Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Edmonton, City (CY)More information: Alberta [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,010,899	...	...
Population, 2016¹	933,088^r	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	428,857	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	396,404	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,320.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	765.61	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,010,900	503,035	507,860
0 to 14 years	184,115	94,365	89,750
0 to 4 years	61,410	31,570	29,840
5 to 9 years	62,955	32,095	30,860
10 to 14 years	59,745	30,695	29,050
15 to 64 years	688,325	345,640	342,690
15 to 19 years	54,355	27,980	26,375
20 to 24 years	67,195	34,240	32,950
25 to 29 years	77,830	38,920	38,910
30 to 34 years	87,660	43,820	43,835
35 to 39 years	85,980	43,125	42,850
40 to 44 years	73,985	37,440	36,545
45 to 49 years	63,865	31,980	31,890
50 to 54 years	59,200	29,750	29,445
55 to 59 years	60,185	29,850	30,340
60 to 64 years	58,080	28,535	29,540
65 years and over	138,460	63,035	75,420
65 to 69 years	47,520	23,050	24,470
70 to 74 years	34,995	16,595	18,395
75 to 79 years	22,215	9,900	12,310
80 to 84 years	15,870	6,835	9,035
85 years and over	17,865	6,650	11,210
85 to 89 years	10,790	4,310	6,480
90 to 94 years	5,350	1,920	3,430
95 to 99 years	1,500	370	1,130
100 years and over	220	50	170
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.2	18.8	17.7
15 to 64 years	68.1	68.7	67.5
65 years and over	13.7	12.5	14.9
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.2
Average age of the population	38.4	37.6	39.1
Median age of the population	36.8	36.4	37.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	396,400	...	...
Single-detached house	196,535	...	...
Semi-detached house	28,150	...	...
Row house	38,860	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,145	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	91,250	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	29,405	...	...
Other single-attached house	95	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,970	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	396,405	...	...
1 person	115,525	...	...
2 persons	123,340	...	...
3 persons	61,175	...	...
4 persons	56,830	...	...
5 or more persons	39,530	...	...
Number of persons in private households	996,495	496,040	500,455
Average household size	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	826,785	408,675	418,110
Married or living common-law	453,440	227,160	226,280
Married	378,080	189,325	188,755
Living common-law	75,360	37,840	37,520
Living common law - Never married	58,580	29,495	29,080
Living common law - Separated	2,660	1,395	1,265
Living common law - Divorced	12,995	6,505	6,490
Living common law - Widowed	1,125	440	685
Not married and not living common-law	373,345	181,510	191,830
Not married and not living common law - Never married	263,065	144,100	118,965
Not married and not living common law - Separated	20,940	8,875	12,060
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	53,255	20,835	32,420
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	36,085	7,700	28,385
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	266,155	...	...
2 persons	125,210	...	...
3 persons	58,490	...	...
4 persons	56,055	...	...
5 or more persons	26,400	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	266,155	...	...
Total couple families	219,615	...	...
Married couples	181,950	...	...
With children⁶	110,120	...	...
Without children	71,830	...	...
Common-law couples	37,660	...	...
With children⁶	12,150	...	...
Without children	25,510	...	...
Total one-parent families	46,545	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	36,495	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	10,050	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	996,495	496,040	500,455
Total - Persons in census families	793,405	392,485	400,915
Married spouses or common-law partners	439,225	219,625	219,600
Parents in one-parent families	46,545	10,050	36,495
Children⁶	307,635	162,810	144,820
In a two-parent family	233,400	122,795	110,605
In a one-parent family	74,235	40,020	34,215
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	203,090	103,555	99,540
Living alone	115,525	56,185	59,345
Living with other relatives⁷	33,295	15,140	18,150
Living with non-relatives only	54,270	32,230	22,040
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	396,405	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	223,495	...	...
Couple-family households	188,930	...	...
With children⁶	105,140	...	...
Without children	83,790	...	...
One-parent-family households	34,560	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	13,310	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,730	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	16,320	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	25,020	...	...
One-person households	115,530	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	812,615	401,820	410,795
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	772,550	382,025	390,525
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	50,000	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	772,830	382,175	390,650
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	686,060	346,340	339,720
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	47,600	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	579,425	299,065	280,360
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,600	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	689,945	336,085	353,860
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	6,500	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,730	51,455	49,275
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,760	5,760	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	259,615	127,600	132,015
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	812,605	401,755	410,850
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	772,300	382,065	390,240
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,800	65,400	48,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	772,575	382,205	390,370
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,640	53,600	41,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	685,935	346,745	339,185
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,150	62,900	43,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	579,410	299,615	279,790
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,900	61,350	43,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	690,130	336,725	353,400
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,490	11,860
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,450	51,410	49,045
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,040	6,710	7,390
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	258,250	126,935	131,320
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,290	9,160	9,420
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	812,605	401,755	410,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	265,985	148,275	117,710
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	74,500	62,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,400	87,600	69,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	240,385	114,635	125,745
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	25,800	18,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,680	38,840	27,040
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.2	87.2	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8	73.6	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.8	12.8	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.4	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	5.0	7.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.7	6.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	812,610	401,820	410,790
Without total income	40,065	19,795	20,265
With total income	772,550	382,025	390,525
Under $10,000 (including loss)	61,525	26,535	34,995
$10,000 to $19,999	72,240	30,890	41,350
$20,000 to $29,999	122,060	54,400	67,665
$30,000 to $39,999	96,785	41,675	55,110
$40,000 to $49,999	82,910	37,595	45,320
$50,000 to $59,999	70,470	33,585	36,885
$60,000 to $69,999	59,660	29,970	29,690
$70,000 to $79,999	46,895	26,095	20,800
$80,000 to $89,999	36,160	20,900	15,260
$90,000 to $99,999	29,970	17,545	12,425
$100,000 and over	93,865	62,835	31,025
$100,000 to $149,999	64,375	41,115	23,260
$150,000 and over	29,485	21,720	7,770
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	812,610	401,820	410,790
Without after-tax income	39,785	19,645	20,140
With after-tax income	772,825	382,175	390,655
Under $10,000 (including loss)	63,535	27,315	36,215
$10,000 to $19,999	75,385	32,375	43,010
$20,000 to $29,999	138,165	61,580	76,585
$30,000 to $39,999	113,515	50,570	62,950
$40,000 to $49,999	97,930	46,180	51,750
$50,000 to $59,999	80,470	40,350	40,120
$60,000 to $69,999	59,685	32,865	26,820
$70,000 to $79,999	43,145	24,955	18,190
$80,000 to $89,999	31,835	18,695	13,135
$90,000 to $99,999	20,565	12,870	7,695
$100,000 and over	48,600	34,410	14,185
$100,000 to $124,999	24,550	16,735	7,820
$125,000 and over	24,050	17,680	6,370
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	812,610	401,820	410,790
Without employment income	233,190	102,755	130,435
With employment income	579,420	299,060	280,355
Under $5,000 (including loss)	66,745	30,855	35,885
$5,000 to $9,999	45,250	19,655	25,595
$10,000 to $19,999	65,525	29,070	36,455
$20,000 to $29,999	51,220	23,445	27,780
$30,000 to $39,999	49,645	23,255	26,390
$40,000 to $49,999	48,895	24,215	24,675
$50,000 to $59,999	48,170	23,845	24,320
$60,000 to $69,999	42,600	22,105	20,495
$70,000 to $79,999	34,940	20,285	14,655
$80,000 to $89,999	27,905	16,675	11,225
$90,000 to $99,999	24,830	14,650	10,180
$100,000 and over	73,695	50,995	22,700
$100,000 to $124,999	36,630	23,195	13,435
$125,000 and over	37,070	27,800	9,265
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	812,615	401,820	410,795
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	757,220	373,735	383,485
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,800	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	757,435	373,785	383,650
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	680,725	343,675	337,050
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	50,800	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	583,910	301,440	282,475
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,800	52,400	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	656,040	319,715	336,325
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,470	1,010	3,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	63,280	32,395	30,885
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,280	5,640	7,150
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	812,605	401,755	410,850
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	757,650	374,285	383,365
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,800	65,400	46,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	757,850	374,335	383,515
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,480	53,100	40,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	681,465	344,480	336,990
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,700	66,000	45,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	584,580	302,285	282,285
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,450	64,500	45,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	656,190	320,570	335,615
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,610	5,425	7,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,855	32,220	30,635
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,890	6,930	8,900
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	812,605	401,755	410,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	264,360	147,390	116,975
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	73,500	59,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,400	86,100	66,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	228,400	109,590	118,815
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,400	36,400	26,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	40,960	48,680	33,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8	92.8	85.4
Employment income (%)	76.6	79.6	72.6
Government transfers (%)	10.3	7.1	14.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	396,405	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	115,530	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	280,880	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	396,400	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	110,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	115,515	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	280,885	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	396,405	...	...
