Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Windsor, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	229,660	...	...
Population, 2016¹	217,188	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	99,803	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	94,273	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,572.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	146.02	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	229,660	113,795	115,865
0 to 14 years	36,640	18,820	17,820
0 to 4 years	11,080	5,710	5,375
5 to 9 years	12,385	6,350	6,040
10 to 14 years	13,170	6,755	6,410
15 to 64 years	150,375	75,905	74,465
15 to 19 years	13,520	6,995	6,525
20 to 24 years	16,380	8,870	7,510
25 to 29 years	17,830	9,600	8,235
30 to 34 years	15,285	7,685	7,595
35 to 39 years	13,480	6,575	6,905
40 to 44 years	13,185	6,260	6,925
45 to 49 years	14,165	6,835	7,330
50 to 54 years	15,040	7,490	7,545
55 to 59 years	16,160	8,035	8,120
60 to 64 years	15,330	7,555	7,770
65 years and over	42,645	19,070	23,575
65 to 69 years	13,005	6,180	6,820
70 to 74 years	11,005	5,105	5,900
75 to 79 years	7,510	3,425	4,085
80 to 84 years	5,430	2,295	3,135
85 years and over	5,695	2,065	3,630
85 to 89 years	3,310	1,350	1,960
90 to 94 years	1,855	585	1,265
95 to 99 years	475	115	355
100 years and over	60	10	50
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.0	16.5	15.4
15 to 64 years	65.5	66.7	64.3
65 years and over	18.6	16.8	20.3
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	41.4	40.2	42.6
Median age of the population	40.8	38.4	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	94,275	...	...
Single-detached house	56,625	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,370	...	...
Row house	6,205	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,960	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,750	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,250	...	...
Other single-attached house	105	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	94,270	...	...
1 person	31,210	...	...
2 persons	29,375	...	...
3 persons	13,500	...	...
4 persons	11,240	...	...
5 or more persons	8,940	...	...
Number of persons in private households	226,460	112,390	114,070
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	193,020	94,980	98,040
Married or living common-law	95,825	47,915	47,915
Married	80,570	40,305	40,265
Living common-law	15,260	7,610	7,645
Living common law - Never married	10,850	5,405	5,440
Living common law - Separated	815	440	375
Living common law - Divorced	3,195	1,600	1,600
Living common law - Widowed	395	165	230
Not married and not living common-law	97,190	47,065	50,130
Not married and not living common law - Never married	64,620	36,145	28,475
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,205	2,625	3,580
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	14,375	5,810	8,565
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	11,990	2,480	9,505
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	60,420	...	...
2 persons	30,215	...	...
3 persons	13,025	...	...
4 persons	10,690	...	...
5 or more persons	6,490	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	60,425	...	...
Total couple families	46,365	...	...
Married couples	38,735	...	...
With children⁶	21,590	...	...
Without children	17,150	...	...
Common-law couples	7,630	...	...
With children⁶	2,795	...	...
Without children	4,835	...	...
Total one-parent families	14,060	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	11,355	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,705	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	226,460	112,395	114,070
Total - Persons in census families	178,285	87,515	90,770
Married spouses or common-law partners	92,735	46,370	46,365
Parents in one-parent families	14,055	2,700	11,355
Children⁶	71,500	38,445	33,055
In a two-parent family	48,890	26,140	22,755
In a one-parent family	22,605	12,310	10,295
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	48,175	24,880	23,295
Living alone	31,210	15,170	16,040
Living with other relatives⁷	6,105	2,605	3,510
Living with non-relatives only	10,855	7,105	3,755
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	94,270	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	52,595	...	...
Couple-family households	41,405	...	...
With children⁶	21,680	...	...
Without children	19,730	...	...
One-parent-family households	11,185	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,910	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	420	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,560	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,575	...	...
One-person households	31,210	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	189,840	93,585	96,255
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	180,370	88,800	91,565
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	180,450	88,840	91,610
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,800	30,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	149,960	76,660	73,295
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,200	34,800	23,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	122,945	66,675	56,265
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,800	32,000	25,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	169,565	83,100	86,460
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,300	9,400	12,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,730	12,645	12,085
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,995	32,235	30,765
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	189,865	93,590	96,275
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	180,240	88,665	91,580
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,400	51,160	39,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	180,330	88,710	91,625
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,760	44,120	35,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	150,285	76,815	73,465
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,480	47,040	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	122,965	66,830	56,130
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,480	43,680	34,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	169,565	83,075	86,485
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,400	11,120	13,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,975	12,935	12,040
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,205	6,075	6,345
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,865	32,300	30,570
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,350	9,120	9,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	189,865	93,590	96,270
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	46,200	26,350	19,850
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	62,000	52,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,500	73,000	60,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	53,815	27,350	26,470
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000	21,200	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,000	29,720	22,180
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	74.4	79.6	67.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.3	64.4	53.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	25.7	20.4	32.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.9	1.7	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.1	7.1	9.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.2	6.5	8.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	189,840	93,580	96,255
Without total income	9,470	4,785	4,690
With total income	180,370	88,800	91,570
Under $10,000 (including loss)	16,670	7,100	9,575
$10,000 to $19,999	24,800	11,010	13,790
$20,000 to $29,999	31,620	13,830	17,790
$30,000 to $39,999	26,395	11,715	14,680
$40,000 to $49,999	22,595	11,485	11,105
$50,000 to $59,999	16,825	8,715	8,110
$60,000 to $69,999	11,330	6,085	5,245
$70,000 to $79,999	8,010	4,705	3,310
$80,000 to $89,999	5,555	3,420	2,135
$90,000 to $99,999	4,230	2,520	1,705
$100,000 and over	12,340	8,220	4,125
$100,000 to $149,999	8,665	5,420	3,245
$150,000 and over	3,680	2,795	885
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	189,840	93,580	96,255
Without after-tax income	9,395	4,745	4,645
With after-tax income	180,450	88,840	91,610
Under $10,000 (including loss)	17,190	7,280	9,915
$10,000 to $19,999	25,670	11,380	14,290
$20,000 to $29,999	35,715	15,735	19,980
$30,000 to $39,999	30,760	14,475	16,280
$40,000 to $49,999	24,765	12,920	11,850
$50,000 to $59,999	16,190	8,570	7,625
$60,000 to $69,999	10,120	5,845	4,280
$70,000 to $79,999	6,170	3,710	2,460
$80,000 to $89,999	4,645	2,590	2,055
$90,000 to $99,999	2,605	1,625	980
$100,000 and over	6,620	4,720	1,900
$100,000 to $124,999	3,205	2,090	1,120
$125,000 and over	3,415	2,625	785
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	189,840	93,580	96,255
Without employment income	66,900	26,905	39,990
With employment income	122,940	66,680	56,265
Under $5,000 (including loss)	22,505	12,555	9,955
$5,000 to $9,999	11,605	5,295	6,310
$10,000 to $19,999	16,450	7,960	8,490
$20,000 to $29,999	12,445	6,135	6,310
$30,000 to $39,999	12,475	6,395	6,080
$40,000 to $49,999	10,660	5,610	5,050
$50,000 to $59,999	8,955	4,980	3,970
$60,000 to $69,999	6,590	3,890	2,705
$70,000 to $79,999	5,045	3,225	1,820
$80,000 to $89,999	3,700	2,360	1,340
$90,000 to $99,999	3,395	1,940	1,455
$100,000 and over	9,110	6,340	2,775
$100,000 to $124,999	4,440	2,785	1,660
$125,000 and over	4,670	3,555	1,115
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	189,840	93,585	96,255
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	175,610	86,105	89,505
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	29,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	175,670	86,105	89,565
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	35,600	27,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	146,670	74,700	71,970
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	37,600	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	121,180	65,280	55,895
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	36,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	160,115	77,770	82,345
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,320	1,980	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	16,650	9,045	7,605
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,440	4,160	4,840
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	189,865	93,590	96,275
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	175,630	86,185	89,445
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,480	48,520	36,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	175,725	86,185	89,535
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,960	41,520	32,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	147,120	75,150	71,975
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,680	48,400	34,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	121,300	65,635	55,665
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,040	45,520	35,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	160,185	77,865	82,330
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,280	6,990	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	17,025	9,230	7,800
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,915	5,400	6,530
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	189,865	93,590	96,270
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	45,565	25,910	19,655
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,000	59,200	48,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,200	69,900	56,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	50,090	25,415	24,670
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	30,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,160	36,640	27,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.2	87.0	76.2
Employment income (%)	66.8	71.4	60.7
Government transfers (%)	17.8	13.0	23.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	94,270	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	31,210	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	63,065	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	94,270	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	31,215	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,680	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	63,060	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	94,270	...	...
