Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Barrie, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	147,829	...	...
Population, 2016¹	141,434	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	57,276	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	55,316	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,493.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	99.01	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	147,825	72,385	75,440
0 to 14 years	24,745	12,790	11,950
0 to 4 years	7,340	3,830	3,515
5 to 9 years	8,390	4,340	4,050
10 to 14 years	9,015	4,625	4,390
15 to 64 years	99,570	49,480	50,090
15 to 19 years	9,090	4,680	4,410
20 to 24 years	10,050	5,300	4,750
25 to 29 years	10,770	5,525	5,240
30 to 34 years	10,805	5,395	5,405
35 to 39 years	10,145	5,010	5,135
40 to 44 years	9,545	4,635	4,910
45 to 49 years	9,650	4,695	4,955
50 to 54 years	9,835	4,810	5,025
55 to 59 years	10,740	5,160	5,580
60 to 64 years	8,950	4,265	4,685
65 years and over	23,515	10,120	13,400
65 to 69 years	6,835	3,155	3,675
70 to 74 years	5,830	2,660	3,170
75 to 79 years	4,180	1,780	2,400
80 to 84 years	3,060	1,245	1,815
85 years and over	3,615	1,280	2,340
85 to 89 years	2,125	875	1,250
90 to 94 years	1,145	325	825
95 to 99 years	305	75	230
100 years and over	35	5	35
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.7	17.7	15.8
15 to 64 years	67.4	68.4	66.4
65 years and over	15.9	14.0	17.8
85 years and over	2.4	1.8	3.1
Average age of the population	40.2	38.8	41.6
Median age of the population	39.2	37.6	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	55,315	...	...
Single-detached house	32,210	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,355	...	...
Row house	6,330	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,715	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	6,400	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,240	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	25	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	55,315	...	...
1 person	13,230	...	...
2 persons	17,530	...	...
3 persons	9,835	...	...
4 persons	9,090	...	...
5 or more persons	5,625	...	...
Number of persons in private households	145,385	71,395	73,990
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	123,085	59,595	63,490
Married or living common-law	66,520	33,190	33,335
Married	52,220	26,050	26,170
Living common-law	14,305	7,135	7,165
Living common law - Never married	10,235	5,140	5,095
Living common law - Separated	875	430	440
Living common law - Divorced	2,865	1,440	1,425
Living common law - Widowed	335	125	205
Not married and not living common-law	56,565	26,410	30,155
Not married and not living common law - Never married	36,950	20,190	16,765
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,335	1,730	2,610
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,575	3,135	5,445
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,695	1,360	5,335
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	40,860	...	...
2 persons	19,550	...	...
3 persons	9,420	...	...
4 persons	8,440	...	...
5 or more persons	3,445	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	40,860	...	...
Total couple families	32,515	...	...
Married couples	25,370	...	...
With children⁶	14,790	...	...
Without children	10,580	...	...
Common-law couples	7,145	...	...
With children⁶	3,035	...	...
Without children	4,115	...	...
Total one-parent families	8,345	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,515	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,830	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	145,385	71,395	73,990
Total - Persons in census families	119,420	58,870	60,545
Married spouses or common-law partners	65,030	32,460	32,570
Parents in one-parent families	8,345	1,825	6,515
Children⁶	46,045	24,585	21,460
In a two-parent family	33,015	17,545	15,470
In a one-parent family	13,030	7,035	5,990
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	25,970	12,525	13,440
Living alone	13,235	5,610	7,620
Living with other relatives⁷	4,275	1,860	2,415
Living with non-relatives only	8,460	5,055	3,405
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	55,315	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	33,500	...	...
Couple-family households	27,490	...	...
With children⁶	15,375	...	...
Without children	12,120	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,015	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,235	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	565	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,875	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,910	...	...
One-person households	13,235	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	120,690	58,635	62,060
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	116,030	56,190	59,845
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	47,200	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	116,140	56,250	59,890
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,000	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,710	51,385	52,325
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	44,000	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,410	44,890	42,520
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,400	29,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	105,075	49,990	55,085
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	6,550	11,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	12,120	5,350	6,765
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	38,015	18,170	19,840
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	120,690	58,640	62,050
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	116,200	56,315	59,885
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,550	58,750	44,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	116,325	56,380	59,950
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,560	48,480	38,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	103,785	51,205	52,580
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	55,600	38,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,405	44,785	42,625
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,840	54,350	38,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	105,425	50,150	55,270
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,780	9,200	12,210
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	12,135	5,205	6,930
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,330	5,940	6,630
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	38,025	18,185	19,840
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,960	8,650	9,240
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	120,695	58,640	62,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	41,460	23,470	17,985
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,200	69,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,500	78,400	62,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	34,705	15,795	18,910
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	21,000	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,720	31,240	23,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.0	86.0	74.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.2	73.6	61.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.0	14.0	25.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.4	5.2	8.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	4.8	6.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	120,695	58,630	62,060
Without total income	4,655	2,440	2,215
With total income	116,035	56,190	59,845
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,150	3,960	5,185
$10,000 to $19,999	13,655	5,830	7,825
$20,000 to $29,999	18,335	7,570	10,765
$30,000 to $39,999	15,380	6,360	9,025
$40,000 to $49,999	13,180	5,845	7,335
$50,000 to $59,999	10,575	5,025	5,545
$60,000 to $69,999	8,400	4,375	4,020
$70,000 to $79,999	6,555	3,745	2,810
$80,000 to $89,999	5,050	3,130	1,920
$90,000 to $99,999	4,155	2,495	1,665
$100,000 and over	11,595	7,850	3,745
$100,000 to $149,999	8,555	5,565	2,995
$150,000 and over	3,040	2,290	750
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	120,695	58,630	62,060
Without after-tax income	4,550	2,385	2,165
With after-tax income	116,140	56,250	59,895
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,605	4,120	5,485
$10,000 to $19,999	14,300	6,130	8,175
$20,000 to $29,999	20,985	8,650	12,330
$30,000 to $39,999	17,935	7,745	10,190
$40,000 to $49,999	14,905	7,010	7,900
$50,000 to $59,999	11,505	5,900	5,605
$60,000 to $69,999	8,415	4,850	3,560
$70,000 to $79,999	5,975	3,625	2,345
$80,000 to $89,999	4,890	2,835	2,050
$90,000 to $99,999	2,625	1,735	895
$100,000 and over	4,995	3,640	1,355
$100,000 to $124,999	2,790	1,985	810
$125,000 and over	2,205	1,660	550
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	120,695	58,630	62,060
Without employment income	33,285	13,745	19,535
With employment income	87,405	44,890	42,520
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,905	5,575	6,335
$5,000 to $9,999	7,325	3,040	4,290
$10,000 to $19,999	10,785	4,715	6,065
$20,000 to $29,999	8,350	3,700	4,655
$30,000 to $39,999	8,070	3,735	4,340
$40,000 to $49,999	7,770	3,750	4,015
$50,000 to $59,999	6,680	3,510	3,165
$60,000 to $69,999	5,525	3,110	2,415
$70,000 to $79,999	4,560	2,785	1,770
$80,000 to $89,999	3,835	2,425	1,410
$90,000 to $99,999	3,540	2,060	1,475
$100,000 and over	9,060	6,485	2,580
$100,000 to $124,999	4,920	3,270	1,650
$125,000 and over	4,145	3,215	935
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	120,690	58,635	62,060
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	113,630	54,905	58,720
