Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Langley, District municipality (DM)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	132,603	...	...
Population, 2016¹	117,285	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	13.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	49,011	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	46,928	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	431.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	307.22	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	132,600	64,830	67,765
0 to 14 years	24,095	12,335	11,760
0 to 4 years	7,450	3,870	3,580
5 to 9 years	8,155	4,170	3,985
10 to 14 years	8,485	4,300	4,185
15 to 64 years	85,520	42,020	43,500
15 to 19 years	8,315	4,225	4,095
20 to 24 years	7,050	3,715	3,330
25 to 29 years	6,900	3,445	3,460
30 to 34 years	8,605	4,055	4,550
35 to 39 years	9,740	4,730	5,005
40 to 44 years	9,205	4,455	4,745
45 to 49 years	8,985	4,340	4,645
50 to 54 years	9,055	4,415	4,640
55 to 59 years	9,110	4,510	4,595
60 to 64 years	8,555	4,120	4,430
65 years and over	22,990	10,475	12,515
65 to 69 years	7,245	3,435	3,805
70 to 74 years	6,180	2,845	3,335
75 to 79 years	4,250	1,990	2,265
80 to 84 years	2,670	1,225	1,450
85 years and over	2,645	985	1,660
85 to 89 years	1,610	605	1,005
90 to 94 years	775	310	470
95 to 99 years	215	70	150
100 years and over	35	10	35
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.2	19.0	17.4
15 to 64 years	64.5	64.8	64.2
65 years and over	17.3	16.2	18.5
85 years and over	2.0	1.5	2.4
Average age of the population	40.7	39.8	41.6
Median age of the population	40.8	40.0	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,930	...	...
Single-detached house	22,335	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,015	...	...
Row house	10,125	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,690	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	3,425	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,310	...	...
Other single-attached house	60	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,965	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,930	...	...
1 person	9,635	...	...
2 persons	15,160	...	...
3 persons	7,810	...	...
4 persons	8,420	...	...
5 or more persons	5,905	...	...
Number of persons in private households	130,960	64,240	66,720
Average household size	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	108,510	52,500	56,010
Married or living common-law	68,070	33,910	34,165
Married	59,350	29,560	29,795
Living common-law	8,720	4,345	4,370
Living common law - Never married	5,900	2,965	2,935
Living common law - Separated	455	225	225
Living common law - Divorced	2,140	1,060	1,075
Living common law - Widowed	230	95	140
Not married and not living common-law	40,435	18,590	21,845
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,410	14,170	12,240
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,525	1,040	1,485
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,145	2,210	3,940
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,360	1,175	4,180
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	38,270	...	...
2 persons	17,960	...	...
3 persons	8,165	...	...
4 persons	8,665	...	...
5 or more persons	3,475	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	38,270	...	...
Total couple families	33,230	...	...
Married couples	28,870	...	...
With children⁶	16,685	...	...
Without children	12,185	...	...
Common-law couples	4,360	...	...
With children⁶	1,670	...	...
Without children	2,695	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,040	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,820	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,215	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	130,960	64,240	66,720
Total - Persons in census families	113,560	56,500	57,060
Married spouses or common-law partners	66,465	33,175	33,285
Parents in one-parent families	5,040	1,220	3,820
Children⁶	42,060	22,105	19,955
In a two-parent family	34,475	18,045	16,425
In a one-parent family	7,585	4,060	3,530
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	17,400	7,740	9,660
Living alone	9,630	4,115	5,520
Living with other relatives⁷	3,335	1,275	2,060
Living with non-relatives only	4,435	2,355	2,080
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,925	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	30,525	...	...
Couple-family households	26,950	...	...
With children⁶	15,025	...	...
Without children	11,925	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,580	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,400	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	820	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,155	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,395	...	...
