Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Windsor, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	229,660	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	217,188	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	99,803	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	94,273	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,572.8	...	...	1,572.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	146.02	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	229,660	113,795	115,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	36,640	18,820	17,820	16.0	16.5	15.4
0 to 4 years	11,080	5,710	5,375	4.8	5.0	4.6
5 to 9 years	12,385	6,350	6,040	5.4	5.6	5.2
10 to 14 years	13,170	6,755	6,410	5.7	5.9	5.5
15 to 64 years	150,375	75,905	74,465	65.5	66.7	64.3
15 to 19 years	13,520	6,995	6,525	5.9	6.1	5.6
20 to 24 years	16,380	8,870	7,510	7.1	7.8	6.5
25 to 29 years	17,830	9,600	8,235	7.8	8.4	7.1
30 to 34 years	15,285	7,685	7,595	6.7	6.8	6.6
35 to 39 years	13,480	6,575	6,905	5.9	5.8	6.0
40 to 44 years	13,185	6,260	6,925	5.7	5.5	6.0
45 to 49 years	14,165	6,835	7,330	6.2	6.0	6.3
50 to 54 years	15,040	7,490	7,545	6.5	6.6	6.5
55 to 59 years	16,160	8,035	8,120	7.0	7.1	7.0
60 to 64 years	15,330	7,555	7,770	6.7	6.6	6.7
65 years and over	42,645	19,070	23,575	18.6	16.8	20.3
65 to 69 years	13,005	6,180	6,820	5.7	5.4	5.9
70 to 74 years	11,005	5,105	5,900	4.8	4.5	5.1
75 to 79 years	7,510	3,425	4,085	3.3	3.0	3.5
80 to 84 years	5,430	2,295	3,135	2.4	2.0	2.7
85 years and over	5,695	2,065	3,630	2.5	1.8	3.1
85 to 89 years	3,310	1,350	1,960	1.4	1.2	1.7
90 to 94 years	1,855	585	1,265	0.8	0.5	1.1
95 to 99 years	475	115	355	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0	16.5	15.4	16.0	16.5	15.4
15 to 64 years	65.5	66.7	64.3	65.5	66.7	64.3
65 years and over	18.6	16.8	20.3	18.6	16.8	20.3
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.1	2.5	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	41.4	40.2	42.6	41.4	40.2	42.6
Median age of the population	40.8	38.4	42.4	40.8	38.4	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	94,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	56,625	...	...	60.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,370	...	...	4.6	...	...
Row house	6,205	...	...	6.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,960	...	...	4.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,750	...	...	11.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,250	...	...	13.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	105	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	31,210	...	...	33.1	...	...
2 persons	29,375	...	...	31.2	...	...
3 persons	13,500	...	...	14.3	...	...
4 persons	11,240	...	...	11.9	...	...
5 or more persons	8,940	...	...	9.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	226,460	112,390	114,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	193,020	94,980	98,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	95,825	47,915	47,915	49.6	50.4	48.9
Married	80,570	40,305	40,265	41.7	42.4	41.1
Living common-law	15,260	7,610	7,645	7.9	8.0	7.8
Living common law - Never married	10,850	5,405	5,440	5.6	5.7	5.5
Living common law - Separated	815	440	375	0.4	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	3,195	1,600	1,600	1.7	1.7	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	395	165	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	97,190	47,065	50,130	50.4	49.6	51.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	64,620	36,145	28,475	33.5	38.1	29.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,205	2,625	3,580	3.2	2.8	3.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	14,375	5,810	8,565	7.4	6.1	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	11,990	2,480	9,505	6.2	2.6	9.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	60,420	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	30,215	...	...	50.0	...	...
3 persons	13,025	...	...	21.6	...	...
4 persons	10,690	...	...	17.7	...	...
5 or more persons	6,490	...	...	10.7	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	60,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	46,365	...	...	76.7	...	...
Married couples	38,735	...	...	64.1	...	...
With children⁶	21,590	...	...	35.7	...	...
Without children	17,150	...	...	28.4	...	...
Common-law couples	7,630	...	...	12.6	...	...
With children⁶	2,795	...	...	4.6	...	...
Without children	4,835	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	14,060	...	...	23.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	11,355	...	...	18.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,705	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	226,460	112,395	114,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	178,285	87,515	90,770	78.7	77.9	79.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	92,735	46,370	46,365	40.9	41.3	40.6
Parents in one-parent families	14,055	2,700	11,355	6.2	2.4	10.0
Children⁶	71,500	38,445	33,055	31.6	34.2	29.0
In a two-parent family	48,890	26,140	22,755	21.6	23.3	19.9
In a one-parent family	22,605	12,310	10,295	10.0	11.0	9.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	48,175	24,880	23,295	21.3	22.1	20.4
Living alone	31,210	15,170	16,040	13.8	13.5	14.1
Living with other relatives⁷	6,105	2,605	3,510	2.7	2.3	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	10,855	7,105	3,755	4.8	6.3	3.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	52,595	...	...	55.8	...	...
Couple-family households	41,405	...	...	43.9	...	...
With children⁶	21,680	...	...	23.0	...	...
Without children	19,730	...	...	20.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	11,185	...	...	11.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,910	...	...	3.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	420	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,560	...	...	2.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,575	...	...	4.9	...	...
One-person households	31,210	...	...	33.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	189,840	93,585	96,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	180,370	88,800	91,565	95.0	94.9	95.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	32,800	36,400	40,800	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	180,450	88,840	91,610	95.1	94.9	95.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,800	30,800	33,600	36,800	30,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	149,960	76,660	73,295	79.0	81.9	76.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,200	34,800	23,400	29,200	34,800	23,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	122,945	66,675	56,265	64.8	71.2	58.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,800	32,000	25,200	28,800	32,000	25,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	169,565	83,100	86,460	89.3	88.8	89.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,300	9,400	12,900	11,300	9,400	12,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,730	12,645	12,085	13.0	13.5	12.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,995	32,235	30,765	33.2	34.4	32.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	9,000	8,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	189,865	93,590	96,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	180,240	88,665	91,580	94.9	94.7	95.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,400	51,160	39,840	45,400	51,160	39,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	180,330	88,710	91,625	95.0	94.8	95.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,760	44,120	35,520	39,760	44,120	35,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	150,285	76,815	73,465	79.2	82.1	76.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,480	47,040	33,600	40,480	47,040	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	122,965	66,830	56,130	64.8	71.4	58.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,480	43,680	34,480	39,480	43,680	34,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	169,565	83,075	86,485	89.3	88.8	89.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,400	11,120	13,640	12,400	11,120	13,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,975	12,935	12,040	13.2	13.8	12.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,205	6,075	6,345	6,205	6,075	6,345
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,865	32,300	30,570	33.1	34.5	31.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,350	9,120	9,590	9,350	9,120	9,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	189,865	93,590	96,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	46,200	26,350	19,850	24.3	28.2	20.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	62,000	52,000	56,800	62,000	52,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,500	73,000	60,200	67,500	73,000	60,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	53,815	27,350	26,470	28.3	29.2	27.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000	21,200	15,300	18,000	21,200	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,000	29,720	22,180	26,000	29,720	22,180
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	74.4	79.6	67.6	74.4	79.6	67.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.3	64.4	53.0	59.3	64.4	53.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	25.7	20.4	32.3	25.7	20.4	32.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.9	1.7	2.1	1.9	1.7	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.1	7.1	9.4	8.1	7.1	9.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.2	6.5	8.0	7.2	6.5	8.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	189,840	93,580	96,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	9,470	4,785	4,690	5.0	5.1	4.9
With total income	180,370	88,800	91,570	95.0	94.9	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	16,670	7,100	9,575	9.2	8.0	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	24,800	11,010	13,790	13.7	12.4	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	31,620	13,830	17,790	17.5	15.6	19.4
$30,000 to $39,999	26,395	11,715	14,680	14.6	13.2	16.0
$40,000 to $49,999	22,595	11,485	11,105	12.5	12.9	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	16,825	8,715	8,110	9.3	9.8	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	11,330	6,085	5,245	6.3	6.9	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	8,010	4,705	3,310	4.4	5.3	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	5,555	3,420	2,135	3.1	3.9	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	4,230	2,520	1,705	2.3	2.8	1.9
$100,000 and over	12,340	8,220	4,125	6.8	9.3	4.5
$100,000 to $149,999	8,665	5,420	3,245	4.8	6.1	3.5
$150,000 and over	3,680	2,795	885	2.0	3.1	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	189,840	93,580	96,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	9,395	4,745	4,645	4.9	5.1	4.8
With after-tax income	180,450	88,840	91,610	95.1	94.9	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	17,190	7,280	9,915	9.5	8.2	10.8
$10,000 to $19,999	25,670	11,380	14,290	14.2	12.8	15.6
$20,000 to $29,999	35,715	15,735	19,980	19.8	17.7	21.8
