Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Red Deer, City (CY)More information: Alberta [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	100,844	...	...
Population, 2016¹	100,418	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	43,404	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	40,512	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	966.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	104.34	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	100,845	49,800	51,050
0 to 14 years	18,370	9,470	8,900
0 to 4 years	5,405	2,785	2,625
5 to 9 years	6,350	3,315	3,035
10 to 14 years	6,610	3,370	3,240
15 to 64 years	67,295	33,575	33,725
15 to 19 years	6,175	3,155	3,020
20 to 24 years	6,075	3,080	2,995
25 to 29 years	6,475	3,250	3,230
30 to 34 years	7,500	3,795	3,705
35 to 39 years	7,905	3,875	4,025
40 to 44 years	7,515	3,780	3,735
45 to 49 years	6,520	3,325	3,190
50 to 54 years	6,025	2,985	3,045
55 to 59 years	6,505	3,125	3,375
60 to 64 years	6,600	3,195	3,405
65 years and over	15,180	6,760	8,420
65 to 69 years	5,330	2,495	2,840
70 to 74 years	3,865	1,780	2,090
75 to 79 years	2,475	1,120	1,355
80 to 84 years	1,795	760	1,035
85 years and over	1,725	615	1,110
85 to 89 years	1,115	435	680
90 to 94 years	480	155	325
95 to 99 years	110	20	90
100 years and over	15	5	10
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.2	19.0	17.4
15 to 64 years	66.7	67.4	66.1
65 years and over	15.1	13.6	16.5
85 years and over	1.7	1.2	2.2
Average age of the population	39.4	38.4	40.3
Median age of the population	38.8	38.0	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	40,510	...	...
Single-detached house	21,520	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,275	...	...
Row house	4,075	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,475	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	8,500	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	595	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,045	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	40,510	...	...
1 person	11,685	...	...
2 persons	14,065	...	...
3 persons	5,950	...	...
4 persons	5,425	...	...
5 or more persons	3,385	...	...
Number of persons in private households	98,045	48,295	49,750
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	82,475	40,330	42,145
Married or living common-law	44,865	22,375	22,485
Married	36,755	18,345	18,410
Living common-law	8,110	4,035	4,075
Living common law - Never married	5,860	2,955	2,910
Living common law - Separated	415	220	190
Living common law - Divorced	1,670	790	880
Living common law - Widowed	160	70	95
Not married and not living common-law	37,615	17,955	19,660
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,900	13,660	11,235
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,500	1,020	1,480
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,405	2,490	3,915
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,810	785	3,030
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,065	...	...
2 persons	13,940	...	...
3 persons	5,455	...	...
4 persons	5,170	...	...
5 or more persons	2,505	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,070	...	...
Total couple families	21,955	...	...
Married couples	17,905	...	...
With children⁶	9,435	...	...
Without children	8,475	...	...
Common-law couples	4,050	...	...
With children⁶	1,645	...	...
Without children	2,415	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,110	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,005	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,105	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	98,045	48,295	49,750
Total - Persons in census families	78,330	38,550	39,780
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,920	21,910	22,010
Parents in one-parent families	5,110	1,100	4,005
Children⁶	29,310	15,545	13,760
In a two-parent family	21,360	11,235	10,125
In a one-parent family	7,945	4,305	3,635
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	19,710	9,740	9,970
Living alone	11,685	5,335	6,350
Living with other relatives⁷	2,450	1,095	1,350
Living with non-relatives only	5,580	3,320	2,265
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	40,515	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,705	...	...
Couple-family households	19,810	...	...
With children⁶	9,950	...	...
Without children	9,855	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,895	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	855	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	220	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,655	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,390	...	...
One-person households	11,685	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	79,715	38,845	40,865
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,055	37,030	39,025
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,000	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,085	37,040	39,045
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,295	33,870	34,425
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	46,400	29,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,625	28,785	27,840
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	47,200	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,985	32,450	35,535
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	8,300	10,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,960	5,300	4,660
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,840	6,000	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,915	12,160	12,755
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	79,715	38,850	40,870
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,910	36,900	39,020
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,250	64,900	46,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,945	36,920	39,030
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,560	53,300	40,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,285	33,800	34,480
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,200	61,050	39,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	56,630	28,790	27,840
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080	58,450	39,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,570	31,990	35,575
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,300	10,310	12,190
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,895	5,215	4,680
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,990	6,980	7,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,425	11,830	12,595
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,050	9,020	9,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	79,715	38,850	40,865
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,490	13,410	11,080
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,200	72,000	55,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,800	83,700	61,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,950	11,810	13,140
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	27,400	19,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,680	39,520	26,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.8	86.2	75.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.2	70.2	60.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.2	13.8	24.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.5	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	4.8	7.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.3	4.5	6.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	79,715	38,850	40,870
Without total income	3,660	1,820	1,840
With total income	76,050	37,030	39,025
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,455	2,185	3,265
$10,000 to $19,999	6,985	2,710	4,280
$20,000 to $29,999	12,640	5,365	7,275
$30,000 to $39,999	10,165	4,205	5,965
$40,000 to $49,999	9,030	3,990	5,040
$50,000 to $59,999	7,270	3,475	3,795
$60,000 to $69,999	5,615	2,890	2,725
$70,000 to $79,999	4,260	2,380	1,875
$80,000 to $89,999	3,275	1,955	1,320
$90,000 to $99,999	2,775	1,705	1,065
$100,000 and over	8,585	6,165	2,415
$100,000 to $149,999	5,720	3,845	1,875
$150,000 and over	2,865	2,320	545
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	79,715	38,850	40,870
Without after-tax income	3,630	1,805	1,820
With after-tax income	76,085	37,045	39,045
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,680	2,265	3,415
$10,000 to $19,999	7,345	2,870	4,475
$20,000 to $29,999	14,355	6,150	8,205
$30,000 to $39,999	12,205	5,250	6,955
$40,000 to $49,999	10,150	4,670	5,480
$50,000 to $59,999	7,680	3,930	3,745
$60,000 to $69,999	5,460	3,040	2,425
$70,000 to $79,999	4,000	2,400	1,600
$80,000 to $89,999	2,885	1,750	1,135
$90,000 to $99,999	1,750	1,155	600
$100,000 and over	4,570	3,565	1,005
$100,000 to $124,999	2,280	1,715	565
$125,000 and over	2,290	1,845	440
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	79,715	38,850	40,870
Without employment income	23,085	10,060	13,025
With employment income	56,630	28,790	27,845
Under $5,000 (including loss)	6,680	2,890	3,790
$5,000 to $9,999	4,430	1,840	2,590
$10,000 to $19,999	6,715	2,925	3,790
$20,000 to $29,999	5,700	2,470	3,230
$30,000 to $39,999	5,590	2,530	3,055
$40,000 to $49,999	5,345	2,530	2,810
$50,000 to $59,999	4,595	2,305	2,295
$60,000 to $69,999	3,720	2,025	1,700
$70,000 to $79,999	2,925	1,725	1,200
$80,000 to $89,999	2,410	1,460	945
$90,000 to $99,999	2,200	1,325	870
$100,000 and over	6,325	4,760	1,565
$100,000 to $124,999	3,040	2,040	1,005
$125,000 and over	3,285	2,720	565
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	79,715	38,845	40,865
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,795	36,375	38,425
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	52,400	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,820	36,380	38,440
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,600	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,875	33,720	34,155