One-person households	9,635	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	106,880	51,910	54,970
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,190	50,150	53,040
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	57,600	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,280	50,195	53,085
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	50,400	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,055	47,070	47,990
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	54,800	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,235	39,545	37,685
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	58,400	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,150	35,740	45,410
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	7,500	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,180	3,155	5,025
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,840	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,115	11,070	14,045
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	106,880	51,915	54,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	103,185	50,190	52,995
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,150	72,400	46,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	103,260	50,220	53,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,280	58,600	40,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,025	47,145	47,885
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,250	69,700	40,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,230	39,515	37,715
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,950	68,000	41,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,100	35,865	45,230
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,530	9,670	11,210
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,315	3,170	5,145
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,580	5,465	7,270
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,985	10,965	14,015
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,810	8,480	9,060
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	106,880	51,915	54,965
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	38,850	23,350	15,500
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,000	79,000	59,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	81,100	91,000	66,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,860	11,815	17,050
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	22,400	17,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,720	38,120	25,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.0	90.4	79.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	74.0	63.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.0	9.5	20.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	3.1	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.6	2.6	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	106,880	51,905	54,970
Without total income	3,690	1,760	1,930
With total income	103,190	50,150	53,040
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,665	3,875	5,785
$10,000 to $19,999	10,615	3,820	6,795
$20,000 to $29,999	13,410	5,145	8,265
$30,000 to $39,999	11,735	4,665	7,075
$40,000 to $49,999	10,630	4,450	6,185
$50,000 to $59,999	9,215	4,175	5,045
$60,000 to $69,999	7,760	4,030	3,730
$70,000 to $79,999	6,250	3,600	2,650
$80,000 to $89,999	5,150	3,195	1,955
$90,000 to $99,999	4,315	2,715	1,595
$100,000 and over	14,440	10,475	3,960
$100,000 to $149,999	9,675	6,780	2,900
$150,000 and over	4,760	3,700	1,060
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	106,880	51,905	54,970
Without after-tax income	3,600	1,715	1,880
With after-tax income	103,280	50,195	53,090
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,095	4,030	6,060
$10,000 to $19,999	11,045	3,960	7,080
$20,000 to $29,999	15,095	5,850	9,245
$30,000 to $39,999	13,715	5,555	8,160
$40,000 to $49,999	12,360	5,450	6,910
$50,000 to $59,999	10,505	5,330	5,175
$60,000 to $69,999	8,110	4,695	3,415
$70,000 to $79,999	6,360	3,955	2,405
$80,000 to $89,999	4,775	3,145	1,630
$90,000 to $99,999	3,225	2,190	1,035
$100,000 and over	7,990	6,025	1,970
$100,000 to $124,999	4,140	3,030	1,110
$125,000 and over	3,850	2,995	855
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	106,880	51,905	54,970
Without employment income	29,650	12,360	17,285
With employment income	77,230	39,550	37,685
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,950	4,215	5,740
$5,000 to $9,999	5,700	2,235	3,465
$10,000 to $19,999	7,935	3,090	4,850
$20,000 to $29,999	6,120	2,505	3,615
$30,000 to $39,999	6,310	2,570	3,740
$40,000 to $49,999	6,145	2,715	3,435
$50,000 to $59,999	6,185	2,890	3,290
$60,000 to $69,999	5,415	3,045	2,375
$70,000 to $79,999	4,655	2,850	1,805
$80,000 to $89,999	4,145	2,640	1,505
$90,000 to $99,999	3,555	2,310	1,245
$100,000 and over	11,105	8,480	2,625
$100,000 to $124,999	5,130	3,675	1,455
$125,000 and over	5,975	4,805	1,170
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	106,880	51,910	54,970
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	100,185	48,640	51,545
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	57,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	100,420	48,685	51,735
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	49,200	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,660	46,265	47,395
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	56,000	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,845	40,130	38,715
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	57,200	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,160	24,975	38,185
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,200	5,120	6,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,005	2,170	3,835
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	4,400	6,360
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	106,880	51,915	54,965
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	100,290	48,730	51,555
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,600	71,900	44,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	100,470	48,765	51,700
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,520	57,800	37,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,795	46,400	47,390
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,950	71,000	41,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,005	40,205	38,800
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	66,900	40,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,855	24,775	38,090
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,420	8,450	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,025	2,200	3,830
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250	5,425	8,300
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	106,880	51,915	54,965
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	38,645	23,195	15,450
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	76,000	55,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,500	87,000	60,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,250	11,115	16,135
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,000	31,200	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,960	46,600	30,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.8	94.0	86.0
Employment income (%)	73.6	76.8	68.6
Government transfers (%)	9.2	6.0	14.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.3	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,930	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,635	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	37,295	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,930	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	108,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,615	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	37,320	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	147,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,930	...	...
