Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Thunder Bay, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	108,843	...	...
Population, 2016¹	107,909	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	50,995	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	48,405	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	332.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	327.77	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	108,845	53,505	55,330
0 to 14 years	15,420	7,910	7,515
0 to 4 years	4,825	2,440	2,380
5 to 9 years	5,165	2,720	2,445
10 to 14 years	5,435	2,750	2,680
15 to 64 years	69,595	34,760	34,835
15 to 19 years	5,405	2,775	2,625
20 to 24 years	7,325	3,895	3,430
25 to 29 years	8,070	4,160	3,910
30 to 34 years	6,970	3,565	3,405
35 to 39 years	6,500	3,250	3,245
40 to 44 years	5,920	2,870	3,050
45 to 49 years	6,235	3,075	3,165
50 to 54 years	6,785	3,265	3,520
55 to 59 years	7,990	3,860	4,130
60 to 64 years	8,390	4,035	4,360
65 years and over	23,825	10,840	12,985
65 to 69 years	7,215	3,480	3,730
70 to 74 years	6,255	2,970	3,285
75 to 79 years	4,075	1,875	2,200
80 to 84 years	2,960	1,255	1,705
85 years and over	3,320	1,255	2,065
85 to 89 years	2,005	835	1,170
90 to 94 years	1,020	350	670
95 to 99 years	265	70	200
100 years and over	25	5	25
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.2	14.8	13.6
15 to 64 years	63.9	65.0	63.0
65 years and over	21.9	20.3	23.5
85 years and over	3.1	2.3	3.7
Average age of the population	43.7	42.5	44.9
Median age of the population	44.0	42.0	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	48,405	...	...
Single-detached house	31,685	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,075	...	...
Row house	1,445	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,430	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	7,865	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,575	...	...
Other single-attached house	110	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	220	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	48,405	...	...
1 person	16,765	...	...
2 persons	16,960	...	...
3 persons	6,670	...	...
4 persons	5,385	...	...
5 or more persons	2,625	...	...
Number of persons in private households	106,645	52,450	54,195
Average household size	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	93,420	45,600	47,820
Married or living common-law	48,490	24,115	24,375
Married	37,580	18,685	18,895
Living common-law	10,910	5,435	5,480
Living common law - Never married	8,055	4,030	4,025
Living common law - Separated	550	290	260
Living common law - Divorced	1,990	1,000	995
Living common law - Widowed	315	110	205
Not married and not living common-law	44,930	21,480	23,450
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,885	16,085	12,800
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,200	1,335	1,860
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,200	2,550	3,655
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,640	1,515	5,130
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,775	...	...
2 persons	16,975	...	...
3 persons	6,115	...	...
4 persons	4,845	...	...
5 or more persons	1,840	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,775	...	...
Total couple families	23,765	...	...
Married couples	18,310	...	...
With children⁶	8,470	...	...
Without children	9,840	...	...
Common-law couples	5,455	...	...
With children⁶	2,060	...	...
Without children	3,390	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,010	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,620	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,390	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	106,645	52,450	54,190
Total - Persons in census families	81,550	40,140	41,415
Married spouses or common-law partners	47,530	23,695	23,835
Parents in one-parent families	6,010	1,390	4,615
Children⁶	28,015	15,055	12,955
In a two-parent family	18,750	10,050	8,700
In a one-parent family	9,260	5,005	4,255
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	25,090	12,305	12,780
Living alone	16,770	7,650	9,115
Living with other relatives⁷	2,550	1,190	1,355
Living with non-relatives only	5,775	3,470	2,305
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	48,405	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,970	...	...
Couple-family households	22,105	...	...
With children⁶	9,800	...	...
Without children	12,310	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,865	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	845	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	150	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,295	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,385	...	...
One-person households	16,765	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	91,235	44,545	46,690
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,210	42,920	45,295
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	47,600	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,250	42,935	45,310
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,090	38,640	39,450
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	42,000	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,710	30,965	29,745
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,000	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,710	38,725	41,985
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,400	9,200	11,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,005	4,630	4,375
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,720	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,330	10,595	11,740
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	91,235	44,570	46,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,460	43,050	45,405
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,000	56,600	45,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,495	43,065	45,430
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	47,600	39,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,135	38,690	39,440
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,880	52,450	39,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,710	31,040	29,670
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,120	51,080	40,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,800	38,885	41,915
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,470	10,470	12,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,895	4,560	4,335
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,750	6,680	6,820
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,950	10,400	11,550
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,680	8,410	8,910
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	91,235	44,570	46,660
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,350	14,635	12,715
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	69,000	59,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,800	77,300	65,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,735	11,810	12,930
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,600	21,400	18,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,080	31,800	24,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.4	83.2	75.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.1	65.0	58.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.6	16.7	25.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.3	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.9	4.0	6.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.2	3.6	5.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	91,235	44,545	46,685
Without total income	3,020	1,630	1,395
With total income	88,215	42,920	45,295
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,825	2,635	3,185
$10,000 to $19,999	10,045	4,245	5,795
$20,000 to $29,999	13,250	5,580	7,670
$30,000 to $39,999	11,850	5,175	6,675
$40,000 to $49,999	10,805	5,010	5,795
$50,000 to $59,999	8,940	4,325	4,610
$60,000 to $69,999	7,060	3,655	3,405
$70,000 to $79,999	5,380	2,940	2,440
$80,000 to $89,999	3,805	2,170	1,630
$90,000 to $99,999	3,040	1,775	1,265
$100,000 and over	8,230	5,400	2,830
$100,000 to $149,999	6,165	3,890	2,270
$150,000 and over	2,065	1,510	560
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	91,235	44,545	46,685
Without after-tax income	2,990	1,610	1,380
With after-tax income	88,245	42,940	45,310
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,205	2,725	3,480
$10,000 to $19,999	10,400	4,410	5,990
$20,000 to $29,999	15,120	6,345	8,775
$30,000 to $39,999	14,150	6,505	7,645
$40,000 to $49,999	12,555	6,010	6,545
$50,000 to $59,999	9,550	4,835	4,720
$60,000 to $69,999	6,615	3,665	2,950
$70,000 to $79,999	4,600	2,685	1,915
$80,000 to $89,999	3,410	1,945	1,470
$90,000 to $99,999	1,985	1,260	725
$100,000 and over	3,660	2,555	1,105
$100,000 to $124,999	2,120	1,460	660
$125,000 and over	1,540	1,100	445
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	91,235	44,545	46,685
Without employment income	30,525	13,580	16,945
With employment income	60,710	30,965	29,740
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,640	4,335	4,305
$5,000 to $9,999	4,460	1,945	2,515
$10,000 to $19,999	7,080	3,260	3,820
$20,000 to $29,999	5,805	2,735	3,070
$30,000 to $39,999	5,495	2,685	2,810
$40,000 to $49,999	5,505	2,440	3,070
$50,000 to $59,999	5,160	2,510	2,650
$60,000 to $69,999	4,240	2,180	2,065
$70,000 to $79,999	3,350	1,870	1,480
$80,000 to $89,999	2,625	1,575	1,055
$90,000 to $99,999	2,370	1,325	1,040
$100,000 and over	5,980	4,110	1,870
$100,000 to $124,999	3,260	2,090	1,165
$125,000 and over	2,725	2,025	700
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	91,235	44,545	46,690