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	51,200	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,270	29,165	28,105
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	52,400	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,460	30,685	33,775
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,360	1,080	5,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,100	3,110	2,995
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,120	5,520	6,750
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	79,715	38,850	40,870
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,610	36,180	38,440
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,250	68,600	44,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,635	36,185	38,450
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,840	55,550	38,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,800	33,610	34,195
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,850	68,100	41,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,000	29,000	28,000
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,850	65,900	41,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,300	30,330	33,970
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,410	6,355	8,360
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,205	3,175	3,030
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,590	6,930	8,280
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	79,715	38,850	40,865
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,370	13,320	11,045
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	72,000	53,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,400	84,800	59,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,710	11,280	12,430
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,800	41,200	26,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	43,800	56,150	32,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.6	92.2	83.4
Employment income (%)	73.2	77.0	67.6
Government transfers (%)	11.4	7.8	16.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.9	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	40,515	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,685	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	28,825	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	40,510	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	103,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,680	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	28,830	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	40,510	...	...
Under $5,000	360	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	190	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	315	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	460	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,615	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,500	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,245	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,430	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,620	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,525	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,935	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,900	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,790	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,645	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,445	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,535	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,050	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,565	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,275	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,645	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	40,510	...	...
Under $5,000	405	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	330	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	490	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,715	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,715	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,475	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,710	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,840	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,735	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,470	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,485	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,305	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,015	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,595	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,030	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,005	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,255	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,770	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,015	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,200	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	11,145	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,795	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,265	8,650	8,615
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	42,400	38,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	38,000	35,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,980	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,185	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,240	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,720	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,255	8,605	8,645
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,120	53,600	48,640
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,520	45,160	41,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	98,045	48,295	49,750
0 to 17 years	21,900	11,275	10,620
0 to 5 years	6,630	3,440	3,190
18 to 64 years	62,155	30,665	31,480
65 years and over	13,995	6,350	7,645
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,585	4,350	5,235
0 to 17 years	2,585	1,320	1,265
0 to 5 years	795	415	375
18 to 64 years	5,485	2,490	2,995
65 years and over	1,515	540	975
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.8	9.0	10.5
0 to 17 years (%)	11.8	11.7	11.9
0 to 5 years (%)	11.9	12.1	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8	8.1	9.5
65 years and over (%)	10.8	8.5	12.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	98,045	48,295	49,750
0 to 17 years	21,895	11,280	10,620
0 to 5 years	6,630	3,440	3,190
18 to 64 years	62,150	30,670	31,485
65 years and over	13,995	6,345	7,650
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,505	1,785	1,720
0 to 17 years	760	385	375
0 to 5 years	215	115	95
18 to 64 years	2,490	1,295	1,200
65 years and over	260	110	145
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.6	3.7	3.5
0 to 17 years (%)	3.5	3.4	3.5
0 to 5 years (%)	3.2	3.4	3.1
18 to 64 years (%)	4.0	4.2	3.8
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.8	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	98,045	48,295	49,750
In bottom half of the distribution	50,135	23,940	26,195
In bottom decile	8,765	4,240	4,530
In second decile	10,320	4,660	5,655
In third decile	10,505	5,040	5,465
In fourth decile	10,460	5,085	5,375
In fifth decile	10,085	4,915	5,175
In top half of the distribution	47,910	24,355	23,555
In sixth decile	9,920	4,955	4,965
In seventh decile	9,525	4,755	4,770
In eighth decile	10,065	5,115	4,955
In ninth decile	9,675	4,985	4,690
In top decile	8,725	4,550	4,180
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	98,045	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.321	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.436	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.283	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	98,535	48,445	50,090
English only	92,500	45,785	46,715
French only	35	20	20
English and French	5,270	2,355	2,920
Neither English nor French	725	290	440
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	98,535	48,445	50,090
English	96,545	47,500	49,045
French	1,110	565	540
English and French	200	105	90
Neither English nor French	690	275	410
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	98,535	48,445	50,090
Single responses	95,480	46,980	48,500
Official languages	81,685	40,415	41,270
English	80,525	39,825	40,700
French	1,160	595	570
Non-official languages	13,790	6,565	7,230
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	45	55
Algonquian languages	90	40	50
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	85	35	45
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	80	35	45
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	10	20
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	5	5
Cree, n.o.s.	30	20	15
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	5	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	5	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,695	6,520	7,175
Afro-Asiatic languages	980	525	455
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	5	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	125	60	65
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	90	45	50
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Semitic languages	850	460	390
Amharic	30	20	15
Arabic	745	405	340
Aramaic languages	5	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	65	35	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	130	180
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	25	40
Vietnamese	245	105	140
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,870	2,175	2,690
Bikol	25	10	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	35	35
Cebuano	155	65	90
Fijian	5	0	5
Hiligaynon	60	20	40
Ilocano	355	160	190
Indonesian	15	5	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	85	50	35
Pangasinan	20	10	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,000	1,780	2,220
Waray-Waray	30	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Creole languages	20	10	10