Under $5,000	1,175	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	700	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,560	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,610	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,265	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,820	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,835	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,130	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,255	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,325	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,615	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,735	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,870	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,100	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,250	...	...
$100,000 and over	29,025	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	10,245	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,505	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,080	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,195	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	94,270	...	...
Under $5,000	1,240	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	715	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,575	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,680	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,535	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,445	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,495	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,800	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,075	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,845	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,560	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	8,475	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,415	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,440	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,435	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,545	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	9,295	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,440	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,815	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	59,855	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	20,120	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	24,570	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	13,050	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	42,065	22,275	19,790
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	35,600	34,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	32,800	31,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	59,820	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,175	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	24,520	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,020	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	42,155	22,215	19,940
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,040	43,920	42,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,640	38,040	37,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	226,460	112,390	114,070
0 to 17 years	44,675	22,990	21,690
0 to 5 years	13,460	6,930	6,530
18 to 64 years	141,180	70,955	70,225
65 years and over	40,600	18,445	22,160
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	35,295	16,910	18,385
0 to 17 years	9,405	4,840	4,565
0 to 5 years	3,140	1,650	1,495
18 to 64 years	19,825	9,765	10,060
65 years and over	6,065	2,310	3,755
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.6	15.0	16.1
0 to 17 years (%)	21.1	21.1	21.1
0 to 5 years (%)	23.4	23.8	22.9
18 to 64 years (%)	14.0	13.8	14.3
65 years and over (%)	14.9	12.5	17.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	226,460	112,395	114,070
0 to 17 years	44,680	22,990	21,695
0 to 5 years	13,460	6,935	6,525
18 to 64 years	141,180	70,955	70,220
65 years and over	40,605	18,445	22,155
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	14,315	7,955	6,360
0 to 17 years	2,360	1,215	1,145
0 to 5 years	785	425	355
18 to 64 years	10,965	6,310	4,655
65 years and over	990	430	560
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.3	7.1	5.6
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3	5.3	5.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.8	6.1	5.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.8	8.9	6.6
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.3	2.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	226,460	112,390	114,070
In bottom half of the distribution	137,220	66,935	70,290
In bottom decile	31,445	15,875	15,565
In second decile	30,560	14,235	16,325
In third decile	27,660	13,280	14,375
In fourth decile	25,000	12,385	12,615
In fifth decile	22,560	11,160	11,405
In top half of the distribution	89,240	45,460	43,780
In sixth decile	20,815	10,505	10,310
In seventh decile	19,270	9,770	9,505
In eighth decile	17,950	9,175	8,780
In ninth decile	16,595	8,495	8,095
In top decile	14,605	7,515	7,090
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	226,460	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.327	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.489	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.295	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	227,380	112,775	114,610
English only	201,295	101,260	100,035
French only	390	150	235
English and French	19,260	8,715	10,550
Neither English nor French	6,435	2,650	3,785
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	227,380	112,775	114,610
English	214,725	107,255	107,470
French	4,450	2,035	2,415
English and French	1,915	905	1,010
Neither English nor French	6,295	2,580	3,715
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	227,380	112,775	114,610
Single responses	216,165	107,160	109,000
Official languages	151,690	75,185	76,505
English	147,355	73,185	74,175
French	4,330	2,000	2,335
Non-official languages	64,470	31,975	32,495
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	20	15
Algonquian languages	25	15	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	64,440	31,955	32,485
Afro-Asiatic languages	20,650	10,270	10,380
Berber languages	5	0	5
Kabyle	5	0	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	60	30	30
Hausa	55	30	20
Mina	5	5	5
Coptic	5	5	5
Cushitic languages	705	335	375
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	45	25	25
Somali	650	300	345
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Semitic languages	19,870	9,895	9,975
Amharic	95	45	50
Arabic	15,265	7,685	7,585
Aramaic languages	4,180	2,015	2,170
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	755	355	395
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	3,335	1,600	1,730
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	50	45
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	30	15	10
Maltese	90	45	45
Tigrigna	210	100	105
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,875	865	1,005
Khmer (Cambodian)	285	125	160
Vietnamese	1,590	740	850
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,850	735	1,115
Bikol	10	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20
Cebuano	50	20	35
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	35	10	30
Ilocano	65	25	40
Indonesian	40	15	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5
Pangasinan	5	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,540	610	930
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Creole languages	215	100	115
Haitian Creole	120	55	65
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	0	0
Morisyen	15	5	10
Sango	10	5	5
Creole, n.o.s.	60	25	25
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Dravidian languages	1,425	925	500
Kannada	55	40	15
Malayalam	390	265	125
Tamil	445	260	190
Telugu	525	350	175
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5
Indo-European languages	30,095	15,055	15,040
Albanian	815	410	410
Armenian	105	45	60
Balto-Slavic languages	7,090	3,300	3,790
Baltic languages	40	10	30
Latvian	10	5	10
Lithuanian	30	5	20
Slavic languages	7,050	3,290	3,765
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	75	40	45
Czech	90	40	45
Macedonian	680	320	360
Polish	1,840	840	995
Russian	405	165	240
Rusyn	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,290	1,590	1,700
Bosnian	290	135	150
Croatian	970	445	525
Serbian	1,970	980	990
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	25	25
Slovak	325	155	170
Slovene (Slovenian)	80	25	55
Ukrainian	250	100	155
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,110	520	590
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	805	365	445
German	780	350	435
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	5	0
Yiddish	20	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	275	145	130
Afrikaans	30	15	10
Dutch	195	100	95
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	5	0	0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10
Scandinavian languages	35	15	20
Danish	25	10	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	10	5	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	640	320	325
Indo-Iranian languages	11,055	6,140	4,915
Indo-Aryan languages	9,975	5,590	4,385
Assamese	5	5	5
Bengali	805	415	395
Gujarati	1,590	1,110	485
Hindi	995	605	385
Kacchi	5	5	0
Kashmiri	5	10	0
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	95	60	40
Nepali	955	465	495
Oriya languages	15	5	10
Odia	5	5	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,835	1,575	1,260
Rohingya	10	5	5
Sindhi	20	10	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	40	45
