	275
Korean	1,560	725	840
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	765	375	390
Akan (Twi)	95	40	50
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	15	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	35	15	15
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	10	0	10
Igbo	85	40	40
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	35	20	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	145	80	65
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	240	120	120
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	130	55	75
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	20	35
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	35	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	145	50	90
American Sign Language	130	50	80
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,910	4,905	5,010
Chinese languages	9,900	4,905	5,000
Hakka	15	0	15
Mandarin	8,730	4,325	4,395
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	230	105	120
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	30	35
Yue (Cantonese)	1,755	825	940
Chinese, n.o.s.	165	90	70
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	10
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	300	125	175
Lao	260	115	145
Thai	85	25	65
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	960	485	480
Azerbaijani	180	90	95
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	815	415	400
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
Uralic languages	420	175	235
Estonian	15	0	0
Finnish	45	25	15
Hungarian	365	150	220
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	118,390	59,835	58,560
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,585	770	810
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,435	690	745
First Nations (North American Indian)	825	400	430
Métis	590	280	305
Inuk (Inuit)	25	10	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	105	60	45
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	20	25
Non-Indigenous identity	116,805	59,065	57,745
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	118,390	59,835	58,560
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	415	175	235
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	117,980	59,660	58,325
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	47,040	...	...
Owner	28,835	...	...
Renter	18,205	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	47,040	...	...
Condominium	9,655	...	...
Not condominium	37,385	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	47,040	...	...
No bedrooms	165	...	...
1 bedroom	5,385	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,890	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,220	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	13,380	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	47,040	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,065	...	...
5 rooms	6,885	...	...
6 rooms	7,260	...	...
7 rooms	5,665	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,165	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	47,040	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,065	...	...
More than one person per room	975	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	47,040	...	...
Suitable	44,440	...	...
Not suitable	2,600	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	47,040	...	...
1960 or before	4,530	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,955	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,310	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,715	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,830	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,410	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,065	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,215	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	47,040	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,305	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,735	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	47,040	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,955	...	...
Two-maintainer household	21,925	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,165	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	47,040	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,460	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,145	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,525	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,325	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,270	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,835	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,220	...	...
85 years and over	1,250	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,630	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,415	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,210	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,355	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	47,040	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,260	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,055	...	...
Not suitable only	1,795	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,160	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	675	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	455	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,775	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,775	...	...
In core need	3,580	...	...
Not in core need	41,190	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,835	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,606	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	750,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	779,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	18,205	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	118,390	59,830	58,560