Under $5,000	450	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	275	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	455	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,070	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	975	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	960	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,210	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,280	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,260	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,720	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,740	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,760	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,585	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,610	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,405	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,830	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,170	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,940	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,465	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,930	...	...
Under $5,000	535	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	175	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	285	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	485	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,115	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,110	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,135	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,390	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,510	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,505	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,245	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,315	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,170	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,220	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,930	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,795	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,730	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,135	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,925	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	36,580	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,555	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	18,385	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,415	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,065	6,465	7,600
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600	51,200	42,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	45,200	38,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	36,510	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	145,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,460	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	122,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,375	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	173,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,380	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	13,915	6,285	7,625
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	56,150	61,650	51,650
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,200	51,080	44,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	130,960	64,235	66,725
0 to 17 years	29,200	14,915	14,285
0 to 5 years	9,060	4,695	4,365
18 to 64 years	80,050	39,210	40,835
65 years and over	21,710	10,110	11,600
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,965	4,040	4,925
0 to 17 years	2,270	1,155	1,120
0 to 5 years	610	325	285
18 to 64 years	4,665	2,090	2,575
65 years and over	2,030	800	1,230
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.8	6.3	7.4
0 to 17 years (%)	7.8	7.7	7.8
0 to 5 years (%)	6.8	7.0	6.5
18 to 64 years (%)	5.8	5.3	6.3
65 years and over (%)	9.3	7.9	10.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	130,960	64,235	66,720
0 to 17 years	29,200	14,920	14,280
0 to 5 years	9,065	4,700	4,360
18 to 64 years	80,045	39,210	40,840
65 years and over	21,710	10,110	11,605
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,335	2,490	2,845
0 to 17 years	1,325	660	665
0 to 5 years	290	145	140
18 to 64 years	3,345	1,555	1,785
65 years and over	665	275	390
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.1	3.9	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.5	4.4	4.7
0 to 5 years (%)	3.2	3.2	3.2
18 to 64 years (%)	4.2	4.0	4.4
65 years and over (%)	3.1	2.7	3.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	130,960	64,240	66,720
In bottom half of the distribution	47,975	22,530	25,445
In bottom decile	8,700	3,995	4,705
In second decile	8,355	3,785	4,570
In third decile	9,095	4,245	4,850
In fourth decile	10,340	4,965	5,370
In fifth decile	11,485	5,540	5,950
In top half of the distribution	82,985	41,710	41,280
In sixth decile	13,385	6,595	6,795
In seventh decile	14,960	7,385	7,575
In eighth decile	16,750	8,385	8,365
In ninth decile	18,545	9,400	9,150
In top decile	19,340	9,945	9,395
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	130,960	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.319	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.398	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.283	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	131,925	64,565	67,365
English only	122,810	60,645	62,170
French only	20	10	10
English and French	6,360	2,725	3,635
Neither English nor French	2,735	1,190	1,545
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	131,925	64,565	67,365
English	128,045	62,820	65,225
French	840	415	425
English and French	370	175	195
Neither English nor French	2,670	1,155	1,515
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	131,925	64,565	67,365
Single responses	128,000	62,710	65,290
Official languages	99,710	49,350	50,360
English	98,820	48,900	49,915
French	890	450	445
Non-official languages	28,290	13,355	14,935
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,280	13,355	14,925
Afro-Asiatic languages	635	330	300
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	630	330	300
Amharic	15	10	10
Arabic	535	280	260
Aramaic languages	40	20	20
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	30	15	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	5	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,200	570	630