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,060	42,250	44,810
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,095	42,255	44,840
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,610	38,235	39,365
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,000	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,295	30,980	30,320
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,000	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,695	36,630	40,070
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	2,940	7,350
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,385	3,940	3,450
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,400	5,120	5,560
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	91,235	44,570	46,665
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,180	42,270	44,910
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,760	54,850	43,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,185	42,270	44,915
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,480	45,840	37,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,620	38,250	39,370
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,160	53,050	39,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,275	31,095	30,180
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,080	51,500	40,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,695	36,665	40,025
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,710	7,930	9,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,265	3,820	3,445
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,930	6,410	7,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	91,235	44,570	46,660
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,160	14,485	12,670
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	66,000	55,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,600	73,400	60,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,420	11,080	12,340
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,600	27,400	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,880	37,440	28,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.2	87.4	80.4
Employment income (%)	66.4	69.0	63.2
Government transfers (%)	15.7	12.5	19.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.1	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	48,405	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,765	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,640	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	48,405	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,775	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,960	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,630	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	48,405	...	...
Under $5,000	410	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	280	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	990	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,110	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,940	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,905	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,810	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,835	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,005	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,930	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,815	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,595	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,390	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,055	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,775	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,565	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,565	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,900	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,630	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,470	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	48,405	...	...
Under $5,000	440	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	290	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,010	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,150	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,050	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,210	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,140	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,245	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,310	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,245	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,480	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,030	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,780	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,420	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,845	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,765	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,440	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,585	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,735	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,820	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,580	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,645	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,690	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	22,545	11,115	11,425
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,000	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	34,800	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,815	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,610	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,670	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,640	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	22,480	10,915	11,565
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,080	46,440	43,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,280	40,040	38,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	106,640	52,450	54,195
0 to 17 years	18,565	9,530	9,030
0 to 5 years	5,865	2,990	2,875
18 to 64 years	65,655	32,560	33,095
65 years and over	22,420	10,355	12,065
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,415	5,740	6,675
0 to 17 years	2,835	1,470	1,360
0 to 5 years	1,010	515	495
18 to 64 years	7,125	3,410	3,715
65 years and over	2,455	860	1,595
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.6	11.0	12.3
0 to 17 years (%)	15.3	15.4	15.1
0 to 5 years (%)	17.2	17.2	17.2
18 to 64 years (%)	10.9	10.5	11.2
65 years and over (%)	11.0	8.3	13.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	106,645	52,450	54,190
0 to 17 years	18,565	9,535	9,035
0 to 5 years	5,865	2,985	2,880
18 to 64 years	65,660	32,560	33,095
65 years and over	22,420	10,360	12,065
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,630	3,025	2,605
0 to 17 years	865	450	415
0 to 5 years	335	170	170
18 to 64 years	4,460	2,460	2,000
65 years and over	310	120	190
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.8	4.8
0 to 17 years (%)	4.7	4.7	4.6
0 to 5 years (%)	5.8	5.6	5.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	7.6	6.0
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.1	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	106,645	52,450	54,195
In bottom half of the distribution	52,580	25,215	27,365
In bottom decile	11,965	5,885	6,080
In second decile	10,605	4,840	5,765
In third decile	10,140	4,830	5,310
In fourth decile	9,820	4,750	5,075
In fifth decile	10,055	4,910	5,140
In top half of the distribution	54,065	27,235	26,830
In sixth decile	10,820	5,320	5,500
In seventh decile	11,295	5,635	5,660
In eighth decile	11,125	5,595	5,530
In ninth decile	11,570	5,885	5,685
In top decile	9,250	4,800	4,450
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	106,645	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.312	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.432	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.277	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	107,185	52,665	54,515
English only	98,045	48,755	49,290
French only	70	40	30
English and French	8,565	3,645	4,920
Neither English nor French	500	230	275
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	107,185	52,665	54,515
English	104,655	51,485	53,170
French	1,925	915	1,010
English and French	150	65	85
Neither English nor French	455	200	250
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	107,185	52,665	54,515
Single responses	104,695	51,460	53,230
Official languages	93,130	45,905	47,225
English	91,050	44,920	46,130
French	2,080	985	1,095
Non-official languages	11,560	5,555	6,005
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,015	410	605
Algonquian languages	1,010	405	600
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	75	25	50
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	75	25	50
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	10	20
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	30	15	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	925	375	555
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	390	145	245
Ojibway languages	540	230	310
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	525	225	300
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	5	0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,545	5,150	5,400
Afro-Asiatic languages	415	230	185
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	30	10	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	20	5	10
Somali	10	10	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	385	220	165
Amharic	15	10	5
Arabic	360	195	160
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	5	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	5	5	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	165	70	95