Haitian Creole	5	5	5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Dravidian languages	205	110	95
Kannada	10	0	5
Malayalam	125	70	60
Tamil	35	15	15
Telugu	30	15	15
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,805	2,845	2,965
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	30	20	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,285	620	660
Baltic languages	15	5	5
Latvian	0	0	5
Lithuanian	10	5	5
Slavic languages	1,265	615	655
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	10	5	5
Czech	40	15	25
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	145	70	70
Russian	365	160	200
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	150	75	85
Bosnian	55	25	35
Croatian	35	15	20
Serbian	60	30	25
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Slovak	20	15	10
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	535	275	260
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	5	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	925	425	495
Frisian	5	5	5
High German languages	455	200	250
German	445	200	250
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	395	185	210
Afrikaans	85	35	50
Dutch	270	130	140
Low German, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	25	10	15
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5
Scandinavian languages	65	30	35
Danish	50	25	25
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	5	5	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	35	20	15
Indo-Iranian languages	1,505	775	730
Indo-Aryan languages	1,125	575	550
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	45	20	20
Gujarati	180	90	90
Hindi	225	105	115
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	10	5	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	5	5	0
Nepali	30	10	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	340	175	170
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	20
Urdu	230	120	110
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Iranian languages	380	200	175
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	15	15
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	95	50	40
Persian languages	260	135	125
Dari	175	95	80
Iranian Persian	55	25	25
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,020	980	1,040
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	65	30	35
Portuguese	85	40	45
Romanian	95	45	55
Spanish	1,770	860	905
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	40	15	25
Korean	260	140	120
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	245	125	120
Akan (Twi)	45	20	25
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	10	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	0	0
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	30	15	15
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	5	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	15	10	5
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	40	25	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	15	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	5
Dinka	5	5	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	10	10
American Sign Language	20	5	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	700	320	385
Chinese languages	680	310	375
Hakka	0	0	5
Mandarin	270	110	155
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	400	190	205
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	5
Burmese	5	5	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	10	10	5
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	95	40	55
Lao	45	25	20
Thai	45	10	35
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	35	20	15
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	10	10	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	15	10	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	75	30	40
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	5	5
Hungarian	55	30	30
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Multiple responses	3,055	1,465	1,590
English and French	375	185	195
English and non-official language(s)	2,395	1,135	1,260
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15
Multiple non-official languages	230	115	115
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	98,535	48,445	50,090
English	82,135	40,575	41,560
French	205	95	115
Non-official language	3,745	1,790	1,955
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10
Non-Indigenous	3,730	1,785	1,945
English and French	825	370	455
English and non-official language(s)	10,890	5,255	5,630
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	230	115	115
Multiple non-official languages	480	230	250
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	98,535	48,445	50,090
Single responses	95,775	47,090	48,685
Official languages	87,320	42,970	44,355
English	86,995	42,810	44,190
French	320	155	160
Non-official languages	8,455	4,120	4,335
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	10	20
Algonquian languages	25	10	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	10	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,430	4,110	4,315
Afro-Asiatic languages	715	375	345
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	5
Hausa	5	5	5
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	90	40	50
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	10	5	5
Somali	60	25	35
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Semitic languages	620	330	290
Amharic	10	5	0
Arabic	570	300	270
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	5	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	40	25	15
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	240	110	130
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	15	25
Vietnamese	205	95	110
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,255	1,535	1,720
Bikol	10	10	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Cebuano	90	40	50
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	50	20	25
Ilocano	190	90	100
Indonesian	5	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	30	30
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,755	1,300	1,455
Waray-Waray	15	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Creole languages	15	5	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	130	65	70
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	85	50	40
Tamil	30	15	15
Telugu	15	10	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,150	1,565	1,585
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	30	15	15
Balto-Slavic languages	655	340	315
Baltic languages	0	5	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	5	5
Slavic languages	655	340	315
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	5	0	0
Czech	10	5	5
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	55	30	25
Russian	235	120	120
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	30
Bosnian	20	10	10
Croatian	10	5	5
Serbian	20	15	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Slovak	5	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	285	155	130
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	100	45	55
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	30	20	15
German	30	20	15
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	60	25	35
Afrikaans	50	20	30
Dutch	15	5	5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	15	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages	1,070	540	525
Indo-Aryan languages	815	405	410
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	25	10	15
Gujarati	145	70	75
Hindi	160	70	85
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	10	10	5
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	270	140	130
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	15
Urdu	160	90	75
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	255	135	120
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	15	10	5
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	80	50	40
Persian languages	155	75	80
Dari	95	45	50
Iranian Persian	40	20	25
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,280	610	670
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	15	5	5
Portuguese	50	25	20
Romanian	45	20	25
Spanish	1,175	555	620
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	5	0	5
Korean	205	110	95
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	95	50	50
Akan (Twi)	40	15	20
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	15	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	10
American Sign Language	20	15	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	485	230	255
Chinese languages	470	220	245
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	195	90	100
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	260	125	135
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	5
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	10	5	5
S'gaw Karen	5	5	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	20
Lao	25	10	15
Thai	10	5	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	25	10	10
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	10	5	5
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	10	10	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	25	15	15
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	20	10	10
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,765	1,360	1,405
English and French	125	65	65
English and non-official language(s)	2,530	1,240	1,290
French and non-official language(s)	5	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10
Multiple non-official languages	85	45	45
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	98,535	48,445	50,095
None	88,360	43,575	44,785
English	3,820	1,900	1,915
French	650	285	370
Non-official language	4,520	2,115	2,410
Indigenous³⁹	90	35	55
Non-Indigenous	4,430	2,080	2,350
English and French	40	20	15
English and non-official language(s)	555	270	285
French and non-official language(s)	115	45	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	465	220	245
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	98,045	48,295	49,750