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	45,600	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	113,665	54,915	58,750
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,400	30,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	102,430	50,580	51,850
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	45,200	29,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,320	44,675	42,650
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,200	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	98,450	46,445	52,000
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,260	950	5,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,345	3,610	4,735
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	120,690	58,640	62,050
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,645	54,830	58,815
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,800	56,500	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,675	54,830	58,850
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,000	46,320	36,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,545	50,385	52,165
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,240	56,250	38,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,270	44,480	42,795
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	55,450	39,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,490	46,335	52,160
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,110	5,695	8,370
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,240	3,510	4,725
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,970	6,210	7,530
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	120,695	58,640	62,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	41,050	23,225	17,825
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	66,500	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,300	75,500	58,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,895	14,860	18,035
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	27,200	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,200	37,520	27,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.4	91.4	82.2
Employment income (%)	75.0	79.6	69.0
Government transfers (%)	12.6	8.5	17.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	55,315	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,235	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	42,085	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	55,315	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,160	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,080	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	42,155	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	55,320	...	...
Under $5,000	415	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	215	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	455	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	800	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,515	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,555	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,510	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,645	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,780	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,915	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,640	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,775	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,775	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,575	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,455	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,290	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,710	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,570	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,765	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,245	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	55,320	...	...
Under $5,000	480	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	230	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	455	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	835	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,620	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,815	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,725	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,930	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,195	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,110	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,490	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,575	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,505	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,300	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,955	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,095	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,675	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,160	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,260	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	39,990	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,745	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,980	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,670	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	21,695	10,665	11,030
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	40,800	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,800	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	40,045	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,800	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,930	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,745	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	21,475	10,615	10,865
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,960	50,680	47,240
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,640	42,240	41,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	145,390	71,395	73,990
0 to 17 years	30,160	15,590	14,570
0 to 5 years	9,000	4,665	4,340
18 to 64 years	93,565	46,295	47,270
65 years and over	21,660	9,510	12,150
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,080	5,530	6,550
0 to 17 years	3,025	1,590	1,435
0 to 5 years	950	495	450
18 to 64 years	6,850	3,225	3,625
65 years and over	2,205	715	1,485
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.3	7.7	8.9
0 to 17 years (%)	10.0	10.2	9.9
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5	10.6	10.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.0	7.7
65 years and over (%)	10.2	7.5	12.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	145,385	71,395	73,990
0 to 17 years	30,165	15,585	14,575
0 to 5 years	9,005	4,665	4,340
18 to 64 years	93,565	46,295	47,265
65 years and over	21,665	9,515	12,145
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,650	3,065	2,585
0 to 17 years	930	480	445
0 to 5 years	280	145	135
18 to 64 years	4,385	2,445	1,940
65 years and over	335	135	205
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.9	4.3	3.5
0 to 17 years (%)	3.1	3.1	3.1
0 to 5 years (%)	3.1	3.2	3.1
18 to 64 years (%)	4.7	5.3	4.1
65 years and over (%)	1.6	1.4	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	145,385	71,395	73,990
In bottom half of the distribution	69,580	33,270	36,305
In bottom decile	12,140	6,010	6,130
In second decile	13,700	6,240	7,460
In third decile	14,030	6,650	7,380
In fourth decile	14,805	7,090	7,720
In fifth decile	14,895	7,280	7,615
In top half of the distribution	75,810	38,125	37,680
In sixth decile	15,715	7,885	7,825
In seventh decile	16,255	7,985	8,275
In eighth decile	16,145	8,085	8,060
In ninth decile	15,760	7,985	7,775
In top decile	11,940	6,185	5,755
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	145,385	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.295	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.408	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.259	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	146,265	71,805	74,460
English only	135,345	67,025	68,325
French only	80	35	50
English and French	9,630	4,195	5,430
Neither English nor French	1,215	550	665
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	146,265	71,805	74,460
English	142,165	69,965	72,200
French	2,480	1,105	1,375
English and French	455	205	250
Neither English nor French	1,165	530	640
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	146,265	71,805	74,460
Single responses	142,320	69,945	72,380
Official languages	121,510	59,845	61,670
English	119,000	58,730	60,270
French	2,515	1,115	1,395
Non-official languages	20,810	10,095	10,710
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	20
Algonquian languages	25	10	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	5	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	5	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	5	15
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,770	10,085	10,690
Afro-Asiatic languages	870	445	425
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	5	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	855	435	425
Amharic	35	15	20
Arabic	565	295	270
Aramaic languages	100	35	60
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	90	30	55
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	95	55	40
Maltese	45	15	30
Tigrigna	15	5	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	465	210	260
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	25	35
Vietnamese	410	185	230
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,040	395	640
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Cebuano	40	10	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	10	5
Ilocano	95	35	55
Indonesian	20	5	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5