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	165	70	95
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	305	120	190
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Cebuano	15	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	15	5	10
Indonesian	5	0	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	245	95	155
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Creole languages	20	15	10
Haitian Creole	5	0	5
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0
Krio	5	5	5
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	665	450	215
Kannada	5	5	5
Malayalam	475	325	155
Tamil	55	35	25
Telugu	115	80	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	6,570	3,210	3,365
Albanian	10	5	5
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,570	675	900
Baltic languages	20	10	15
Latvian	15	0	10
Lithuanian	5	0	0
Slavic languages	1,550	665	885
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	0
Czech	30	20	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	670	280	385
Russian	90	50	45
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	255	130	130
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	210	110	100
Serbian	45	15	30
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Slovak	90	35	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	25	35
Ukrainian	345	130	215
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	625	295	330
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	395	185	210
German	385	185	200
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	0	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	165	75	95
Afrikaans	20	10	10
Dutch	135	60	75
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	60	30	30
Danish	25	15	10
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	15	5	5
Swedish	20	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	120	60	60
Indo-Iranian languages	1,350	780	570
Indo-Aryan languages	1,160	680	485
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	120	65	55
Gujarati	320	215	110
Hindi	245	145	105
Kacchi	5	0	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	5	0
Marathi	20	10	10
Nepali	60	35	30
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	250	140	110
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	10
Urdu	110	60	55
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Iranian languages	185	100	85
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	25	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	5	5	5
Persian languages	160	85	70
Dari	10	10	5
Iranian Persian	125	65	65
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,885	1,390	1,500
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	2,180	1,035	1,140
Portuguese	300	150	150
Romanian	45	25	20
Spanish	360	180	185
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	25	10	20
Korean	95	35	60
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	80	40	45
Akan (Twi)	15	5	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	5	10
Dinka	5	5	5
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	10	15
American Sign Language	20	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	815	410	405
Chinese languages	585	290	295
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	370	190	180
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	175	75	95
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	230	120	115
Burmese	20	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	210	110	105
S'gaw Karen	185	95	90
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	10	10
Lao	5	0	0
Thai	15	10	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	5	5	5
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	5	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	1,305	530	780
Estonian	15	5	15
Finnish	1,195	480	715
Hungarian	90	50	45
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Multiple responses	2,495	1,205	1,285
English and French	610	280	335
English and non-official language(s)	1,705	840	865
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15
Multiple non-official languages	135	60	70
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	107,185	52,665	54,515
English	95,525	47,070	48,450
French	400	195	205
Non-official language	1,870	890	985
Indigenous³⁹	135	55	80
Non-Indigenous	1,740	835	905
English and French	1,445	615	830
English and non-official language(s)	7,575	3,725	3,855
French and non-official language(s)	10	10	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	205	80	120
Multiple non-official languages	150	80	75
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	107,185	52,665	54,515
Single responses	105,545	51,880	53,665
Official languages	101,465	49,835	51,630
English	100,885	49,555	51,330
French	580	275	300
Non-official languages	4,085	2,050	2,035
Indigenous languages³⁹	260	110	155
Algonquian languages	260	105	155
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	5	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	5	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	235	95	135
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	120	50	70
Ojibway languages	110	45	65
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	110	45	65
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,825	1,945	1,885
Afro-Asiatic languages	260	145	115
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	10	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	15	5	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	230	130	100
Amharic	10	5	0
Arabic	210	115	95
Aramaic languages	5	0	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	5	5	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	95	50	45
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	95	50	45
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	165	75	85
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	10	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	20	15	5
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	125	55	70
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	10	5	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	5	5	5
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	410	285	125
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	300	200	95
Tamil	30	20	15
Telugu	75	65	10
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	2,040	985	1,050
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	375	165	210
Baltic languages	5	0	5
Latvian	5	0	5
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	365	165	205
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	0
Czech	5	5	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	190	85	105
Russian	55	30	30
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	60	20	30
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	45	20	30
Serbian	15	5	5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	5
Ukrainian	30	15	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	40	20	20
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	25	15	15
German	25	15	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	10	0
Afrikaans	10	5	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	35	15	25
Indo-Iranian languages	770	450	325
Indo-Aryan languages	665	390	270
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	80	40	35
Gujarati	160	105	50
Hindi	120	80	40
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	50	25	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	175	105	70
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	0
Urdu	80	40	40
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5
Iranian languages	110	55	50
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	90	45	45
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	75	35	35
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	815	335	475
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	575	220	350
Portuguese	80	30	45
Romanian	20	5	10
Spanish	145	75	75
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	5	0	0
Korean	60	25	35
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	30	10	15
Akan (Twi)	5	0	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	0	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	15
American Sign Language	30	10	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	475	245	230
Chinese languages	310	150	155
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	205	105	100
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	85	40	50
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	165	90	80
Burmese	15	5	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	150	85	70
S'gaw Karen	135	75	65
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	5	5
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	5	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	5	0	5
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	5	0	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	240	95	145
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	230	95	140
Hungarian	5	5	5
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,635	785	850
English and French	210	90	120
English and non-official language(s)	1,395	685	715
French and non-official language(s)	5	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	5
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	107,185	52,670	54,515
None	99,210	48,830	50,385
English	1,970	985	990
French	1,110	470	640
Non-official language	4,130	1,980	2,145
Indigenous³⁹	675	270	410
Non-Indigenous	3,450	1,715	1,735
English and French	10	5	5
English and non-official language(s)	265	165	95
French and non-official language(s)	125	45	75
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	0
Multiple non-official languages	360	180	185