Official languages	97,355	47,975	49,375
English	97,290	47,950	49,345
French	5,320	2,450	2,870
Non-official languages	18,920	8,995	9,930
Indigenous languages³⁹	300	120	180
Algonquian languages	275	115	165
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	225	85	145
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	225	85	145
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	115	30	85
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	0
Cree, n.o.s.	95	50	45
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	0	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	20	0	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	15	10	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	10	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,640	8,885	9,755
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,195	650	550
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	10	10	0
Hausa	10	10	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	145	75	75
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	30	15	15
Somali	100	45	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,070	595	475
Amharic	10	10	0
Arabic	990	560	430
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	50	15	30
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	25	20	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	385	175	210
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	35	60
Vietnamese	285	140	150
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	6,760	3,080	3,680
Bikol	35	25	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	105	45	55
Cebuano	220	105	115
Fijian	20	10	10
Hiligaynon	125	50	75
Ilocano	540	225	315
Indonesian	10	0	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	20	0	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	170	90	80
Pangasinan	20	0	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,615	3,020	3,595
Waray-Waray	50	20	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	180	95	90
Creole languages	100	70	40
Haitian Creole	10	10	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	20	15	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20
Dravidian languages	235	110	125
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	140	80	70
Tamil	55	20	35
Telugu	40	25	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	8,140	3,890	4,250
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	55	35	20
Balto-Slavic languages	1,585	800	785
Baltic languages	20	15	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	20	10	0
Slavic languages	1,585	795	785
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	65	30	40
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	155	85	70
Russian	765	375	385
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	195	95	95
Bosnian	60	25	35
Croatian	50	25	30
Serbian	110	65	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	30	15	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0
Ukrainian	670	360	310
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	15	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	15	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,345	620	725
Frisian	10	10	0
High German languages	670	350	320
German	660	340	320
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	15	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	595	235	360
Afrikaans	180	75	105
Dutch	355	140	215
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	20	10	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	15
Scandinavian languages	120	55	65
Danish	45	15	30
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	40	25	20
Swedish	30	20	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	90	50	40
Indo-Iranian languages	2,050	1,005	1,050
Indo-Aryan languages	1,655	825	830
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	55	20	35
Gujarati	235	120	115
Hindi	815	405	410
Kacchi	10	0	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	10	10	0
Nepali	65	35	30
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	285	300
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	35	25
Urdu	490	265	225
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Iranian languages	435	200	235
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Parsi	15	0	10
Pashto	150	55	100
Persian languages	325	165	160
Dari	220	110	105
Iranian Persian	55	25	30
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	30	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,300	1,550	1,755
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	160	80	80
Portuguese	125	60	65
Romanian	160	80	80
Spanish	2,895	1,355	1,540
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	175	90	80
Korean	355	190	170
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	605	320	290
Akan (Twi)	145	60	80
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	45	35	15
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	10	0
Gikuyu	25	15	10
Igbo	60	30	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	15	10
Lingala	15	15	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	55	25	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	155	75	75
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90	55	40
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	25	30
Dinka	25	10	15
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	100	45	60
American Sign Language	90	45	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	795	375	425
Chinese languages	770	350	415
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	375	165	210
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	480	220	255
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	20	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	40	70
Lao	55	25	30
Thai	65	20	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	30	20	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	30	20	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	170	85	80
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	40	10	30
Hungarian	130	70	60
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	98,045	48,295	49,750
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,465	2,970	3,500
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	6,240	2,875	3,365
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,410	1,145	1,265
Métis	3,725	1,675	2,050
Inuk (Inuit)	105	55	50
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	140	60	80
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	90	30	55
Non-Indigenous identity	91,575	45,325	46,250
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	98,045	48,295	49,750
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,755	775	980
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	96,290	47,520	48,770
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	40,510	...	...
Owner	26,255	...	...
Renter	14,255	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	40,510	...	...
Condominium	6,165	...	...
Not condominium	34,350	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	40,510	...	...
No bedrooms	185	...	...
1 bedroom	4,020	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,250	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,310	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	14,750	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	40,510	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	10,455	...	...
5 rooms	6,215	...	...
6 rooms	5,815	...	...
7 rooms	5,185	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,835	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	40,510	...	...
One person or fewer per room	39,830	...	...
More than one person per room	685	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	40,510	...	...
Suitable	39,145	...	...
Not suitable	1,370	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	40,510	...	...
1960 or before	3,015	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,815	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,680	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,545	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,410	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,015	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,265	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,775	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	40,510	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,630	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,885	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	40,510	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,670	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,895	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,950	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	40,510	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,605	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,380	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,485	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,130	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,815	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,475	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,790	...	...
85 years and over	820	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	40,355	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	31,740	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	8,615	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,055	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	40,515	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,060	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,880	...	...
Not suitable only	1,120	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,280	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	185	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	535	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,445	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,795	...	...
In core need	3,745	...	...