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15
Vietnamese	1,170	555	615
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,580	640	935
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	0	15
Cebuano	35	10	25
Fijian	10	0	5
Hiligaynon	20	5	10
Ilocano	75	25	50
Indonesian	80	35	45
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0
Pangasinan	5	5	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,325	540	780
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Creole languages	30	10	20
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	15	5	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Dravidian languages	230	110	125
Kannada	15	10	10
Malayalam	60	25	35
Tamil	95	45	45
Telugu	65	30	35
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	13,020	6,330	6,690
Albanian	85	55	35
Armenian	30	15	20
Balto-Slavic languages	1,980	935	1,045
Baltic languages	15	10	5
Latvian	10	10	5
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	1,960	925	1,035
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	45	25	20
Czech	115	40	70
Macedonian	10	5	5
Polish	435	210	225
Russian	755	355	400
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	355	185	175
Bosnian	50	25	20
Croatian	155	85	65
Serbian	150	75	80
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	60	20	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10
Ukrainian	180	80	95
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	10	5	5
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	5	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,610	1,240	1,370
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	1,480	705	775
German	1,440	680	760
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	25	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	900	430	475
Afrikaans	95	50	40
Dutch	770	365	410
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0
Scandinavian languages	215	100	115
Danish	125	50	75
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	40	20	15
Swedish	50	25	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	120	65	55
Indo-Iranian languages	5,535	2,710	2,830
Indo-Aryan languages	4,875	2,370	2,510
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	45	25	20
Gujarati	90	45	45
Hindi	495	230	265
Kacchi	5	0	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	5	10
Marathi	30	10	15
Nepali	40	15	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,895	1,900	2,000
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	35	35
Urdu	180	90	85
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	665	335	325
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	15	5
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	20	15	5
Persian languages	620	310	310
Dari	150	70	80
Iranian Persian	430	220	210
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,660	1,320	1,340
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	360	210	155
Portuguese	510	235	270
Romanian	270	125	145
Spanish	1,515	745	770
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	360	130	225
Korean	5,360	2,490	2,870
Mongolian	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages	90	45	45
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	5	5	0
Igbo	5	5	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	10	10	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	0	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	5	0	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	20
American Sign Language	45	20	20
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,160	2,390	2,765
Chinese languages	5,095	2,365	2,730
Hakka	20	5	10
Mandarin	3,895	1,795	2,105
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	255	125	135
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	15
Yue (Cantonese)	860	415	450
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	30	35
Burmese	10	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	50	20	30
S'gaw Karen	50	20	30
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	150	55	95
Lao	80	35	45
Thai	65	20	50
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	100	55	50
Azerbaijani	5	5	0
Kazakh	5	0	5
Turkish	75	40	35
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Uralic languages	295	150	140
Estonian	5	5	5
Finnish	70	35	35
Hungarian	220	115	105
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,925	1,860	2,070
English and French	330	155	170
English and non-official language(s)	3,175	1,490	1,680
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30
Multiple non-official languages	330	155	170
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	131,925	64,565	67,365
English	102,820	50,795	52,025
French	100	55	45
Non-official language	9,310	4,395	4,910
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	9,310	4,395	4,910
English and French	625	270	355
English and non-official language(s)	18,180	8,635	9,540
French and non-official language(s)	5	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	405	185	220
Multiple non-official languages	475	220	255
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	131,925	64,565	67,365
Single responses	127,990	62,630	65,355
Official languages	111,410	54,685	56,720
English	111,235	54,605	56,630
French	175	80	90
Non-official languages	16,580	7,945	8,635
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,580	7,945	8,635
Afro-Asiatic languages	325	165	160
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	325	160	160
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	270	135	130
Aramaic languages	25	10	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	25	10	15
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	920	445	475
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	15	10
Vietnamese	895	430	470
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	695	330	365
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Cebuano	15	5	5
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5
Ilocano	40	20	20
Indonesian	30	15	20
Kankanaey	5	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	585	280	305
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Creole languages	25	10	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Dravidian languages	145	70	70
Kannada	10	5	10