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	106,645	52,450	54,195
Official languages	106,090	52,160	53,930
English	106,035	52,120	53,910
French	8,560	3,710	4,855
Non-official languages	15,905	7,680	8,225
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,765	710	1,050
Algonquian languages	1,745	700	1,040
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	140	70	70
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	135	70	65
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	0	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	65	35	30
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	50	25	20
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,630	645	985
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	535	190	345
Ojibway languages	1,130	470	665
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	15	20
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	15	10	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	1,095	460	640
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	15	10
Non-Indigenous languages	14,155	6,975	7,185
Afro-Asiatic languages	625	370	255
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	10	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	35	20	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	20	15	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	600	360	240
Amharic	25	20	0
Arabic	530	320	210
Aramaic languages	15	0	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	15	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	15	15	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	225	90	135
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	225	90	130
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	395	135	260
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	40	15	25
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	30	10	20
Indonesian	15	10	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	10	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	335	100	230
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
Creole languages	65	40	30
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	30	20	10
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	930	620	310
Kannada	35	20	15
Malayalam	670	430	235
Tamil	155	100	60
Telugu	200	155	45
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	9,340	4,640	4,695
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,775	810	970
Baltic languages	25	0	25
Latvian	25	0	25
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	1,755	800	945
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	0	10
Czech	40	25	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	720	320	400
Russian	190	110	80
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	355	190	165
Bosnian	15	10	0
Croatian	295	165	130
Serbian	80	25	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	80	30	50
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	30	45
Ukrainian	405	175	235
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,010	465	545
Frisian	10	0	0
High German languages	695	315	380
German	680	305	380
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	15	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	210	100	110
Afrikaans	45	40	0
Dutch	160	65	95
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	135	60	65
Danish	35	10	15
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	30	15	15
Swedish	65	35	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	185	100	85
Indo-Iranian languages	1,980	1,140	840
Indo-Aryan languages	1,760	1,030	725
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	190	95	95
Gujarati	445	285	155
Hindi	1,150	740	410
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	65	45	20
Nepali	80	35	45
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	390	225	170
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	10
Urdu	160	95	65
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Iranian languages	225	110	110
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	200	100	100
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	165	75	90
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	20	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,570	2,230	2,345
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	3,255	1,600	1,650
Portuguese	385	205	185
Romanian	40	20	25
Spanish	1,015	470	545
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Japanese	100	55	50
Korean	135	60	75
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	220	110	110
Akan (Twi)	30	15	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	20	10	10
Gikuyu	15	15	0
Igbo	30	10	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	10	10	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	35	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	40	10	25
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	20	40
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	15	30
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	150	60	90
American Sign Language	140	50	90
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,080	540	540
Chinese languages	760	355	405
Hakka	10	10	0
Mandarin	500	230	270
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	10
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	270	115	160
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	325	185	135
Burmese	80	50	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	295	170	130
S'gaw Karen	265	150	120
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	10	35
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	45	10	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	35	15	20
Azerbaijani	20	10	10
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	10	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	1,400	600	805
Estonian	10	0	0
Finnish	1,320	550	770
Hungarian	75	45	30
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,640	52,450	54,195
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	15,055	7,075	7,980
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	14,705	6,925	7,785
First Nations (North American Indian)	11,470	5,430	6,045
Métis	3,225	1,490	1,735
Inuk (Inuit)	10	10	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	160	85	70
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	190	65	125
Non-Indigenous identity	91,585	45,370	46,215
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,640	52,450	54,195
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	9,995	4,705	5,295
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	96,645	47,750	48,900
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	48,405	...	...
Owner	32,765	...	...
Renter	15,640	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	48,405	...	...
Condominium	2,115	...	...
Not condominium	46,290	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	48,405	...	...
No bedrooms	195	...	...
1 bedroom	6,065	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,175	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,925	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,050	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	48,405	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	11,985	...	...
5 rooms	7,920	...	...
6 rooms	7,845	...	...
7 rooms	6,695	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,965	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	48,405	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,950	...	...
More than one person per room	450	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	48,405	...	...
Suitable	46,790	...	...
Not suitable	1,615	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	48,405	...	...
1960 or before	18,775	...	...
1961 to 1980	16,535	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,980	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,935	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,090	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,105	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,085	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	905	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	48,405	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,750	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,650	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	48,405	...	...
One-maintainer household	27,130	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,730	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,545	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	48,405	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,640	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,690	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,070	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,675	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,115	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,535	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,815	...	...
85 years and over	1,870	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	48,215	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,520	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,700	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,045	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	48,405	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,895	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,825	...	...
Not suitable only	1,290	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,740	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	130	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	715	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	170	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...