Under $5,000	4,575	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,250	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,425	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,675	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	13,185	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	13,825	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,865	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	12,250	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	13,200	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	12,960	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	27,005	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	27,640	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	26,470	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	25,065	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	23,195	...	...
$100,000 and over	175,820	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	50,345	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	37,255	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	46,410	...	...
$200,000 and over	41,815	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	396,405	...	...
Under $5,000	4,960	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,315	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,515	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,945	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,115	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	15,525	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,660	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,570	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	15,645	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	15,945	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	32,750	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	32,740	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	30,780	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	28,695	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	25,875	...	...
$100,000 and over	141,375	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	50,770	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	34,675	...	...
$150,000 and over	55,935	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	263,290	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	86,850	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	122,440	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	42,720	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	169,800	88,415	81,385
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	44,000	41,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	39,200	37,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	263,055	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	86,785	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	122,605	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	42,610	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	169,925	88,215	81,700
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,100	55,650	50,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,040	46,520	43,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	996,495	496,040	500,455
0 to 17 years	215,970	110,880	105,085
0 to 5 years	74,100	37,865	36,230
18 to 64 years	650,805	325,095	325,710
65 years and over	129,725	60,065	69,660
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	99,210	47,510	51,700
0 to 17 years	27,840	14,160	13,680
0 to 5 years	10,330	5,220	5,110
18 to 64 years	57,485	27,900	29,590
65 years and over	13,895	5,455	8,440
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.0	9.6	10.3
0 to 17 years (%)	12.9	12.8	13.0
0 to 5 years (%)	13.9	13.8	14.1
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8	8.6	9.1
65 years and over (%)	10.7	9.1	12.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	996,495	496,040	500,455
0 to 17 years	215,970	110,885	105,085
0 to 5 years	74,095	37,865	36,230
18 to 64 years	650,805	325,095	325,710
65 years and over	129,720	60,060	69,655
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	61,610	31,485	30,130
0 to 17 years	14,175	7,125	7,045
0 to 5 years	5,095	2,525	2,570
18 to 64 years	43,445	22,585	20,865
65 years and over	3,990	1,770	2,215
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.4	6.0
0 to 17 years (%)	6.6	6.4	6.7
0 to 5 years (%)	6.9	6.7	7.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.7	7.0	6.4
65 years and over (%)	3.1	3.0	3.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	996,495	496,040	500,455
In bottom half of the distribution	477,580	233,335	244,245
In bottom decile	91,105	45,525	45,575
In second decile	98,810	46,575	52,230
In third decile	94,245	45,990	48,255
In fourth decile	95,515	46,955	48,560
In fifth decile	97,910	48,290	49,625
In top half of the distribution	518,915	262,710	256,210
In sixth decile	98,605	49,205	49,405
In seventh decile	101,460	51,050	50,405
In eighth decile	104,315	52,545	51,770
In ninth decile	107,260	54,535	52,725
In top decile	107,270	55,375	51,900
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	996,495	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.334	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.444	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.296	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,000,740	497,935	502,805
English only	910,635	457,415	453,220
French only	1,285	520	765
English and French	65,950	30,840	35,115
Neither English nor French	22,865	9,150	13,710
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,000,740	497,935	502,805
English	955,475	477,440	478,040
French	17,320	8,835	8,485
English and French	5,790	2,870	2,920
Neither English nor French	22,160	8,800	13,365
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,000,740	497,935	502,805
Single responses	945,620	471,410	474,215
Official languages	642,285	325,315	316,970
English	626,085	317,045	309,045
French	16,200	8,275	7,920
Non-official languages	303,340	146,090	157,245
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,850	725	1,130
Algonquian languages	1,565	625	940
Blackfoot	20	15	10
Cree-Innu languages	1,470	580	890
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	1,470	580	885
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	10	10
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	10	15
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	360	115	245
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	185	80	110
Cree, n.o.s.	875	360	515
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	70	30	40
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	10	5	5
Ojibway languages	60	30	30
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	30	10	15
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	160	55	110
Northern Athabaskan languages	160	55	105
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	115	35	80
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	25	5	20
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	5	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	5
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	20	5	10
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45	10	30
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15	0	10
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	10	0	5
Inuktitut	30	10	20
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	5	0	5
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	15	5	10
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	50	25	25
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	15	5	10
Stoney	30	15	15
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Tsimshian languages	5	0	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	301,485	145,370	156,120
Afro-Asiatic languages	37,825	19,190	18,635
Berber languages	145	80	65
Kabyle	90	45	50
Tamazight	55	35	15
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	80	45	35
Hausa	70	45	30
Mina	10	5	0
Coptic	20	10	10
Cushitic languages	9,625	4,690	4,935
Bilen	470	255	210
Oromo	1,540	775	760
Somali	7,580	3,630	3,945
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20
Semitic languages	27,955	14,360	13,595
Amharic	2,900	1,355	1,545
Arabic	20,140	10,490	9,650
Aramaic languages	135	65	70
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	75	40	40
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Harari	160	75	90
Hebrew	350	190	160
Maltese	15	10	5
Tigrigna	4,230	2,175	2,055
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,465	4,255	5,210
Khmer (Cambodian)	680	305	375
Vietnamese	8,725	3,915	4,815
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	35	25
Austronesian languages	43,265	19,100	24,165
Bikol	155	65	90
Bisaya, n.o.s.	665	290	375
Cebuano	1,920	870	1,050
Fijian	40	20	20
Hiligaynon	785	325	460
Ilocano	2,280	990	1,295
Indonesian	425	180	240
Kankanaey	115	50	65
Kinaray-a	40	10	25
Malagasy languages	15	5	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Malay	105	45	60
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	440	205	235
Pangasinan	185	80	105
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35,655	15,775	19,880
Waray-Waray	90	40	50
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	350	150	195
Creole languages	905	450	450
Haitian Creole	220	115	105
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	5
Krio	200	100	105
Morisyen	165	90	80
Sango	5	0	5
Creole, n.o.s.	205	100	105
Creole languages, n.i.e.	80	40	45
Dravidian languages	8,110	4,120	3,995
Kannada	200	105	95
Malayalam	4,575	2,285	2,295
Tamil	2,155	1,125	1,030
Telugu	1,155	595	555
Tulu	15	10	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Georgian	50	30	20
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	138,335	68,200	70,140
Albanian	765	410	355
Armenian	145	65	75
Balto-Slavic languages	24,510	11,225	13,285
Baltic languages	230	100	135
Latvian	105	45	60
Lithuanian	130	50	75
Slavic languages	24,280	11,125	13,155
Belarusian	40	20	15
Bulgarian	370	175	190
Czech	545	265	280
Macedonian	175	85	95
Polish	6,960	3,225	3,740
Russian	4,800	2,140	2,655
Rusyn	20	10	5
Serbo-Croatian	3,940	1,945	1,995
Bosnian	700	340	355
Croatian	1,540	780	755
Serbian	1,605	775	835
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	50	45
Slovak	345	170	180
Slovene (Slovenian)	205	90	115
Ukrainian	6,870	2,990	3,885
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Celtic languages	55	30	25
Irish	15	15	5
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	5
Welsh	15	5	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Germanic languages	10,190	4,755	5,435
Frisian	40	20	20
High German languages	7,060	3,245	3,815
German	6,915	3,160	3,750
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	120	70	50
Yiddish	25	15	10
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,500	1,215	1,280
Afrikaans	350	175	175
Dutch	1,985	970	1,015
Low German, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Low Saxon	10	5	5
Plautdietsch	115	45	65
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	15
Scandinavian languages	585	270	315
Danish	330	160	170
Icelandic	25	10	20
Norwegian	80	35	45
Swedish	145	60	85
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Greek	780	420	360