Malayalam	45	20	25
Tamil	55	30	30
Telugu	30	15	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	5,875	2,880	3,000
Albanian	45	25	20
Armenian	5	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	855	415	440
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	850	410	440
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	20	5	10
Czech	30	15	20
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	135	70	65
Russian	470	225	245
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	135	70	70
Bosnian	15	10	10
Croatian	45	20	25
Serbian	75	40	40
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	10	5	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	45	20	25
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	205	100	110
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	110	50	55
German	100	45	50
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	10	5	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	45	45
Afrikaans	40	15	15
Dutch	50	20	25
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10
Danish	5	5	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	5	0	5
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	30	15	15
Indo-Iranian languages	3,540	1,740	1,800
Indo-Aryan languages	3,150	1,535	1,615
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	25	15	15
Gujarati	50	20	25
Hindi	230	120	115
Kacchi	5	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	25	15	10
Nepali	20	10	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,630	1,280	1,350
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	15
Urdu	130	65	70
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	390	200	185
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	5
Parsi	5	0	0
Pashto	10	0	5
Persian languages	370	190	180
Dari	75	35	35
Iranian Persian	275	145	130
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,200	590	610
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	50	20	30
Portuguese	250	120	130
Romanian	110	50	60
Spanish	795	405	385
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	160	65	95
Korean	4,455	2,080	2,380
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	10
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	5	5	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	55	30	25
American Sign Language	55	30	25
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,730	1,780	1,950
Chinese languages	3,690	1,760	1,930
Hakka	5	0	0
Mandarin	3,050	1,450	1,595
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	65	65
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	15
Yue (Cantonese)	455	215	235
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	25
Burmese	5	0	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	35	15	15
S'gaw Karen	35	15	15
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	40	40
Lao	45	25	25
Thai	35	10	20
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	55	25	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	45	20	20
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	50	25	25
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	5	10
Hungarian	35	20	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,935	1,935	2,005
English and French	90	45	50
English and non-official language(s)	3,700	1,815	1,885
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10
Multiple non-official languages	115	50	60
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	131,925	64,560	67,365
None	115,625	56,900	58,730
English	6,270	3,055	3,215
French	575	250	325
Non-official language	7,905	3,630	4,270
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5
Non-Indigenous	7,895	3,635	4,265
English and French	60	25	40
English and non-official language(s)	635	325	315
French and non-official language(s)	195	85	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
Multiple non-official languages	640	285	360
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	130,960	64,240	66,715
Official languages	128,260	63,115	65,145
English	128,225	63,100	65,125
French	6,430	2,815	3,615
Non-official languages	36,455	17,415	19,035
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	0	15
Algonquian languages	20	0	15
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	15
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	20	0	15
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,435	17,420	19,015
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,020	510	510
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,010	510	510
Amharic	20	0	10
Arabic	830	395	435
Aramaic languages	95	55	35
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	65	35	25
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	90	60	30
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,510	750	760
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	15
Vietnamese	1,485	740	750
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,225	935	1,295
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	90	40	50
Fijian	35	15	20
Hiligaynon	25	10	15
Ilocano	105	50	55
Indonesian	135	55	80
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	70	40	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	10
Pangasinan	10	10	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,940	820	1,130
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	20	45
Creole languages	110	55	55
Haitian Creole	10	0	10
Jamaican English Creole	15	15	10
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	60	30	25
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Dravidian languages	265	145	120
Kannada	30	0	15
Malayalam	70	35	30
Tamil	115	70	35
Telugu	85	45	40
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	18,400	9,090	9,305
Albanian	55	20	30
Armenian	95	35	60
Balto-Slavic languages	2,430	1,155	1,270
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	10	10	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	2,425	1,150	1,270
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	50	20	30
Czech	200	100	100
Macedonian	10	0	0
Polish	610	295	310
Russian	1,025	475	545
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	435	220	215
Bosnian	95	50	40
Croatian	250	120	130
Serbian	210	115	95
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	105	35	70
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10
Ukrainian	355	150	210