$30,000 to $39,999	30,760	14,475	16,280	17.0	16.3	17.8
$40,000 to $49,999	24,765	12,920	11,850	13.7	14.5	12.9
$50,000 to $59,999	16,190	8,570	7,625	9.0	9.6	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	10,120	5,845	4,280	5.6	6.6	4.7
$70,000 to $79,999	6,170	3,710	2,460	3.4	4.2	2.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,645	2,590	2,055	2.6	2.9	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,605	1,625	980	1.4	1.8	1.1
$100,000 and over	6,620	4,720	1,900	3.7	5.3	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	3,205	2,090	1,120	1.8	2.4	1.2
$125,000 and over	3,415	2,625	785	1.9	3.0	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	189,840	93,580	96,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	66,900	26,905	39,990	35.2	28.8	41.5
With employment income	122,940	66,680	56,265	64.8	71.3	58.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	22,505	12,555	9,955	18.3	18.8	17.7
$5,000 to $9,999	11,605	5,295	6,310	9.4	7.9	11.2
$10,000 to $19,999	16,450	7,960	8,490	13.4	11.9	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	12,445	6,135	6,310	10.1	9.2	11.2
$30,000 to $39,999	12,475	6,395	6,080	10.1	9.6	10.8
$40,000 to $49,999	10,660	5,610	5,050	8.7	8.4	9.0
$50,000 to $59,999	8,955	4,980	3,970	7.3	7.5	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	6,590	3,890	2,705	5.4	5.8	4.8
$70,000 to $79,999	5,045	3,225	1,820	4.1	4.8	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	3,700	2,360	1,340	3.0	3.5	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3,395	1,940	1,455	2.8	2.9	2.6
$100,000 and over	9,110	6,340	2,775	7.4	9.5	4.9
$100,000 to $124,999	4,440	2,785	1,660	3.6	4.2	3.0
$125,000 and over	4,670	3,555	1,115	3.8	5.3	2.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	189,840	93,585	96,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	175,610	86,105	89,505	92.5	92.0	93.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	29,400	33,600	39,200	29,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	175,670	86,105	89,565	92.5	92.0	93.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	35,600	27,800	31,200	35,600	27,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	146,670	74,700	71,970	77.3	79.8	74.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	37,600	27,000	32,000	37,600	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	121,180	65,280	55,895	63.8	69.8	58.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	36,000	29,200	32,400	36,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	160,115	77,770	82,345	84.3	83.1	85.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,320	1,980	7,300	4,320	1,980	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	16,650	9,045	7,605	8.8	9.7	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,440	4,160	4,840	4,440	4,160	4,840
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	189,865	93,590	96,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	175,630	86,185	89,445	92.5	92.1	92.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,480	48,520	36,680	42,480	48,520	36,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	175,725	86,185	89,535	92.6	92.1	93.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,960	41,520	32,600	36,960	41,520	32,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	147,120	75,150	71,975	77.5	80.3	74.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,680	48,400	34,680	41,680	48,400	34,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	121,300	65,635	55,665	63.9	70.1	57.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,040	45,520	35,800	41,040	45,520	35,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	160,185	77,865	82,330	84.4	83.2	85.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,280	6,990	9,500	8,280	6,990	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	17,025	9,230	7,800	9.0	9.9	8.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,915	5,400	6,530	5,915	5,400	6,530
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	189,865	93,590	96,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	45,565	25,910	19,655	24.0	27.7	20.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,000	59,200	48,400	54,000	59,200	48,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,200	69,900	56,550	64,200	69,900	56,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	50,090	25,415	24,670	26.4	27.2	25.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	30,200	21,800	25,200	30,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,160	36,640	27,560	32,160	36,640	27,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.2	87.0	76.2	82.2	87.0	76.2
Employment income (%)	66.8	71.4	60.7	66.8	71.4	60.7
Government transfers (%)	17.8	13.0	23.8	17.8	13.0	23.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	94,270	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...	63,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	31,210	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	63,065	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	94,270	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,800	...	...	86,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	31,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,680	...	...	47,680	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,320	...	...	41,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	63,060	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,200	...	...	106,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,200	...	...	93,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,175	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	700	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,560	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,610	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,265	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,820	...	...	4.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,835	...	...	4.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,130	...	...	4.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,255	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,325	...	...	4.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,615	...	...	9.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,735	...	...	8.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,870	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,100	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,250	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	29,025	...	...	30.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	10,245	...	...	10.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,505	...	...	6.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,080	...	...	7.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,195	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,240	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	715	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,575	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,680	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,535	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,445	...	...	4.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,495	...	...	4.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,800	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,075	...	...	5.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,845	...	...	5.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,560	...	...	10.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	8,475	...	...	9.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,415	...	...	7.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,440	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,435	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,545	...	...	23.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	9,295	...	...	9.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,440	...	...	5.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,815	...	...	8.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	59,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	20,120	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	24,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	13,050	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,600	...	...	59,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	42,065	22,275	19,790	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	35,600	34,000	34,800	35,600	34,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	32,800	31,800	32,400	32,800	31,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	59,820	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,500	...	...	106,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,300	...	...	93,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,900	...	...	97,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,100	...	...	84,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	24,520	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,700	...	...	115,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,020	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,700	...	...	73,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,900	...	...	66,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	42,155	22,215	19,940	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,040	43,920	42,040	43,040	43,920	42,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,640	38,040	37,160	37,640	38,040	37,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	226,460	112,390	114,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	44,675	22,990	21,690	19.7	20.5	19.0
0 to 5 years	13,460	6,930	6,530	5.9	6.2	5.7
18 to 64 years	141,180	70,955	70,225	62.3	63.1	61.6
65 years and over	40,600	18,445	22,160	17.9	16.4	19.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	35,295	16,910	18,385	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	9,405	4,840	4,565	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,140	1,650	1,495	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	19,825	9,765	10,060	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,065	2,310	3,755	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.6	15.0	16.1	15.6	15.0	16.1
0 to 17 years (%)	21.1	21.1	21.1	21.1	21.1	21.1
0 to 5 years (%)	23.4	23.8	22.9	23.4	23.8	22.9
18 to 64 years (%)	14.0	13.8	14.3	14.0	13.8	14.3
65 years and over (%)	14.9	12.5	17.0	14.9	12.5	17.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	226,460	112,395	114,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	44,680	22,990	21,695	19.7	20.5	19.0
0 to 5 years	13,460	6,935	6,525	5.9	6.2	5.7
18 to 64 years	141,180	70,955	70,220	62.3	63.1	61.6
65 years and over	40,605	18,445	22,155	17.9	16.4	19.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	14,315	7,955	6,360	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,360	1,215	1,145	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	785	425	355	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,965	6,310	4,655	...	...	...