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	390	215	175
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	335	185	150
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	235	115	120
Métis single ancestry	85	55	35
Inuit single ancestry	10	10	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	60	30	30
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	25	0	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,005	950	1,050
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,930	925	1,005
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,390	650	740
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	525	270	255
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	75	30	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	25	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	25
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	115,995	58,665	57,330
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	118,390	59,830	58,555
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	97,955	48,885	49,070
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,450	10,140	9,315
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	78,505	38,750	39,755
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	20,435	10,945	9,490
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	118,390	59,830	58,555
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	75,610	37,660	37,950
Immigrants⁸¹	32,530	16,260	16,270
Before 1980	5,195	2,570	2,625
1980 to 1990	2,985	1,495	1,490
1991 to 2000	5,595	2,855	2,745
2001 to 2010	7,995	3,870	4,120
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,765	5,475	5,290
2011 to 2015	4,150	2,065	2,080
2016 to 2021	6,610	3,405	3,210
Non-permanent residents⁸³	10,245	5,910	4,335
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	32,530	16,260	16,270
Under 5 years	3,600	1,960	1,640
5 to 14 years	6,035	3,280	2,760
15 to 24 years	5,290	2,450	2,840
25 to 44 years	14,980	7,335	7,645
45 years and over	2,625	1,235	1,390
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	32,530	16,260	16,270
Americas	3,925	1,915	2,010
Brazil	285	145	145
Colombia	295	135	160
El Salvador	195	100	95
Guyana	400	200	200
Haiti	10	0	10
Jamaica	265	140	125
Mexico	175	105	70
Peru	45	20	25
Trinidad and Tobago	170	85	90
United States of America	1,310	620	690
Other places of birth in Americas	770	365	405
Europe	8,285	4,175	4,115
Bosnia and Herzegovina	440	220	220
Croatia	270	150	120
France	130	75	55
Germany	905	485	420
Greece	140	90	55
Hungary	155	55	95
Italy	205	100	100
Netherlands	235	140	95
Poland	745	355	395
Portugal	245	125	120
Romania	750	370	380
Russian Federation	385	160	220
Serbia⁸⁶	450	225	225
Ukraine	245	125	125
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,905	950	960
Other places of birth in Europe	1,080	540	540
Africa	2,525	1,320	1,205
Algeria	35	15	20
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10
Egypt	395	225	170
Eritrea	205	95	115
Ethiopia	210	110	105
Morocco	15	0	10
Nigeria	360	210	150
Somalia	175	90	90
South Africa, Republic of	205	100	105
Other places of birth in Africa	905	475	430
Asia	17,690	8,800	8,895
Afghanistan	130	70	65
Iran⁸⁸	1,065	480	585
Iraq	345	165	180
Lebanon	285	135	145
Syria⁸⁹	785	390	395
Turkey	375	215	160
China⁹⁰	4,450	2,135	2,320
Hong Kong⁹¹	430	220	210
Korea, South⁹²	880	440	445
Taiwan	275	115	155
Philippines	725	300	420
Viet Nam	475	240	240
Bangladesh	320	165	155
India	3,440	1,820	1,615
Pakistan	1,340	710	625
Sri Lanka	280	140	140
Other places of birth in Asia	2,085	1,070	1,015
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	105	60	50
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,610	3,405	3,205
Americas	630	300	330
Brazil	170	95	80
Colombia	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	70	35	35
Mexico	30	20	15
United States of America	215	105	115
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15
Other places of birth in Americas	115	40	80
Europe	550	265	285
France	15	10	0
Germany	70	40	35
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	10	0	0
Russian Federation	80	40	45
Ukraine	65	25	45
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	50	25
Other places of birth in Europe	225	100	125
Africa	910	470	435
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	85	40	40
Eritrea	145	60	80
Ethiopia	85	40	40
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	195	120	75
Somalia	65	40	30
South Africa, Republic of	35	10	25
Sudan⁹⁷	50	20	25
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	205	120	90
Asia	4,510	2,355	2,155
Afghanistan	20	10	10
Bangladesh	85	55	30
China⁹⁰	890	410	480
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15
India	1,270	730	535
Iran⁸⁸	215	100	115
Iraq	75	45	30
Israel	55	20	30
Japan	10	0	10
Jordan	40	20	20
Korea, South⁹²	115	60	60
Lebanon	40	20	25
Nepal	20	15	10
Pakistan	285	135	150
Philippines	280	140	135
Saudi Arabia	85	50	35
Sri Lanka	15	15	0
Syria⁸⁹	545	285	260
Turkey	220	130	95
United Arab Emirates	65	45	25
Viet Nam	55	20	30
Other places of birth in Asia	115	65	50
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	118,390	59,835	58,560
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,095	22,805	21,290
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,535	12,115	11,420
Third generation or more¹⁰²	50,765	24,910	25,850
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	27,340	13,690	13,645
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	16,480	8,765	7,715
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,490	4,675	1,805
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,995	4,085	5,905
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,720	2,160	3,560
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,895	2,650	2,245
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	245	115	125
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	27,340	13,690	13,645