Indo-Iranian languages	74,730	38,070	36,655
Indo-Aryan languages	68,225	34,755	33,465
Assamese	30	15	15
Bengali	2,675	1,370	1,310
Gujarati	6,425	3,310	3,115
Hindi	8,550	4,305	4,250
Kacchi	480	210	270
Kashmiri	35	20	15
Konkani	110	55	60
Marathi	685	350	330
Nepali	2,280	1,180	1,095
Oriya languages	75	40	35
Odia	60	35	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	36,705	18,765	17,945
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	325	155	170
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,180	605	575
Urdu	8,390	4,235	4,155
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	260	135	125
Iranian languages	6,480	3,300	3,185
Baluchi	15	10	5
Kurdish	735	405	335
Parsi	5	5	0
Pashto	685	335	355
Persian languages	5,010	2,540	2,465
Dari	1,570	765	805
Iranian Persian	2,875	1,480	1,395
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	565	295	270
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Italic (Romance) languages	27,155	13,220	13,940
Catalan	15	10	10
Italian	3,510	1,700	1,810
Portuguese	3,975	1,900	2,075
Romanian	2,005	955	1,050
Spanish	17,640	8,650	8,990
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Japanese	900	290	615
Korean	6,100	2,855	3,245
Mongolian	80	45	40
Niger-Congo languages	7,595	3,740	3,855
Akan (Twi)	740	380	360
Bamanankan	10	5	5
Edo	110	50	60
Éwé	120	65	50
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	100	50	50
Ga	75	35	40
Ganda	215	105	105
Gikuyu	65	25	35
Igbo	440	230	210
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	850	410	435
Lingala	120	55	60
Luba-Kasai	25	10	10
Mòoré	30	10	15
Mwani	55	35	20
Ndebele	205	95	115
Rundi (Kirundi)	440	205	230
Shona	505	240	265
Soninke	5	5	5
Sotho-Tswana languages	75	25	50
Swahili	1,255	595	660
Wojenaka	20	5	15
Wolof	150	85	65
Yoruba	980	525	455
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,010	485	530
Nilo-Saharan languages	725	375	350
Dinka	275	140	130
Nuer	200	105	100
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	205	105	95
African, n.o.s.	50	25	20
Sign languages	320	165	155
American Sign Language	275	145	135
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	43,580	20,485	23,090
Chinese languages	42,900	20,145	22,750
Hakka	545	250	300
Mandarin	19,585	9,275	10,315
Min Dong	20	10	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,045	470	575
Wu (Shanghainese)	160	80	80
Yue (Cantonese)	20,925	9,750	11,175
Chinese, n.o.s.	590	290	295
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	640	325	310
Burmese	115	60	55
Kuki-Chin languages	35	15	15
Karenic languages	405	205	195
S'gaw Karen	335	160	170
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	45	30
Tibetan	25	15	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25
Tai-Kadai languages	905	345	565
Lao	305	150	155
Thai	555	170	380
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25
Turkic languages	2,080	1,140	940
Azerbaijani	170	85	85
Kazakh	15	10	5
Turkish	1,675	935	740
Uyghur	65	30	35
Uzbek	105	55	45
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Uralic languages	1,150	550	600
Estonian	25	10	15
Finnish	140	60	75
Hungarian	990	485	510
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35
Multiple responses	55,115	26,525	28,590
English and French	4,675	2,285	2,385
English and non-official language(s)	43,995	21,165	22,825
French and non-official language(s)	1,375	680	695
English, French and non-official language(s)	850	420	435
Multiple non-official languages	4,220	1,975	2,245
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,000,740	497,935	502,805
English	648,980	327,675	321,310
French	4,680	2,270	2,410
Non-official language	90,765	43,525	47,240
Indigenous³⁹	170	70	100
Non-Indigenous	90,595	43,450	47,145
English and French	10,825	5,215	5,610
English and non-official language(s)	228,985	111,475	117,515
French and non-official language(s)	755	345	420
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,735	3,220	3,520
Multiple non-official languages	9,020	4,225	4,790
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,000,740	497,935	502,805
Single responses	941,815	469,345	472,465
Official languages	753,490	377,630	375,855
English	746,435	374,180	372,250
French	7,055	3,450	3,605
Non-official languages	188,330	91,715	96,615
Indigenous languages³⁹	395	170	220
Algonquian languages	360	155	205
Blackfoot	5	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	335	150	190
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	335	150	190
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	75	25	45
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	30	10	15
Cree, n.o.s.	235	105	130
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	15	10	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	20	5	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	5	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	5
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	187,935	91,540	96,390
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,185	11,995	12,185
Berber languages	65	35	30
Kabyle	40	20	20
Tamazight	25	15	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	55	35	20
Hausa	50	30	20
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	6,430	3,105	3,325
Bilen	345	180	165
Oromo	1,145	570	575
Somali	4,915	2,340	2,575
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Semitic languages	17,625	8,825	8,805
Amharic	1,770	820	950
Arabic	12,325	6,205	6,120
Aramaic languages	100	50	50
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	15	25
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	10	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Harari	110	55	55
Hebrew	150	85	65
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	3,155	1,605	1,545
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,245	2,860	3,390
Khmer (Cambodian)	380	170	210
Vietnamese	5,805	2,650	3,155
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	65	40	25
Austronesian languages	27,095	12,695	14,405
Bikol	50	25	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	385	180	210
Cebuano	1,130	530	600
Fijian	10	5	5
Hiligaynon	425	200	230
Ilocano	1,350	625	730
Indonesian	170	85	90
Kankanaey	65	25	40
Kinaray-a	25	5	15
Malagasy languages	5	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Malay	20	10	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	295	130	165
Pangasinan	70	35	40
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	22,875	10,750	12,125
Waray-Waray	40	15	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	165	80	85
Creole languages	555	265	285
Haitian Creole	165	80	85
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10
Krio	95	45	55
Morisyen	125	65	60
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	45	45
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30
Dravidian languages	5,850	2,950	2,895
Kannada	100	50	55
Malayalam	3,355	1,675	1,680
Tamil	1,605	825	780
Telugu	775	400	380
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
Georgian	30	20	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	82,580	41,130	41,450
Albanian	340	170	165
Armenian	60	35	30
Balto-Slavic languages	10,445	5,010	5,435
Baltic languages	90	45	45
Latvian	40	20	20
Lithuanian	45	25	20
Slavic languages	10,360	4,965	5,390
Belarusian	10	0	5
Bulgarian	180	90	95
Czech	165	80	85
Macedonian	100	50	45
Polish	3,005	1,415	1,595
Russian	2,985	1,435	1,545
Rusyn	5	5	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,845	875	965
Bosnian	295	140	155
Croatian	635	310	320
Serbian	895	410	480
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Slovak	65	40	30
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	30	25
Ukrainian	1,945	945	1,000
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	5	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,310	595	720
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	960	440	520
German	945	430	510
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	15	10	10
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	295	120	170
Afrikaans	155	75	80
Dutch	135	50	85
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	30
Danish	20	10	10
Icelandic	5	5	5
Norwegian	10	5	0
Swedish	20	10	10
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	285	130	155
Indo-Iranian languages	55,830	28,310	27,525
Indo-Aryan languages	51,670	26,240	25,435
Assamese	15	10	5
Bengali	1,745	870	875
Gujarati	4,620	2,345	2,280
Hindi	5,610	2,830	2,780
Kacchi	215	85	125
Kashmiri	15	10	5
Konkani	40	20	25
Marathi	445	220	220
Nepali	1,655	865	785
Oriya languages	35	20	15
Odia	25	15	15
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30,595	15,640	14,955
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	205	100	105
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	685	335	350
Urdu	5,640	2,810	2,830
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	155	75	75
Iranian languages	4,150	2,065	2,085
Baluchi	10	5	5
Kurdish	435	220	210
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	480	225	255
Persian languages	3,200	1,600	1,600
Dari	920	435	485
Iranian Persian	1,910	975	935
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	375	190	180
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,295	6,875	7,415
Catalan	10	5	5
Italian	990	405	585
Portuguese	1,750	830	920
Romanian	1,005	485	520
Spanish	10,525	5,145	5,380
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Japanese	370	150	220
Korean	4,535	2,175	2,360
Mongolian	50	25	25
Niger-Congo languages	3,340	1,540	1,800
Akan (Twi)	325	160	165
Bamanankan	10	5	5
Edo	20	10	15
Éwé	20	10	5
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	90	45	50
Ga	15	5	5
Ganda	90	40	50
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	190	90	100
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445	195	245
Lingala	85	35	45
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5
Mòoré	15	10	5
Mwani	30	15	15
Ndebele	70	30	40
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	110	125
Shona	165	80	85
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	20
Swahili	605	265	335
Wojenaka	5	5	5
Wolof	125	70	55
Yoruba	410	195	220
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	330	145	185
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	180	185
Dinka	120	65	60
Nuer	125	60	65
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105	45	55
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Sign languages	485	280	210
American Sign Language	410	230	175
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,100	14,195	15,910
Chinese languages	29,600	13,940	15,655
Hakka	210	85	125
Mandarin	14,405	7,015	7,395
Min Dong	10	5	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	465	195	270
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	45	55
Yue (Cantonese)	14,030	6,415	7,615
Chinese, n.o.s.	370	180	190
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	475	240	235
Burmese	75	40	35
Kuki-Chin languages	35	15	20
Karenic languages	320	160	160
S'gaw Karen	265	130	135
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25
Tibetan	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Tai-Kadai languages	400	180	225
Lao	140	65	75
Thai	235	105	130
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
Turkic languages	1,360	720	635
Azerbaijani	100	55	50
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	1,145	610	540