65 years and over	990	430	560	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.3	7.1	5.6	6.3	7.1	5.6
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.8	6.1	5.5	5.8	6.1	5.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.8	8.9	6.6	7.8	8.9	6.6
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.3	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	226,460	112,390	114,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	137,220	66,935	70,290	60.6	59.6	61.6
In bottom decile	31,445	15,875	15,565	13.9	14.1	13.6
In second decile	30,560	14,235	16,325	13.5	12.7	14.3
In third decile	27,660	13,280	14,375	12.2	11.8	12.6
In fourth decile	25,000	12,385	12,615	11.0	11.0	11.1
In fifth decile	22,560	11,160	11,405	10.0	9.9	10.0
In top half of the distribution	89,240	45,460	43,780	39.4	40.4	38.4
In sixth decile	20,815	10,505	10,310	9.2	9.3	9.0
In seventh decile	19,270	9,770	9,505	8.5	8.7	8.3
In eighth decile	17,950	9,175	8,780	7.9	8.2	7.7
In ninth decile	16,595	8,495	8,095	7.3	7.6	7.1
In top decile	14,605	7,515	7,090	6.4	6.7	6.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	226,460	...	...	226,460	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.327	...	...	0.327	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.489	...	...	0.489	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.295	...	...	0.295	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	227,380	112,775	114,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	201,295	101,260	100,035	88.5	89.8	87.3
French only	390	150	235	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and French	19,260	8,715	10,550	8.5	7.7	9.2
Neither English nor French	6,435	2,650	3,785	2.8	2.3	3.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	227,380	112,775	114,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	214,725	107,255	107,470	94.4	95.1	93.8
French	4,450	2,035	2,415	2.0	1.8	2.1
English and French	1,915	905	1,010	0.8	0.8	0.9
Neither English nor French	6,295	2,580	3,715	2.8	2.3	3.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	227,380	112,775	114,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	216,165	107,160	109,000	95.1	95.0	95.1
Official languages	151,690	75,185	76,505	66.7	66.7	66.8
English	147,355	73,185	74,175	64.8	64.9	64.7
French	4,330	2,000	2,335	1.9	1.8	2.0
Non-official languages	64,470	31,975	32,495	28.4	28.4	28.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	64,440	31,955	32,485	28.3	28.3	28.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	20,650	10,270	10,380	9.1	9.1	9.1
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	705	335	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	650	300	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	19,870	9,895	9,975	8.7	8.8	8.7
Amharic	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15,265	7,685	7,585	6.7	6.8	6.6
Aramaic languages	4,180	2,015	2,170	1.8	1.8	1.9
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	755	355	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,335	1,600	1,730	1.5	1.4	1.5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	210	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,875	865	1,005	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	285	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,590	740	850	0.7	0.7	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,850	735	1,115	0.8	0.7	1.0
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,540	610	930	0.7	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	215	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	120	55	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	60	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,425	925	500	0.6	0.8	0.4
Kannada	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	390	265	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	445	260	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	525	350	175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	30,095	15,055	15,040	13.2	13.3	13.1
Albanian	815	410	410	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	7,090	3,300	3,790	3.1	2.9	3.3
Baltic languages	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	7,050	3,290	3,765	3.1	2.9	3.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	680	320	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	1,840	840	995	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian	405	165	240	0.2	0.1	0.2
Rusyn	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,290	1,590	1,700	1.4	1.4	1.5
Bosnian	290	135	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	970	445	525	0.4	0.4	0.5
Serbian	1,970	980	990	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	325	155	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	250	100	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,110	520	590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	805	365	445	0.4	0.3	0.4
German	780	350	435	0.3	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	275	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	640	320	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	11,055	6,140	4,915	4.9	5.4	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages	9,975	5,590	4,385	4.4	5.0	3.8
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	805	415	395	0.4	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	1,590	1,110	485	0.7	1.0	0.4
Hindi	995	605	385	0.4	0.5	0.3
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	95	60	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	955	465	495	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oriya languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,835	1,575	1,260	1.2	1.4	1.1
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	2,520	1,275	1,240	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,075	550	525	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	265	140	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	720	360	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	115	45	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	515	265	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,265	4,325	4,940	4.1	3.8	4.3
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,245	1,990	2,250	1.9	1.8	2.0
Portuguese	600	280	325	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	1,495	690	800	0.7	0.6	0.7
Spanish	2,870	1,330	1,545	1.3	1.2	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	335	160	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	935	430	510	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	50	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	260	110	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	195	85	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,435	2,635	2,805	2.4	2.3	2.4
Chinese languages	5,190	2,510	2,680	2.3	2.2	2.3
Hakka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,480	1,660	1,810	1.5	1.5	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,510	740	770	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	230	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	120	55	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	445	225	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	385	200	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	765	365	400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	720	345	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,220	5,615	5,605	4.9	5.0	4.9
English and French	1,430	635	795	0.6	0.6	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	8,110	4,185	3,925	3.6	3.7	3.4
French and non-official language(s)	305	135	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	345	160	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	1,035	495	535	0.5	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	227,380	112,775	114,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	154,705	76,890	77,820	68.0	68.2	67.9
French	975	455	525	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	19,715	9,525	10,190	8.7	8.4	8.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	19,710	9,525	10,195	8.7	8.4	8.9
English and French	3,000	1,355	1,645	1.3	1.2	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	44,120	22,335	21,785	19.4	19.8	19.0
French and non-official language(s)	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,305	1,020	1,285	1.0	0.9	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	2,355	1,115	1,235	1.0	1.0	1.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	227,380	112,775	114,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	214,985	106,660	108,330	94.5	94.6	94.5
Official languages	176,490	87,655	88,835	77.6	77.7	77.5
English	175,030	86,975	88,055	77.0	77.1	76.8
French	1,460	685	780	0.6	0.6	0.7
Non-official languages	38,500	19,000	19,495	16.9	16.8	17.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	38,495	19,000	19,495	16.9	16.8	17.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,900	6,815	7,085	6.1	6.0	6.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	475	220	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	450	210	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,365	6,560	6,805	5.9	5.8	5.9
Amharic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	9,890	4,910	4,975	4.3	4.4	4.3
Aramaic languages	3,270	1,550	1,715	1.4	1.4	1.5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	590	275	315	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,600	1,230	1,365	1.1	1.1	1.2
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,300	610	690	0.6	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,145	540	610	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	940	425	520	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	805	360	445	0.4	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	915	560	360	0.4	0.5	0.3
Kannada	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	210	140	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	305	170	140	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	370	230	140	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,765	7,835	7,930	6.9	6.9	6.9
Albanian	430	215	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,255	1,515	1,740	1.4	1.3	1.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,250	1,515	1,735	1.4	1.3	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	295	140	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	905	420	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,630	765	865	0.7	0.7	0.8
Bosnian	155	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	365	160	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	1,100	520	580	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	50	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	270	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,650	4,120	3,535	3.4	3.7	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages	6,915	3,760	3,155	3.0	3.3	2.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	475	245	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	980	650	330	0.4	0.6	0.3
Hindi	625	350	270	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	795	395	395	0.3	0.4	0.3
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,175	1,185	990	1.0	1.1	0.9
Rohingya	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,735	860	875	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	735	355	385	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	175	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	490	230	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	360	185	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,025	1,790	2,230	1.8	1.6	1.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,460	585	875	0.6	0.5	0.8
Portuguese	240	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	780	370	415	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	1,520	705	815	0.7	0.6	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	235	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	400	180	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,115	2,005	2,110	1.8	1.8	1.8