Not in core need	36,055	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	26,255	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,522	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	340,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	354,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,245	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,160	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,209	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	98,045	48,295	49,750
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,420	1,130	1,285
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,315	1,080	1,240
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,390	625	760
Métis single ancestry	865	415	445
Inuit single ancestry	65	35	30
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	100	55	40
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	80	50	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,375	2,550	2,820
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,205	2,480	2,725
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,000	1,480	1,515
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,115	945	1,175
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	55	35
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	170	75	95
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	75	95
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	90,255	44,610	45,645
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	98,045	48,295	49,750
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,170	44,585	45,585
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,680	10,750	9,930
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	69,490	33,835	35,655
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,870	3,710	4,165
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	98,045	48,295	49,750
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	80,665	39,980	40,690
Immigrants⁸¹	16,540	7,920	8,615
Before 1980	1,770	795	980
1980 to 1990	1,170	590	585
1991 to 2000	1,390	705	685
2001 to 2010	3,870	1,840	2,030
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,325	3,995	4,340
2011 to 2015	4,405	2,115	2,295
2016 to 2021	3,920	1,880	2,045
Non-permanent residents⁸³	840	395	445
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	16,540	7,920	8,615
Under 5 years	1,205	660	545
5 to 14 years	3,385	1,780	1,610
15 to 24 years	2,880	1,330	1,550
25 to 44 years	7,680	3,550	4,135
45 years and over	1,380	605	780
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	16,540	7,920	8,615
Americas	2,220	1,070	1,150
Brazil	15	0	10
Colombia	270	110	160
El Salvador	480	265	220
Guyana	60	30	35
Haiti	10	10	0
Jamaica	55	30	30
Mexico	275	130	140
Peru	25	10	15
Trinidad and Tobago	40	15	25
United States of America	515	225	295
Other places of birth in Americas	475	245	225
Europe	3,045	1,500	1,545
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	35	35
Croatia	15	0	0
France	25	0	25
Germany	275	135	135
Greece	25	15	10
Hungary	30	20	10
Italy	40	20	20
Netherlands	335	135	205
Poland	105	55	55
Portugal	30	15	15
Romania	140	70	75
Russian Federation	110	55	60
Serbia⁸⁶	65	35	30
Ukraine	480	275	205
United Kingdom⁸⁷	960	460	500
Other places of birth in Europe	340	165	175
Africa	1,295	710	590
Algeria	15	10	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	25	15
Egypt	95	55	45
Eritrea	40	30	15
Ethiopia	35	20	15
Morocco	25	15	10
Nigeria	130	70	55
Somalia	85	50	35
South Africa, Republic of	225	85	145
Other places of birth in Africa	610	355	260
Asia	9,845	4,580	5,270
Afghanistan	215	110	100
Iran⁸⁸	75	35	35
Iraq	40	25	10
Lebanon	35	20	10
Syria⁸⁹	370	210	155
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	315	140	170
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	55	30
Korea, South⁹²	240	130	110
Taiwan	10	0	0
Philippines	6,380	2,900	3,475
Viet Nam	275	125	150
Bangladesh	25	15	15
India	740	335	400
Pakistan	330	190	145
Sri Lanka	50	30	20
Other places of birth in Asia	670	245	420
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	130	65	65
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,925	1,880	2,045
Americas	360	175	190
Brazil	15	0	10
Colombia	15	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	20	0	10
Mexico	70	35	40
United States of America	90	50	35
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	10	0
Other places of birth in Americas	145	70	80
Europe	395	220	170
France	0	0	0
Germany	10	0	10
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	30	10	15
Ukraine	180	130	50
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	30	40
Other places of birth in Europe	90	45	45
Africa	405	235	175
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	10	0	10
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	30	15	10
Ethiopia	10	0	0
Morocco	15	0	0
Nigeria	85	45	40
Somalia	45	35	10
South Africa, Republic of	35	20	20
Sudan⁹⁷	30	15	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	125	70	50
Asia	2,740	1,230	1,510
Afghanistan	30	10	25
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	40	15	25
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0
India	250	115	135
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0
Iraq	0	0	0
Israel	20	10	15
Japan	0	0	0
Jordan	10	0	10
Korea, South⁹²	55	25	30
Lebanon	10	10	0
Nepal	45	15	25
Pakistan	30	20	10
Philippines	1,820	810	1,015
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	290	170	120
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	25	0	20
Other places of birth in Asia	80	15	70
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0
Australia	0	0	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	98,045	48,295	49,750
First generation¹⁰⁰	18,020	8,645	9,375
Second generation¹⁰¹	14,305	7,105	7,200
Third generation or more¹⁰²	65,715	32,540	33,180
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	14,765	7,125	7,640
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	9,340	4,675	4,660
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,690	1,990	1,700
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,645	2,690	2,960
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,260	1,260	2,000
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,020	1,135	885
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	145	50	90
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	14,765	7,125	7,640
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	335	195	140
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,625	1,665	1,960
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	450	225	225
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	550	270	280
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	45	20	25
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	9,760	4,755	5,005
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	98,045	48,295	49,750
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	18,520	9,045	9,475
South Asian	2,220	1,140	1,080
Chinese	1,050	535	515
Black	1,940	1,050	885
Filipino	8,130	3,765	4,365
Arab	735	410	330
Latin American	1,725	820	900
Southeast Asian	840	400	440
West Asian	395	200	190
Korean	335	200	140
Japanese	260	110	145
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	150	70	80
Multiple visible minorities	745	340	405
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	79,525	39,250	40,275
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	98,045	48,295	49,750
Canadian	13,670	7,140	6,530
English	21,420	10,210	11,210
Irish	15,630	7,205	8,425
Scottish	17,740	8,540	9,200
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,645	4,100	4,545
German	18,325	8,675	9,650
Chinese	1,515	725	790
Italian	1,930	935	1,000
Indian (India)	1,280	660	610
Ukrainian	7,890	4,035	3,855
Dutch	4,620	2,300	2,320
Polish	3,220	1,550	1,670
Québécois	85	50	35
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,975	1,530	1,445
Filipino	7,460	3,395	4,065
French Canadian	690	355	335
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,940	945	1,000
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,825	865	960
Métis	3,240	1,490	1,750
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,660	840	825
Russian	2,955	1,415	1,535
Norwegian	4,470	2,045	2,430
Welsh	2,150	1,015	1,135
Portuguese	300	150	145
American	1,595	825	770
Spanish	1,090	525	560
Swedish	2,915	1,275	1,640
Hungarian	1,240	580	660
Acadian	135	70	70
Pakistani	340	175	170
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	355	190	165
Jewish	225	110	120
Punjabi	225	95	130
Vietnamese	385	200	190