Uyghur	40	20	20
Uzbek	50	30	20
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Uralic languages	360	165	195
Estonian	5	0	0
Finnish	20	15	10
Hungarian	335	155	180
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20
Multiple responses	58,930	28,590	30,340
English and French	2,445	1,180	1,265
English and non-official language(s)	54,020	26,250	27,765
French and non-official language(s)	400	175	225
English, French and non-official language(s)	775	385	395
Multiple non-official languages	1,290	595	695
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,000,745	497,935	502,805
None	792,140	396,600	395,535
English	77,010	38,210	38,800
French	8,150	3,865	4,285
Non-official language	94,890	45,245	49,645
Indigenous³⁹	1,555	630	920
Non-Indigenous	93,340	44,615	48,720
English and French	1,120	540	575
English and non-official language(s)	13,430	6,680	6,750
French and non-official language(s)	2,760	1,295	1,465
English, French and non-official language(s)	295	145	150
Multiple non-official languages	10,950	5,355	5,600
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	996,490	496,020	500,470
Official languages	973,345	486,655	486,690
English	971,925	486,110	485,815
French	67,175	31,345	35,830
Non-official languages	410,435	197,970	212,465
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,585	1,495	2,090
Algonquian languages	3,140	1,355	1,785
Blackfoot	45	30	20
Cree-Innu languages	2,970	1,265	1,705
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	2,955	1,265	1,690
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	35	15	20
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	60	30	30
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	1,045	390	655
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	320	140	185
Cree, n.o.s.	1,525	710	820
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	65	75
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	0
Oji-Cree	20	0	15
Ojibway languages	120	55	65
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	20	15
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	35	10	20
Ojibway, n.o.s.	50	20	30
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	245	80	160
Northern Athabaskan languages	240	80	160
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	120	35	85
Gwich'in	15	15	0
Slavey-Hare languages	40	10	35
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	20	0	15
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	20	0	15
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	15	10	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	10	10	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	55	25	30
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55	0	50
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15	0	10
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	15	0	10
Inuktitut	40	0	40
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	15	0	10
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	45	15	25
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	115	35	80
Assiniboine	25	0	25
Dakota	65	25	35
Stoney	30	0	25
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	407,055	196,545	210,510
Afro-Asiatic languages	55,510	28,335	27,180
Berber languages	200	110	95
Kabyle	160	75	85
Tamazight	35	25	10
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	395	230	165
Hausa	370	215	155
Mina	25	15	10
Coptic	45	30	15
Cushitic languages	13,440	6,560	6,880
Bilen	550	275	275
Oromo	2,605	1,305	1,295
Somali	10,405	5,025	5,385
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50
Semitic languages	44,095	22,820	21,265
Amharic	5,920	3,095	2,825
Arabic	33,200	17,375	15,830
Aramaic languages	190	90	100
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80	35	45
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	60	35	20
Aramaic, n.o.s.	55	25	35
Harari	275	145	130
Hebrew	1,305	725	580
Maltese	10	0	10
Tigrigna	6,425	3,230	3,195
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	215	160	50
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,220	6,165	7,055
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,015	480	530
Vietnamese	12,200	5,685	6,510
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	40	35
Austronesian languages	58,930	25,995	32,940
Bikol	305	160	150
Bisaya, n.o.s.	970	435	535
Cebuano	2,935	1,305	1,635
Fijian	110	55	60
Hiligaynon	1,300	540	760
Ilocano	4,370	1,815	2,550
Indonesian	755	290	465
Kankanaey	210	60	145
Kinaray-a	60	25	35
Malagasy languages	20	10	15
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	15
Malay	690	335	355
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	885	425	465
Pangasinan	410	160	250
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55,850	24,620	31,230
Waray-Waray	295	110	190
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,585	740	845
Creole languages	2,405	1,190	1,220
Haitian Creole	665	345	320
Jamaican English Creole	175	75	95
Krio	380	190	190
Morisyen	330	170	160
Sango	30	20	0
Creole, n.o.s.	565	265	300
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	200	220
Dravidian languages	11,580	5,850	5,730
Kannada	535	275	260
Malayalam	6,130	3,085	3,045
Tamil	4,375	2,345	2,035
Telugu	2,030	980	1,055
Tulu	40	25	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15
Georgian	80	50	35
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	191,820	94,550	97,270
Albanian	920	510	410
Armenian	205	95	110
Balto-Slavic languages	31,195	14,495	16,705
Baltic languages	265	100	160
Latvian	95	30	60
Lithuanian	170	70	100
Slavic languages	31,075	14,440	16,640
Belarusian	155	75	80
Bulgarian	495	250	250
Czech	775	370	405
Macedonian	250	115	135
Polish	9,140	4,365	4,775
Russian	9,120	4,280	4,835
Rusyn	35	25	10
Serbo-Croatian	5,195	2,580	2,615
Bosnian	1,280	625	655
Croatian	2,500	1,280	1,215
Serbian	2,565	1,250	1,315
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	125	60	65
Slovak	530	245	280
Slovene (Slovenian)	265	120	145
Ukrainian	9,900	4,235	5,665
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20
Celtic languages	275	100	175
Irish	145	55	95
Scottish Gaelic	45	20	30
Welsh	50	30	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35	0	30
Germanic languages	17,595	8,380	9,215
Frisian	60	25	35
High German languages	13,130	6,370	6,760
German	12,980	6,285	6,700
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	155	85	75
Yiddish	65	50	20
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,780	1,730	2,050
Afrikaans	855	430	430
Dutch	2,660	1,180	1,475
Low German, n.o.s.	70	25	40
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	215	110	105
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	25	25
Scandinavian languages	1,080	540	540
Danish	435	225	210
Icelandic	60	25	35
Norwegian	260	150	110
Swedish	370	170	200
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Greek	1,405	730	675
Indo-Iranian languages	100,910	51,360	49,550
Indo-Aryan languages	93,710	47,630	46,080
Assamese	105	55	50
Bengali	3,720	1,890	1,820
Gujarati	10,175	5,150	5,025
Hindi	39,515	20,190	19,330
Kacchi	1,040	470	575
Kashmiri	110	50	60
Konkani	285	160	125
Marathi	1,385	695	690
Nepali	2,435	1,260	1,175
Oriya languages	95	45	50
Odia	25	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	70	35	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	49,965	25,560	24,405
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	590	310	280
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,735	840	890
Urdu	15,820	8,035	7,785
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	615	335	285
Iranian languages	8,250	4,255	3,995
Baluchi	25	20	0
Kurdish	905	510	395
Parsi	10	10	0
Pashto	1,120	585	530
Persian languages	6,445	3,305	3,140
Dari	2,150	1,080	1,075
Iranian Persian	3,620	1,865	1,750
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	760	395	360
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	120	85	40
Italic (Romance) languages	44,360	21,370	22,990
Catalan	30	20	10
Italian	6,730	3,245	3,480
Portuguese	5,550	2,745	2,805
Romanian	2,650	1,325	1,325
Spanish	31,095	14,890	16,205
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	155	80	80
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	90	45	50
Japanese	2,830	1,250	1,580
Korean	7,565	3,465	4,100
Mongolian	115	50	65
Niger-Congo languages	17,175	8,615	8,560
Akan (Twi)	1,565	755	815
Bamanankan	80	50	30
Edo	290	150	140
Éwé	270	145	125
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	245	135	120
Ga	185	95	85
Ganda	540	245	295
Gikuyu	160	75	85
Igbo	1,260	580	675
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,480	780	700
Lingala	855	455	400
Luba-Kasai	90	45	45
Mòoré	40	10	30
Mwani	30	15	15
Ndebele	480	225	255
Rundi (Kirundi)	990	515	475
Shona	1,025	450	580
Soninke	50	35	15
Sotho-Tswana languages	105	35	65
Swahili	4,715	2,530	2,185
Wojenaka	95	55	45
Wolof	450	225	220
Yoruba	3,005	1,560	1,445
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,755	1,330	1,425
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,185	625	555
Dinka	465	245	220
Nuer	275	135	145
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	435	245	190
African, n.o.s.	180	105	75
Sign languages	2,090	835	1,255
American Sign Language	1,830	705	1,120
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	315	135	175
Sino-Tibetan languages	54,070	25,675	28,390
Chinese languages	53,025	25,175	27,850
Hakka	960	420	540
Mandarin	31,415	14,695	16,720
Min Dong	20	0	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,605	675	930
Wu (Shanghainese)	240	125	120
Yue (Cantonese)	28,425	13,485	14,940
Chinese, n.o.s.	680	305	375
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30
Tibeto-Burman languages	990	480	505
Burmese	320	150	170
Kuki-Chin languages	35	20	15
Karenic languages	605	305	305
S'gaw Karen	555	270	280
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30
Tibetan	25	20	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	135	55	85
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	20	70
Tai-Kadai languages	1,325	570	755
Lao	495	230	265
Thai	790	320	470
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	165	70	90
Turkic languages	3,285	1,805	1,480
Azerbaijani	350	195	160
Kazakh	30	20	15
Turkish	2,760	1,555	1,205
Uyghur	85	45	40
Uzbek	125	70	60
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	115	50	70
Uralic languages	1,610	810	805
Estonian	30	10	20
Finnish	195	90	105
Hungarian	1,385	710	675
Other languages, n.i.e.	460	240	220
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	996,485	496,015	500,470
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	58,165	27,510	30,660
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	56,235	26,555	29,675
First Nations (North American Indian)	27,840	12,920	14,920
Métis	27,570	13,285	14,285
Inuk (Inuit)	820	350	465
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,300	660	640
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	635	290	340
Non-Indigenous identity	938,320	468,505	469,815
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	996,485	496,015	500,470
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	23,320	10,665	12,655
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	973,165	485,350	487,815
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	396,400	...	...