Chinese languages	3,915	1,910	2,010	1.7	1.7	1.8
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,735	1,340	1,400	1.2	1.2	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,045	505	545	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	235	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	240	110	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	235	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,395	6,115	6,280	5.5	5.4	5.5
English and French	630	265	365	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	11,075	5,565	5,510	4.9	4.9	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	120	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	325	135	190	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	227,380	112,775	114,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	185,440	91,810	93,625	81.6	81.4	81.7
English	14,245	7,225	7,020	6.3	6.4	6.1
French	2,685	1,205	1,480	1.2	1.1	1.3
Non-official language	19,325	9,655	9,665	8.5	8.6	8.4
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	19,295	9,645	9,645	8.5	8.6	8.4
English and French	350	155	195	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,440	1,235	1,200	1.1	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	925	405	525	0.4	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,910	1,030	880	0.8	0.9	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	226,465	112,380	114,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	220,115	109,830	110,285	97.2	97.7	96.7
English	219,705	109,675	110,030	97.0	97.6	96.4
French	19,695	8,950	10,740	8.7	8.0	9.4
Non-official languages	83,630	42,285	41,340	36.9	37.6	36.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	83,560	42,245	41,310	36.9	37.6	36.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	27,425	13,805	13,620	12.1	12.3	11.9
Berber languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,105	540	560	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,005	500	500	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	26,460	13,340	13,120	11.7	11.9	11.5
Amharic	240	105	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	23,785	11,960	11,820	10.5	10.6	10.4
Aramaic languages	5,955	2,965	2,985	2.6	2.6	2.6
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,195	560	630	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	4,720	2,370	2,350	2.1	2.1	2.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Harari	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,535	1,275	1,260	1.1	1.1	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	385	180	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	2,160	1,100	1,055	1.0	1.0	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,655	1,050	1,600	1.2	0.9	1.4
Bikol	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	95	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	65	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	140	50	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,400	930	1,470	1.1	0.8	1.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	555	260	300	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	305	135	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,995	1,310	685	0.9	1.2	0.6
Kannada	140	100	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	405	270	135	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	845	535	310	0.4	0.5	0.3
Telugu	895	590	305	0.4	0.5	0.3
Tulu	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	40,145	20,780	19,360	17.7	18.5	17.0
Albanian	1,185	575	615	0.5	0.5	0.5
Armenian	200	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	8,620	4,250	4,370	3.8	3.8	3.8
Baltic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	8,595	4,235	4,360	3.8	3.8	3.8
Belarusian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	885	460	425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Polish	2,170	1,035	1,135	1.0	0.9	1.0
Russian	675	330	345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,375	2,215	2,160	1.9	2.0	1.9
Bosnian	510	265	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	1,730	850	885	0.8	0.8	0.8
Serbian	2,765	1,465	1,305	1.2	1.3	1.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	465	230	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	80	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	350	125	225	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,160	1,190	975	1.0	1.1	0.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,630	865	755	0.7	0.8	0.7
German	1,600	845	755	0.7	0.8	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	420	245	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	100	65	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dutch	275	155	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	135	85	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	75	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,025	555	470	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	14,635	8,335	6,305	6.5	7.4	5.5
Indo-Aryan languages	13,115	7,570	5,550	5.8	6.7	4.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	925	515	410	0.4	0.5	0.4
Gujarati	2,070	1,455	615	0.9	1.3	0.5
Hindi	5,120	3,160	1,960	2.3	2.8	1.7
Kacchi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	200	115	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,105	540	565	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oriya languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,125	2,315	1,810	1.8	2.1	1.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	3,855	2,035	1,820	1.7	1.8	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,625	805	815	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	530	275	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,015	505	515	0.4	0.4	0.5
Dari	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	785	410	375	0.3	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	175	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,530	6,475	7,060	6.0	5.8	6.2
Catalan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,240	3,035	3,205	2.8	2.7	2.8
Portuguese	1,015	485	535	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	1,845	880	970	0.8	0.8	0.9
Spanish	4,880	2,285	2,595	2.2	2.0	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	200	120	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	355	170	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,000	940	1,050	0.9	0.8	0.9
Akan (Twi)	110	65	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	205	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	555	245	305	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	470	220	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	350	165	185	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	305	125	185	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	265	90	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,460	3,125	3,330	2.9	2.8	2.9
Chinese languages	6,170	3,000	3,175	2.7	2.7	2.8
Hakka	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,615	2,175	2,435	2.0	1.9	2.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,100	1,055	1,040	0.9	0.9	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	60	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	115	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	145	50	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	205	75	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	95	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	930	510	420	0.4	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	895	490	400	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,110	520	585	0.5	0.5	0.5
Estonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,040	490	550	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	226,460	112,380	114,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,585	3,060	3,525	2.9	2.7	3.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,305	2,940	3,360	2.8	2.6	2.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,285	1,475	1,810	1.5	1.3	1.6
Métis	2,975	1,440	1,540	1.3	1.3	1.3
Inuk (Inuit)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	140	55	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	219,875	109,320	110,555	97.1	97.3	96.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	226,460	112,380	114,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,715	795	920	0.8	0.7	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	224,745	111,585	113,160	99.2	99.3	99.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	58,960	...	...	62.5	...	...
Renter	35,315	...	...	37.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	8,020	...	...	8.5	...	...
Not condominium	86,250	...	...	91.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	805	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	14,130	...	...	15.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,975	...	...	25.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	35,615	...	...	37.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	19,750	...	...	21.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	27,295	...	...	29.0	...	...
5 rooms	15,505	...	...	16.4	...	...
6 rooms	15,165	...	...	16.1	...	...
7 rooms	12,720	...	...	13.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	23,590	...	...	25.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	91,580	...	...	97.1	...	...
More than one person per room	2,690	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	88,220	...	...	93.6	...	...
Not suitable	6,050	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	37,085	...	...	39.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	27,050	...	...	28.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,745	...	...	7.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,530	...	...	11.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,815	...	...	6.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,415	...	...	2.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,925	...	...	2.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,705	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	87,490	...	...	92.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	6,775	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	55,090	...	...	58.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	34,570	...	...	36.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,615	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	94,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,850	...	...	3.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	13,245	...	...	14.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	14,310	...	...	15.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	16,930	...	...	18.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	19,790	...	...	21.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	15,085	...	...	16.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	8,535	...	...	9.1	...	...
85 years and over	3,535	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	93,855	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	74,020	...	...	78.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	19,835	...	...	21.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	18,085	...	...	19.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	94,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	29,330	...	...	31.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,020	...	...	18.1	...	...
Not suitable only	4,550	...	...	4.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	4,530	...	...	4.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	975	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,725	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	410	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	115	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	64,945	...	...	68.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	92,110	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	9,765	...	...	10.6	...	...