Pangasinan	5	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	835	320	520
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	50	25	20
Haitian Creole	10	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Dravidian languages	590	360	230
Kannada	10	5	0
Malayalam	375	240	135
Tamil	140	80	65
Telugu	60	40	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	14,505	7,145	7,365
Albanian	50	30	20
Armenian	30	15	15
Balto-Slavic languages	3,600	1,690	1,910
Baltic languages	85	40	45
Latvian	35	20	20
Lithuanian	50	25	30
Slavic languages	3,515	1,655	1,860
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	40	25	15
Czech	115	55	55
Macedonian	95	45	50
Polish	1,035	475	565
Russian	1,605	765	835
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	250	120	130
Bosnian	30	15	15
Croatian	110	50	65
Serbian	110	55	55
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	65	30	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	25
Ukrainian	265	120	140
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	0	5
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,400	590	815
Frisian	20	10	10
High German languages	810	320	485
German	775	305	470
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	5	10
Yiddish	15	10	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	500	225	275
Afrikaans	25	15	10
Dutch	465	200	260
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	5
Scandinavian languages	75	35	45
Danish	55	25	30
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	15	5	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	230	130	100
Indo-Iranian languages	4,010	2,150	1,865
Indo-Aryan languages	3,190	1,760	1,430
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	160	85	75
Gujarati	605	345	260
Hindi	425	245	180
Kacchi	10	5	5
Kashmiri	5	0	5
Konkani	5	0	0
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	45	30	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	980	585	400
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	20
Urdu	885	430	450
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Iranian languages	820	390	430
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	10	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	25	15
Persian languages	765	360	405
Dari	220	105	115
Iranian Persian	450	215	240
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	40	45
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Italic (Romance) languages	5,165	2,535	2,630
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,160	570	585
Portuguese	1,320	675	645
Romanian	205	100	105
Spanish	2,470	1,185	1,290
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	90	30	65
Korean	565	260	305
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	300	145	150
Akan (Twi)	45	25	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	25	10	15
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	0	10
Gikuyu	0	0	5
Igbo	30	15	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	5	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	35	10	20
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	15	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	95	45	50
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	15	15
American Sign Language	30	15	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,540	715	825
Chinese languages	1,525	705	815
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,100	520	585
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	25	20
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	355	160	195
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	5
Burmese	5	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	30	40
Lao	35	20	15
Thai	35	5	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	205	110	100
Azerbaijani	20	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	160	90	70
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Uralic languages	440	195	240
Estonian	30	10	15
Finnish	90	35	55
Hungarian	320	150	175
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,945	1,865	2,080
English and French	870	395	475
English and non-official language(s)	2,650	1,265	1,385
French and non-official language(s)	70	40	40
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50
Multiple non-official languages	270	130	140
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	146,265	71,805	74,460
English	123,385	60,855	62,530
French	520	235	290
Non-official language	4,800	2,355	2,450
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,800	2,350	2,450
English and French	1,940	800	1,135
English and non-official language(s)	14,545	7,045	7,500
French and non-official language(s)	30	20	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	510	240	275
Multiple non-official languages	530	265	270
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	146,265	71,805	74,460
Single responses	142,675	70,075	72,595
Official languages	132,370	64,950	67,420
English	131,565	64,600	66,965
French	800	350	450
Non-official languages	10,305	5,125	5,175
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,300	5,130	5,175
Afro-Asiatic languages	435	215	220
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	10	10	5
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	430	210	215
Amharic	20	10	10
Arabic	305	155	155
Aramaic languages	55	20	30
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	20	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	35	20	20
Maltese	0	0	5
Tigrigna	10	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	265	120	145
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	245	110	135
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	455	210	245
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Cebuano	20	10	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5
Ilocano	75	35	45
Indonesian	5	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	330	155	175
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	30	15	15
Haitian Creole	15	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	420	250	165
Kannada	5	0	0
Malayalam	280	175	100
Tamil	85	40	45
Telugu	45	25	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,785	3,390	3,390
Albanian	15	5	5
Armenian	20	10	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,820	900	925
Baltic languages	35	15	15
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	25	10	15
Slavic languages	1,790	880	905
Belarusian	0	5	0
Bulgarian	25	15	10
Czech	35	20	15
Macedonian	20	15	10
Polish	430	205	225
Russian	1,080	535	545
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	90	50	40
Bosnian	10	5	5
Croatian	25	15	10
Serbian	50	30	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	0	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	90	40	50
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	125	65	65
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	95	40	50
German	90	40	50
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	15	15
Afrikaans	10	10	0
Dutch	15	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	80	40	35
Indo-Iranian languages	2,570	1,340	1,230
Indo-Aryan languages	2,065	1,090	970
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	110	55	50
Gujarati	370	210	165
Hindi	260	130	130
Kacchi	5	0	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	5	5
Nepali	30	15	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	665	385	280
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	15
Urdu	585	275	300
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	505	245	260
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	10	10
Persian languages	470	230	240
Dari	115	50	65
Iranian Persian	300	155	145
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,150	1,035	1,115
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	215	90	120
Portuguese	565	295	275
Romanian	75	35	40
Spanish	1,290	610	680
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	50	15	30
Korean	410	195	225
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	105	45	65
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	10	5	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	15	10	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	15	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	35	25
American Sign Language	50	30	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,030	505	530
Chinese languages	1,025	500	525
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	800	405	395
Min Dong	5	0	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	190	85	105
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	15	10
Lao	20	10	10
Thai	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	125	60	65
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	105	50	50
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	5	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	105	60	50
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	10	0	5
Hungarian	100	55	45
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,595	1,730	1,865
English and French	395	175	220
English and non-official language(s)	3,050	1,485	1,570
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30
Multiple non-official languages	70	30	40
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	146,265	71,800	74,460
None	131,680	64,850	66,830
English	4,475	2,235	2,240
French	1,400	575	825
Non-official language	6,885	3,235	3,650
Indigenous³⁹	30	10	20
Non-Indigenous	6,850	3,225	3,625
English and French	60	25	35
English and non-official language(s)	760	385	370
French and non-official language(s)	260	125	130
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	5	5
Multiple non-official languages	735	360	370
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	145,385	71,395	73,990
Official languages	144,200	70,905	73,295
English	144,130	70,865	73,265