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	25	15	20
Irish	15	0	15
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	10	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,820	1,850	1,970
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	2,255	1,140	1,115
German	2,190	1,105	1,085
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	90	50	45
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,390	645	740
Afrikaans	330	165	165
Dutch	1,025	475	555
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	50	15	35
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	300	140	165
Danish	140	65	85
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	75	35	40
Swedish	80	30	45
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	240	135	105
Indo-Iranian languages	7,725	3,845	3,880
Indo-Aryan languages	6,965	3,445	3,515
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	85	55	35
Gujarati	180	90	85
Hindi	1,950	925	1,025
Kacchi	50	25	30
Kashmiri	10	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	50	25	30
Nepali	45	30	15
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,410	2,685	2,725
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	30	15	15
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	50	55
Urdu	540	240	300
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Iranian languages	800	410	390
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	25	15	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	10	15
Persian languages	775	400	375
Dari	220	100	120
Iranian Persian	490	265	225
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	40	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,605	2,320	2,290
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	685	385	295
Portuguese	725	360	360
Romanian	295	145	150
Spanish	3,105	1,545	1,560
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	650	290	355
Korean	6,125	2,845	3,280
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	280	135	145
Akan (Twi)	70	30	40
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	15	10	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	0	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	20	10	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	90	65	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	25	10	20
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	65	30	30
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	190	65	125
American Sign Language	185	60	125
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,085	2,800	3,280
Chinese languages	6,040	2,775	3,260
Hakka	65	20	40
Mandarin	5,015	2,310	2,705
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	570	280	290
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	20	25
Yue (Cantonese)	1,360	630	725
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	25	15
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	150	50	100
Lao	65	30	35
Thai	105	35	80
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	130	75	60
Azerbaijani	20	15	10
Kazakh	25	10	20
Turkish	75	45	30
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Uralic languages	350	175	175
Estonian	10	0	0
Finnish	65	30	35
Hungarian	285	145	135
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	130,960	64,245	66,715
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,045	2,510	2,540
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,795	2,390	2,405
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,035	970	1,065
Métis	2,720	1,395	1,325
Inuk (Inuit)	35	25	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	185	80	105
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	70	35	30
Non-Indigenous identity	125,915	61,735	64,175
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	130,960	64,245	66,715
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,180	530	650
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	129,785	63,715	66,070
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,930	...	...
Owner	38,430	...	...
Renter	8,500	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,930	...	...
Condominium	7,815	...	...
Not condominium	39,115	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,930	...	...
No bedrooms	105	...	...
1 bedroom	3,650	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,065	...	...
3 bedrooms	15,155	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	17,950	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,930	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	10,640	...	...
5 rooms	6,965	...	...
6 rooms	6,490	...	...
7 rooms	5,900	...	...
8 or more rooms	16,930	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,930	...	...
One person or fewer per room	45,960	...	...
More than one person per room	965	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,930	...	...
Suitable	45,130	...	...
Not suitable	1,800	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,930	...	...
1960 or before	1,720	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,200	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,280	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,775	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,330	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,555	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,380	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,685	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,930	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,025	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,900	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,930	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,490	...	...
Two-maintainer household	23,915	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,525	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,930	...	...
15 to 24 years	550	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,285	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,260	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,470	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,770	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,535	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,830	...	...