Acceptable housing	36,510	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	47,570	...	...
In core need	4,240	...	...
Not in core need	43,325	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,760	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	950	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,146	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	317,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	15,645	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	22.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	970	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	994	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	106,645	52,450	54,195
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	7,840	3,725	4,115
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	7,800	3,700	4,100
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,285	3,465	3,825
Métis single ancestry	505	235	275
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	40	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	40	25	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,735	3,640	4,095
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,520	3,545	3,975
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,525	2,640	2,890
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,960	895	1,060
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	20
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	220	95	120
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	190	90	105
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	91,065	45,080	45,980
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	106,645	52,450	54,195
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	102,015	49,905	52,105
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,290	9,395	8,895
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	83,725	40,510	43,215
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	4,630	2,540	2,085
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	106,645	52,450	54,195
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	94,750	46,365	48,390
Immigrants⁸¹	9,190	4,450	4,740
Before 1980	4,790	2,285	2,505
1980 to 1990	860	385	475
1991 to 2000	765	370	395
2001 to 2010	1,110	560	545
2011 to 2021⁸²	1,665	845	820
2011 to 2015	595	290	305
2016 to 2021	1,070	560	515
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,695	1,630	1,070
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	9,190	4,450	4,745
Under 5 years	1,310	685	630
5 to 14 years	1,930	1,010	915
15 to 24 years	2,375	1,130	1,250
25 to 44 years	3,220	1,480	1,740
45 years and over	355	145	210
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	9,190	4,450	4,745
Americas	1,215	490	720
Brazil	35	15	25
Colombia	70	55	15
El Salvador	25	15	0
Guyana	30	0	20
Haiti	10	0	0
Jamaica	50	35	15
Mexico	30	10	20
Peru	15	0	10
Trinidad and Tobago	50	15	35
United States of America	635	205	430
Other places of birth in Americas	265	135	135
Europe	5,255	2,550	2,705
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	10	25
Croatia	145	80	70
France	70	20	50
Germany	395	190	210
Greece	75	40	40
Hungary	45	25	20
Italy	1,665	830	835
Netherlands	125	60	60
Poland	395	175	215
Portugal	210	120	90
Romania	35	15	20
Russian Federation	50	30	20
Serbia⁸⁶	25	10	20
Ukraine	45	10	35
United Kingdom⁸⁷	935	505	435
Other places of birth in Europe	995	435	560
Africa	445	265	185
Algeria	10	10	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	10	0
Egypt	45	25	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	25	15	15
Morocco	10	10	0
Nigeria	35	15	20
Somalia	15	10	0
South Africa, Republic of	70	40	30
Other places of birth in Africa	220	120	100
Asia	2,210	1,100	1,115
Afghanistan	10	10	0
Iran⁸⁸	90	45	45
Iraq	35	15	25
Lebanon	35	30	0
Syria⁸⁹	105	60	40
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	285	135	155
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	15	15
Korea, South⁹²	65	25	35
Taiwan	10	0	10
Philippines	305	90	215
Viet Nam	140	55	85
Bangladesh	110	50	60
India	350	215	130
Pakistan	100	35	65
Sri Lanka	20	0	15
Other places of birth in Asia	530	310	215
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	65	40	20
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,075	560	515
Americas	185	85	95
Brazil	0	0	0
Colombia	20	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	0	10
Mexico	0	0	0
United States of America	75	35	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0
Other places of birth in Americas	55	25	30
Europe	115	65	50
France	20	0	15
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	15	10	10
Russian Federation	0	0	0
Ukraine	10	0	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	35	0
Other places of birth in Europe	20	10	10
Africa	115	60	60
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	25	15	10
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	20	10	0
Somalia	10	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	10	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	20	0	15
Asia	635	325	315
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	35	20	20
China⁹⁰	40	15	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	210	125	85
Iran⁸⁸	15	0	10
Iraq	25	0	20
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	10
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	45	20	30
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	0	0	0
Philippines	95	30	65
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	90	55	40
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	20	10	0
Viet Nam	25	15	15
Other places of birth in Asia	20	15	0
Oceania and other⁹³	20	20	0
Australia	20	20	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	106,640	52,450	54,195
First generation¹⁰⁰	12,475	6,385	6,090
Second generation¹⁰¹	17,885	8,820	9,070
Third generation or more¹⁰²	76,285	37,245	39,040
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	4,405	2,165	2,240
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	1,950	980	970
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	865	540	320
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	1,085	440	645
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	1,440	570	870
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,005	605	400
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	10	0	0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	4,405	2,165	2,240
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	150	110	40
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	490	240	255
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	235	80	155
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	345	190	155
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	65	30	30
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	3,120	1,515	1,605
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	106,640	52,450	54,195
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	7,965	4,380	3,585
South Asian	2,745	1,685	1,060
Chinese	1,020	525	490
Black	1,185	650	535
Filipino	400	150	245
Arab	450	285	175
Latin American	390	180	210
Southeast Asian	735	360	375
West Asian	175	90	85
Korean	155	70	85
Japanese	315	180	135
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	160	65	95
Multiple visible minorities	240	135	105
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	98,680	48,075	50,605
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	106,645	52,450	54,195
Canadian	11,660	5,780	5,880
English	24,120	11,560	12,555
Irish	19,140	8,980	10,160
Scottish	20,605	10,005	10,605
French, n.o.s.¹²²	14,485	6,895	7,590
German	9,940	4,855	5,085
Chinese	1,140	585	555
Italian	15,225	7,765	7,460
Indian (India)	1,815	1,160	655
Ukrainian	12,285	5,805	6,480
Dutch	3,155	1,540	1,610
Polish	6,470	2,975	3,485
Québécois	230	105	125
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,785	1,290	1,495
Filipino	440	180	260
French Canadian	1,570	715	855
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,260	620	640
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,915	2,815	3,100
Métis	2,710	1,250	1,460
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,435	740	690
Russian	1,170	545	625
Norwegian	2,635	1,285	1,350
Welsh	1,770	840	930
Portuguese	895	495	400
American	1,050	470	580
Spanish	515	205	305
Swedish	3,925	1,790	2,125
Hungarian	875	445	435
Acadian	145	45	100
Pakistani	150	70	75
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	180	80	105