Owner	252,150	...	...
Renter	144,245	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	396,400	...	...
Condominium	94,750	...	...
Not condominium	301,645	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	396,400	...	...
No bedrooms	3,860	...	...
1 bedroom	55,090	...	...
2 bedrooms	94,340	...	...
3 bedrooms	136,735	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	106,380	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	396,400	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	138,580	...	...
5 rooms	65,915	...	...
6 rooms	54,345	...	...
7 rooms	42,880	...	...
8 or more rooms	94,680	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	396,400	...	...
One person or fewer per room	381,040	...	...
More than one person per room	15,355	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	396,400	...	...
Suitable	370,185	...	...
Not suitable	26,210	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	396,400	...	...
1960 or before	50,230	...	...
1961 to 1980	110,385	...	...
1981 to 1990	43,560	...	...
1991 to 2000	39,315	...	...
2001 to 2005	32,950	...	...
2006 to 2010	34,225	...	...
2011 to 2015	42,510	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	43,230	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	396,400	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	375,390	...	...
Major repairs needed	21,010	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	396,400	...	...
One-maintainer household	200,305	...	...
Two-maintainer household	171,270	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	24,820	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	396,400	...	...
15 to 24 years	15,715	...	...
25 to 34 years	72,840	...	...
35 to 44 years	85,785	...	...
45 to 54 years	70,715	...	...
55 to 64 years	70,130	...	...
65 to 74 years	48,765	...	...
75 to 84 years	22,995	...	...
85 years and over	9,455	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	394,485	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	298,595	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	95,885	...	...
30% to less than 100%	87,405	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	396,400	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	130,890	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	85,155	...	...
Not suitable only	20,340	...	...
Major repairs needed only	13,440	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,385	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,080	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,220	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	270	...	...
Acceptable housing	265,515	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	386,005	...	...
In core need	46,155	...	...
Not in core need	339,850	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	252,090	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,680	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	384,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	419,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	144,250	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,302	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	996,485	496,015	500,475
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	24,160	11,380	12,780
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	23,160	10,940	12,220
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	16,895	7,895	9,005
Métis single ancestry	5,930	2,885	3,050
Inuit single ancestry	335	165	170
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	995	435	555
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	920	405	515
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	55	20	30
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	10
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	41,540	20,000	21,545
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	39,910	19,225	20,685
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	23,575	11,345	12,235
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15,795	7,585	8,205
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	290	245
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,630	770	855
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,490	700	785
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	30	35
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	35	25
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	15
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	930,790	464,640	466,150
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	996,485	496,015	500,470
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	863,500	431,725	431,775
Canadian citizens aged under 18	197,490	101,310	96,185
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	666,005	330,415	335,590
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	132,985	64,290	68,700
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	996,485	496,015	500,470
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	648,190	326,580	321,610
Immigrants⁸¹	324,310	156,800	167,515
Before 1980	37,140	18,260	18,880
1980 to 1990	32,440	16,020	16,420
1991 to 2000	41,995	19,605	22,390
2001 to 2010	77,150	37,305	39,840
2011 to 2021⁸²	135,590	65,605	69,990
2011 to 2015	67,510	33,300	34,210
2016 to 2021	68,085	32,305	35,780
Non-permanent residents⁸³	23,985	12,640	11,345
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	324,315	156,795	167,515
Under 5 years	26,970	13,990	12,975
5 to 14 years	53,855	27,560	26,290
15 to 24 years	61,200	28,385	32,815
25 to 44 years	151,325	72,445	78,875
45 years and over	30,970	14,415	16,550
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	324,315	156,795	167,515
Americas	28,960	13,630	15,325
Brazil	995	375	615
Colombia	2,720	1,315	1,405
El Salvador	2,525	1,170	1,355
Guyana	1,145	570	575
Haiti	600	315	280
Jamaica	3,440	1,590	1,855
Mexico	2,820	1,430	1,385
Peru	485	205	280
Trinidad and Tobago	1,370	625	745
United States of America	6,290	2,855	3,440
Other places of birth in Americas	6,570	3,175	3,390
Europe	47,105	23,130	23,975
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,530	775	750
Croatia	1,315	670	650
France	715	320	395
Germany	4,025	1,950	2,080
Greece	560	310	245
Hungary	650	320	330
Italy	2,755	1,320	1,435
Netherlands	2,005	980	1,030
Poland	6,475	3,040	3,435
Portugal	2,085	1,035	1,045
Romania	1,915	940	970
Russian Federation	1,945	830	1,120
Serbia⁸⁶	830	400	430
Ukraine	3,615	1,585	2,025
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,990	5,285	4,705
Other places of birth in Europe	6,690	3,360	3,335
Africa	47,395	23,980	23,415
Algeria	365	220	145
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,830	940	890
Egypt	2,670	1,460	1,210
Eritrea	4,090	2,235	1,855
Ethiopia	5,605	2,675	2,930
Morocco	890	435	450
Nigeria	5,675	2,995	2,680
Somalia	5,765	2,835	2,930
South Africa, Republic of	1,805	865	940
Other places of birth in Africa	18,700	9,300	9,395
Asia	196,955	94,215	102,745
Afghanistan	1,850	880	970
Iran⁸⁸	2,630	1,360	1,275
Iraq	1,780	960	825
Lebanon	4,550	2,440	2,110
Syria⁸⁹	4,370	2,355	2,010
Turkey	1,525	915	615
China⁹⁰	21,110	9,560	11,545
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,985	3,430	3,550
Korea, South⁹²	5,565	2,580	2,990
Taiwan	935	385	550
Philippines	54,855	24,295	30,565
Viet Nam	10,285	4,825	5,460
Bangladesh	2,055	1,045	1,015
India	50,440	25,490	24,950
Pakistan	8,900	4,475	4,420
Sri Lanka	2,150	1,090	1,060
Other places of birth in Asia	16,975	8,130	8,840
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,890	1,840	2,055
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	68,085	32,305	35,780
Americas	5,305	2,495	2,805
Brazil	295	120	180
Colombia	455	200	250
Haiti	85	50	30
Jamaica	950	460	490
Mexico	1,035	565	475
United States of America	1,120	530	595
Venezuela⁹⁵	170	65	100
Other places of birth in Americas	1,200	510	690
Europe	4,400	2,165	2,235
France	120	70	50
Germany	160	60	100
Ireland⁹⁶	280	165	120
Italy	150	85	65
Russian Federation	260	100	165
Ukraine	745	310	435
United Kingdom⁸⁷	785	435	350
Other places of birth in Europe	1,890	940	950
Africa	13,520	6,490	7,030
Algeria	45	20	25
Burundi	380	200	180
Cameroon	380	145	230
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	590	285	305
Côte d'Ivoire	190	75	115
Egypt	480	230	250
Eritrea	2,045	1,020	1,020
Ethiopia	1,580	705	875
Morocco	175	65	115
Nigeria	2,770	1,430	1,340
Somalia	1,275	665	615
South Africa, Republic of	295	130	160
Sudan⁹⁷	485	220	260
Tunisia	135	70	65
Other places of birth in Africa	2,705	1,235	1,470
Asia	44,495	20,955	23,540
Afghanistan	415	225	190
Bangladesh	440	200	245
China⁹⁰	3,540	1,540	2,005
Hong Kong⁹¹	345	160	180
India	14,005	7,085	6,920
Iran⁸⁸	510	230	275
Iraq	315	165	150
Israel	270	160	110
Japan	85	10	75
Jordan	240	125	120
Korea, South⁹²	1,195	485	705
Lebanon	420	190	225
Nepal	510	235	275
Pakistan	1,295	600	690
Philippines	14,200	6,285	7,915
Saudi Arabia	375	170	205
Sri Lanka	415	200	215
Syria⁸⁹	3,310	1,795	1,515
Turkey	415	215	200
United Arab Emirates	260	140	120
Viet Nam	670	230	435
Other places of birth in Asia	1,270	510	760
Oceania and other⁹³	365	195	170
Australia	185	125	55
Other places of birth⁹⁸	185	70	110
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	996,485	496,015	500,470
First generation¹⁰⁰	356,830	173,885	182,945
Second generation¹⁰¹	217,370	108,715	108,655
Third generation or more¹⁰²	422,280	213,410	208,870
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	287,175	138,540	148,640
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	153,380	77,385	75,995
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	64,270	38,640	25,635
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	89,110	38,745	50,360
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	81,980	33,610	48,370
Refugees¹⁰⁸	49,110	26,205	22,910
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,705	1,340	1,365
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	287,175	138,540	148,640
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	11,065	6,320	4,745
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	38,980	17,800	21,185
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	8,135	4,145	3,995
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,930	10,110	7,815
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,160	480	680
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	209,905	99,685	110,215
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	996,485	496,015	500,470
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	426,195	210,120	216,070
South Asian	114,985	58,570	56,420
Chinese	59,740	28,960	30,780
Black	75,525	37,955	37,570
Filipino	70,550	32,405	38,140
Arab	30,485	15,920	14,565
Latin American	19,455	9,445	10,010
Southeast Asian	19,205	9,015	10,190
West Asian	7,690	3,960	3,730
Korean	8,045	3,790	4,255
Japanese	2,180	950	1,235