Urdu	2,520	1,275	1,240
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Iranian languages	1,075	550	525
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	265	140	125
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	90	45	45
Persian languages	720	360	360
Dari	115	45	70
Iranian Persian	515	265	245
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	95	50	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,265	4,325	4,940
Catalan	5	0	0
Italian	4,245	1,990	2,250
Portuguese	600	280	325
Romanian	1,495	690	800
Spanish	2,870	1,330	1,545
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	35	20
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Japanese	65	25	40
Korean	335	160	170
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	935	430	510
Akan (Twi)	40	20	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	5	5	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	10	5	0
Ganda	25	15	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	40	15	25
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	90	40	45
Lingala	10	5	5
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	5	0
Ndebele	10	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	50	65
Shona	30	20	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	260	110	145
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	195	85	110
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40
Nilo-Saharan languages	145	70	80
Dinka	40	20	20
Nuer	30	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35
African, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Sign languages	45	25	20
American Sign Language	35	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,435	2,635	2,805
Chinese languages	5,190	2,510	2,680
Hakka	20	10	10
Mandarin	3,480	1,660	1,810
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	30	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,510	740	770
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	40	40
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	230	110	115
Burmese	80	45	40
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	145	70	75
S'gaw Karen	120	55	65
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	135	60	70
Lao	100	55	50
Thai	35	10	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	445	225	215
Azerbaijani	20	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	385	200	185
Uyghur	15	5	10
Uzbek	5	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Uralic languages	765	365	400
Estonian	5	0	0
Finnish	45	15	25
Hungarian	720	345	375
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Multiple responses	11,220	5,615	5,605
English and French	1,430	635	795
English and non-official language(s)	8,110	4,185	3,925
French and non-official language(s)	305	135	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	345	160	180
Multiple non-official languages	1,035	495	535
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	227,380	112,775	114,610
English	154,705	76,890	77,820
French	975	455	525
Non-official language	19,715	9,525	10,190
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	19,710	9,525	10,195
English and French	3,000	1,355	1,645
English and non-official language(s)	44,120	22,335	21,785
French and non-official language(s)	210	85	125
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,305	1,020	1,285
Multiple non-official languages	2,355	1,115	1,235
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	227,380	112,775	114,610
Single responses	214,985	106,660	108,330
Official languages	176,490	87,655	88,835
English	175,030	86,975	88,055
French	1,460	685	780
Non-official languages	38,500	19,000	19,495
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	38,495	19,000	19,495
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,900	6,815	7,085
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	55	30	20
Hausa	55	30	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	0	0
Cushitic languages	475	220	250
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	5	10
Somali	450	210	240
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Semitic languages	13,365	6,560	6,805
Amharic	50	25	25
Arabic	9,890	4,910	4,975
Aramaic languages	3,270	1,550	1,715
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	590	275	315
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	2,600	1,230	1,365
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	45	30
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	5	5
Maltese	5	0	5
Tigrigna	140	65	75
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,300	610	690
Khmer (Cambodian)	150	65	85
Vietnamese	1,145	540	610
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	940	425	520
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	10
Cebuano	30	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	10	15
Ilocano	35	15	25
Indonesian	10	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	805	360	445
Waray-Waray	5	5	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Creole languages	140	70	70
Haitian Creole	80	35	45
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	0	5
Morisyen	5	0	0
Sango	5	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	45	25	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	915	560	360
Kannada	25	20	10
Malayalam	210	140	70
Tamil	305	170	140
Telugu	370	230	140
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,765	7,835	7,930
Albanian	430	215	215
Armenian	50	25	25
Balto-Slavic languages	3,255	1,515	1,740
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	3,250	1,515	1,735
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	10	15
Czech	20	10	15
Macedonian	295	140	150
Polish	905	420	490
Russian	190	90	100
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,630	765	865
Bosnian	155	75	75
Croatian	365	160	205
Serbian	1,100	520	580
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Slovak	115	50	60
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	5
Ukrainian	50	20	30
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	90	45	40
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	65	30	30
German	65	30	30
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	5
Afrikaans	10	10	5
Dutch	5	5	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	5
Danish	0	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	270	125	145
Indo-Iranian languages	7,650	4,120	3,535
Indo-Aryan languages	6,915	3,760	3,155
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	475	245	225
Gujarati	980	650	330
Hindi	625	350	270
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	45	25	20
Nepali	795	395	395
Oriya languages	10	5	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,175	1,185	990
Rohingya	10	5	5
Sindhi	10	0	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	25
Urdu	1,735	860	875
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Iranian languages	735	355	385
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	175	85	85
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	70	35	40
Persian languages	490	230	255
Dari	70	25	45
Iranian Persian	360	185	175
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,025	1,790	2,230
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,460	585	875
Portuguese	240	120	120
Romanian	780	370	415
Spanish	1,520	705	815
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	15	10
Korean	235	115	115
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	400	180	215
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	20	10	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	15	25
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	25
Shona	5	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	150	75	80
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	75	35	45
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	90	45	45
Dinka	20	10	10
Nuer	25	10	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	90	50	35
American Sign Language	60	35	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,115	2,005	2,110
Chinese languages	3,915	1,910	2,010
Hakka	5	0	5
Mandarin	2,735	1,340	1,400
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,045	505	545
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	35
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	180	85	95
Burmese	70	35	35
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	105	50	55
S'gaw Karen	90	45	45
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages	55	30	30
Lao	50	20	25
Thai	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	275	140	135
Azerbaijani	15	10	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	235	120	115
Uyghur	20	5	10
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Uralic languages	240	110	135
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	5	0	5
Hungarian	235	105	130
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Multiple responses	12,395	6,115	6,280
English and French	630	265	365
English and non-official language(s)	11,075	5,565	5,510
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	120	160
Multiple non-official languages	325	135	190
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	227,380	112,775	114,610
None	185,440	91,810	93,625
English	14,245	7,225	7,020
French	2,685	1,205	1,480
Non-official language	19,325	9,655	9,665
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	20
Non-Indigenous	19,295	9,645	9,645
English and French	350	155	195
English and non-official language(s)	2,440	1,235	1,200
French and non-official language(s)	925	405	525
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	45	25
Multiple non-official languages	1,910	1,030	880
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	226,465	112,380	114,085