French	9,530	4,240	5,295
Non-official languages	28,095	13,550	14,550
Indigenous languages³⁹	125	50	75
Algonquian languages	100	40	60
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	85	35	50
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	85	35	50
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	45	20	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	15	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,985	13,495	14,485
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,605	780	825
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	0	10
Hausa	10	0	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	40	25	15
Cushitic languages	20	15	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	20	15	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,535	735	800
Amharic	45	30	10
Arabic	950	475	475
Aramaic languages	30	10	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	420	200	220
Maltese	105	35	70
Tigrigna	25	0	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	670	335	335
Khmer (Cambodian)	85	45	40
Vietnamese	595	290	305
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,490	550	935
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	0	15
Cebuano	85	40	45
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	80	50	25
Ilocano	105	35	70
Indonesian	25	10	15
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	15	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	15
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,410	505	905
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	30
Creole languages	150	95	55
Haitian Creole	30	15	15
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	25	15	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	25	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10
Dravidian languages	810	500	305
Kannada	30	20	10
Malayalam	480	305	175
Tamil	340	190	150
Telugu	65	45	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	35	15	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	19,770	9,690	10,085
Albanian	80	45	30
Armenian	60	30	30
Balto-Slavic languages	4,175	2,000	2,165
Baltic languages	80	45	35
Latvian	35	15	20
Lithuanian	50	30	15
Slavic languages	4,115	1,965	2,145
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	60	25	35
Czech	85	40	40
Macedonian	120	70	55
Polish	1,340	645	690
Russian	2,040	950	1,090
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	340	185	155
Bosnian	70	40	35
Croatian	135	65	70
Serbian	185	115	70
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	50	10	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	15	35
Ukrainian	490	205	290
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	45	20	30
Irish	10	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	30	10	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,195	985	1,205
Frisian	55	15	35
High German languages	1,505	670	830
German	1,460	645	815
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	30	15	15
Yiddish	25	10	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	585	275	310
Afrikaans	75	45	25
Dutch	510	230	280
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	145	65	75
Danish	55	25	40
Icelandic	10	0	0
Norwegian	35	10	20
Swedish	55	25	25
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	425	215	215
Indo-Iranian languages	5,710	3,090	2,620
Indo-Aryan languages	4,650	2,570	2,080
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	160	85	75
Gujarati	920	530	390
Hindi	2,140	1,215	925
Kacchi	30	10	20
Kashmiri	20	15	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	40	25	10
Nepali	45	15	25
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,685	970	715
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	10	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	100	45	60
Urdu	1,440	760	680
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	1,100	545	555
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	35	20	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	40	20	15
Persian languages	1,040	520	525
Dari	240	105	135
Iranian Persian	720	365	360
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	60	40
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages	7,530	3,510	4,020
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	1,920	910	1,010
Portuguese	1,630	870	760
Romanian	285	140	150
Spanish	4,140	1,820	2,320
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Japanese	160	75	90
Korean	730	335	395
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	870	420	450
Akan (Twi)	95	50	45
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	85	40	40
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	30	10	25
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	55	30	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	30	20	15
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	15	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	80	40	40
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	155	85	70
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	320	140	180
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	20	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	250	75	180
American Sign Language	240	65	165
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,805	840	970
Chinese languages	1,785	825	955
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,465	680	790
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	25	25
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	405	165	235
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	10
Burmese	10	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	30	55
Lao	35	20	20
Thai	50	15	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	385	210	175
Azerbaijani	45	20	25
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	330	185	145
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Uralic languages	400	165	230
Estonian	35	15	25
Finnish	80	30	55
Hungarian	280	130	155
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	145,385	71,395	73,990
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,320	2,545	2,775
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,105	2,450	2,655
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,030	1,560	1,470
Métis	1,995	860	1,135
Inuk (Inuit)	80	30	55
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	75	30	45
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	140	65	75
Non-Indigenous identity	140,070	68,855	71,215
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	145,385	71,395	73,990
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,770	855	920
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	143,615	70,545	73,070
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	55,315	...	...
Owner	37,435	...	...
Renter	17,880	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	55,315	...	...
Condominium	6,400	...	...
Not condominium	48,915	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	55,315	...	...
No bedrooms	210	...	...
1 bedroom	5,215	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,505	...	...
3 bedrooms	20,645	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	18,730	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	55,315	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	11,735	...	...
5 rooms	8,150	...	...
6 rooms	8,650	...	...
7 rooms	7,530	...	...
8 or more rooms	19,250	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	55,315	...	...
One person or fewer per room	54,695	...	...
More than one person per room	620	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	55,315	...	...
Suitable	53,025	...	...
Not suitable	2,290	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	55,315	...	...
1960 or before	5,570	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,425	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,985	...	...
1991 to 2000	13,245	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,540	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,255	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,720	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,585	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	55,315	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	52,795	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,525	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	55,315	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,750	...	...
Two-maintainer household	25,755	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,810	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	55,315	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,380	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,040	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,300	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,855	...	...
55 to 64 years	11,430	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,225	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,310	...	...
85 years and over	1,775	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	55,155	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,395	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	14,760	...	...
30% to less than 100%	13,555	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	55,315	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,145	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	13,485	...	...
Not suitable only	1,705	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,545	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	430	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	830	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...
Acceptable housing	37,170	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	53,945	...	...
In core need	6,925	...	...