Jewish	345	155	185
Punjabi	175	80	95
Vietnamese	305	115	190
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	250	135	125
Greek	700	370	335
Jamaican	285	135	150
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	155	75	80
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	665	295	365
Korean	160	70	90
Romanian	495	255	245
Lebanese	180	85	90
Iranian	220	105	115
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	270	140	130
Danish	970	440	525
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,195	1,105	1,090
Sikh	40	30	10
Austrian	735	380	360
Belgian	370	145	215
Haitian	20	15	10
Hindu	280	175	100
Mexican	125	70	50
Mennonite	175	75	100
Swiss	350	170	175
Finnish	10,705	5,050	5,655
Sri Lankan	15	0	15
Croatian	985	470	515
Japanese	385	220	165
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	135	100	45
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	190	100	90
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	540	225	315
Muslim	65	35	35
Egyptian	60	45	20
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	45	20	25
Tamil	20	10	10
Icelandic	620	290	330
Colombian	85	60	25
Moroccan	15	10	0
Czech	330	170	155
Syrian	115	70	40
Guyanese	85	40	45
Afghan	25	10	15
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	65	50	15
Serbian	105	55	50
Ojibway	2,820	1,310	1,505
Newfoundlander	240	130	110
Hong Konger	20	0	15
Ontarian	385	195	190
Persian	40	20	20
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	80	35	45
Turkish	45	25	20
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	55	15	35
Bangladeshi	110	50	55
Algerian	10	10	0
Brazilian	25	10	10
Nigerian	140	90	45
Armenian	20	10	10
Slovak	1,955	1,015	945
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	300	140	160
Somali	25	20	0
Taiwanese	0	0	0
Iraqi	0	0	0
Salvadorean	40	10	35
African Caribbean	50	30	20
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	20	10	10
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	130	75	55
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	30	10	25
Algonquin	75	45	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	10	25
Lithuanian	105	55	50
South African	105	60	45
Australian	90	30	65
Palestinian	0	0	0
Chilean	95	30	65
Congolese	20	10	10
Nova Scotian	35	10	25
Ethiopian	0	0	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	35	10	20
Peruvian	30	10	20
Yoruba	20	15	10
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	15	10
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	25	15	20
Macedonian	40	30	10
Slovenian	305	130	175
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	50	35	20
New Brunswicker	15	0	10
Gujarati	15	10	10
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	15	10	0
Israeli	10	0	0
Mohawk	120	60	60
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	250	155	95
Bulgarian	50	30	20
Albertan	0	0	0
Ghanaian	65	35	35
Barbadian	60	35	30
African American	40	25	15
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	185	90	95
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	75	45	30
Cuban	25	20	10
Bosnian	85	45	40
Venezuelan	30	20	20
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	190	70	120
Bengali	25	10	10
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	10	0	10
Indonesian	20	15	0
Laotian	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Northern Irish	55	30	25
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	25	10	15
British Columbian	0	0	0
Ecuadorian	10	0	0
Franco Ontarian	70	45	25
Argentinian	10	0	10
Estonian	160	65	90
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	25	15	0
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	40	55
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	30	15	15
Dominican	10	0	0
Nepali	35	15	20
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	25	10	15
Igbo	10	0	10
Byelorussian	25	15	10
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	10	20
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20	10	10
New Zealander	45	25	25
Sudanese	15	10	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	110	30	80
Malaysian	0	0	0
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	25	10	10
Buddhist	0	0	0
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	40	20	15
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	525	240	290
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	10	0	0
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	40	30	10
Oji-Cree	615	250	365
Vincentian	30	20	10
Jordanian	70	30	40
Manitoban	25	15	10
Cape Bretoner	20	10	15
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	30	15	15
Malayali	20	15	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	25	0	15
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	20	15	10
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	25	15	15
United Empire Loyalist	25	25	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	25	10	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	15	15	0
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0
Burmese	70	40	30
Mongolian	0	0	0
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	15	0	10
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	10	10	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	10	10
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	10	10	0
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	0	0	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	265	145	115
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	106,640	52,450	54,195
Buddhist	260	125	135
Christian	59,765	27,540	32,225
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,185	2,560	2,625
Anabaptist	55	25	35
Anglican	5,300	2,380	2,925
Baptist	1,380	675	710
Catholic	32,440	15,245	17,195
Christian Orthodox	800	395	410
Jehovah's Witness	225	95	135
Latter Day Saints	170	65	105
Lutheran	3,870	1,720	2,155
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	140	70	70
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	645	280	365
Presbyterian	1,655	765	880
Reformed	295	135	160
United Church	5,385	2,175	3,205
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,215	965	1,245
Hindu	1,220	800	420
Jewish	100	45	50
Muslim	990	555	435
Sikh	245	120	125
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	600	285	320
Other religions and spiritual traditions	855	355	505
No religion and secular perspectives	42,600	22,620	19,980
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	105,795	52,050	53,750
Non-movers	93,360	45,850	47,510
Movers	12,435	6,205	6,235
Non-migrants	9,555	4,815	4,740
Migrants	2,885	1,390	1,495
Internal migrants	2,325	1,110	1,215
Intraprovincial migrants	1,785	840	945
Interprovincial migrants	535	265	275
External migrants	565	285	280
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	101,805	50,020	51,785
Non-movers	66,140	32,480	33,660
Movers	35,665	17,540	18,125
Non-migrants	22,185	10,730	11,455
Migrants	13,485	6,810	6,675
Internal migrants	10,245	4,935	5,315
Intraprovincial migrants	8,340	4,010	4,325
Interprovincial migrants	1,905	920	990
External migrants	3,235	1,875	1,360
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	91,235	44,570	46,665
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,825	9,340	8,485
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	73,410	35,230	38,180
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,165	27,535	28,635
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,965	3,890	3,075
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	49,200	23,640	25,560
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	91,235	44,570	46,665
No certificate, diploma or degree	15,530	7,910	7,620
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,180	12,450	12,730
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	50,525	24,215	26,310
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,945	15,160	14,780
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,260	4,925	1,335
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,595	1,705	890
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,660	3,220	445
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	22,040	9,455	12,585
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,645	780	865
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,585	9,055	11,530
Bachelor's degree	14,110	5,950	8,160
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,345	635	710
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625	385	245
Master's degree	3,840	1,705	2,135