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,240	2,040	2,205
Multiple visible minorities	14,090	7,115	6,975
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	570,295	285,890	284,400
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	996,490	496,015	500,470
Canadian	84,995	44,550	40,445
English	132,440	65,940	66,495
Irish	108,030	52,370	55,655
Scottish	116,785	57,665	59,120
French, n.o.s.¹²²	73,060	36,180	36,880
German	115,540	56,870	58,665
Chinese	64,525	30,980	33,550
Italian	22,640	11,365	11,280
Indian (India)	61,940	31,180	30,755
Ukrainian	92,615	44,880	47,730
Dutch	29,900	14,705	15,195
Polish	44,080	20,835	23,240
Québécois	1,270	740	530
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	23,035	11,785	11,250
Filipino	67,395	31,160	36,235
French Canadian	7,185	3,370	3,815
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	13,740	7,090	6,645
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	15,175	7,125	8,045
Métis	24,235	11,630	12,605
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	13,250	6,990	6,260
Russian	17,395	8,210	9,185
Norwegian	25,790	12,575	13,220
Welsh	14,425	7,240	7,185
Portuguese	8,175	4,175	3,995
American	10,515	5,150	5,370
Spanish	11,065	5,110	5,955
Swedish	16,210	7,425	8,785
Hungarian	8,750	4,395	4,360
Acadian	1,955	995	960
Pakistani	12,175	6,155	6,015
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	13,365	6,685	6,680
Jewish	4,210	2,110	2,100
Punjabi	15,425	8,010	7,415
Vietnamese	14,465	7,020	7,445
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	9,970	5,220	4,755
Greek	3,645	1,950	1,690
Jamaican	5,455	2,730	2,725
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,650	4,675	4,980
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	13,325	6,290	7,035
Korean	7,835	3,720	4,110
Romanian	7,430	3,580	3,850
Lebanese	12,085	6,080	6,005
Iranian	3,440	1,770	1,665
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,070	1,530	1,540
Danish	8,805	4,245	4,560
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	6,775	3,330	3,445
Sikh	10,965	5,715	5,245
Austrian	7,995	4,030	3,965
Belgian	4,090	2,000	2,095
Haitian	815	425	390
Hindu	9,145	4,720	4,430
Mexican	5,240	2,595	2,640
Mennonite	2,330	1,065	1,260
Swiss	3,485	1,735	1,745
Finnish	3,165	1,455	1,710
Sri Lankan	2,120	1,050	1,070
Croatian	3,960	2,010	1,950
Japanese	3,235	1,490	1,745
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,120	1,535	1,585
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,390	695	695
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,725	2,505	2,220
Muslim	5,170	2,555	2,615
Egyptian	3,775	2,025	1,755
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,190	1,580	1,615
Tamil	1,360	715	650
Icelandic	3,185	1,620	1,560
Colombian	2,875	1,400	1,475
Moroccan	1,140	600	545
Czech	3,530	1,575	1,955
Syrian	3,980	2,075	1,905
Guyanese	1,355	730	625
Afghan	2,805	1,415	1,390
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,810	1,380	1,430
Serbian	2,680	1,310	1,370
Ojibway	1,060	520	535
Newfoundlander	1,320	715	610
Hong Konger	2,385	1,245	1,140
Ontarian	470	250	220
Persian	1,420	700	720
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,960	960	1,000
Turkish	3,100	1,735	1,370
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	965	500	465
Bangladeshi	2,370	1,300	1,070
Algerian	410	195	220
Brazilian	1,340	595	745
Nigerian	3,995	2,020	1,975
Armenian	515	250	265
Slovak	1,985	975	1,015
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,710	785	925
Somali	11,460	5,590	5,870
Taiwanese	1,070	460	605
Iraqi	1,270	705	570
Salvadorean	2,900	1,380	1,525
African Caribbean	915	435	480
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,285	1,065	1,220
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,145	1,205	940
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,650	735	915
Algonquin	360	145	215
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	750	370	380
Lithuanian	1,460	695	765
South African	1,465	685	790
Australian	1,345	665	690
Palestinian	2,080	1,085	1,000
Chilean	2,790	1,390	1,400
Congolese	1,830	945	885
Nova Scotian	345	160	180
Ethiopian	5,165	2,475	2,685
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,515	705	810
Peruvian	735	330	410
Yoruba	2,350	1,230	1,120
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,740	875	865
Berber	370	200	170
Albanian	950	530	420
Maltese	220	125	95
Macedonian	290	135	160
Slovenian	1,035	520	515
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,005	465	545
New Brunswicker	315	180	135
Gujarati	1,920	945	975
Eritrean	4,580	2,295	2,280
African Canadian	1,000	500	500
Israeli	505	290	210
Mohawk	465	205	265
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,410	605	805
Bulgarian	615	310	300
Albertan	4,100	2,070	2,025
Ghanaian	1,845	890	955
Barbadian	540	300	245
African American	1,100	585	520
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,060	480	575
Tunisian	470	260	215
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,165	625	545
Cuban	650	330	320
Bosnian	1,435	735	695
Venezuelan	605	315	290
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	25	10	15
Latvian	705	340	360
Bengali	760	385	375
Cameroonian	860	365	490
Guatemalan	665	320	345
Indonesian	1,115	470	645
Laotian	740	370	370
Ilocano	1,935	860	1,070
Northern Irish	570	275	300
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	460	255	205
British Columbian	285	115	165
Ecuadorian	345	170	180
Franco Ontarian	45	20	30
Argentinian	450	225	225
Estonian	455	230	225
Kurdish	1,025	540	485
Fijian	2,335	1,115	1,220
Jatt	1,150	580	570
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	350	195	150
Coptic	720	350	365
Thai	1,130	435	695
Dominican	325	155	170
Nepali	1,860	975	890
Kabyle	110	70	35
Assyrian	195	85	105
Igbo	1,355	740	625
Byelorussian	875	430	445
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,050	495	555
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	560	290	275
Abenaki	35	10	25
Moldovan	570	265	305
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	290	150	140
New Zealander	610	290	315
Sudanese	1,700	945	760
Breton	120	60	60
Pennsylvania Dutch	315	140	175
Malaysian	1,150	485	660
Plains Cree	950	430	515
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	340	165	175
Huron (Wendat)	55	40	20
Saskatchewanian	500	230	270
Buddhist	925	445	480
Gaspesian	15	0	10
Norman	185	120	65
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,135	590	540
Ivorian	405	175	230
Saulteaux	385	155	230
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	175	80	95
Burundian	805	420	385
Tigrinya	2,465	1,290	1,175
Nicaraguan	510	275	240
Mauritian	355	175	185
Kenyan	1,035	495	545
Oji-Cree	65	15	50
Vincentian	105	45	60
Jordanian	595	305	290
Manitoban	210	125	85
Cape Bretoner	145	55	85
Rwandan	990	525	470
Grenadian	255	120	140
Malayali	755	385	375
Chaldean	50	25	25
Sinhalese	460	235	225
Mayan	330	155	175
Honduran	345	140	205
Cherokee	395	190	210
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	70	25	45
Indo-Caribbean	135	65	65
Flemish	280	145	135
United Empire Loyalist	85	50	40
Senegalese	205	95	110
Azerbaijani	265	125	135
Sicilian	65	45	20
Pashtun	370	190	175
Malay	570	295	280
Goan	130	70	55
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	340	160	180
Tibetan	30	20	10
Zimbabwean	1,345	600	740
Burmese	415	200	210
Mongolian	390	185	205
Azorean	90	45	40
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	160	75	85
Indo-Guyanese	160	90	70
Ugandan	970	470	500
Oromo	1,885	1,010	870
Tanzanian	555	295	260
Yemeni	475	225	250
Central African	220	115	100
Libyan	440	285	155
Basque	125	65	60
Uruguayan	80	55	25
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	270	130	140
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	295	140	155
Igorot	675	310	365
Fulani	265	140	125
Woodland Cree	275	115	160
Guinean	150	70	80
St. Lucian	155	80	80
Prince Edward Islander	55	25	30
Maliseet	10	0	0
Beninese	145	70	75
Telugu	250	135	115
Roma	145	75	70
Costa Rican	225	100	125
African Nova Scotian	55	30	25
Malagasy	55	10	45
Kashmiri	315	130	180
Singaporean	270	130	140
Karen	560	260	295
Edo	405	220	190
Tajik	50	30	20
Amhara	800	420	380
Paraguayan	50	20	35
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	996,485	496,015	500,470
Buddhist	15,365	6,895	8,475
Christian	444,690	208,455	236,230
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	90,430	42,855	47,575
Anabaptist	1,070	475	595
Anglican	17,325	7,855	9,470
Baptist	10,845	4,985	5,860
Catholic	208,905	99,210	109,695
Christian Orthodox	23,445	11,260	12,185
Jehovah's Witness	3,770	1,580	2,185
Latter Day Saints	5,030	2,400	2,625
Lutheran	13,840	6,365	7,475
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,405	645	760
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	14,500	6,580	7,920
Presbyterian	3,915	1,870	2,045
Reformed	2,600	1,175	1,425
United Church	22,375	9,525	12,850
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	25,235	11,665	13,565
Hindu	33,905	17,315	16,585
Jewish	3,515	1,700	1,820
Muslim	83,015	42,155	40,860
Sikh	41,385	21,030	20,360
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,995	845	1,160
Other religions and spiritual traditions	9,965	4,570	5,395
No religion and secular perspectives	362,645	193,055	169,590
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	984,475	489,965	494,510
Non-movers	837,690	417,305	420,390
Movers	146,785	72,660	74,125
Non-migrants	112,710	55,955	56,755
Migrants	34,075	16,710	17,370
Internal migrants	25,540	12,690	12,845
Intraprovincial migrants	15,395	7,690	7,710
Interprovincial migrants	10,140	5,000	5,135
External migrants	8,540	4,020	4,520
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	935,115	464,320	470,795
Non-movers	515,210	255,095	260,110
Movers	419,905	209,230	210,685
Non-migrants	265,930	133,325	132,600
Migrants	153,980	75,900	78,080
Internal migrants	99,140	49,690	49,450
Intraprovincial migrants	62,145	31,260	30,885
Interprovincial migrants	36,995	18,435	18,560
External migrants	54,840	26,210	28,635
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	812,605	401,755	410,850
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	134,660	69,305	65,360
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	677,945	332,455	345,490
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	562,080	280,190	281,890
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	65,480	35,675	29,810
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	496,600	244,525	252,080
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	812,610	401,755	410,850
No certificate, diploma or degree	119,345	59,695	59,655
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	227,215	115,415	111,795
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	466,045	226,640	239,405
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	224,565	116,770	107,795
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	59,580	46,555	13,025