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,245	670	580
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,605	1,290	1,315
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,275	630	645
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,090	1,250	840
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	95	35	60
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	20,020	9,815	10,210
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	118,390	59,835	58,560
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	41,465	21,720	19,745
South Asian	12,680	7,245	5,435
Chinese	10,870	5,415	5,455
Black	3,660	1,925	1,735
Filipino	1,140	525	615
Arab	3,155	1,695	1,460
Latin American	2,250	1,185	1,065
Southeast Asian	1,670	775	895
West Asian	2,005	1,000	1,010
Korean	1,645	785	870
Japanese	520	250	270
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	735	390	350
Multiple visible minorities	1,130	525	600
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	76,925	38,115	38,810
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	118,390	59,835	58,555
Canadian	12,045	6,080	5,965
English	20,130	9,880	10,250
Irish	16,890	7,970	8,925
Scottish	17,330	8,245	9,085
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,145	3,535	3,605
German	21,150	10,525	10,625
Chinese	10,510	5,270	5,245
Italian	3,875	1,985	1,890
Indian (India)	7,620	4,380	3,240
Ukrainian	2,900	1,420	1,480
Dutch	4,610	2,310	2,295
Polish	4,805	2,230	2,570
Québécois	155	70	85
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,890	2,440	2,445
Filipino	1,070	490	580
French Canadian	965	465	500
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,080	1,010	1,075
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	770	390	375
Métis	725	385	340
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,705	910	795
Russian	1,855	890	965
Norwegian	605	335	270
Welsh	1,825	855	965
Portuguese	1,455	740	720
American	1,425	675	750
Spanish	955	455	500
Swedish	600	300	300
Hungarian	1,405	650	755
Acadian	285	150	135
Pakistani	1,560	840	720
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	645	375	270
Jewish	735	380	355
Punjabi	745	460	280
Vietnamese	880	375	505
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,700	875	830
Greek	910	445	465
Jamaican	630	345	285
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,025	510	510
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	15	25
Korean	1,570	770	805
Romanian	1,600	800	800
Lebanese	565	280	280
Iranian	1,445	700	740
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	485	230	255
Danish	600	280	315
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	250	115	130
Sikh	205	120	85
Austrian	1,110	570	540
Belgian	565	335	235
Haitian	0	0	0
Hindu	1,100	655	445
Mexican	350	215	140
Mennonite	930	435	495
Swiss	1,305	665	635
Finnish	430	220	210
Sri Lankan	365	185	180
Croatian	845	465	380
Japanese	585	260	320
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	760	370	390
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	220	80	140
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	330	170	160
Muslim	675	380	295
Egyptian	600	340	260
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	470	220	250
Tamil	375	195	180
Icelandic	150	85	70
Colombian	330	160	165
Moroccan	30	15	10
Czech	480	230	250
Syrian	550	280	265
Guyanese	390	200	190
Afghan	290	140	150
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	250	115	135
Serbian	1,110	565	540
Ojibway	130	60	70
Newfoundlander	345	170	175
Hong Konger	220	80	140
Ontarian	470	215	250
Persian	710	370	340
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	330	170	155
Turkish	705	370	330
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	75	40	35
Bangladeshi	525	290	235
Algerian	0	0	0
Brazilian	435	225	210
Nigerian	315	190	125
Armenian	280	145	135
Slovak	350	195	155
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	335	150	190
Somali	325	165	160
Taiwanese	330	150	180
Iraqi	175	80	100
Salvadorean	225	105	120
African Caribbean	125	55	75
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	385	150	235
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	630	320	310
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	145	70	75
Algonquin	65	25	40
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	85	50	35
Lithuanian	190	85	105
South African	155	70	80
Australian	195	100	95
Palestinian	280	160	125
Chilean	110	55	50
Congolese	30	20	15
Nova Scotian	115	55	60
Ethiopian	210	135	80
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	130	80	50
Peruvian	85	60	25
Yoruba	245	100	140
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	15	10
Berber	100	35	60
Albanian	130	80	45
Maltese	150	65	80
Macedonian	85	50	40
Slovenian	160	75	85
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	110	70	40
New Brunswicker	75	20	50
Gujarati	375	235	145
Eritrean	225	115	105
African Canadian	75	30	45
Israeli	150	80	65
Mohawk	115	75	40
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	135	80	55
Bulgarian	150	85	70
Albertan	10	0	10
Ghanaian	130	45	80
Barbadian	110	55	55
African American	30	15	15
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	230	105	125
Tunisian	30	20	10
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	55	65
Cuban	95	30	60
Bosnian	300	170	130
Venezuelan	90	55	35
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	110	70	45
Bengali	125	80	45
Cameroonian	15	10	0
Guatemalan	305	130	175
Indonesian	120	60	55
Laotian	325	170	155
Ilocano	40	30	0
Northern Irish	135	60	70
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	75	50	25
British Columbian	10	10	0
Ecuadorian	120	75	50
Franco Ontarian	90	30	60
Argentinian	80	40	40
Estonian	125	50	70
Kurdish	180	110	70
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	125	75	55
Coptic	40	30	15
Thai	145	75	70
Dominican	45	25	15
Nepali	75	60	20