Official languages	220,115	109,830	110,285
English	219,705	109,675	110,030
French	19,695	8,950	10,740
Non-official languages	83,630	42,285	41,340
Indigenous languages³⁹	75	45	30
Algonquian languages	55	25	25
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	0	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	20	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	35	20	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	20	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	10	10	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Non-Indigenous languages	83,560	42,245	41,310
Afro-Asiatic languages	27,425	13,805	13,620
Berber languages	10	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	45	10	30
Hausa	30	0	30
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	30	20	10
Cushitic languages	1,105	540	560
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	70	30	45
Somali	1,005	500	500
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15
Semitic languages	26,460	13,340	13,120
Amharic	240	105	135
Arabic	23,785	11,960	11,820
Aramaic languages	5,955	2,965	2,985
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,195	560	630
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	4,720	2,370	2,350
Aramaic, n.o.s.	125	70	55
Harari	15	10	10
Hebrew	105	55	50
Maltese	80	45	35
Tigrigna	325	165	160
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,535	1,275	1,260
Khmer (Cambodian)	385	180	200
Vietnamese	2,160	1,100	1,055
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,655	1,050	1,600
Bikol	10	0	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	20
Cebuano	95	25	75
Fijian	10	0	0
Hiligaynon	65	20	50
Ilocano	140	50	90
Indonesian	80	40	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	65	30	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,400	930	1,470
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50
Creole languages	555	260	300
Haitian Creole	305	135	170
Jamaican English Creole	30	20	10
Krio	30	0	25
Morisyen	15	10	10
Sango	70	30	35
Creole, n.o.s.	130	65	60
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25
Dravidian languages	1,995	1,310	685
Kannada	140	100	40
Malayalam	405	270	135
Tamil	845	535	310
Telugu	895	590	305
Tulu	20	15	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20
Indo-European languages	40,145	20,780	19,360
Albanian	1,185	575	615
Armenian	200	85	115
Balto-Slavic languages	8,620	4,250	4,370
Baltic languages	30	15	15
Latvian	10	0	0
Lithuanian	20	10	10
Slavic languages	8,595	4,235	4,360
Belarusian	15	0	15
Bulgarian	130	80	50
Czech	90	55	40
Macedonian	885	460	425
Polish	2,170	1,035	1,135
Russian	675	330	345
Rusyn	25	20	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,375	2,215	2,160
Bosnian	510	265	240
Croatian	1,730	850	885
Serbian	2,765	1,465	1,305
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	95	45	50
Slovak	465	230	240
Slovene (Slovenian)	80	20	55
Ukrainian	350	125	225
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Celtic languages	35	25	0
Irish	20	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,160	1,190	975
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,630	865	755
German	1,600	845	755
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	20	15	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	420	245	175
Afrikaans	100	65	40
Dutch	275	155	120
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	20	10	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20
Scandinavian languages	135	85	55
Danish	35	25	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	35	15	20
Swedish	75	45	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Greek	1,025	555	470
Indo-Iranian languages	14,635	8,335	6,305
Indo-Aryan languages	13,115	7,570	5,550
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	925	515	410
Gujarati	2,070	1,455	615
Hindi	5,120	3,160	1,960
Kacchi	10	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	40	20	20
Marathi	200	115	85
Nepali	1,105	540	565
Oriya languages	20	20	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,125	2,315	1,810
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	55	35	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	55	40
Urdu	3,855	2,035	1,820
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	45	40
Iranian languages	1,625	805	815
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	530	275	250
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	125	65	65
Persian languages	1,015	505	515
Dari	80	45	40
Iranian Persian	785	410	375
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	175	70	110
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,530	6,475	7,060
Catalan	15	0	10
Italian	6,240	3,035	3,205
Portuguese	1,015	485	535
Romanian	1,845	880	970
Spanish	4,880	2,285	2,595
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	130	70	60
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Japanese	200	120	70
Korean	355	170	185
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	2,000	940	1,050
Akan (Twi)	110	65	50
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	15	15	0
Éwé	10	0	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	20	10	15
Ganda	30	15	15
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	205	110	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	150	60	90
Lingala	125	65	60
Luba-Kasai	25	15	10
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	30	15	15
Ndebele	25	15	15
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	80	65
Shona	55	35	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	555	245	305
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	50	10	40
Yoruba	470	220	255
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	350	165	185
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	75	60
Dinka	40	25	15
Nuer	50	30	20
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
African, n.o.s.	65	45	15
Sign languages	305	125	185
American Sign Language	265	90	170
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,460	3,125	3,330
Chinese languages	6,170	3,000	3,175
Hakka	20	15	10
Mandarin	4,615	2,175	2,435
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	140	65	70
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	35
Yue (Cantonese)	2,100	1,055	1,040
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	60	55
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	270	115	155
Burmese	110	45	60
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	155	65	90
S'gaw Karen	145	50	90
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Tai-Kadai languages	205	75	125
Lao	130	60	70
Thai	95	30	70
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	930	510	420
Azerbaijani	30	10	15
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	895	490	400
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	20	15	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	10
Uralic languages	1,110	520	585
Estonian	15	10	0
Finnish	60	30	30
Hungarian	1,040	490	550
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	226,460	112,380	114,080
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,585	3,060	3,525
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,305	2,940	3,360
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,285	1,475	1,810
Métis	2,975	1,440	1,540
Inuk (Inuit)	45	30	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	140	60	85
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	140	55	80
Non-Indigenous identity	219,875	109,320	110,555
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	226,460	112,380	114,080
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,715	795	920
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	224,745	111,585	113,160
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	94,270	...	...
Owner	58,960	...	...
Renter	35,315	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	94,270	...	...
Condominium	8,020	...	...
Not condominium	86,250	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	94,270	...	...
No bedrooms	805	...	...
1 bedroom	14,130	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,975	...	...
3 bedrooms	35,615	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	19,750	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	94,270	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	27,295	...	...
5 rooms	15,505	...	...
6 rooms	15,165	...	...
7 rooms	12,720	...	...
8 or more rooms	23,590	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	94,270	...	...
One person or fewer per room	91,580	...	...
More than one person per room	2,690	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	94,270	...	...
Suitable	88,220	...	...
Not suitable	6,050	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	94,270	...	...
1960 or before	37,085	...	...
1961 to 1980	27,050	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,745	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,530	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,815	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,415	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,925	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,705	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	94,270	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	87,490	...	...
Major repairs needed	6,775	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	94,270	...	...
One-maintainer household	55,090	...	...
Two-maintainer household	34,570	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,615	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	94,270	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,850	...	...