Not in core need	47,015	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	37,435	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	69.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,752	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	695,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	696,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	17,880	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	42.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,510	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,526	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	145,385	71,400	73,990
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,730	920	815
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,705	915	790
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,270	690	575
Métis single ancestry	415	215	200
Inuit single ancestry	25	10	15
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	0	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,495	2,530	2,970
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,410	2,495	2,915
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,685	1,730	1,955
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,665	740	925
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	25	35
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	90	30	55
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	25	45
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	10
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	138,155	67,950	70,205
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	145,390	71,395	73,990
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	135,560	66,435	69,125
Canadian citizens aged under 18	29,085	14,970	14,110
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	106,480	51,465	55,010
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	9,830	4,960	4,865
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	145,390	71,395	73,990
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	117,640	57,980	59,660
Immigrants⁸¹	24,640	11,625	13,015
Before 1980	6,750	3,050	3,700
1980 to 1990	2,880	1,435	1,445
1991 to 2000	3,690	1,660	2,030
2001 to 2010	4,860	2,340	2,520
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,460	3,130	3,325
2011 to 2015	2,915	1,350	1,560
2016 to 2021	3,540	1,780	1,765
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,105	1,790	1,310
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	24,640	11,620	13,020
Under 5 years	2,950	1,450	1,500
5 to 14 years	4,770	2,400	2,370
15 to 24 years	5,070	2,175	2,890
25 to 44 years	10,245	4,840	5,400
45 years and over	1,610	750	860
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	24,640	11,620	13,020
Americas	4,715	2,100	2,615
Brazil	220	110	110
Colombia	230	120	110
El Salvador	240	120	120
Guyana	310	140	170
Haiti	20	15	0
Jamaica	840	370	475
Mexico	235	95	145
Peru	130	65	65
Trinidad and Tobago	360	150	210
United States of America	745	315	430
Other places of birth in Americas	1,380	600	780
Europe	9,895	4,705	5,190
Bosnia and Herzegovina	80	55	30
Croatia	40	20	20
France	100	35	60
Germany	770	305	465
Greece	155	85	75
Hungary	165	75	95
Italy	735	375	360
Netherlands	465	245	220
Poland	840	405	430
Portugal	650	335	310
Romania	225	110	110
Russian Federation	655	300	355
Serbia⁸⁶	75	45	35
Ukraine	475	215	255
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,330	1,590	1,735
Other places of birth in Europe	1,135	515	625
Africa	1,535	805	735
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	35	40
Egypt	110	65	45
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	30	25	10
Morocco	30	15	15
Nigeria	510	255	255
Somalia	10	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	170	80	85
Other places of birth in Africa	575	310	260
Asia	8,365	3,930	4,435
Afghanistan	155	65	85
Iran⁸⁸	530	260	270
Iraq	85	35	55
Lebanon	110	65	45
Syria⁸⁹	160	70	90
Turkey	190	110	75
China⁹⁰	1,040	465	580
Hong Kong⁹¹	65	30	35
Korea, South⁹²	400	180	220
Taiwan	30	15	15
Philippines	1,455	525	930
Viet Nam	415	195	220
Bangladesh	95	50	45
India	1,675	880	795
Pakistan	775	415	355
Sri Lanka	170	105	70
Other places of birth in Asia	1,020	475	545
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	135	80	50
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,540	1,775	1,760
Americas	450	220	230
Brazil	60	30	30
Colombia	10	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	60	40	25
Mexico	40	20	20
United States of America	115	60	55
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	20
Other places of birth in Americas	130	55	70
Europe	560	305	260
France	0	0	0
Germany	10	0	10
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	10	10	0
Russian Federation	130	70	65
Ukraine	130	55	75
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	70	30
Other places of birth in Europe	155	80	75
Africa	415	225	190
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	15	10	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	25	15	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	240	135	110
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	80	45	40
Asia	2,100	1,010	1,085
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	125	45	75
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	835	445	385
Iran⁸⁸	60	30	25
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	35	20	15
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	15	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	65	25	45
Lebanon	30	15	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	230	115	110
Philippines	305	125	180
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	20	15	10
Syria⁸⁹	95	40	55
Turkey	70	45	20
United Arab Emirates	30	30	0
Viet Nam	30	0	25
Other places of birth in Asia	90	30	60
Oceania and other⁹³	15	15	0
Australia	15	15	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	145,385	71,395	73,990
First generation¹⁰⁰	28,855	13,915	14,940
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,745	14,890	14,860
Third generation or more¹⁰²	86,780	42,595	44,185
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	17,885	8,570	9,320
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	8,540	4,190	4,350
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,525	2,030	1,490
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,015	2,155	2,860
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,090	2,665	3,425
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,940	1,580	1,365
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	320	140	180
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	17,885	8,570	9,320
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,580	890	685
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,035	835	1,195
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	330	140	195
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,185	635	555
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	75	25	50
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	12,685	6,050	6,630
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	145,385	71,395	73,990
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	24,850	12,605	12,240
South Asian	6,435	3,585	2,850
Chinese	2,310	1,085	1,225
Black	5,670	2,960	2,710
Filipino	2,030	840	1,190
Arab	805	460	350
Latin American	2,910	1,365	1,545
Southeast Asian	1,005	490	515
West Asian	1,070	530	540
Korean	780	360	425
Japanese	165	95	70
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	770	370	400
Multiple visible minorities	890	470	420
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	120,535	58,785	61,750
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	145,385	71,395	73,990
Canadian	25,160	12,640	12,515
English	36,825	17,845	18,985
Irish	31,395	14,850	16,540
Scottish	30,310	14,260	16,050
French, n.o.s.¹²²	12,485	5,980	6,510
German	13,250	6,200	7,055
Chinese	2,510	1,225	1,285
Italian	9,800	4,965	4,835
Indian (India)	3,740	2,025	1,715
Ukrainian	4,155	1,930	2,230
Dutch	6,025	2,990	3,040
Polish	5,600	2,615	2,980
Québécois	315	145	170
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	6,875	3,345	3,530
Filipino	2,060	875	1,190
French Canadian	2,395	1,130	1,265
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,185	1,545	1,645
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,015	1,010	1,010
Métis	2,185	985	1,200
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,350	1,170	1,175
Russian	2,180	1,025	1,160
Norwegian	675	370	310
Welsh	3,110	1,450	1,660
Portuguese	3,125	1,615	1,510
American	1,425	735	690
Spanish	1,795	800	995
Swedish	765	330	435
Hungarian	1,670	735	935
Acadian	440	230	210
Pakistani	1,055	575	485
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,140	595	545
Jewish	955	475	480
Punjabi	415	250	160
Vietnamese	665	330	330
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	365	210	155
Greek	1,340	655	685
Jamaican	2,030	1,060	970
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	620	265	355