Not in core need	82,345	...	...	89.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	58,945	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.7	...	...	57.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	12.6	...	...	12.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.3	...	...	4.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,020	...	...	1,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,169	...	...	1,169	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	410,000	...	...	410,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	35,310	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	17.8	...	...	17.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.5	...	...	35.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.4	...	...	21.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	950	...	...	950	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,046	...	...	1,046	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	226,460	112,375	114,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,925	960	970	0.9	0.9	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,880	925	955	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,440	675	765	0.6	0.6	0.7
Métis single ancestry	425	240	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,080	3,410	3,675	3.1	3.0	3.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	6,870	3,300	3,575	3.0	2.9	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,810	2,340	2,475	2.1	2.1	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,035	950	1,080	0.9	0.8	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	215	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	205	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	217,450	108,015	109,440	96.0	96.1	95.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	226,465	112,380	114,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	201,165	99,145	102,020	88.8	88.2	89.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	40,295	20,750	19,550	17.8	18.5	17.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	160,870	78,400	82,470	71.0	69.8	72.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	25,305	13,235	12,065	11.2	11.8	10.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	226,465	112,380	114,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	152,370	75,195	77,175	67.3	66.9	67.6
Immigrants⁸¹	66,610	32,410	34,195	29.4	28.8	30.0
Before 1980	12,405	5,885	6,520	5.5	5.2	5.7
1980 to 1990	6,115	3,200	2,915	2.7	2.8	2.6
1991 to 2000	12,935	6,335	6,600	5.7	5.6	5.8
2001 to 2010	13,520	6,420	7,105	6.0	5.7	6.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	21,635	10,575	11,060	9.6	9.4	9.7
2011 to 2015	8,760	4,145	4,620	3.9	3.7	4.0
2016 to 2021	12,870	6,435	6,435	5.7	5.7	5.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,480	4,770	2,710	3.3	4.2	2.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	66,610	32,410	34,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	6,465	3,430	3,040	9.7	10.6	8.9
5 to 14 years	11,730	5,835	5,900	17.6	18.0	17.3
15 to 24 years	13,310	6,295	7,020	20.0	19.4	20.5
25 to 44 years	27,830	13,485	14,345	41.8	41.6	42.0
45 years and over	7,275	3,375	3,900	10.9	10.4	11.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	66,610	32,410	34,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,970	3,450	4,520	12.0	10.6	13.2
Brazil	125	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	255	140	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
El Salvador	630	310	320	0.9	1.0	0.9
Guyana	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Haiti	210	80	135	0.3	0.2	0.4
Jamaica	710	335	375	1.1	1.0	1.1
Mexico	450	185	265	0.7	0.6	0.8
Peru	105	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	215	95	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	3,895	1,655	2,245	5.8	5.1	6.6
Other places of birth in Americas	1,285	500	785	1.9	1.5	2.3
Europe	16,890	8,395	8,495	25.4	25.9	24.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,140	590	550	1.7	1.8	1.6
Croatia	1,085	515	570	1.6	1.6	1.7
France	175	95	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Germany	565	290	280	0.8	0.9	0.8
Greece	640	335	310	1.0	1.0	0.9
Hungary	415	200	215	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italy	3,265	1,600	1,665	4.9	4.9	4.9
Netherlands	225	145	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
Poland	1,670	810	855	2.5	2.5	2.5
Portugal	325	165	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romania	1,570	770	805	2.4	2.4	2.4
Russian Federation	130	55	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	1,000	515	485	1.5	1.6	1.4
Ukraine	125	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,295	1,145	1,145	3.4	3.5	3.3
Other places of birth in Europe	2,270	1,120	1,145	3.4	3.5	3.3
Africa	5,055	2,445	2,610	7.6	7.5	7.6
Algeria	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	315	135	175	0.5	0.4	0.5
Egypt	415	245	170	0.6	0.8	0.5
Eritrea	225	105	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ethiopia	285	130	155	0.4	0.4	0.5
Morocco	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	695	335	355	1.0	1.0	1.0
Somalia	665	310	355	1.0	1.0	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	135	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	2,170	1,040	1,125	3.3	3.2	3.3
Asia	36,600	18,090	18,510	54.9	55.8	54.1
Afghanistan	35	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	555	255	295	0.8	0.8	0.9
Iraq	8,455	4,275	4,180	12.7	13.2	12.2
Lebanon	3,720	1,835	1,880	5.6	5.7	5.5
Syria⁸⁹	3,425	1,640	1,785	5.1	5.1	5.2
Turkey	325	170	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	3,250	1,435	1,815	4.9	4.4	5.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	425	245	180	0.6	0.8	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	235	125	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
Taiwan	170	75	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	2,365	915	1,445	3.6	2.8	4.2
Viet Nam	1,590	780	810	2.4	2.4	2.4
Bangladesh	610	325	290	0.9	1.0	0.8
India	4,535	2,505	2,030	6.8	7.7	5.9
Pakistan	2,165	1,090	1,075	3.3	3.4	3.1
Sri Lanka	210	115	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	4,530	2,315	2,220	6.8	7.1	6.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	12,875	6,435	6,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,070	505	560	8.3	7.8	8.7
Brazil	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	45	15	30	0.3	0.2	0.5
Haiti	25	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	120	70	45	0.9	1.1	0.7
Mexico	75	20	60	0.6	0.3	0.9
United States of America	605	305	300	4.7	4.7	4.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	135	65	75	1.0	1.0	1.2
Europe	435	190	245	3.4	3.0	3.8
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Italy	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.2
Russian Federation	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ukraine	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	30	30	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Europe	285	120	165	2.2	1.9	2.6
Africa	1,725	880	850	13.4	13.7	13.2
Algeria	20	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Burundi	80	40	45	0.6	0.6	0.7
Cameroon	55	20	35	0.4	0.3	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	95	35	60	0.7	0.5	0.9
Côte d'Ivoire	55	20	40	0.4	0.3	0.6
Egypt	70	45	30	0.5	0.7	0.5
Eritrea	120	70	50	0.9	1.1	0.8
Ethiopia	25	0	25	0.2	0.0	0.4
Morocco	20	20	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Nigeria	345	180	165	2.7	2.8	2.6
Somalia	280	165	115	2.2	2.6	1.8
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	35	25	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
Tunisia	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	505	250	250	3.9	3.9	3.9
Asia	9,645	4,860	4,785	74.9	75.5	74.4
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	110	75	35	0.9	1.2	0.5
China⁹⁰	585	225	355	4.5	3.5	5.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,710	1,030	680	13.3	16.0	10.6
Iran⁸⁸	80	30	50	0.6	0.5	0.8
Iraq	2,615	1,340	1,275	20.3	20.8	19.8
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	145	65	85	1.1	1.0	1.3
Korea, South⁹²	65	30	30	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanon	390	180	215	3.0	2.8	3.3
Nepal	45	20	25	0.3	0.3	0.4
Pakistan	395	200	190	3.1	3.1	3.0
Philippines	305	110	195	2.4	1.7	3.0
Saudi Arabia	275	160	110	2.1	2.5	1.7
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	2,285	1,105	1,185	17.7	17.2	18.4
Turkey	80	45	40	0.6	0.7	0.6
United Arab Emirates	130	75	55	1.0	1.2	0.9
Viet Nam	90	35	55	0.7	0.5	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	310	120	185	2.4	1.9	2.9
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	226,460	112,380	114,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	76,840	38,645	38,190	33.9	34.4	33.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	47,955	23,940	24,015	21.2	21.3	21.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	101,670	49,790	51,880	44.9	44.3	45.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	54,210	26,530	27,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	16,800	9,000	7,800	31.0	33.9	28.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,210	4,975	2,235	13.3	18.8	8.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,590	4,025	5,570	17.7	15.2	20.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	13,415	5,130	8,285	24.7	19.3	29.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	22,875	11,905	10,970	42.2	44.9	39.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,120	495	625	2.1	1.9	2.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	54,210	26,530	27,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,550	2,890	2,665	10.2	10.9	9.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,730	1,310	1,425	5.0	4.9	5.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	925	485	440	1.7	1.8	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,010	1,225	775	3.7	4.6	2.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	470	200	275	0.9	0.8	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	42,520	20,420	22,100	78.4	77.0	79.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	226,460	112,380	114,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	76,005	38,915	37,090	33.6	34.6	32.5
South Asian	16,135	9,280	6,850	7.1	8.3	6.0
Chinese	6,825	3,355	3,470	3.0	3.0	3.0
Black	13,275	6,495	6,785	5.9	5.8	5.9
Filipino	3,205	1,360	1,850	1.4	1.2	1.6
Arab	21,360	10,970	10,390	9.4	9.8	9.1
Latin American	3,500	1,705	1,795	1.5	1.5	1.6
Southeast Asian	3,720	1,845	1,880	1.6	1.6	1.6
West Asian	3,975	1,925	2,050	1.8	1.7	1.8
Korean	430	245	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	120	55	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	870	420	450	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	2,590	1,265	1,325	1.1	1.1	1.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	150,455	73,460	76,990	66.4	65.4	67.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	226,465	112,380	114,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	25,575	12,560	13,015	11.3	11.2	11.4
English	32,775	15,720	17,060	14.5	14.0	15.0
Irish	29,530	13,920	15,610	13.0	12.4	13.7
Scottish	25,240	12,345	12,890	11.1	11.0	11.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	35,850	17,410	18,435	15.8	15.5	16.2
German	16,000	7,760	8,240	7.1	6.9	7.2
Chinese	6,900	3,290	3,610	3.0	2.9	3.2
Italian	18,490	9,130	9,355	8.2	8.1	8.2
Indian (India)	7,705	4,615	3,090	3.4	4.1	2.7
Ukrainian	5,395	2,495	2,905	2.4	2.2	2.5