25 to 34 years	13,245	...	...
35 to 44 years	14,310	...	...
45 to 54 years	16,930	...	...
55 to 64 years	19,790	...	...
65 to 74 years	15,085	...	...
75 to 84 years	8,535	...	...
85 years and over	3,535	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	93,855	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	74,020	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	19,835	...	...
30% to less than 100%	18,085	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	94,275	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	29,330	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,020	...	...
Not suitable only	4,550	...	...
Major repairs needed only	4,530	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	975	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,725	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	410	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	115	...	...
Acceptable housing	64,945	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	92,110	...	...
In core need	9,765	...	...
Not in core need	82,345	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	58,945	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	12.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,020	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,169	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	410,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	35,310	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	17.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	950	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,046	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	226,460	112,375	114,085
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,925	960	970
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,880	925	955
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,440	675	765
Métis single ancestry	425	240	185
Inuit single ancestry	15	15	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	50	30	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	40	30	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,080	3,410	3,675
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	6,870	3,300	3,575
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,810	2,340	2,475
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,035	950	1,080
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	215	110	100
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	205	110	95
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	217,450	108,015	109,440
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	226,465	112,380	114,085
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	201,165	99,145	102,020
Canadian citizens aged under 18	40,295	20,750	19,550
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	160,870	78,400	82,470
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	25,305	13,235	12,065
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	226,465	112,380	114,085
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	152,370	75,195	77,175
Immigrants⁸¹	66,610	32,410	34,195
Before 1980	12,405	5,885	6,520
1980 to 1990	6,115	3,200	2,915
1991 to 2000	12,935	6,335	6,600
2001 to 2010	13,520	6,420	7,105
2011 to 2021⁸²	21,635	10,575	11,060
2011 to 2015	8,760	4,145	4,620
2016 to 2021	12,870	6,435	6,435
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,480	4,770	2,710
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	66,610	32,410	34,195
Under 5 years	6,465	3,430	3,040
5 to 14 years	11,730	5,835	5,900
15 to 24 years	13,310	6,295	7,020
25 to 44 years	27,830	13,485	14,345
45 years and over	7,275	3,375	3,900
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	66,610	32,410	34,195
Americas	7,970	3,450	4,520
Brazil	125	60	70
Colombia	255	140	115
El Salvador	630	310	320
Guyana	80	50	30
Haiti	210	80	135
Jamaica	710	335	375
Mexico	450	185	265
Peru	105	40	60
Trinidad and Tobago	215	95	120
United States of America	3,895	1,655	2,245
Other places of birth in Americas	1,285	500	785
Europe	16,890	8,395	8,495
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,140	590	550
Croatia	1,085	515	570
France	175	95	75
Germany	565	290	280
Greece	640	335	310
Hungary	415	200	215
Italy	3,265	1,600	1,665
Netherlands	225	145	75
Poland	1,670	810	855
Portugal	325	165	160
Romania	1,570	770	805
Russian Federation	130	55	80
Serbia⁸⁶	1,000	515	485
Ukraine	125	45	75
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,295	1,145	1,145
Other places of birth in Europe	2,270	1,120	1,145
Africa	5,055	2,445	2,610
Algeria	90	35	55
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	315	135	175
Egypt	415	245	170
Eritrea	225	105	120
Ethiopia	285	130	155
Morocco	70	45	30
Nigeria	695	335	355
Somalia	665	310	355
South Africa, Republic of	135	65	65
Other places of birth in Africa	2,170	1,040	1,125
Asia	36,600	18,090	18,510
Afghanistan	35	15	25
Iran⁸⁸	555	255	295
Iraq	8,455	4,275	4,180
Lebanon	3,720	1,835	1,880
Syria⁸⁹	3,425	1,640	1,785
Turkey	325	170	155
China⁹⁰	3,250	1,435	1,815
Hong Kong⁹¹	425	245	180
Korea, South⁹²	235	125	115
Taiwan	170	75	100
Philippines	2,365	915	1,445
Viet Nam	1,590	780	810
Bangladesh	610	325	290
India	4,535	2,505	2,030
Pakistan	2,165	1,090	1,075
Sri Lanka	210	115	95
Other places of birth in Asia	4,530	2,315	2,220
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	30	60
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	12,875	6,435	6,435
Americas	1,070	505	560
Brazil	40	20	20
Colombia	45	15	30
Haiti	25	15	15
Jamaica	120	70	45
Mexico	75	20	60
United States of America	605	305	300
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20
Other places of birth in Americas	135	65	75
Europe	435	190	245
France	0	0	0
Germany	20	10	10
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0
Italy	20	0	15
Russian Federation	10	0	10
Ukraine	15	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	30	30
Other places of birth in Europe	285	120	165
Africa	1,725	880	850
Algeria	20	0	10
Burundi	80	40	45
Cameroon	55	20	35
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	95	35	60
Côte d'Ivoire	55	20	40
Egypt	70	45	30
Eritrea	120	70	50
Ethiopia	25	0	25
Morocco	20	20	0
Nigeria	345	180	165
Somalia	280	165	115
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0
Sudan⁹⁷	35	25	15
Tunisia	10	0	10
Other places of birth in Africa	505	250	250
Asia	9,645	4,860	4,785
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	110	75	35
China⁹⁰	585	225	355
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	1,710	1,030	680
Iran⁸⁸	80	30	50
Iraq	2,615	1,340	1,275
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	145	65	85
Korea, South⁹²	65	30	30
Lebanon	390	180	215
Nepal	45	20	25
Pakistan	395	200	190
Philippines	305	110	195
Saudi Arabia	275	160	110
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	2,285	1,105	1,185
Turkey	80	45	40
United Arab Emirates	130	75	55
Viet Nam	90	35	55
Other places of birth in Asia	310	120	185
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	226,460	112,380	114,080
First generation¹⁰⁰	76,840	38,645	38,190
Second generation¹⁰¹	47,955	23,940	24,015
Third generation or more¹⁰²	101,670	49,790	51,880
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	54,210	26,530	27,680
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	16,800	9,000	7,800
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,210	4,975	2,235
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,590	4,025	5,570
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	13,415	5,130	8,285
Refugees¹⁰⁸	22,875	11,905	10,970
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,120	495	625
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	54,210	26,530	27,680
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,550	2,890	2,665
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,730	1,310	1,425
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	925	485	440
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,010	1,225	775
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	470	200	275
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	42,520	20,420	22,100
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	226,460	112,380	114,080
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	76,005	38,915	37,090
South Asian	16,135	9,280	6,850
Chinese	6,825	3,355	3,470
Black	13,275	6,495	6,785
Filipino	3,205	1,360	1,850
Arab	21,360	10,970	10,390
Latin American	3,500	1,705	1,795
Southeast Asian	3,720	1,845	1,880
West Asian	3,975	1,925	2,050
Korean	430	245	190
Japanese	120	55	65
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	870	420	450
Multiple visible minorities	2,590	1,265	1,325
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	150,455	73,460	76,990
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	226,465	112,380	114,085
Canadian	25,575	12,560	13,015
English	32,775	15,720	17,060
Irish	29,530	13,920	15,610
Scottish	25,240	12,345	12,890
French, n.o.s.¹²²	35,850	17,410	18,435
German	16,000	7,760	8,240
Chinese	6,900	3,290	3,610
Italian	18,490	9,130	9,355
Indian (India)	7,705	4,615	3,090
Ukrainian	5,395	2,495	2,905
Dutch	4,250	1,985	2,260
Polish	7,685	3,605	4,080
Québécois	235	105	135
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,820	2,345	2,475
Filipino	3,275	1,385	1,890
French Canadian	5,060	2,450	2,615
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,885	1,880	2,005
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,715	1,275	1,440
Métis	2,700	1,330	1,370