Kabyle	25	10	20
Assyrian	30	20	10
Igbo	80	40	40
Byelorussian	120	60	60
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	0
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	35	20	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	65	45	20
Sudanese	100	55	45
Breton	10	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	320	135	190
Malaysian	130	40	90
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	15	0
Huron (Wendat)	15	0	15
Saskatchewanian	20	10	10
Buddhist	55	20	30
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	15	10	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	10	40
Ivorian	20	10	15
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	15	25
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	40	10	35
Nicaraguan	145	90	55
Mauritian	25	10	15
Kenyan	90	45	45
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	50	20	30
Manitoban	10	0	10
Cape Bretoner	50	15	35
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	10	10	0
Malayali	95	45	50
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	65	35	30
Mayan	45	20	25
Honduran	60	30	40
Cherokee	0	0	0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	10
Indo-Caribbean	50	10	35
Flemish	40	30	15
United Empire Loyalist	70	35	35
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	120	50	70
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	105	70	35
Malay	30	10	15
Goan	65	40	25
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	15	10	10
Mongolian	15	15	10
Azorean	60	40	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	60	35	25
Ugandan	15	0	10
Oromo	30	20	10
Tanzanian	30	15	10
Yemeni	70	25	40
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	170	100	65
Basque	15	0	15
Uruguayan	30	10	15
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	40	10	30
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	10	25
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	20	20	0
Prince Edward Islander	20	20	10
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	75	60	15
Roma	15	0	10
Costa Rican	30	10	20
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	55	25	30
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	25	0	25
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	35	20	15
Paraguayan	10	0	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	118,390	59,830	58,560
Buddhist	1,335	575	755
Christian	54,215	25,620	28,595
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,720	4,640	5,075
Anabaptist	1,545	710	835
Anglican	3,290	1,420	1,865
Baptist	1,280	625	655
Catholic	21,185	10,200	10,985
Christian Orthodox	2,810	1,435	1,375
Jehovah's Witness	370	165	200
Latter Day Saints	170	85	90
Lutheran	3,780	1,780	1,990
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	205	105	105
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,145	545	600
Presbyterian	2,030	915	1,115
Reformed	215	100	115
United Church	3,960	1,710	2,255
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,510	1,180	1,335
Hindu	5,580	3,200	2,385
Jewish	640	340	305
Muslim	9,540	4,955	4,580
Sikh	1,390	800	590
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	35	10	25
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,085	505	575
No religion and secular perspectives	44,575	23,825	20,750
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	117,480	59,400	58,080
Non-movers	96,620	48,250	48,370
Movers	20,855	11,150	9,710
Non-migrants	11,125	6,010	5,115
Migrants	9,740	5,140	4,595
Internal migrants	7,180	3,740	3,435
Intraprovincial migrants	6,585	3,425	3,160
Interprovincial migrants	590	315	275
External migrants	2,565	1,405	1,155
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	113,415	57,250	56,160
Non-movers	59,995	29,470	30,525
Movers	53,420	27,785	25,635
Non-migrants	13,695	7,160	6,525
Migrants	39,725	20,620	19,105
Internal migrants	26,370	13,115	13,255
Intraprovincial migrants	23,875	11,765	12,115
Interprovincial migrants	2,495	1,350	1,140
External migrants	13,355	7,505	5,850
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,820	50,700	50,120
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,250	5,670	5,580
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	89,565	45,030	44,535
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,245	31,460	30,785
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,355	1,785	1,570
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	58,890	29,680	29,210
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,820	50,700	50,120
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,335	5,205	5,140
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,335	12,820	12,515
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	65,150	32,675	32,465
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,230	10,640	10,590
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,185	2,215	970
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,530	890	640
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,655	1,320	330
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,125	7,435	8,690
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,925	995	930
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,915	22,035	21,880
Bachelor's degree	26,265	12,815	13,450
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,170	940	1,230
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	845	405	440
Master's degree	11,185	5,570	5,615
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,455	2,305	1,150
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,245	31,465	30,780
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,870	1,555	1,310
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,510	5,620	4,895
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,870	24,290	24,575
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,945	7,475	7,470
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,905	1,295	605