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	260	155	110
Greek	245	145	100
Jamaican	140	60	85
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	785	395	390
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,250	590	660
Korean	385	225	160
Romanian	730	350	380
Lebanese	125	60	60
Iranian	80	40	40
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	290	135	155
Danish	1,710	795	920
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	700	360	335
Sikh	120	45	70
Austrian	975	435	540
Belgian	710	310	405
Haitian	90	30	55
Hindu	125	80	45
Mexican	450	220	230
Mennonite	325	175	150
Swiss	555	240	320
Finnish	675	290	385
Sri Lankan	85	50	35
Croatian	165	90	70
Japanese	325	145	180
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	85	45	40
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	185	100	90
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	655	305	350
Muslim	70	40	25
Egyptian	115	55	55
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	345	160	190
Tamil	50	20	30
Icelandic	630	310	320
Colombian	290	120	170
Moroccan	15	10	0
Czech	430	185	245
Syrian	285	140	145
Guyanese	40	15	25
Afghan	305	145	165
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	95	55	40
Serbian	155	85	70
Ojibway	145	55	90
Newfoundlander	245	120	125
Hong Konger	45	20	25
Ontarian	60	35	30
Persian	70	30	35
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	30	25	10
Turkish	15	15	0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	170	90	75
Bangladeshi	30	10	15
Algerian	40	30	15
Brazilian	45	25	25
Nigerian	195	110	85
Armenian	60	30	30
Slovak	175	95	90
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	245	110	135
Somali	110	65	50
Taiwanese	10	0	10
Iraqi	15	10	10
Salvadorean	370	185	185
African Caribbean	20	0	20
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	130	45	85
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	70	30	40
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	30	25
Algonquin	55	25	30
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	10	25
Lithuanian	115	60	55
South African	255	100	160
Australian	170	80	90
Palestinian	105	40	65
Chilean	60	10	50
Congolese	35	15	15
Nova Scotian	70	35	30
Ethiopian	20	10	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	160	85	75
Peruvian	30	0	25
Yoruba	30	0	25
Cambodian (Khmer)	165	60	100
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	0	0	0
Maltese	35	15	20
Macedonian	10	0	0
Slovenian	60	35	25
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	195	95	105
New Brunswicker	30	25	0
Gujarati	70	35	35
Eritrean	30	20	0
African Canadian	35	10	25
Israeli	40	15	25
Mohawk	30	20	10
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	165	95	70
Bulgarian	65	25	35
Albertan	900	415	490
Ghanaian	165	100	65
Barbadian	45	20	30
African American	25	15	15
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	75	45	30
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	140	70	70
Cuban	25	0	20
Bosnian	60	25	35
Venezuelan	40	15	25
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	55	25	30
Bengali	0	0	0
Cameroonian	35	15	15
Guatemalan	45	20	30
Indonesian	30	20	15
Laotian	115	60	55
Ilocano	190	95	95
Northern Irish	90	55	35
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	75	40	35
British Columbian	105	45	60
Ecuadorian	20	10	15
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	30	20	10
Estonian	95	60	40
Kurdish	0	0	0
Fijian	75	40	40
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	15	15
Coptic	65	35	35
Thai	80	25	60
Dominican	105	45	60
Nepali	35	15	30
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	30	15	10
Igbo	75	30	40
Byelorussian	40	20	20
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	40	15	25
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	90	30	60
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	40	30	10
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	40	20	20
New Zealander	80	35	50
Sudanese	85	55	30
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	95	35	55
Malaysian	35	20	15
Plains Cree	70	30	35
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	35	20	15
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	155	60	90
Buddhist	20	10	10
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	0	0	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	15	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	35	25	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	45	25	15
Mauritian	0	0	0
Kenyan	70	30	40
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	15	0	10
Manitoban	30	0	20
Cape Bretoner	25	20	10
Rwandan	60	40	15
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	80	40	40
Honduran	15	10	10
Cherokee	40	15	30
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	30	15	10
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	70	35	35
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	30	10	20
Goan	0	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	30	20	10
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	30	10	20
Burmese	0	0	0
Mongolian	20	10	15
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	15	15	0
Oromo	25	10	15
Tanzanian	0	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	20	20	0
Uruguayan	0	0	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	80	30	50
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0
Igorot	75	30	40
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	10	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	15	15	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	0	0	0
Costa Rican	20	10	10
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	0	0	0
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	30	10	15
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	98,040	48,295	49,745
Buddhist	575	270	305
Christian	50,345	23,310	27,030
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,565	5,505	6,065
Anabaptist	95	30	65
Anglican	2,220	940	1,270
Baptist	945	440	505
Catholic	20,430	9,655	10,770
Christian Orthodox	865	425	440
Jehovah's Witness	480	195	280
Latter Day Saints	795	380	415
Lutheran	2,155	895	1,265
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	405	190	215
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,085	525	560
Presbyterian	895	355	535
Reformed	295	135	160
United Church	4,545	1,915	2,630
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,575	1,720	1,855
Hindu	785	400	390
Jewish	105	45	65
Muslim	2,055	1,110	940
Sikh	285	110	170
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	165	105	65
Other religions and spiritual traditions	675	220	455
No religion and secular perspectives	43,050	22,725	20,325
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	97,095	47,785	49,300
Non-movers	83,250	41,110	42,145
Movers	13,840	6,680	7,160
Non-migrants	9,410	4,700	4,710
Migrants	4,430	1,980	2,450
Internal migrants	4,110	1,890	2,225
Intraprovincial migrants	3,250	1,485	1,770
Interprovincial migrants	860	400	460
External migrants	320	95	220
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	92,655	45,535	47,115
Non-movers	52,765	26,140	26,620
Movers	39,890	19,390	20,490
Non-migrants	21,885	10,845	11,045
Migrants	17,995	8,550	9,445
Internal migrants	15,340	7,320	8,020
Intraprovincial migrants	12,100	5,790	6,310
Interprovincial migrants	3,235	1,525	1,710
External migrants	2,665	1,230	1,430
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,715	38,850	40,865
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,225	8,410	6,810
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	64,495	30,440	34,055
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	53,690	26,180	27,510
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,265	4,245	3,025
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	46,425	21,935	24,490
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	79,715	38,845	40,865
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,965	7,055	5,910
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,680	12,940	12,745
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	41,070	18,855	22,215
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,010	13,095	13,920
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,025	6,095	1,930
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,335	1,305	1,030
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,685	4,785	900
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,690	6,250	10,445
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,300	760	1,540
Bachelor's degree or higher	14,055	5,755	8,295
Bachelor's degree	10,360	4,075	6,285