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,395	1,155	1,230
Russian	1,760	805	960
Norwegian	660	335	325
Welsh	2,245	1,040	1,200
Portuguese	1,690	910	785
American	2,810	1,280	1,530
Spanish	1,780	845	935
Swedish	745	365	380
Hungarian	4,040	1,950	2,090
Acadian	395	180	215
Pakistani	2,825	1,475	1,345
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,535	1,225	1,310
Jewish	765	350	405
Punjabi	1,195	670	525
Vietnamese	2,490	1,255	1,230
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	6,420	3,315	3,105
Greek	1,930	1,020	905
Jamaican	1,615	795	815
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,555	855	700
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	195	90	100
Korean	390	205	185
Romanian	3,455	1,660	1,795
Lebanese	7,390	3,760	3,625
Iranian	775	405	370
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,570	765	805
Danish	500	200	300
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,695	855	830
Sikh	795	435	365
Austrian	940	410	530
Belgian	1,140	510	630
Haitian	375	165	205
Hindu	1,415	820	595
Mexican	835	330	510
Mennonite	120	50	70
Swiss	260	135	125
Finnish	515	230	290
Sri Lankan	235	155	85
Croatian	2,280	1,140	1,140
Japanese	140	50	90
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	710	395	320
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	205	110	90
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	360	175	185
Muslim	1,430	755	675
Egyptian	555	325	230
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	490	245	250
Tamil	245	135	105
Icelandic	115	70	45
Colombian	375	195	180
Moroccan	110	60	55
Czech	625	325	295
Syrian	2,890	1,430	1,460
Guyanese	200	110	90
Afghan	145	75	65
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,445	660	785
Serbian	2,980	1,570	1,410
Ojibway	395	190	210
Newfoundlander	240	110	130
Hong Konger	105	65	35
Ontarian	720	345	380
Persian	350	150	205
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	505	225	280
Turkish	855	460	395
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	65	25	35
Bangladeshi	635	320	315
Algerian	55	25	30
Brazilian	155	45	105
Nigerian	975	485	495
Armenian	510	215	295
Slovak	1,380	695	695
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	545	260	285
Somali	1,110	560	555
Taiwanese	170	85	80
Iraqi	5,410	2,720	2,695
Salvadorean	675	355	325
African Caribbean	210	115	90
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	385	205	180
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,055	1,030	1,020
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	180	75	100
Algonquin	90	55	35
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	110	50	60
Lithuanian	220	95	120
South African	240	115	125
Australian	85	40	45
Palestinian	1,425	755	675
Chilean	185	85	105
Congolese	420	180	245
Nova Scotian	145	70	75
Ethiopian	365	155	205
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	385	190	200
Peruvian	70	20	50
Yoruba	420	200	220
Cambodian (Khmer)	550	245	305
Berber	35	20	15
Albanian	1,295	655	640
Maltese	815	425	390
Macedonian	1,265	625	640
Slovenian	435	195	235
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	115	75	35
New Brunswicker	10	0	10
Gujarati	375	280	95
Eritrean	265	135	135
African Canadian	900	450	455
Israeli	60	30	35
Mohawk	310	140	170
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	320	145	170
Bulgarian	120	75	45
Albertan	15	10	10
Ghanaian	190	115	75
Barbadian	150	55	90
African American	1,065	565	500
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	580	260	320
Tunisian	80	50	25
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	330	190	145
Cuban	150	55	90
Bosnian	665	350	320
Venezuelan	150	55	95
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	0	10
Latvian	50	20	25
Bengali	120	70	55
Cameroonian	80	35	40
Guatemalan	345	240	100
Indonesian	120	70	45
Laotian	270	140	135
Ilocano	70	15	50
Northern Irish	90	45	50
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	125	90	35
British Columbian	15	0	15
Ecuadorian	65	25	45
Franco Ontarian	135	85	55
Argentinian	155	65	90
Estonian	30	20	10
Kurdish	435	255	180
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	80	40	35
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	135	65	70
Coptic	120	70	50
Thai	120	30	90
Dominican	95	45	50
Nepali	525	290	235
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	985	460	530
Igbo	205	95	110
Byelorussian	70	35	35
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	195	120	70
Abenaki	20	10	10
Moldovan	30	15	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	165	65	100
New Zealander	25	20	0
Sudanese	250	125	125
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	90	40	55
Malaysian	80	30	50
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	40	15	25
Huron (Wendat)	65	40	25
Saskatchewanian	15	0	10
Buddhist	125	65	60
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	30	15	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	60	25	30
Ivorian	40	15	25
Saulteaux	25	10	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	30	20
Burundian	80	35	45
Tigrinya	85	30	55
Nicaraguan	105	50	50
Mauritian	50	25	20
Kenyan	25	20	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	20	0	15
Jordanian	370	220	150
Manitoban	15	15	0
Cape Bretoner	20	0	10
Rwandan	165	60	100
Grenadian	15	0	10
Malayali	85	50	30
Chaldean	3,540	1,805	1,730
Sinhalese	45	20	25
Mayan	175	100	80
Honduran	60	35	30
Cherokee	250	110	140
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	25	15	10
Flemish	90	40	50
United Empire Loyalist	30	10	20
Senegalese	40	10	30
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	310	165	145
Pashtun	50	30	25
Malay	40	15	25
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	10	65
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	75	35	30
Burmese	125	80	55
Mongolian	55	30	25
Azorean	30	15	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	65	25	35
Oromo	40	25	25
Tanzanian	30	0	30
Yemeni	355	190	160
Central African	90	40	50
Libyan	190	60	125
Basque	35	15	20
Uruguayan	20	15	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	50	20	35
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	15
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	85	40	40
St. Lucian	15	15	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	10	0	0
Beninese	30	25	0
Telugu	100	80	20
Roma	20	0	15
Costa Rican	55	20	35
African Nova Scotian	35	30	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	30	15	15
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	165	65	100
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	25	10	15
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	226,460	112,380	114,080
Buddhist	2,120	970	1,150
Christian	125,885	59,295	66,590
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	18,125	8,745	9,380
Anabaptist	185	90	95
Anglican	6,935	3,060	3,885
Baptist	3,130	1,415	1,715
Catholic	73,690	34,840	38,850
Christian Orthodox	7,585	3,800	3,780
Jehovah's Witness	685	290	395
Latter Day Saints	215	100	115
Lutheran	1,385	645	740
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	280	75	200
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	3,115	1,370	1,745
Presbyterian	1,845	830	1,015
Reformed	125	70	60
United Church	4,370	1,910	2,465
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,205	2,060	2,145
Hindu	6,440	4,045	2,395
Jewish	725	375	355
Muslim	25,735	13,090	12,645
Sikh	2,740	1,490	1,250
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	60	25	35
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,080	455	625
No religion and secular perspectives	61,670	32,630	29,040
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	224,245	111,270	112,980
Non-movers	196,425	96,740	99,685
Movers	27,825	14,530	13,295
Non-migrants	19,155	9,805	9,345
Migrants	8,670	4,725	3,945
Internal migrants	6,135	3,100	3,035
Intraprovincial migrants	5,295	2,630	2,670
Interprovincial migrants	835	465	370
External migrants	2,535	1,625	910
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	215,390	106,770	108,615
Non-movers	130,005	63,530	66,475
Movers	85,380	43,240	42,145
Non-migrants	45,625	22,605	23,020
Migrants	39,755	20,630	19,125
Internal migrants	23,755	11,785	11,975
Intraprovincial migrants	19,415	9,610	9,805
Interprovincial migrants	4,340	2,170	2,170
External migrants	16,000	8,850	7,155
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	189,865	93,590	96,270
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	35,605	17,500	18,105
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	154,265	76,090	78,175
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	119,540	59,430	60,110
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,430	7,465	6,970
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	105,110	51,970	53,140
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	189,865	93,590	96,275
No certificate, diploma or degree	33,385	16,170	17,210
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	61,485	30,850	30,640
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	94,995	46,570	48,425
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	50,690	24,520	26,170
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,465	6,710	2,760
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,455	2,695	1,750
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,015	4,010	1,005
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	37,730	16,220	21,510
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,495	1,590	1,900
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,305	22,050	22,255