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	910	525	385
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	995	775	220
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,790	5,540	6,250
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,250	640	615
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,920	16,815	17,110
Bachelor's degree	19,285	9,370	9,910
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,620	690	935
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	650	265	390
Master's degree	9,480	4,650	4,835
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,875	1,835	1,040
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100,820	50,700	50,120
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	35,670	18,025	17,650
Education	3,265	770	2,495
13. Education	3,265	770	2,495
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,935	720	1,210
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	125	50
50. Visual and performing arts	1,755	595	1,160
Humanities	4,820	1,810	3,015
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	390	70	315
23. English language and literature/letters	1,425	410	1,010
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,140	435	705
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	20	60
38. Philosophy and religious studies	425	210	220
39. Theology and religious vocations	440	260	180
54. History	625	340	280
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	295	55	245
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,615	3,120	5,495
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	35	85
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,005	400	600
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,005	75	930
22. Legal professions and studies	885	275	615
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	275	80	200
42. Psychology	1,730	430	1,300
45. Social sciences	3,595	1,830	1,765
Business, management and public administration	12,160	5,595	6,570
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	930	185	745
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,200	5,405	5,800
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,960	2,015	1,945
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,505	545	960
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	805	420	385
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	20	35
40. Physical sciences	1,485	985	500
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	40	65
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,925	4,645	2,275
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,580	3,315	1,265
25. Library science	220	30	190
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,855	1,100	750
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	270	200	75
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,320	10,835	2,490
04. Architecture and related services	510	270	245
14. Engineering	7,345	5,635	1,710
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,585	2,215	375
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,020	955	70
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	945	910	35
48. Precision production	910	845	65
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,250	595	655
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	605	295	310
03. Natural resources and conservation	640	300	345
Health and related fields	6,725	1,575	5,150
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,075	405	670
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,425	1,040	4,380
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	215	135	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,045	975	1,070
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,230	365	860
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	0	0
43. Security and protective services	580	395	185
49. Transportation and materials moving	225	195	25
Other¹⁷⁹	115	25	90
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	62,245	31,465	30,780
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,380	7,175	6,205
Education	2,255	460	1,795
13. Education	2,255	460	1,795
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,465	485	985
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	85	40
50. Visual and performing arts	1,340	400	940
Humanities	3,370	1,245	2,125
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	280	45	230
23. English language and literature/letters	990	290	705
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	765	290	470
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	20	45
38. Philosophy and religious studies	300	150	150
39. Theology and religious vocations	320	175	140
54. History	470	250	215
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	195	25	165
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,430	2,265	4,165
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	25	80
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	795	305	490
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	770	50	720
22. Legal professions and studies	695	180	510
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	235	65	165
42. Psychology	1,150	295	860
45. Social sciences	2,685	1,340	1,345
Business, management and public administration	9,245	4,180	5,060
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	720	115	600
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,500	4,065	4,435
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,935	1,465	1,470
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,170	425	750
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	560	315	255
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	10	35
40. Physical sciences	1,090	710	380
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	0	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,430	3,645	1,785