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	19,095	11,510	7,595
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	40,485	35,050	5,430
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	134,560	57,885	76,675
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,425	12,325	18,100
Bachelor's degree or higher	241,480	109,870	131,610
Bachelor's degree	163,340	71,690	91,650
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	12,350	5,475	6,875
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	7,790	4,010	3,785
Master's degree	47,840	22,675	25,160
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	10,155	6,020	4,135
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	562,080	280,195	281,885
No certificate, diploma or degree	55,060	29,320	25,740
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	132,900	70,435	62,460
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	374,120	180,440	193,685
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	173,745	90,680	83,060
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	44,965	35,315	9,645
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	13,875	8,555	5,320
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	31,085	26,760	4,330
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	105,310	45,865	59,440
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,480	9,500	13,980
Bachelor's degree or higher	200,380	89,755	110,620
Bachelor's degree	134,645	58,570	76,080
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,695	4,305	5,390
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,555	3,180	3,375
Master's degree	41,455	19,190	22,260
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,035	4,510	3,525
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	812,610	401,755	410,855
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	346,560	175,110	171,450
Education	30,710	7,425	23,285
13. Education	30,710	7,425	23,285
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,315	5,610	7,705
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,640	1,020	625
50. Visual and performing arts	11,675	4,590	7,080
Humanities	21,795	8,875	12,925
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,430	555	1,870
23. English language and literature/letters	4,615	1,425	3,190
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,445	2,775	4,665
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	330	115	215
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,500	890	605
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,570	1,585	985
54. History	2,405	1,370	1,035
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	500	150	350
Social and behavioural sciences and law	47,530	16,035	31,495
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	900	235	665
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,450	2,290	3,160
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,430	720	6,710
22. Legal professions and studies	8,385	3,215	5,175
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	745	225	520
42. Psychology	9,265	2,365	6,895
45. Social sciences	15,345	6,985	8,365
Business, management and public administration	98,255	40,945	57,315
30.16 Accounting and computer science	195	60	130
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,655	1,280	4,375
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	92,410	39,600	52,805
Physical and life sciences and technologies	23,445	11,210	12,235
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	9,365	3,965	5,400
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,100	2,605	3,495
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	215	65	155
40. Physical sciences	6,495	4,090	2,410
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,265	495	775
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	21,415	13,385	8,030
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,275	11,645	5,630
25. Library science	1,430	280	1,150
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,360	1,245	1,110
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	350	210	140
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	104,730	92,470	12,260
04. Architecture and related services	3,225	1,995	1,230
14. Engineering	31,235	25,260	5,980
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,095	20,795	3,300
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	15	10
46. Construction trades	21,010	20,210	800
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	13,670	13,180	490
48. Precision production	11,465	11,015	450
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,965	4,080	3,885
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,985	2,375	2,610
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,985	1,705	1,275
Health and related fields	76,555	16,550	60,005
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,425	2,235	2,185
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	69,675	12,990	56,690
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	140	60	80
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,320	1,270	1,045
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,270	10,025	10,245
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,510	4,095	8,415
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	105	100	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	175	140	35
43. Security and protective services	3,955	2,520	1,445
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,520	3,170	350
Other¹⁷⁹	60	25	35
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	562,085	280,195	281,885
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	187,960	99,755	88,200
Education	21,810	5,040	16,770
13. Education	21,810	5,040	16,770
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,765	4,500	6,270
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,150	705	440
50. Visual and performing arts	9,615	3,795	5,820
Humanities	17,020	6,795	10,220
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,965	455	1,510
23. English language and literature/letters	3,575	1,080	2,495
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,040	2,200	3,840
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	270	110	170
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,190	700	490
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,815	1,140	685
54. History	1,820	1,025	795
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	340	90	245
Social and behavioural sciences and law	39,175	12,835	26,340
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	755	195	560
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,630	1,845	2,785
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,875	600	5,280
22. Legal professions and studies	6,990	2,445	4,545
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	650	190	460
42. Psychology	7,420	1,820	5,600
45. Social sciences	12,855	5,745	7,115
Business, management and public administration	81,015	33,500	47,520
30.16 Accounting and computer science	155	60	95
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,505	935	3,570
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	76,360	32,505	43,855
Physical and life sciences and technologies	18,045	8,510	9,545
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,380	3,105	4,275
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,575	1,940	2,630
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	150	50	100
40. Physical sciences	5,025	3,050	1,980
41. Science technologies/technicians	920	360	560
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,605	11,665	6,945
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	15,365	10,315	5,050
25. Library science	1,085	235	850
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,875	950	925
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	290	170	115
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	83,240	72,585	10,660
04. Architecture and related services	2,525	1,500	1,020
14. Engineering	26,095	20,830	5,270
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	19,290	16,440	2,845
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10
46. Construction trades	16,595	15,850	745
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	9,965	9,540	425
48. Precision production	8,765	8,420	345
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,465	3,135	3,335
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,925	1,720	2,205
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,540	1,410	1,130
Health and related fields	61,845	13,710	48,145
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,450	1,780	1,670
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	56,370	10,885	45,485
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	130	55	75
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,890	990	905
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,060	8,150	7,915
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,670	3,250	6,415
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	95	90	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	120	100	15
43. Security and protective services	3,330	2,130	1,205
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,855	2,580	270
Other¹⁷⁹	60	25	35
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	562,085	280,195	281,885
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	187,960	99,755	88,200
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	374,125	180,435	193,685
Location of study inside Canada	270,890	132,780	138,110
Same as province or territory of residence	220,310	107,070	113,240
Different than province or territory of residence	50,580	25,710	24,870
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	103,235	47,655	55,575
Americas	12,305	6,030	6,275
United States of America	7,125	3,680	3,445
Mexico	1,255	635	620
Cuba	200	80	120
Haiti	105	70	35
Jamaica	610	280	330
Brazil	540	215	325
Colombia	705	260	445
Peru	145	40	100
Venezuela⁹⁵	255	105	155
Other locations of study in Americas	1,365	655	710
Europe	13,955	7,230	6,725
Belgium	145	110	30
France	510	270	235
Germany	825	425	400
Netherlands	235	125	110
Switzerland	150	85	60
Hungary	130	65	65
Moldova¹⁸³	250	105	140
Poland	1,275	590	685
Romania	660	315	350
Russian Federation	830	410	420
Ukraine	1,665	725	940
Ireland⁹⁶	530	305	225
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,120	2,320	1,805
Bosnia and Herzegovina	290	145	145
Italy	210	110	90
Serbia⁸⁶	300	150	155
Other locations of study in Europe	1,835	965	865
Africa	9,535	4,890	4,640
Nigeria	2,095	1,070	1,025
Algeria	190	105	85
Morocco	450	235	220
Tunisia	245	135	105
Egypt	1,310	650	655
South Africa, Republic of	560	275	285
Other locations of study in Africa	4,685	2,415	2,275
Asia	65,865	28,640	37,225
Iran⁸⁸	1,180	555	625
Iraq	410	220	195
Israel	190	95	90
Lebanon	695	325	370
Syria⁸⁹	520	255	265