Dutch	4,250	1,985	2,260	1.9	1.8	2.0
Polish	7,685	3,605	4,080	3.4	3.2	3.6
Québécois	235	105	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,820	2,345	2,475	2.1	2.1	2.2
Filipino	3,275	1,385	1,890	1.4	1.2	1.7
French Canadian	5,060	2,450	2,615	2.2	2.2	2.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,885	1,880	2,005	1.7	1.7	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,715	1,275	1,440	1.2	1.1	1.3
Métis	2,700	1,330	1,370	1.2	1.2	1.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,395	1,155	1,230	1.1	1.0	1.1
Russian	1,760	805	960	0.8	0.7	0.8
Norwegian	660	335	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Welsh	2,245	1,040	1,200	1.0	0.9	1.1
Portuguese	1,690	910	785	0.7	0.8	0.7
American	2,810	1,280	1,530	1.2	1.1	1.3
Spanish	1,780	845	935	0.8	0.8	0.8
Swedish	745	365	380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungarian	4,040	1,950	2,090	1.8	1.7	1.8
Acadian	395	180	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	2,825	1,475	1,345	1.2	1.3	1.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,535	1,225	1,310	1.1	1.1	1.1
Jewish	765	350	405	0.3	0.3	0.4
Punjabi	1,195	670	525	0.5	0.6	0.5
Vietnamese	2,490	1,255	1,230	1.1	1.1	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	6,420	3,315	3,105	2.8	2.9	2.7
Greek	1,930	1,020	905	0.9	0.9	0.8
Jamaican	1,615	795	815	0.7	0.7	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,555	855	700	0.7	0.8	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	195	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	390	205	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	3,455	1,660	1,795	1.5	1.5	1.6
Lebanese	7,390	3,760	3,625	3.3	3.3	3.2
Iranian	775	405	370	0.3	0.4	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,570	765	805	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	500	200	300	0.2	0.2	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,695	855	830	0.7	0.8	0.7
Sikh	795	435	365	0.4	0.4	0.3
Austrian	940	410	530	0.4	0.4	0.5
Belgian	1,140	510	630	0.5	0.5	0.6
Haitian	375	165	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hindu	1,415	820	595	0.6	0.7	0.5
Mexican	835	330	510	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mennonite	120	50	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swiss	260	135	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	515	230	290	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lankan	235	155	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,280	1,140	1,140	1.0	1.0	1.0
Japanese	140	50	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	710	395	320	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	205	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	360	175	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	1,430	755	675	0.6	0.7	0.6
Egyptian	555	325	230	0.2	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	490	245	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	245	135	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Colombian	375	195	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	110	60	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	625	325	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	2,890	1,430	1,460	1.3	1.3	1.3
Guyanese	200	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,445	660	785	0.6	0.6	0.7
Serbian	2,980	1,570	1,410	1.3	1.4	1.2
Ojibway	395	190	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	105	65	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ontarian	720	345	380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian	350	150	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	505	225	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	855	460	395	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	635	320	315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	155	45	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigerian	975	485	495	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	510	215	295	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slovak	1,380	695	695	0.6	0.6	0.6
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	545	260	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	1,110	560	555	0.5	0.5	0.5
Taiwanese	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	5,410	2,720	2,695	2.4	2.4	2.4
Salvadorean	675	355	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	210	115	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	385	205	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,055	1,030	1,020	0.9	0.9	0.9
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	180	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	220	95	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	1,425	755	675	0.6	0.7	0.6
Chilean	185	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	420	180	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	365	155	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	385	190	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	420	200	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	550	245	305	0.2	0.2	0.3
Berber	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,295	655	640	0.6	0.6	0.6
Maltese	815	425	390	0.4	0.4	0.3
Macedonian	1,265	625	640	0.6	0.6	0.6
Slovenian	435	195	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	115	75	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Brunswicker	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	375	280	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrean	265	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	900	450	455	0.4	0.4	0.4
Israeli	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	310	140	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	320	145	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albertan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	190	115	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	150	55	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
African American	1,065	565	500	0.5	0.5	0.4
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	580	260	320	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tunisian	80	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	330	190	145	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cuban	150	55	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	665	350	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuelan	150	55	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	345	240	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indonesian	120	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Laotian	270	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	70	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	125	90	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	135	85	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Argentinian	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	435	255	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Thai	120	30	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	525	290	235	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	985	460	530	0.4	0.4	0.5
Igbo	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	195	120	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	250	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	370	220	150	0.2	0.2	0.1
Manitoban	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	165	60	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	3,540	1,805	1,730	1.6	1.6	1.5
Sinhalese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	175	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	250	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	310	165	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	10	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	75	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	125	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	355	190	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
Central African	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	190	60	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	100	80	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Roma	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	226,460	112,380	114,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,120	970	1,150	0.9	0.9	1.0
Christian	125,885	59,295	66,590	55.6	52.8	58.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	18,125	8,745	9,380	8.0	7.8	8.2
Anabaptist	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	6,935	3,060	3,885	3.1	2.7	3.4
Baptist	3,130	1,415	1,715	1.4	1.3	1.5
Catholic	73,690	34,840	38,850	32.5	31.0	34.1
Christian Orthodox	7,585	3,800	3,780	3.3	3.4	3.3
Jehovah's Witness	685	290	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	215	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	1,385	645	740	0.6	0.6	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	280	75	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,115	1,370	1,745	1.4	1.2	1.5
Presbyterian	1,845	830	1,015	0.8	0.7	0.9
Reformed	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	4,370	1,910	2,465	1.9	1.7	2.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,205	2,060	2,145	1.9	1.8	1.9
Hindu	6,440	4,045	2,395	2.8	3.6	2.1
Jewish	725	375	355	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	25,735	13,090	12,645	11.4	11.6	11.1
Sikh	2,740	1,490	1,250	1.2	1.3	1.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,080	455	625	0.5	0.4	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	61,670	32,630	29,040	27.2	29.0	25.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	224,245	111,270	112,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	196,425	96,740	99,685	87.6	86.9	88.2
Movers	27,825	14,530	13,295	12.4	13.1	11.8
Non-migrants	19,155	9,805	9,345	8.5	8.8	8.3
Migrants	8,670	4,725	3,945	3.9	4.2	3.5
Internal migrants	6,135	3,100	3,035	2.7	2.8	2.7
Intraprovincial migrants	5,295	2,630	2,670	2.4	2.4	2.4
Interprovincial migrants	835	465	370	0.4	0.4	0.3
External migrants	2,535	1,625	910	1.1	1.5	0.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	215,390	106,770	108,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	130,005	63,530	66,475	60.4	59.5	61.2
Movers	85,380	43,240	42,145	39.6	40.5	38.8
Non-migrants	45,625	22,605	23,020	21.2	21.2	21.2
Migrants	39,755	20,630	19,125	18.5	19.3	17.6
Internal migrants	23,755	11,785	11,975	11.0	11.0	11.0
Intraprovincial migrants	19,415	9,610	9,805	9.0	9.0	9.0
Interprovincial migrants	4,340	2,170	2,170	2.0	2.0	2.0
External migrants	16,000	8,850	7,155	7.4	8.3	6.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	189,865	93,590	96,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,605	17,500	18,105	18.8	18.7	18.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	154,265	76,090	78,175	81.2	81.3	81.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	119,540	59,430	60,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,430	7,465	6,970	12.1	12.6	11.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	105,110	51,970	53,140	87.9	87.4	88.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	189,865	93,590	96,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	33,385	16,170	17,210	17.6	17.3	17.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	61,485	30,850	30,640	32.4	33.0	31.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	94,995	46,570	48,425	50.0	49.8	50.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	50,690	24,520	26,170	26.7	26.2	27.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,465	6,710	2,760	5.0	7.2	2.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,455	2,695	1,750	2.3	2.9	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,015	4,010	1,005	2.6	4.3	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	37,730	16,220	21,510	19.9	17.3	22.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,495	1,590	1,900	1.8	1.7	2.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,305	22,050	22,255	23.3	23.6	23.1