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,830	2,785	1,045
25. Library science	155	25	130
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,260	695	565
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190	140	50
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,230	8,195	2,040
04. Architecture and related services	410	210	200
14. Engineering	5,945	4,500	1,445
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,980	1,690	290
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	650	620	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	595	580	20
48. Precision production	650	600	50
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	955	435	520
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	465	205	260
03. Natural resources and conservation	490	230	260
Health and related fields	4,970	1,190	3,780
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	855	315	530
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,950	780	3,165
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	80	70
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,490	705	775
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	885	250	630
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	420	295	120
49. Transportation and materials moving	180	155	25
Other¹⁷⁹	90	15	70
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	62,245	31,465	30,780
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,380	7,175	6,205
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,870	24,290	24,575
Location of study inside Canada	36,130	17,955	18,180
Same as province or territory of residence	33,885	16,835	17,050
Different than province or territory of residence	2,250	1,120	1,130
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,740	6,340	6,400
Americas	2,465	1,305	1,160
United States of America	1,710	960	750
Mexico	75	45	25
Cuba	15	10	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	30	15	20
Brazil	260	110	150
Colombia	125	50	70
Peru	15	0	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20
Other locations of study in Americas	210	95	110
Europe	2,410	1,280	1,130
Belgium	10	10	0
France	125	75	50
Germany	165	95	65
Netherlands	55	35	25
Switzerland	20	15	10
Hungary	70	25	40
Moldova¹⁸³	20	10	10
Poland	130	50	80
Romania	225	110	115
Russian Federation	155	70	85
Ukraine	120	60	55
Ireland⁹⁶	50	30	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	740	420	320
Bosnia and Herzegovina	120	55	65
Italy	55	35	20
Serbia⁸⁶	95	60	30
Other locations of study in Europe	260	125	135
Africa	605	275	330
Nigeria	145	75	70
Algeria	20	15	10
Morocco	10	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	210	80	120
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	30
Other locations of study in Africa	170	90	85
Asia	7,045	3,380	3,665
Iran⁸⁸	415	175	240
Iraq	90	40	50
Israel	65	35	30
Lebanon	30	25	0
Syria⁸⁹	105	65	45
Turkey	165	85	85
China⁹⁰	1,520	660	855
Taiwan	45	0	40
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	30	50
Japan	120	60	60
Korea, South⁹²	505	225	285
Philippines	415	135	275
Viet Nam	45	15	30
Bangladesh	115	45	75
Sri Lanka	50	35	10
India	2,560	1,425	1,140
Pakistan	370	140	230
Other locations of study in Asia	350	180	165
Oceania	210	95	120
Australia	175	85	95
New Zealand	35	10	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	100,820	50,700	50,120
In the labour force	65,955	35,530	30,425
Employed	58,050	31,860	26,190
Unemployed	7,905	3,670	4,235
Not in the labour force	34,865	15,170	19,695
Participation rate	65.4	70.1	60.7
Employment rate	57.6	62.8	52.3
Unemployment rate	12.0	10.3	13.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	100,820	50,700	50,120
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,650	15,415	19,230
Worked	66,170	35,280	30,890
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,455	20,245	14,215
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	31,720	15,040	16,675
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.5	39.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	65,955	35,530	30,425
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,925	925	1,000
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	64,035	34,605	29,430
Employee	56,260	29,875	26,385
Permanent position	45,215	24,385	20,825
Temporary position	11,040	5,490	5,555
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,580	1,730	1,855
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,465	3,765	3,700
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,775	4,725	3,040
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	65,955	35,530	30,425
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,925	925	1,000
All occupations¹⁹¹	64,035	34,605	29,430
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,065	740	325
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,205	4,040	7,170
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	11,260	8,400	2,860
3 Health occupations	3,560	900	2,660
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,680	3,910	5,770
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,040	820	1,215
6 Sales and service occupations	14,280	6,895	7,380
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,640	5,970	670
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	705	540	165
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,595	2,380	1,210
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	65,955	35,530	30,425
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,925	925	1,000
All industries¹⁹¹	64,035	34,605	29,430
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	370	230	140
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	65	50	15
22 Utilities	290	225	60
23 Construction	3,180	2,630	555
31-33 Manufacturing	6,825	4,840	1,985
41 Wholesale trade	1,900	1,285	615
44-45 Retail trade	6,510	3,355	3,155