85 years and over	1,235	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,250	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	36,095	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,150	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,010	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,930	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,940	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,320	...	...
Not suitable only	1,365	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,350	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	355	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	475	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,985	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,110	...	...
In core need	5,055	...	...
Not in core need	40,055	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	37,855	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,760	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,928	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,148,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,485	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,614	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	130,960	64,245	66,720
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,040	500	545
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	960	455	510
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	535	245	290
Métis single ancestry	430	210	215
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	80	40	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	80	40	35
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,610	2,220	2,395
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,355	2,085	2,270
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,660	1,225	1,430
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,690	855	830
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	260	135	130
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	255	135	125
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	125,305	61,530	63,775
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	130,960	64,240	66,720
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	120,625	59,545	61,085
Canadian citizens aged under 18	27,615	14,150	13,465
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	93,010	45,395	47,620
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,335	4,700	5,630
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	130,960	64,240	66,720
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	98,815	49,025	49,795
Immigrants⁸¹	29,890	14,170	15,715
Before 1980	6,270	3,075	3,190
1980 to 1990	3,170	1,550	1,625
1991 to 2000	5,565	2,675	2,885
2001 to 2010	7,180	3,330	3,850
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,700	3,535	4,165
2011 to 2015	3,895	1,815	2,080
2016 to 2021	3,805	1,725	2,080
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,255	1,045	1,205
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	29,890	14,170	15,715
Under 5 years	3,115	1,525	1,590
5 to 14 years	5,825	2,995	2,825
15 to 24 years	5,620	2,625	2,995
25 to 44 years	12,660	5,810	6,855
45 years and over	2,675	1,215	1,455
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	29,890	14,170	15,715
Americas	3,195	1,465	1,725
Brazil	275	130	145
Colombia	160	85	80
El Salvador	160	80	80
Guyana	30	10	15
Haiti	25	10	10
Jamaica	100	60	40
Mexico	385	155	225
Peru	145	60	80
Trinidad and Tobago	70	40	30
United States of America	1,245	515	725
Other places of birth in Americas	605	320	290
Europe	7,730	3,835	3,895
Bosnia and Herzegovina	95	45	50
Croatia	80	30	50
France	80	50	35
Germany	795	430	360
Greece	80	55	25
Hungary	125	50	70
Italy	235	140	95
Netherlands	660	320	340
Poland	405	190	215
Portugal	185	85	95
Romania	290	145	145
Russian Federation	250	120	130
Serbia⁸⁶	90	45	50
Ukraine	260	115	145
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,125	1,550	1,575
Other places of birth in Europe	975	465	510
Africa	1,250	630	625
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0
Egypt	220	100	120
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	40	20	15
Morocco	10	0	10
Nigeria	70	45	25
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	455	230	225
Other places of birth in Africa	430	210	220
Asia	17,035	7,880	9,150
Afghanistan	135	60	75
Iran⁸⁸	400	230	165
Iraq	190	120	75
Lebanon	55	15	35
Syria⁸⁹	90	40	45
Turkey	15	10	0
China⁹⁰	2,920	1,310	1,610
Hong Kong⁹¹	390	190	200
Korea, South⁹²	4,060	1,870	2,185
Taiwan	810	390	415
Philippines	1,970	805	1,165
Viet Nam	945	440	505
Bangladesh	20	10	10
India	3,380	1,630	1,755
Pakistan	225	110	110
Sri Lanka	130	70	65
Other places of birth in Asia	1,310	595	720
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	680	360	325
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,805	1,725	2,080
Americas	550	235	310
Brazil	145	65	80
Colombia	35	20	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	10	0
Mexico	60	20	35
United States of America	180	65	115
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	115	50	60
Europe	355	200	155
France	10	0	10
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	40	25	20
Ukraine	30	15	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	145	100	50
Other places of birth in Europe	120	60	60
Africa	100	40	55
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	0	0	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	20	10	10
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	30	20	15
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	15	25
Asia	2,755	1,225	1,530
Afghanistan	20	0	15
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	785	330	455
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	25	25
India	535	275	255
Iran⁸⁸	20	10	20
Iraq	30	20	10
Israel	15	10	10
Japan	35	0	25
Jordan	15	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	615	290	325
Lebanon	10	0	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	45	10	30
Philippines	270	120	150
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	15	10	10
Syria⁸⁹	75	40	30
Turkey	10	0	0
United Arab Emirates	45	15	35
Viet Nam	90	25	65
Other places of birth in Asia	90	20	70
Oceania and other⁹³	50	20	30
Australia	25	15	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	0	20
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	130,960	64,245	66,715
First generation¹⁰⁰	33,580	15,905	17,675