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	860	380	480
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	520	285	235
Master's degree	2,100	910	1,190
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	210	110	105
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	53,690	26,180	27,510
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,780	3,380	2,395
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,845	8,245	7,600
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	32,070	14,560	17,510
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,240	9,885	10,355
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,885	4,490	1,395
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,660	965	690
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,230	3,520	710
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,660	4,790	7,865
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,695	605	1,090
Bachelor's degree or higher	11,825	4,675	7,155
Bachelor's degree	8,805	3,370	5,440
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	680	310	370
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	450	240	215
Master's degree	1,715	670	1,045
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	180	90	85
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	79,715	38,845	40,865
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,645	19,995	18,655
Education	3,445	930	2,515
13. Education	3,445	930	2,515
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	795	360	430
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	85	55	25
50. Visual and performing arts	715	310	405
Humanities	1,165	515	650
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	95	40	55
23. English language and literature/letters	220	55	170
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	315	130	185
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	80	45	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	325	190	135
54. History	90	40	50
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	30	15	20
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,350	895	2,445
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	10	25
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	420	200	220
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	740	70	670
22. Legal professions and studies	630	125	510
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	30	10	20
42. Psychology	800	150	650
45. Social sciences	685	325	360
Business, management and public administration	8,110	2,615	5,495
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	710	140	565
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,390	2,470	4,920
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,030	445	585
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	365	145	215
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	280	125	160
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	0	20
40. Physical sciences	205	115	85
41. Science technologies/technicians	155	55	105
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	900	470	425
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	730	415	310
25. Library science	85	0	85
27. Mathematics and statistics	80	50	30
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,850	9,115	730
04. Architecture and related services	165	105	60
14. Engineering	1,210	1,000	210
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,625	2,340	285
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,485	2,395	90
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,115	2,060	60
48. Precision production	1,250	1,220	25
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,010	575	440
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	725	370	355
03. Natural resources and conservation	290	205	80
Health and related fields	8,460	1,635	6,820
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	515	260	255
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,765	1,275	6,490
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	165	105	65
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,930	1,285	1,650
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,850	365	1,485
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	455	330	125
49. Transportation and materials moving	625	585	35
Other¹⁷⁹	30	15	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	53,690	26,180	27,510
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	21,625	11,620	10,000
Education	2,470	600	1,875
13. Education	2,470	600	1,875
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	610	275	325
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	55	35	25
50. Visual and performing arts	555	245	305
Humanities	860	390	465
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	85	40	50
23. English language and literature/letters	175	50	125
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	235	95	140
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	50	25	25
39. Theology and religious vocations	225	150	75
54. History	65	35	35
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	20	10	10
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,865	745	2,120
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	10	25
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	390	180	210
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	650	70	580
22. Legal professions and studies	560	110	450
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	20	0	20
42. Psychology	620	120	505
45. Social sciences	585	255	330
Business, management and public administration	6,445	2,085	4,360
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	560	90	465
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,885	1,995	3,890
Physical and life sciences and technologies	840	325	510
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	295	100	195
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	240	105	135
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	0	20
40. Physical sciences	145	80	70
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	35	90
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	785	420	370
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	665	390	275
25. Library science	70	0	70
27. Mathematics and statistics	55	30	25
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0	0	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,515	6,850	670
04. Architecture and related services	145	95	50
14. Engineering	1,030	830	195
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,015	1,760	250
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,805	1,715	90
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,580	1,520	55
48. Precision production	945	920	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	825	415	405
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	565	230	335
03. Natural resources and conservation	255	185	80
Health and related fields	6,525	1,360	5,160
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	435	215	220
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,935	1,065	4,875
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	90	65
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,315	1,080	1,235
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,415	300	1,120
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	350	245	100
49. Transportation and materials moving	545	530	20
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	53,690	26,180	27,510
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	21,625	11,620	10,000
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	32,065	14,555	17,510
Location of study inside Canada	25,920	11,800	14,120
Same as province or territory of residence	20,555	9,320	11,235
Different than province or territory of residence	5,365	2,480	2,885
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,150	2,755	3,395
Americas	1,015	490	525
United States of America	655	330	320
Mexico	80	35	40
Cuba	20	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	15	0	15
Brazil	25	15	0
Colombia	70	20	45
Peru	10	10	0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0
Other locations of study in Americas	135	65	75
Europe	840	445	395
Belgium	0	0	0
France	20	10	10
Germany	20	10	20
Netherlands	25	15	10
Switzerland	0	0	0
Hungary	15	10	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	20	0	0
Romania	45	20	20
Russian Federation	45	20	20
Ukraine	255	135	115
Ireland⁹⁶	30	15	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	265	155	105