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	660	380	280
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,165	27,535	28,630
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,885	3,270	2,610
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,500	7,670	6,825
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,780	16,590	19,190
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,425	10,055	10,370
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,705	2,890	815
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,605	1,030	580
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,105	1,860	240
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,820	6,740	9,080
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	895	425	475
Bachelor's degree or higher	15,360	6,535	8,820
Bachelor's degree	10,380	4,345	6,030
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	955	395	565
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	495	270	220
Master's degree	3,025	1,250	1,780
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	500	275	230
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	91,235	44,570	46,665
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	40,710	20,355	20,355
Education	3,270	965	2,305
13. Education	3,270	965	2,305
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,110	585	525
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	85	70	15
50. Visual and performing arts	1,025	510	515
Humanities	2,005	780	1,225
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	110	15	95
23. English language and literature/letters	580	155	425
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	590	220	370
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	10	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	50	35	20
39. Theology and religious vocations	170	125	45
54. History	310	195	115
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	130	25	105
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,600	1,630	3,975
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	120	15	100
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	375	140	230
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,395	145	1,255
22. Legal professions and studies	565	225	340
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	205	60	140
42. Psychology	1,365	315	1,045
45. Social sciences	1,585	730	855
Business, management and public administration	9,635	3,360	6,275
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,950	360	1,590
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,680	3,000	4,680
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,955	1,040	915
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	710	330	380
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	425	210	210
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	30	25
40. Physical sciences	670	440	225
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	20	70
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,530	885	645
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,200	755	445
25. Library science	190	30	160
27. Mathematics and statistics	120	80	40
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	20	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,795	10,050	750
04. Architecture and related services	225	160	65
14. Engineering	1,870	1,580	285
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,770	2,520	255
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,970	1,940	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,440	2,390	45
48. Precision production	1,515	1,455	65
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,255	815	445
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	270	115	150
03. Natural resources and conservation	995	700	290
Health and related fields	9,940	2,070	7,870
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	885	420	465
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,780	1,500	7,285
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	10	40
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	225	140	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,405	2,040	1,370
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,515	485	1,030
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	895	665	235
49. Transportation and materials moving	985	880	105
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	56,165	27,535	28,630
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,385	10,940	9,440
Education	2,180	600	1,580
13. Education	2,180	600	1,580
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	875	460	415
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	65	55	10
50. Visual and performing arts	810	405	410
Humanities	1,260	470	790
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	65	10	60
23. English language and literature/letters	350	95	255
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	405	150	250
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	25
38. Philosophy and religious studies	30	20	15
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	70	20
54. History	215	125	90
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	90	10	85
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,140	1,105	3,030
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	0	70
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	285	110	175
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,040	105	930
22. Legal professions and studies	460	165	295
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	45	115
42. Psychology	1,015	200	815
45. Social sciences	1,110	480	625
Business, management and public administration	7,190	2,460	4,730
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,510	240	1,270
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,675	2,220	3,455
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,440	720	720
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	530	245	290
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	340	155	185
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	30	20
40. Physical sciences	445	285	160
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	10	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,040	620	420
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	845	545	305
25. Library science	100	15	90
27. Mathematics and statistics	80	50	25
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,125	6,520	610
04. Architecture and related services	190	125	65
14. Engineering	1,395	1,165	225
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,930	1,725	205
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,200	1,170	30
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,480	1,440	40
48. Precision production	940	900	40
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	910	560	355
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	180	80	100
03. Natural resources and conservation	730	475	250
Health and related fields	7,145	1,640	5,505
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	685	335	350
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,220	1,190	5,030
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	10	40
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	190	105	85
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,470	1,440	1,030
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,100	350	750
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	660	465	195
49. Transportation and materials moving	710	620	85
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	56,165	27,535	28,630
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,385	10,940	9,440
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	35,785	16,595	19,190
Location of study inside Canada	32,975	15,150	17,820
Same as province or territory of residence	30,845	14,245	16,600
Different than province or territory of residence	2,130	905	1,225
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	2,805	1,440	1,370
Americas	645	300	345
United States of America	480	220	260
Mexico	10	0	0
Cuba	10	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	25	15	10
Colombia	25	10	15
Peru	0	0	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	25	25
Other locations of study in Americas	35	15	20
Europe	540	290	250
Belgium	10	0	0
France	10	0	0
Germany	25	15	15
Netherlands	0	0	0