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,915	1,480	440
51 Information and cultural industries	2,565	1,570	990
52 Finance and insurance	5,055	2,260	2,790
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,065	590	480
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,940	5,760	3,180
55 Management of companies and enterprises	340	165	180
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,390	1,400	990
61 Educational services	8,770	3,615	5,160
62 Health care and social assistance	5,670	1,295	4,375
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	935	460	480
72 Accommodation and food services	3,420	1,620	1,800
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,920	850	1,070
91 Public administration	1,900	935	960
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	71,760	38,380	33,375
English	68,270	36,720	31,545
French	100	25	75
Non-official language	565	305	255
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	565	305	255
English and French	810	325	485
English and non-official language(s)	1,945	970	975
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	10	40
Multiple non-official languages	30	20	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	71,760	38,380	33,375
Single responses	71,325	38,215	33,115
Official languages	70,375	37,695	32,675
English	70,170	37,660	32,510
French	200	35	165
Non-official languages	950	520	435
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	950	520	435
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	50	20
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	65	45	20
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	65	45	20
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	230	120	115
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	25	15
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	45	25	15
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	20	15	10
Serbo-Croatian	15	10	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	15	10	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	20	15	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	15	0
German	15	15	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	90	35	50
Indo-Aryan languages	50	30	20
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	10	0	0
Hindi	10	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20	10	10
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	35	0	30
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	30	0	20
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	30	0	20
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	70	35	35
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	30	25	10
Romanian	10	0	0
Spanish	35	10	25
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	0
Korean	55	35	20
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	560	290	270
Chinese languages	560	290	270
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	505	255	250
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	40	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	435	165	270
English and French	105	40	65
English and non-official language(s)	320	125	200
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	71,760	38,380	33,375
None	69,320	37,200	32,120
English	450	190	260
French	605	270	330
Non-official language	1,210	640	575
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,200	640	565
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
French and non-official language(s)	40	10	35
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	115	60	55
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	58,050	31,860	26,190
Worked at home	23,380	12,230	11,150
Worked outside Canada	325	225	105
No fixed workplace address	4,275	3,090	1,180
Usual place of work	30,065	16,315	13,750
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,065	16,315	13,750
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,560	6,730	6,825
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	13,045	7,335	5,710
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,380	2,200	1,180
Commute to a different province or territory	80	45	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,345	19,410	14,935
Car, truck or van	28,810	16,655	12,160
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,245	15,610	10,635
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,565	1,040	1,525
Public transit	2,245	1,055	1,190
Walked	1,910	940	965
Bicycle	460	370	85
Other method	920	385	535
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,345	19,410	14,935
Less than 15 minutes	12,645	6,450	6,195
15 to 29 minutes	14,215	8,120	6,100
30 to 44 minutes	4,420	2,770	1,645
45 to 59 minutes	1,155	695	455
60 minutes and over	1,915	1,370	545
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,345	19,410	14,935
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,930	1,400	530
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,150	3,405	1,740
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,555	4,420	3,135
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,245	3,900	4,345
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,445	2,795	2,655
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,010	3,485	2,525
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,340	11,570	10,775
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,840	990	855
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,495	10,580	9,915
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,935	8,750	8,185
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,495	780	715
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	915	465	445
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	580	315	270
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,435	7,975	7,470

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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