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	220	95	120
Korean	765	355	405
Romanian	695	310	385
Lebanese	390	190	200
Iranian	670	325	340
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	600	265	330
Danish	905	435	470
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	980	475	500
Sikh	160	110	40
Austrian	815	415	400
Belgian	285	145	145
Haitian	35	20	20
Hindu	340	190	150
Mexican	460	195	265
Mennonite	70	40	25
Swiss	365	195	165
Finnish	1,235	600	635
Sri Lankan	250	120	125
Croatian	410	215	190
Japanese	215	125	95
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	225	130	95
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	400	195	205
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	505	275	225
Muslim	140	65	75
Egyptian	310	165	145
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	410	190	220
Tamil	160	90	70
Icelandic	240	110	130
Colombian	310	165	145
Moroccan	90	50	45
Czech	415	205	200
Syrian	160	45	110
Guyanese	695	325	365
Afghan	335	155	185
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	330	170	160
Serbian	305	175	135
Ojibway	710	345	365
Newfoundlander	715	330	385
Hong Konger	50	35	20
Ontarian	815	430	390
Persian	145	90	50
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	535	275	260
Turkish	335	155	175
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	110	40	75
Bangladeshi	95	60	40
Algerian	15	0	0
Brazilian	310	160	145
Nigerian	545	285	265
Armenian	150	65	85
Slovak	235	105	130
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	255	135	120
Somali	40	20	15
Taiwanese	55	30	30
Iraqi	55	15	40
Salvadorean	230	100	130
African Caribbean	205	85	125
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	105	60	50
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	175	110	60
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	325	145	180
Algonquin	180	60	120
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	435	210	225
Lithuanian	365	160	210
South African	150	65	85
Australian	245	150	100
Palestinian	85	40	40
Chilean	200	115	85
Congolese	25	25	0
Nova Scotian	180	95	85
Ethiopian	40	20	20
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	235	120	115
Peruvian	210	95	120
Yoruba	170	85	85
Cambodian (Khmer)	90	50	40
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	120	55	65
Maltese	565	220	345
Macedonian	350	200	155
Slovenian	235	110	125
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	130	60	70
New Brunswicker	130	65	65
Gujarati	275	165	110
Eritrean	25	10	15
African Canadian	120	50	65
Israeli	250	140	105
Mohawk	125	75	50
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	140	85	50
Bulgarian	140	80	60
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	170	95	75
Barbadian	215	105	100
African American	170	95	70
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	135	60	75
Tunisian	10	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	145	85	60
Cuban	220	100	120
Bosnian	85	50	35
Venezuelan	80	30	50
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	10	20
Latvian	270	115	150
Bengali	50	30	20
Cameroonian	25	20	10
Guatemalan	60	40	20
Indonesian	85	40	40
Laotian	35	15	15
Ilocano	55	20	40
Northern Irish	430	215	215
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	185	90	90
British Columbian	15	0	10
Ecuadorian	325	160	165
Franco Ontarian	120	65	60
Argentinian	220	115	105
Estonian	190	70	120
Kurdish	65	55	10
Fijian	0	0	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	65	20	45
Coptic	50	30	20
Thai	85	35	45
Dominican	115	55	60
Nepali	45	10	30
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	65	15	55
Igbo	60	25	40
Byelorussian	120	65	60
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	75	45	30
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	65	25	35
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	30	10	25
New Zealander	40	30	10
Sudanese	15	15	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	105	35	70
Malaysian	25	20	10
Plains Cree	30	20	15
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	50	25	30
Saskatchewanian	10	0	10
Buddhist	65	30	30
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	10	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	10	10
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	70	45	25
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	35	10	30
Mauritian	40	20	20
Kenyan	70	40	35
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	120	65	55
Jordanian	55	25	30
Manitoban	10	10	0
Cape Bretoner	65	35	25
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	105	70	35
Malayali	60	35	30
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	85	50	35
Honduran	85	30	55
Cherokee	45	10	30
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	45	25	20
Indo-Caribbean	45	20	30
Flemish	45	25	20
United Empire Loyalist	55	35	20
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	100	60	40
Sicilian	100	60	45
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	15	10	0
Goan	25	20	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	10	10
Zimbabwean	30	25	0
Burmese	25	10	15
Mongolian	30	20	0
Azorean	35	15	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	15	15	0
Ugandan	45	10	35
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	75	40	35
Yemeni	35	15	20
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	20	10	15
Basque	10	0	10
Uruguayan	110	45	65
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	10	0
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	80	35	40
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	15	15	0
Roma	10	0	0
Costa Rican	75	30	35
African Nova Scotian	15	0	0
Malagasy	20	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	35	20	15
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	15	10	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	145,385	71,395	73,990
Buddhist	640	305	340
Christian	76,380	35,070	41,310
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,945	5,700	6,240
Anabaptist	65	30	35
Anglican	7,040	3,075	3,965
Baptist	2,295	1,135	1,170
Catholic	34,250	15,955	18,300
Christian Orthodox	2,130	1,020	1,105
Jehovah's Witness	965	410	550
Latter Day Saints	240	105	135
Lutheran	965	415	550
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	530	210	315
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,980	900	1,085
Presbyterian	2,660	1,255	1,410
Reformed	275	130	135
United Church	7,260	3,000	4,255
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,785	1,730	2,050
Hindu	2,205	1,255	945
Jewish	965	485	480
Muslim	3,600	1,940	1,660
Sikh	1,135	650	480
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	130	75	55
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,060	415	645
No religion and secular perspectives	59,270	31,200	28,070
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	143,905	70,655	73,245
Non-movers	122,540	60,075	62,470
Movers	21,360	10,585	10,780
Non-migrants	10,580	5,325	5,255
Migrants	10,780	5,255	5,525
Internal migrants	10,200	4,965	5,230
Intraprovincial migrants	9,795	4,775	5,020
Interprovincial migrants	410	190	215
External migrants	580	290	295
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	138,125	67,730	70,395
Non-movers	78,060	38,120	39,940
Movers	60,065	29,605	30,455
Non-migrants	24,140	11,975	12,165
Migrants	35,925	17,635	18,290
Internal migrants	30,695	14,875	15,820
Intraprovincial migrants	28,810	13,885	14,920
Interprovincial migrants	1,880	985	895
External migrants	5,235	2,760	2,475
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	120,695	58,640	62,050
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,505	10,830	9,675
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	100,180	47,805	52,375
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,935	39,215	40,720
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,410	4,925	3,485
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	71,520	34,285	37,235
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	120,690	58,640	62,050
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,485	9,590	8,895
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	37,880	19,600	18,280
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	64,320	29,450	34,870
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	39,490	19,010	20,480
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,420	4,675	1,745
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,225	2,020	1,210
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,195	2,655	540
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	30,650	13,230	17,425
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,415	1,110	1,310
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,830	10,445	14,390
Bachelor's degree	17,630	7,240	10,385
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,845	720	1,125
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625	300	320
Master's degree	4,270	1,885	2,380
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	460	285	175
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,935	39,215	40,720