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	50	35	20
Romania	15	0	15
Russian Federation	25	15	10
Ukraine	45	15	30
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	205	125	80
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0
Italy	20	10	15
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Europe	95	40	55
Africa	90	55	35
Nigeria	25	0	20
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	10	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Africa	45	35	10
Asia	1,405	735	675
Iran⁸⁸	105	45	60
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	10	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	100	45	60
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
Japan	10	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	55	25	35
Philippines	150	40	110
Viet Nam	35	10	25
Bangladesh	45	25	20
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	780	475	305
Pakistan	30	10	20
Other locations of study in Asia	65	35	30
Oceania	125	70	55
Australia	80	55	30
New Zealand	40	10	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	91,235	44,570	46,665
In the labour force	53,355	27,245	26,105
Employed	47,395	24,245	23,150
Unemployed	5,960	3,005	2,955
Not in the labour force	37,885	17,325	20,560
Participation rate	58.5	61.1	55.9
Employment rate	51.9	54.4	49.6
Unemployment rate	11.2	11.0	11.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	91,235	44,570	46,665
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,340	17,115	20,225
Worked	53,895	27,455	26,440
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,920	15,000	12,925
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	25,975	12,460	13,520
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	41.3	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	53,350	27,245	26,105
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,145	635	510
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	52,205	26,610	25,595
Employee	47,735	23,845	23,885
Permanent position	39,360	19,590	19,765
Temporary position	8,375	4,260	4,120
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,725	1,220	1,505
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,655	3,035	2,615
Self-employed¹⁹²	4,475	2,765	1,710
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	53,350	27,245	26,105
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,145	635	510
All occupations¹⁹¹	52,205	26,610	25,595
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	390	250	140
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	7,775	2,255	5,520
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,205	2,485	715
3 Health occupations	6,045	1,410	4,625
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,475	2,855	5,615
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,035	455	585
6 Sales and service occupations	13,845	6,425	7,420
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,000	8,330	670
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,155	975	185
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,290	1,170	120
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	53,350	27,245	26,105
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,145	635	510
All industries¹⁹¹	52,205	26,610	25,595
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	795	535	255
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	780	655	125
22 Utilities	660	500	165
23 Construction	3,600	3,205	395
31-33 Manufacturing	1,895	1,535	360
41 Wholesale trade	1,085	825	255
44-45 Retail trade	6,890	3,385	3,510
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,020	2,420	600
51 Information and cultural industries	865	530	335
52 Finance and insurance	1,100	430	670
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	580	365	215
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,965	1,685	1,280
55 Management of companies and enterprises	30	20	10
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,765	1,210	550
61 Educational services	4,720	1,695	3,025
62 Health care and social assistance	10,685	2,220	8,465
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	840	445	400
72 Accommodation and food services	3,730	1,750	1,985
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,350	1,205	1,145
91 Public administration	3,865	2,010	1,855
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	57,725	29,500	28,220
English	55,960	28,845	27,115
French	310	90	215
Non-official language	40	10	30
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	15
Non-Indigenous	25	10	15
English and French	750	295	460
English and non-official language(s)	645	240	400
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	57,725	29,500	28,220
Single responses	57,555	29,400	28,155
Official languages	57,440	29,350	28,085
English	57,020	29,235	27,785
French	415	115	300
Non-official languages	115	45	65
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	15	45
Algonquian languages	55	15	45
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	55	15	45
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	20	10	10
Ojibway languages	40	0	35
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	0	35
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	60	40	25
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	20	10	10
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	10	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	10	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	0	0	0
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	0	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	25	15	10
Chinese languages	20	10	10
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	0	0	0
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	10	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	170	100	65
English and French	85	50	30
English and non-official language(s)	85	55	35
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	57,725	29,500	28,220
None	56,465	29,045	27,425
English	175	55	115
French	560	220	335
Non-official language	490	175	315
Indigenous³⁹	215	65	150
Non-Indigenous	275	110	170
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	20	0	15
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	47,390	24,245	23,150
Worked at home	7,990	3,200	4,785
Worked outside Canada	60	40	25
No fixed workplace address	5,155	3,910	1,240
Usual place of work	34,195	17,095	17,100
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,190	17,095	17,100
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	32,330	15,835	16,500
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,250	850	395
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	525	355	165
Commute to a different province or territory	90	50	35
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,345	21,005	18,340
Car, truck or van	34,820	18,640	16,180
Car, truck or van - as a driver	32,030	17,335	14,695
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,785	1,300	1,485
Public transit	1,500	810	685
Walked	1,860	895	970
Bicycle	455	315	135
Other method	715	345	370
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,345	21,005	18,340
Less than 15 minutes	20,910	10,435	10,475
15 to 29 minutes	14,660	8,005	6,660
30 to 44 minutes	2,195	1,385	815
45 to 59 minutes	540	365	180
60 minutes and over	1,040	815	225
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,345	21,005	18,340
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,605	1,190	420
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,900	2,855	2,050
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,840	6,375	4,465
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,035	4,875	6,155
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,755	2,195	2,560
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,205	3,510	2,695
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,935	9,735	9,205
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,615	785	830
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,325	8,950	8,375
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	13,760	7,110	6,655
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,220	590	630
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	720	350	370
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	500	245	260
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,545	6,520	6,025

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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