Bachelor's degree	28,225	13,340	14,885
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,890	1,300	1,590
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,060	615	450
Master's degree	10,390	5,655	4,730
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,740	1,140	600
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	119,545	59,430	60,110
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,340	6,870	6,475
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	36,365	19,350	17,010
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,840	33,210	36,625
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	36,505	17,110	19,390
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,980	4,180	1,800
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,855	1,735	1,125
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,125	2,450	675
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	28,165	11,830	16,330
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,355	1,100	1,260
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,335	16,095	17,240
Bachelor's degree	20,625	9,470	11,160
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,070	875	1,195
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	840	460	385
Master's degree	8,405	4,420	3,985
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,385	870	515
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	189,865	93,595	96,275
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	94,870	47,020	47,850
Education	5,170	1,380	3,795
13. Education	5,170	1,380	3,795
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,465	975	1,495
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	105	65
50. Visual and performing arts	2,295	870	1,425
Humanities	4,345	1,615	2,735
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	510	110	400
23. English language and literature/letters	1,135	260	870
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,020	385	640
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	25	65
38. Philosophy and religious studies	305	180	130
39. Theology and religious vocations	350	210	145
54. History	665	380	285
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	265	65	200
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,470	3,895	7,575
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	170	15	160
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,580	760	825
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,195	210	1,985
22. Legal professions and studies	1,635	565	1,065
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	190	45	145
42. Psychology	2,100	520	1,575
45. Social sciences	3,595	1,775	1,825
Business, management and public administration	17,695	7,470	10,225
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,945	380	1,565
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,725	7,095	8,630
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,695	1,740	1,955
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,700	715	985
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	660	265	400
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	20	55
40. Physical sciences	990	650	340
41. Science technologies/technicians	265	90	175
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,755	3,210	1,540
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,940	2,775	1,165
25. Library science	145	40	110
27. Mathematics and statistics	565	340	225
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	100	60	40
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	21,915	19,550	2,370
04. Architecture and related services	690	485	205
14. Engineering	7,675	6,335	1,340
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,290	3,810	480
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	2,940	2,855	85
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,720	2,655	65
48. Precision production	3,595	3,410	185
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,195	585	610
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	875	435	445
03. Natural resources and conservation	315	150	165
Health and related fields	16,225	3,435	12,790
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,050	530	520
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,805	2,680	12,120
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	20	60
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	290	205	90
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,030	2,690	3,340
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,625	890	2,735
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	1,705	1,195	510
49. Transportation and materials moving	675	580	100
Other¹⁷⁹	35	30	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	119,540	59,430	60,115
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	49,705	26,215	23,485
Education	3,515	865	2,655
13. Education	3,515	865	2,655
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,895	720	1,175
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	120	70	50
50. Visual and performing arts	1,780	650	1,130
Humanities	2,885	985	1,900
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	360	50	315
23. English language and literature/letters	780	185	595
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	690	235	450
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	15	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	120	90
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	145	105
54. History	405	225	180
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	155	15	135
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,550	2,740	5,810
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	10	135
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,275	580	690
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,625	140	1,480
22. Legal professions and studies	1,225	360	870
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	130	30	95
42. Psychology	1,590	405	1,180
45. Social sciences	2,560	1,210	1,350
Business, management and public administration	13,340	5,405	7,935
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,540	275	1,260
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,785	5,125	6,660
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,665	1,260	1,405
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,190	535	660
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	465	175	290
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	15	50
40. Physical sciences	755	465	290
41. Science technologies/technicians	185	65	120
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,645	2,460	1,175
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,085	2,180	905
25. Library science	100	15	85
27. Mathematics and statistics	370	210	160
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	55	30
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	15,470	13,600	1,870
04. Architecture and related services	570	395	170
14. Engineering	5,695	4,620	1,075
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,170	2,800	375
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	1,850	1,785	60
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,665	1,615	50
48. Precision production	2,520	2,385	130
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	950	450	500
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	675	320	365
03. Natural resources and conservation	275	130	145
Health and related fields	12,360	2,700	9,665
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	770	390	375
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,315	2,145	9,170
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	10	50
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	220	150	70
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,545	2,020	2,525
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,755	700	2,055
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	1,255	875	380
49. Transportation and materials moving	530	440	90
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	119,540	59,430	60,115
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,705	26,215	23,485
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	69,835	33,215	36,630
Location of study inside Canada	53,315	24,950	28,365
Same as province or territory of residence	51,455	23,965	27,485
Different than province or territory of residence	1,865	985	880
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,525	8,265	8,265
Americas	4,430	2,360	2,070
United States of America	3,680	2,040	1,640
Mexico	185	75	105
Cuba	20	0	15
Haiti	25	20	0
Jamaica	65	45	20
Brazil	60	25	35
Colombia	135	55	85
Peru	15	0	15
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	0	20
Other locations of study in Americas	210	90	125
Europe	2,560	1,380	1,185
Belgium	15	10	0
France	75	60	10
Germany	80	50	30
Netherlands	10	10	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	55	30	25
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	0
Poland	300	135	170
Romania	505	265	245
Russian Federation	90	40	50
Ukraine	65	30	35
Ireland⁹⁶	35	25	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	405	255	155
Bosnia and Herzegovina	190	90	100
Italy	50	30	20
Serbia⁸⁶	160	80	75
Other locations of study in Europe	515	270	245
Africa	1,065	510	555
Nigeria	290	110	180
Algeria	30	15	20
Morocco	25	15	10
Tunisia	35	25	10
Egypt	220	105	115
South Africa, Republic of	45	30	20
Other locations of study in Africa	410	210	200
Asia	8,390	3,975	4,420