Bachelor's degree	28,225	13,340	14,885	14.9	14.3	15.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,890	1,300	1,590	1.5	1.4	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,060	615	450	0.6	0.7	0.5
Master's degree	10,390	5,655	4,730	5.5	6.0	4.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,740	1,140	600	0.9	1.2	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	119,545	59,430	60,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,340	6,870	6,475	11.2	11.6	10.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	36,365	19,350	17,010	30.4	32.6	28.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,840	33,210	36,625	58.4	55.9	60.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	36,505	17,110	19,390	30.5	28.8	32.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,980	4,180	1,800	5.0	7.0	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,855	1,735	1,125	2.4	2.9	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,125	2,450	675	2.6	4.1	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	28,165	11,830	16,330	23.6	19.9	27.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,355	1,100	1,260	2.0	1.9	2.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,335	16,095	17,240	27.9	27.1	28.7
Bachelor's degree	20,625	9,470	11,160	17.3	15.9	18.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,070	875	1,195	1.7	1.5	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	840	460	385	0.7	0.8	0.6
Master's degree	8,405	4,420	3,985	7.0	7.4	6.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,385	870	515	1.2	1.5	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	189,865	93,595	96,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	94,870	47,020	47,850	50.0	50.2	49.7
Education	5,170	1,380	3,795	2.7	1.5	3.9
13. Education	5,170	1,380	3,795	2.7	1.5	3.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,465	975	1,495	1.3	1.0	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	105	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,295	870	1,425	1.2	0.9	1.5
Humanities	4,345	1,615	2,735	2.3	1.7	2.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	510	110	400	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	1,135	260	870	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,020	385	640	0.5	0.4	0.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	305	180	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	350	210	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	665	380	285	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	265	65	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,470	3,895	7,575	6.0	4.2	7.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	170	15	160	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,580	760	825	0.8	0.8	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,195	210	1,985	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,635	565	1,065	0.9	0.6	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	190	45	145	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	2,100	520	1,575	1.1	0.6	1.6
45. Social sciences	3,595	1,775	1,825	1.9	1.9	1.9
Business, management and public administration	17,695	7,470	10,225	9.3	8.0	10.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,945	380	1,565	1.0	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,725	7,095	8,630	8.3	7.6	9.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,695	1,740	1,955	1.9	1.9	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,700	715	985	0.9	0.8	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	660	265	400	0.3	0.3	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	990	650	340	0.5	0.7	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	265	90	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,755	3,210	1,540	2.5	3.4	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,940	2,775	1,165	2.1	3.0	1.2
25. Library science	145	40	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	565	340	225	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	21,915	19,550	2,370	11.5	20.9	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	690	485	205	0.4	0.5	0.2
14. Engineering	7,675	6,335	1,340	4.0	6.8	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,290	3,810	480	2.3	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,940	2,855	85	1.5	3.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,720	2,655	65	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	3,595	3,410	185	1.9	3.6	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,195	585	610	0.6	0.6	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	875	435	445	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	315	150	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	16,225	3,435	12,790	8.5	3.7	13.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,050	530	520	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,805	2,680	12,120	7.8	2.9	12.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	290	205	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,030	2,690	3,340	3.2	2.9	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,625	890	2,735	1.9	1.0	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,705	1,195	510	0.9	1.3	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	675	580	100	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	119,540	59,430	60,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	49,705	26,215	23,485	41.6	44.1	39.1
Education	3,515	865	2,655	2.9	1.5	4.4
13. Education	3,515	865	2,655	2.9	1.5	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,895	720	1,175	1.6	1.2	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,780	650	1,130	1.5	1.1	1.9
Humanities	2,885	985	1,900	2.4	1.7	3.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	360	50	315	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	780	185	595	0.7	0.3	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	690	235	450	0.6	0.4	0.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	145	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	405	225	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155	15	135	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,550	2,740	5,810	7.2	4.6	9.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	10	135	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,275	580	690	1.1	1.0	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,625	140	1,480	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,225	360	870	1.0	0.6	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	130	30	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,590	405	1,180	1.3	0.7	2.0
45. Social sciences	2,560	1,210	1,350	2.1	2.0	2.2
Business, management and public administration	13,340	5,405	7,935	11.2	9.1	13.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,540	275	1,260	1.3	0.5	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,785	5,125	6,660	9.9	8.6	11.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,665	1,260	1,405	2.2	2.1	2.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,190	535	660	1.0	0.9	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	465	175	290	0.4	0.3	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	755	465	290	0.6	0.8	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	185	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,645	2,460	1,175	3.0	4.1	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,085	2,180	905	2.6	3.7	1.5
25. Library science	100	15	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	370	210	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	15,470	13,600	1,870	12.9	22.9	3.1
04. Architecture and related services	570	395	170	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	5,695	4,620	1,075	4.8	7.8	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,170	2,800	375	2.7	4.7	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,850	1,785	60	1.5	3.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,665	1,615	50	1.4	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	2,520	2,385	130	2.1	4.0	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	950	450	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	675	320	365	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	12,360	2,700	9,665	10.3	4.5	16.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	770	390	375	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,315	2,145	9,170	9.5	3.6	15.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	220	150	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,545	2,020	2,525	3.8	3.4	4.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,755	700	2,055	2.3	1.2	3.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,255	875	380	1.0	1.5	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	530	440	90	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	119,540	59,430	60,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,705	26,215	23,485	41.6	44.1	39.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	69,835	33,215	36,630	58.4	55.9	60.9
Location of study inside Canada	53,315	24,950	28,365	44.6	42.0	47.2
Same as province or territory of residence	51,455	23,965	27,485	43.0	40.3	45.7
Different than province or territory of residence	1,865	985	880	1.6	1.7	1.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,525	8,265	8,265	13.8	13.9	13.7
Americas	4,430	2,360	2,070	3.7	4.0	3.4
United States of America	3,680	2,040	1,640	3.1	3.4	2.7
Mexico	185	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazil	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombia	135	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	210	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,560	1,380	1,185	2.1	2.3	2.0
Belgium	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	75	60	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	300	135	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romania	505	265	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	405	255	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	515	270	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Africa	1,065	510	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Nigeria	290	110	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Algeria	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	410	210	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
Asia	8,390	3,975	4,420	7.0	6.7	7.4
Iran⁸⁸	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	1,275	720	555	1.1	1.2	0.9
Israel	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	420	180	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,060	480	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
Taiwan	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	830	280	555	0.7	0.5	0.9
Viet Nam	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,295	1,150	1,140	1.9	1.9	1.9
Pakistan	705	300	405	0.6	0.5	0.7
Other locations of study in Asia	590	285	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	189,865	93,590	96,275	...	...	...