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	15
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	10
Other locations of study in Europe	40	10	25
Africa	350	190	160
Nigeria	65	30	30
Algeria	25	20	0
Morocco	15	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	50	30	15
South Africa, Republic of	100	55	45
Other locations of study in Africa	100	40	55
Asia	3,880	1,595	2,285
Iran⁸⁸	15	0	10
Iraq	10	10	0
Israel	15	0	0
Lebanon	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	30	20	10
Turkey	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	45	25	25
Taiwan	0	0	0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	15
Japan	15	0	15
Korea, South⁹²	140	70	70
Philippines	2,820	1,080	1,740
Viet Nam	25	10	15
Bangladesh	15	0	10
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	420	205	210
Pakistan	145	75	65
Other locations of study in Asia	165	80	85
Oceania	60	30	25
Australia	45	25	20
New Zealand	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	79,715	38,845	40,865
In the labour force	53,410	27,525	25,890
Employed	46,830	23,985	22,845
Unemployed	6,580	3,540	3,040
Not in the labour force	26,300	11,320	14,975
Participation rate	67.0	70.9	63.4
Employment rate	58.7	61.7	55.9
Unemployment rate	12.3	12.9	11.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	79,715	38,845	40,865
Did not work¹⁸⁶	27,765	12,130	15,635
Worked	51,950	26,720	25,230
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	25,310	13,930	11,380
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,640	12,785	13,850
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	40.4	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	53,415	27,525	25,890
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,695	855	840
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	51,720	26,670	25,050
Employee	45,120	22,825	22,295
Permanent position	37,570	19,300	18,270
Temporary position	7,550	3,525	4,025
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,070	785	1,285
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,480	2,735	2,740
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,595	3,845	2,755
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	53,415	27,525	25,890
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,695	855	840
All occupations¹⁹¹	51,720	26,670	25,050
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	325	250	75
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	7,500	2,120	5,380
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,695	2,115	575
3 Health occupations	5,465	1,020	4,445
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,705	1,710	3,990
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	905	360	540
6 Sales and service occupations	14,525	6,170	8,355
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,690	8,910	780
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,980	1,770	210
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,940	2,245	690
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	53,415	27,525	25,890
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,695	855	840
All industries¹⁹¹	51,720	26,670	25,050
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	510	355	160
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	2,940	2,645	295
22 Utilities	220	185	35
23 Construction	4,625	4,020	610
31-33 Manufacturing	4,145	3,070	1,075
41 Wholesale trade	1,435	1,015	425
44-45 Retail trade	7,395	3,500	3,900
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,085	1,620	465
51 Information and cultural industries	390	215	170
52 Finance and insurance	1,360	530	825
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	715	360	350
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,615	1,280	1,340
55 Management of companies and enterprises	45	30	20
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,970	1,115	860
61 Educational services	3,160	870	2,295
62 Health care and social assistance	8,495	1,470	7,020
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	970	500	475
72 Accommodation and food services	3,775	1,560	2,215
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,640	1,260	1,385
91 Public administration	2,220	1,095	1,125
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	56,705	29,045	27,665
English	55,470	28,510	26,960
French	70	15	55
Non-official language	90	35	50
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	90	35	50
English and French	290	115	170
English and non-official language(s)	765	345	415
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	56,705	29,045	27,665
Single responses	56,550	28,990	27,565
Official languages	56,320	28,875	27,445
English	56,195	28,840	27,360
French	125	40	90
Non-official languages	235	115	120
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	235	115	120
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	105	55	55
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	10	10	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	100	50	50
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	50	20	30
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	10	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	0	0
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	0	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	0	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	15	25
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	40	15	25
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	0	0	0
Korean	10	0	0
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	45	25	25
Chinese languages	45	25	25
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	15	0	10
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	35	20	15
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	150	55	95
English and French	45	10	35
English and non-official language(s)	100	45	55
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	56,705	29,045	27,665
None	55,775	28,610	27,165
English	190	95	95
French	190	90	100
Non-official language	500	215	280
Indigenous³⁹	35	0	35
Non-Indigenous	460	215	245
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
French and non-official language(s)	20	15	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	15
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	46,835	23,990	22,845
Worked at home	6,105	2,470	3,640
Worked outside Canada	105	85	15
No fixed workplace address	7,425	5,670	1,760
Usual place of work	33,195	15,760	17,435
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,195	15,760	17,435
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	25,660	10,930	14,730
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	6,115	3,795	2,320
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,220	900	320
Commute to a different province or territory	205	140	65
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	40,625	21,430	19,190
Car, truck or van	37,380	19,850	17,530
Car, truck or van - as a driver	34,640	18,820	15,820
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,735	1,030	1,710
Public transit	1,030	405	625
Walked	1,320	650	675
Bicycle	265	185	85
Other method	625	340	285
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	40,625	21,430	19,190
Less than 15 minutes	18,460	8,310	10,155
15 to 29 minutes	15,870	8,550	7,315
30 to 44 minutes	3,575	2,490	1,085
45 to 59 minutes	910	595	315
60 minutes and over	1,805	1,480	325
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	40,625	21,430	19,190
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,175	2,305	870
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,755	4,460	2,295
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,820	5,745	5,075
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,810	3,250	4,560
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,905	1,960	2,945
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,155	3,720	3,445
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,360	11,505	10,855
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,320	665	655
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,040	10,845	10,195
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,540	8,500	8,035
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,020	515	505
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	525	255	270
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	495	265	235
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,515	7,985	7,530

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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