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,140	4,170	2,965
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,405	12,320	10,090
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	50,390	22,730	27,665
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,095	14,450	15,650
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,570	3,255	1,315
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,315	1,435	880
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,255	1,825	435
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	23,895	10,385	13,510
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,635	815	825
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,290	8,280	12,010
Bachelor's degree	14,410	5,840	8,570
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,460	540	920
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	535	230	305
Master's degree	3,560	1,480	2,080
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	330	195	140
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	120,690	58,640	62,050
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	56,370	29,190	27,180
Education	3,690	885	2,805
13. Education	3,690	885	2,805
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,405	930	1,470
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	235	180	55
50. Visual and performing arts	2,165	750	1,410
Humanities	3,040	1,105	1,930
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	255	45	205
23. English language and literature/letters	825	180	645
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	765	265	505
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	50	40
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	90	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	350	210	140
54. History	470	245	225
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	25	75
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,540	2,415	6,130
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	80	20	65
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	970	385	585
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,695	130	1,565
22. Legal professions and studies	1,480	380	1,105
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	240	50	190
42. Psychology	1,485	360	1,125
45. Social sciences	2,580	1,085	1,500
Business, management and public administration	12,875	5,250	7,625
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,300	210	1,090
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,570	5,035	6,530
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,905	850	1,055
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	810	285	520
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	495	215	280
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	15	15
40. Physical sciences	435	300	140
41. Science technologies/technicians	135	30	105
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,615	1,825	790
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,155	1,625	535
25. Library science	145	10	135
27. Mathematics and statistics	240	135	100
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	55	20
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,575	10,580	995
04. Architecture and related services	465	330	140
14. Engineering	2,080	1,700	380
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,190	2,845	345
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,350	2,325	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,130	2,080	50
48. Precision production	1,355	1,295	55
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,205	510	695
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	765	275	490
03. Natural resources and conservation	440	235	205
Health and related fields	11,085	2,120	8,970
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,150	585	560
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	9,745	1,440	8,305
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	175	85	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,345	2,960	2,390
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,380	645	1,740
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	40	30	10
43. Security and protective services	2,090	1,530	565
49. Transportation and materials moving	825	755	75
Other¹⁷⁹	45	25	25
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	79,935	39,215	40,720
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	29,545	16,485	13,060
Education	2,795	670	2,125
13. Education	2,795	670	2,125
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,825	695	1,130
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	160	115	40
50. Visual and performing arts	1,665	580	1,085
Humanities	2,195	735	1,465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	200	35	165
23. English language and literature/letters	610	120	495
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	605	200	400
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	35	35
38. Philosophy and religious studies	135	60	70
39. Theology and religious vocations	175	100	80
54. History	340	180	160
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	10	60
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,895	1,815	5,075
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	15	35
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	775	295	485
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,425	95	1,335
22. Legal professions and studies	1,270	315	955
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	210	45	160
42. Psychology	1,180	255	925
45. Social sciences	1,975	800	1,180
Business, management and public administration	10,270	4,080	6,185
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,080	165	910
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,185	3,910	5,275
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,420	635	785
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	580	220	365
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	345	140	205
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	15	15
40. Physical sciences	355	240	110
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	25	90
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,175	1,570	605
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,845	1,420	430
25. Library science	90	10	85
27. Mathematics and statistics	185	105	80
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	35	15
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,740	7,910	830
04. Architecture and related services	375	260	115
14. Engineering	1,675	1,345	330
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,465	2,185	280
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,730	1,705	20
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,520	1,475	45
48. Precision production	970	930	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	940	395	540
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	575	215	365
03. Natural resources and conservation	360	180	180
Health and related fields	8,760	1,760	7,000
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	960	515	450
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,635	1,185	6,450
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	65	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,340	2,445	1,895
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,910	525	1,385
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	15	10
43. Security and protective services	1,765	1,315	460
49. Transportation and materials moving	640	590	50
Other¹⁷⁹	35	15	20
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	79,935	39,215	40,720
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	29,545	16,485	13,060
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	50,385	22,725	27,660
Location of study inside Canada	42,940	19,315	23,625
Same as province or territory of residence	40,520	18,125	22,400
Different than province or territory of residence	2,420	1,195	1,225
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	7,450	3,410	4,040
Americas	1,725	755	970
United States of America	1,005	450	560
Mexico	100	40	60
Cuba	50	10	35
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	70	45	25
Brazil	155	70	80
Colombia	95	40	55
Peru	35	20	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	55	15	45
Other locations of study in Americas	155	75	75
Europe	1,725	825	905
Belgium	20	15	10
France	25	15	10
Germany	55	20	35
Netherlands	25	15	10
Switzerland	10	10	0
Hungary	20	15	0
Moldova¹⁸³	45	25	20
Poland	130	45	85
Romania	80	35	40
Russian Federation	320	155	165
Ukraine	190	85	105
Ireland⁹⁶	35	20	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	600	305	295
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	10	10	0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	0	10
Other locations of study in Europe	150	55	95
Africa	380	210	175
Nigeria	140	70	70
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	15	0	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	55	35	25
South Africa, Republic of	30	15	15