Iran⁸⁸	235	125	110
Iraq	1,275	720	555
Israel	20	0	10
Lebanon	420	180	240
Syria⁸⁹	350	170	180
Turkey	80	35	45
China⁹⁰	1,060	480	585
Taiwan	65	15	50
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	20
Japan	45	30	15
Korea, South⁹²	110	55	60
Philippines	830	280	555
Viet Nam	80	30	50
Bangladesh	185	95	95
Sri Lanka	10	0	0
India	2,295	1,150	1,140
Pakistan	705	300	405
Other locations of study in Asia	590	285	300
Oceania	80	40	35
Australia	60	30	30
New Zealand	20	10	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	189,865	93,590	96,275
In the labour force	106,885	57,825	49,060
Employed	86,735	47,030	39,705
Unemployed	20,150	10,795	9,350
Not in the labour force	82,980	35,765	47,220
Participation rate	56.3	61.8	51.0
Employment rate	45.7	50.3	41.2
Unemployment rate	18.9	18.7	19.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	189,865	93,590	96,275
Did not work¹⁸⁶	85,630	37,590	48,045
Worked	104,230	56,000	48,225
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	47,480	27,140	20,340
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	56,750	28,865	27,890
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.3	39.9	38.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	106,880	57,830	49,055
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,015	2,160	1,850
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	102,870	55,665	47,205
Employee	91,850	48,660	43,185
Permanent position	79,570	42,360	37,210
Temporary position	12,275	6,300	5,975
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,450	2,170	2,275
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,830	4,130	3,695
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,020	7,010	4,015
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	106,880	57,830	49,055
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,015	2,160	1,850
All occupations¹⁹¹	102,870	55,665	47,205
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	640	375	265
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,600	4,180	8,420
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	8,810	7,110	1,695
3 Health occupations	9,245	1,945	7,305
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,135	3,425	6,710
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,030	960	1,070
6 Sales and service occupations	27,700	12,000	15,705
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	18,220	16,465	1,750
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,310	990	320
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	12,185	8,215	3,965
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	106,880	57,830	49,055
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,015	2,160	1,850
All industries¹⁹¹	102,870	55,665	47,205
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,280	715	565
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	155	145	10
22 Utilities	430	335	95
23 Construction	6,505	5,840	660
31-33 Manufacturing	20,385	15,045	5,340
41 Wholesale trade	2,385	1,590	790
44-45 Retail trade	11,755	5,475	6,280
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,460	4,115	1,340
51 Information and cultural industries	1,005	605	400
52 Finance and insurance	3,235	1,360	1,875
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,470	825	650
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,030	3,525	2,505
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	70	65
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,045	2,870	2,175
61 Educational services	7,225	2,555	4,670
62 Health care and social assistance	13,485	2,710	10,770
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,200	1,115	1,085
72 Accommodation and food services	7,505	3,310	4,200
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,255	1,935	2,320
91 Public administration	2,925	1,530	1,400
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	113,945	61,000	52,950
English	107,980	58,130	49,855
French	630	215	420
Non-official language	700	435	265
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	700	435	265
English and French	1,480	545	935
English and non-official language(s)	2,935	1,585	1,355
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	65	80
Multiple non-official languages	60	25	35
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	113,945	61,000	52,950
Single responses	113,065	60,550	52,515
Official languages	111,770	59,790	51,980
English	110,810	59,510	51,295
French	970	285	685
Non-official languages	1,290	755	540
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,290	755	540
Afro-Asiatic languages	400	285	110
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	390	280	110
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	340	235	105
Aramaic languages	45	40	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	20	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	25	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	80	40	40
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15
Vietnamese	65	35	25
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	415	230	190
Albanian	10	10	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	70	40	30
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	70	40	30
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	20	15	15
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	35	25	10
Bosnian	10	0	0
Croatian	10	10	0
Serbian	20	15	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	235	130	105
Indo-Aryan languages	215	120	95
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	15	10	10
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	15	10	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	165	100	65
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	20	10	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	20	10	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	105	50	50
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	90	40	50
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	25	10	15
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	320	175	150
Chinese languages	300	165	140
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	175	80	90
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	115	75	40
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	25	15	0
S'gaw Karen	10	15	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	10	0	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	10
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	10	10	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	10	10	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	885	455	430
English and French	240	80	160
English and non-official language(s)	625	365	255
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	113,945	61,000	52,950
None	110,050	59,130	50,925
English	810	335	475
French	955	430	530
Non-official language	1,770	915	855
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,755	915	845
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	50	30	25
French and non-official language(s)	85	45	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	215	115	100
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	86,735	47,030	39,710
Worked at home	14,350	6,945	7,405
Worked outside Canada	2,950	1,750	1,195
No fixed workplace address	10,540	7,765	2,770
Usual place of work	58,890	30,565	28,330
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	58,895	30,565	28,330
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	42,915	20,855	22,060
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	14,760	8,940	5,820
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,100	695	405
Commute to a different province or territory	120	70	45
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	69,435	38,330	31,100
Car, truck or van	63,045	34,960	28,080
Car, truck or van - as a driver	56,750	32,170	24,575
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,295	2,790	3,505
Public transit	2,425	1,255	1,175
Walked	2,125	1,035	1,085
Bicycle	560	445	115
Other method	1,285	635	650
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	69,435	38,330	31,100
Less than 15 minutes	27,740	14,070	13,665
15 to 29 minutes	31,125	17,750	13,375
30 to 44 minutes	6,335	3,980	2,355
45 to 59 minutes	2,500	1,450	1,045
60 minutes and over	1,735	1,075	655
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	69,435	38,330	31,100
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,435	3,530	1,905
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	12,805	8,690	4,115
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,280	7,920	6,355
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	13,615	6,215	7,400
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,190	4,400	4,790
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	14,110	7,570	6,540
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	45,660	23,485	22,170
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,870	3,485	3,390
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	38,785	20,000	18,785
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	33,750	17,340	16,410
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,255	2,655	2,600
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,725	1,845	1,880
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,535	810	725
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,490	14,680	13,810

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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