Turkey	460	280	175
China⁹⁰	5,330	2,250	3,075
Taiwan	260	85	170
Hong Kong⁹¹	385	105	275
Japan	430	135	295
Korea, South⁹²	1,985	875	1,100
Philippines	24,240	9,515	14,725
Viet Nam	530	180	350
Bangladesh	925	385	535
Sri Lanka	575	300	275
India	21,705	10,430	11,280
Pakistan	3,110	1,420	1,695
Other locations of study in Asia	2,955	1,225	1,725
Oceania	1,580	870	710
Australia	1,130	595	535
New Zealand	235	145	85
Other locations of study in Oceania	215	135	80
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	812,610	401,755	410,850
In the labour force	554,040	291,355	262,685
Employed	483,855	254,785	229,075
Unemployed	70,185	36,580	33,605
Not in the labour force	258,565	110,395	148,170
Participation rate	68.2	72.5	63.9
Employment rate	59.5	63.4	55.8
Unemployment rate	12.7	12.6	12.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	812,610	401,755	410,855
Did not work¹⁸⁶	280,650	123,465	157,185
Worked	531,960	278,290	253,670
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	274,975	154,230	120,745
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	256,990	124,060	132,920
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.2	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	554,040	291,360	262,685
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885	9,725	10,165
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	534,160	281,635	252,525
Employee	467,470	239,985	227,485
Permanent position	382,595	196,890	185,705
Temporary position	84,870	43,095	41,780
Fixed term (1 year or more)	28,125	13,410	14,715
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	56,745	29,685	27,060
Self-employed¹⁹²	66,690	41,655	25,035
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	554,040	291,360	262,685
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885	9,725	10,165
All occupations¹⁹¹	534,160	281,635	252,525
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,535	3,060	1,475
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	90,840	29,005	61,835
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	45,680	35,190	10,495
3 Health occupations	50,115	10,955	39,165
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	65,050	23,350	41,700
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	12,985	5,655	7,330
6 Sales and service occupations	137,280	61,675	75,605
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	102,620	93,235	9,380
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	7,815	6,290	1,530
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	17,230	13,215	4,005
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	554,040	291,360	262,685
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	19,885	9,725	10,165
All industries¹⁹¹	534,160	281,635	252,525
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,415	1,365	1,050
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	10,225	8,845	1,375
22 Utilities	5,075	3,455	1,620
23 Construction	50,765	43,385	7,380
31-33 Manufacturing	29,530	22,080	7,450
41 Wholesale trade	18,070	12,820	5,250
44-45 Retail trade	63,085	29,795	33,290
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	31,195	24,670	6,530
51 Information and cultural industries	7,440	4,530	2,910
52 Finance and insurance	18,335	7,520	10,820
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	9,980	5,465	4,515
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	41,125	23,680	17,450
55 Management of companies and enterprises	720	350	375
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	23,660	13,670	9,995
61 Educational services	39,035	13,465	25,570
62 Health care and social assistance	77,255	16,835	60,420
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,445	4,525	4,920
72 Accommodation and food services	35,390	15,735	19,655
81 Other services (except public administration)	25,285	11,815	13,475
91 Public administration	36,125	17,640	18,485
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	578,920	302,735	276,180
English	548,320	287,800	260,520
French	1,195	380	815
Non-official language	3,930	2,005	1,925
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	3,920	2,005	1,920
English and French	5,490	2,280	3,210
English and non-official language(s)	19,270	9,945	9,325
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	450	210	240
Multiple non-official languages	255	120	135
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	578,920	302,735	276,180
Single responses	574,590	300,505	274,090
Official languages	567,195	296,680	270,520
English	565,135	296,060	269,075
French	2,065	620	1,445
Non-official languages	7,395	3,820	3,570
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	15
Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,380	3,820	3,560
Afro-Asiatic languages	445	235	210
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	110	50	65
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	15	0	10
Somali	100	45	50
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	335	185	150
Amharic	50	25	25
Arabic	225	125	100
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	10	10	0
Tigrigna	50	25	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	410	150	260
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	405	145	255
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	320	130	190
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	10	0	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	300	125	175
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	50	25	25
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	20	10	15
Tamil	15	10	10
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	3,195	1,865	1,330
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	270	95	180
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	270	95	180
Bulgarian	10	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	80	35	45
Russian	100	15	90
Serbo-Croatian	25	15	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	20	15	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	60	30	35
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	55	20	35
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	40	15	25
German	40	15	25
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	10	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,135	1,335	800
Indo-Aryan languages	2,050	1,290	760
Bengali	10	0	10
Gujarati	45	25	25
Hindi	145	70	75
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	20	0	15
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,780	1,160	620
Sindhi	15	0	10
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	45	25	15
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	85	40	40
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	80	40	40
Dari	35	10	25
Iranian Persian	25	15	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	725	415	315
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	10	0	10
Portuguese	30	15	15
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	675	390	280
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	40	0	40
Korean	380	165	220
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	15	15	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	100	40	65
American Sign Language	90	40	50
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,300	1,105	1,195
Chinese languages	2,280	1,090	1,190
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,010	500	515
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,255	590	665
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	0	15
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	15	0	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	80	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	90	80	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	4,325	2,230	2,095
English and French	730	330	405
English and non-official language(s)	3,490	1,855	1,630
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	25	15
Multiple non-official languages	50	15	35
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	578,920	302,735	276,180
None	557,280	292,170	265,110
English	3,750	1,755	1,990
French	3,945	1,735	2,215
Non-official language	11,560	5,915	5,645
Indigenous³⁹	220	95	125
Non-Indigenous	11,340	5,825	5,520
English and French	10	10	0
English and non-official language(s)	370	195	175
French and non-official language(s)	340	150	190
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	1,655	810	850
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	483,855	254,785	229,080
Worked at home	102,215	46,605	55,610
Worked outside Canada	1,335	930	400
No fixed workplace address	73,790	55,820	17,970
Usual place of work	306,525	151,430	155,095
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	306,525	151,430	155,095
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	257,805	119,720	138,085
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	40,125	25,390	14,740
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	6,670	5,005	1,665
Commute to a different province or territory	1,920	1,315	605
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	380,315	207,245	173,070
Car, truck or van	323,705	182,465	141,235
Car, truck or van - as a driver	298,320	173,695	124,630
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	25,380	8,775	16,605
Public transit	30,860	11,905	18,950
Walked	13,430	5,705	7,725
Bicycle	3,355	2,270	1,085
Other method	8,970	4,900	4,070
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	380,315	207,245	173,070
Less than 15 minutes	86,415	39,905	46,510
15 to 29 minutes	174,830	95,525	79,310
30 to 44 minutes	82,100	49,605	32,495
45 to 59 minutes	19,050	11,450	7,595
60 minutes and over	17,920	10,765	7,160
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	380,315	207,245	173,070
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	24,640	18,095	6,540
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	66,830	41,970	24,855
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	101,205	54,330	46,875
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	69,150	33,705	35,445
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	52,815	23,870	28,945
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	65,680	35,275	30,400
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	219,735	112,780	106,945
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,445	8,825	8,625
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	202,290	103,960	98,325
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	153,920	79,085	74,835
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,585	6,370	6,220
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,675	3,315	3,360
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,910	3,050	2,860
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	141,335	72,715	68,615

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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