Other locations of study in Africa	130	85	55
Asia	3,445	1,535	1,910
Iran⁸⁸	235	115	120
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	125	65	60
Lebanon	40	15	25
Syria⁸⁹	25	10	15
Turkey	65	45	25
China⁹⁰	430	185	245
Taiwan	15	0	10
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	35	10	30
Korea, South⁹²	195	75	120
Philippines	620	175	450
Viet Nam	50	15	35
Bangladesh	35	15	25
Sri Lanka	25	15	10
India	1,050	555	490
Pakistan	250	110	135
Other locations of study in Asia	235	115	120
Oceania	170	85	90
Australia	150	70	75
New Zealand	20	10	10
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	120,690	58,640	62,050
In the labour force	80,170	41,640	38,530
Employed	70,115	37,130	32,985
Unemployed	10,055	4,515	5,540
Not in the labour force	40,520	17,000	23,520
Participation rate	66.4	71.0	62.1
Employment rate	58.1	63.3	53.2
Unemployment rate	12.5	10.8	14.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	120,690	58,640	62,050
Did not work¹⁸⁶	41,520	17,655	23,865
Worked	79,170	40,980	38,190
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	42,325	24,005	18,320
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	36,845	16,975	19,865
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.2	42.1	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	80,170	41,640	38,530
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,100	900	1,200
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	78,070	40,740	37,325
Employee	67,735	34,635	33,105
Permanent position	58,195	29,930	28,260
Temporary position	9,545	4,700	4,845
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,830	1,260	1,565
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,715	3,440	3,275
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,330	6,105	4,225
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	80,170	41,640	38,530
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,100	900	1,200
All occupations¹⁹¹	78,070	40,740	37,325
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	645	435	205
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,595	3,480	8,115
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,490	4,310	1,180
3 Health occupations	6,690	1,120	5,570
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,320	3,285	6,035
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,945	855	1,085
6 Sales and service occupations	21,380	9,200	12,180
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,910	13,720	1,195
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,010	755	255
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	5,095	3,585	1,510
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	80,170	41,640	38,530
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,100	900	1,200
All industries¹⁹¹	78,070	40,740	37,325
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	415	245	175
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	120	105	15
22 Utilities	670	520	150
23 Construction	7,385	6,530	855
31-33 Manufacturing	8,705	6,330	2,375
41 Wholesale trade	2,615	1,880	745
44-45 Retail trade	10,410	4,960	5,450
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,975	2,960	1,020
51 Information and cultural industries	1,350	810	540
52 Finance and insurance	2,345	1,000	1,345
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,470	715	755
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,950	2,550	2,405
55 Management of companies and enterprises	215	95	120
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,805	2,180	1,620
61 Educational services	5,365	1,705	3,655
62 Health care and social assistance	10,585	1,660	8,930
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,415	735	675
72 Accommodation and food services	4,910	1,945	2,960
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,050	1,490	1,555
91 Public administration	4,315	2,340	1,975
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	85,160	43,910	41,245
English	82,460	42,730	39,730
French	260	60	195
Non-official language	240	110	135
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	240	110	135
English and French	1,020	420	600
English and non-official language(s)	1,125	560	565
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	85,160	43,910	41,245
Single responses	84,880	43,790	41,095
Official languages	84,400	43,565	40,830
English	84,015	43,485	40,530
French	375	80	295
Non-official languages	485	225	265
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	480	225	260
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	15
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	15	0	15
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	255	135	120
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	100	45	50
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	100	45	50
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	30	15	10
Russian	60	20	40
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	15	0	10
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	15	0	10
German	15	0	10
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	50	30	20
Indo-Aryan languages	40	20	15
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	15	0	10
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	10	10
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	10	10	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	15	10	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	15	10	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	90	50	40
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	25	15	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	55	30	30
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	20	10	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	10	0	10
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	15	0	15
American Sign Language	15	0	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	145	60	85
Chinese languages	145	60	85
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	130	45	85
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	15	0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	15	10	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	15	10	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	275	120	155
English and French	165	60	100
English and non-official language(s)	110	55	55
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	85,160	43,910	41,245
None	83,220	43,010	40,210
English	340	125	215
French	750	350	400
Non-official language	725	355	370
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	15
Non-Indigenous	705	345	360
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	95	55	40
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	70,115	37,130	32,990
Worked at home	14,955	6,525	8,430
Worked outside Canada	190	140	50
No fixed workplace address	10,045	7,760	2,285
Usual place of work	44,925	22,705	22,215
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	44,920	22,705	22,220
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	27,840	11,840	16,010
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,740	5,180	3,555
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,210	5,595	2,615
Commute to a different province or territory	130	90	40
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	54,965	30,465	24,505
Car, truck or van	49,825	27,980	21,840
Car, truck or van - as a driver	44,845	25,725	19,120
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,980	2,260	2,720
Public transit	2,060	950	1,110
Walked	1,780	855	925
Bicycle	280	210	70
Other method	1,025	470	560
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	54,965	30,465	24,505
Less than 15 minutes	19,200	8,545	10,660
15 to 29 minutes	14,775	7,445	7,330
30 to 44 minutes	7,390	4,565	2,825
45 to 59 minutes	5,580	3,865	1,715
60 minutes and over	8,025	6,050	1,975
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	54,965	30,465	24,505
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,035	4,600	1,435
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,355	5,900	3,455
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,485	6,695	5,790
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,355	4,385	5,975
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,435	2,890	3,550
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	10,305	6,000	4,305
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	30,780	15,920	14,865
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,745	1,450	1,295
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,040	14,470	13,565
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	22,855	11,800	11,050
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,150	1,110	1,040
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,245	625	620
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	905	485	425
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,705	10,690	10,010

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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