In the labour force	106,885	57,825	49,060	...	...	...
Employed	86,735	47,030	39,705	...	...	...
Unemployed	20,150	10,795	9,350	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	82,980	35,765	47,220	...	...	...
Participation rate	56.3	61.8	51.0	56.3	61.8	51.0
Employment rate	45.7	50.3	41.2	45.7	50.3	41.2
Unemployment rate	18.9	18.7	19.1	18.9	18.7	19.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	189,865	93,590	96,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	85,630	37,590	48,045	45.1	40.2	49.9
Worked	104,230	56,000	48,225	54.9	59.8	50.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	47,480	27,140	20,340	25.0	29.0	21.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	56,750	28,865	27,890	29.9	30.8	29.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.3	39.9	38.5	39.3	39.9	38.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	106,880	57,830	49,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,015	2,160	1,850	3.8	3.7	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	102,870	55,665	47,205	96.2	96.3	96.2
Employee	91,850	48,660	43,185	85.9	84.1	88.0
Permanent position	79,570	42,360	37,210	74.4	73.2	75.9
Temporary position	12,275	6,300	5,975	11.5	10.9	12.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,450	2,170	2,275	4.2	3.8	4.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,830	4,130	3,695	7.3	7.1	7.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,020	7,010	4,015	10.3	12.1	8.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	106,880	57,830	49,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,015	2,160	1,850	3.8	3.7	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	102,870	55,665	47,205	96.2	96.3	96.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	640	375	265	0.6	0.6	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,600	4,180	8,420	11.8	7.2	17.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	8,810	7,110	1,695	8.2	12.3	3.5
3 Health occupations	9,245	1,945	7,305	8.6	3.4	14.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,135	3,425	6,710	9.5	5.9	13.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,030	960	1,070	1.9	1.7	2.2
6 Sales and service occupations	27,700	12,000	15,705	25.9	20.8	32.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	18,220	16,465	1,750	17.0	28.5	3.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,310	990	320	1.2	1.7	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	12,185	8,215	3,965	11.4	14.2	8.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	106,880	57,830	49,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,015	2,160	1,850	3.8	3.7	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	102,870	55,665	47,205	96.2	96.3	96.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,280	715	565	1.2	1.2	1.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	155	145	10	0.1	0.3	0.0
22 Utilities	430	335	95	0.4	0.6	0.2
23 Construction	6,505	5,840	660	6.1	10.1	1.3
31-33 Manufacturing	20,385	15,045	5,340	19.1	26.0	10.9
41 Wholesale trade	2,385	1,590	790	2.2	2.7	1.6
44-45 Retail trade	11,755	5,475	6,280	11.0	9.5	12.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,460	4,115	1,340	5.1	7.1	2.7
51 Information and cultural industries	1,005	605	400	0.9	1.0	0.8
52 Finance and insurance	3,235	1,360	1,875	3.0	2.4	3.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,470	825	650	1.4	1.4	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,030	3,525	2,505	5.6	6.1	5.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,045	2,870	2,175	4.7	5.0	4.4
61 Educational services	7,225	2,555	4,670	6.8	4.4	9.5
62 Health care and social assistance	13,485	2,710	10,770	12.6	4.7	22.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,200	1,115	1,085	2.1	1.9	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	7,505	3,310	4,200	7.0	5.7	8.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,255	1,935	2,320	4.0	3.3	4.7
91 Public administration	2,925	1,530	1,400	2.7	2.6	2.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	113,945	61,000	52,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	107,980	58,130	49,855	94.8	95.3	94.2
French	630	215	420	0.6	0.4	0.8
Non-official language	700	435	265	0.6	0.7	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	700	435	265	0.6	0.7	0.5
English and French	1,480	545	935	1.3	0.9	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	2,935	1,585	1,355	2.6	2.6	2.6
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	113,945	61,000	52,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	113,065	60,550	52,515	99.2	99.3	99.2
Official languages	111,770	59,790	51,980	98.1	98.0	98.2
English	110,810	59,510	51,295	97.2	97.6	96.9
French	970	285	685	0.9	0.5	1.3
Non-official languages	1,290	755	540	1.1	1.2	1.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,290	755	540	1.1	1.2	1.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	400	285	110	0.4	0.5	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	390	280	110	0.3	0.5	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	340	235	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
Aramaic languages	45	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	415	230	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	235	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	165	100	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	320	175	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	300	165	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	175	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	115	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	885	455	430	0.8	0.7	0.8
English and French	240	80	160	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	625	365	255	0.5	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	113,945	61,000	52,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	110,050	59,130	50,925	96.6	96.9	96.2
English	810	335	475	0.7	0.5	0.9
French	955	430	530	0.8	0.7	1.0
Non-official language	1,770	915	855	1.6	1.5	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,755	915	845	1.5	1.5	1.6
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	86,735	47,030	39,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	14,350	6,945	7,405	16.5	14.8	18.6
Worked outside Canada	2,950	1,750	1,195	3.4	3.7	3.0
No fixed workplace address	10,540	7,765	2,770	12.2	16.5	7.0
Usual place of work	58,890	30,565	28,330	67.9	65.0	71.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	58,895	30,565	28,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	42,915	20,855	22,060	72.9	68.2	77.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	14,760	8,940	5,820	25.1	29.2	20.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,100	695	405	1.9	2.3	1.4
Commute to a different province or territory	120	70	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	69,435	38,330	31,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	63,045	34,960	28,080	90.8	91.2	90.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	56,750	32,170	24,575	81.7	83.9	79.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,295	2,790	3,505	9.1	7.3	11.3
Public transit	2,425	1,255	1,175	3.5	3.3	3.8
Walked	2,125	1,035	1,085	3.1	2.7	3.5
Bicycle	560	445	115	0.8	1.2	0.4
Other method	1,285	635	650	1.9	1.7	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	69,435	38,330	31,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	27,740	14,070	13,665	40.0	36.7	43.9
15 to 29 minutes	31,125	17,750	13,375	44.8	46.3	43.0
30 to 44 minutes	6,335	3,980	2,355	9.1	10.4	7.6
45 to 59 minutes	2,500	1,450	1,045	3.6	3.8	3.4
60 minutes and over	1,735	1,075	655	2.5	2.8	2.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	69,435	38,330	31,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,435	3,530	1,905	7.8	9.2	6.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	12,805	8,690	4,115	18.4	22.7	13.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,280	7,920	6,355	20.6	20.7	20.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	13,615	6,215	7,400	19.6	16.2	23.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,190	4,400	4,790	13.2	11.5	15.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	14,110	7,570	6,540	20.3	19.7	21.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	45,660	23,485	22,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,870	3,485	3,390	15.0	14.8	15.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	38,785	20,000	18,785	84.9	85.2	84.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	33,750	17,340	16,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,255	2,655	2,600	15.6	15.3	15.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,725	1,845	1,880	11.0	10.6	11.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,535	810	725	4.5	4.7	4.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,490	14,680	13,810	84.4	84.7	84.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 5, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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