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,620	15,360	15,260
Third generation or more¹⁰²	66,760	32,980	33,780
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	23,620	11,095	12,525
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	14,305	7,090	7,220
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,135	3,250	1,885
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,165	3,835	5,335
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,230	2,850	4,375
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,945	1,080	865
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	150	70	75
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	23,620	11,095	12,525
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	455	240	215
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,705	1,175	1,530
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,155	615	540
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,500	630	865
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	125	45	80
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	17,685	8,390	9,295
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	130,960	64,245	66,715
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	34,860	16,975	17,885
South Asian	8,720	4,420	4,300
Chinese	7,000	3,310	3,690
Black	1,450	765	685
Filipino	3,045	1,370	1,675
Arab	645	320	320
Latin American	1,715	890	825
Southeast Asian	2,390	1,195	1,195
West Asian	795	415	375
Korean	6,415	2,995	3,420
Japanese	915	395	515
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	370	180	190
Multiple visible minorities	1,400	715	685
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	96,100	47,265	48,830
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	130,960	64,240	66,715
Canadian	14,895	7,510	7,385
English	32,435	15,660	16,770
Irish	17,340	7,795	9,545
Scottish	23,015	11,220	11,805
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,745	3,850	3,890
German	18,035	8,745	9,290
Chinese	6,870	3,205	3,665
Italian	5,030	2,530	2,500
Indian (India)	4,790	2,465	2,325
Ukrainian	7,075	3,400	3,675
Dutch	9,145	4,605	4,545
Polish	4,265	2,030	2,235
Québécois	95	40	50
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,520	2,530	2,990
Filipino	3,180	1,475	1,705
French Canadian	1,020	535	480
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,055	1,030	1,025
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,850	900	950
Métis	2,455	1,240	1,210
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,640	1,890	1,750
Russian	3,810	1,795	2,015
Norwegian	4,050	1,820	2,230
Welsh	2,960	1,380	1,575
Portuguese	1,080	545	530
American	1,900	925	975
Spanish	1,285	640	645
Swedish	3,160	1,515	1,645
Hungarian	1,850	900	955
Acadian	110	60	55
Pakistani	480	230	255
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	415	210	205
Jewish	505	235	270
Punjabi	1,605	810	800
Vietnamese	1,775	925	850
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	245	145	105
Greek	745	375	375
Jamaican	310	210	105
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,340	655	685
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	475	200	275
Korean	6,100	2,845	3,255
Romanian	835	380	455
Lebanese	200	100	110
Iranian	450	245	205
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	545	305	240
Danish	1,885	905	980
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	350	145	200
Sikh	1,040	520	520
Austrian	1,440	660	780
Belgian	615	305	315
Haitian	55	25	35
Hindu	335	160	175
Mexican	680	330	345
Mennonite	1,045	530	510
Swiss	730	305	420
Finnish	980	475	495
Sri Lankan	150	65	75
Croatian	775	380	395
Japanese	1,135	515	625
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	500	230	275
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	120	65	50
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	950	470	480
Muslim	110	65	45
Egyptian	305	155	155
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	345	200	145
Tamil	85	60	25
Icelandic	905	405	495
Colombian	165	90	75
Moroccan	20	10	15
Czech	615	315	295
Syrian	150	65	90
Guyanese	100	75	25
Afghan	240	105	135
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	95	45	50
Serbian	250	135	110
Ojibway	105	60	40
Newfoundlander	95	55	40
Hong Konger	125	55	70
Ontarian	60	25	35
Persian	205	105	100
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	135	80	55
Turkish	110	65	45
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	10
Bangladeshi	40	20	15
Algerian	20	10	10
Brazilian	325	130	195
Nigerian	75	40	30
Armenian	225	90	130
Slovak	395	195	205
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	485	220	265
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	755	365	390
Iraqi	130	55	75
Salvadorean	135	75	60
African Caribbean	45	30	10
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	175	80	85
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	95	55	40
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	105	60	35
Algonquin	20	10	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	70	35	25
Lithuanian	150	70	85
South African	430	205	220
Australian	570	310	260
Palestinian	95	55	40
Chilean	180	100	80
Congolese	15	10	0
Nova Scotian	25	20	10
Ethiopian	20	15	0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	245	90	155
Peruvian	130	60	70
Yoruba	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	80	40	40
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	70	30	45
Maltese	30	10	20
Macedonian	20	0	15
Slovenian	110	45	65
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	105	120
New Brunswicker	10	0	10
Gujarati	10	0	10
Eritrean	0	0	0
African Canadian	80	35	45
Israeli	65	35	30
Mohawk	50	25	25
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	130	60	75
Bulgarian	80	25	50
Albertan	120	55	60
Ghanaian	45	20	20
Barbadian	45	25	25
African American	175	75	100
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	140	70	70
Tunisian	10	0	10
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	95	45	50
Cuban	60	25	35
Bosnian	85	45	40
Venezuelan	35	15	15
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	110	60	50
Bengali	15	15	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	60	40	15
Indonesian	315	165	145
Laotian	105	60	45
Ilocano	40	15	20
Northern Irish	120	70	50
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	115	55	55
British Columbian	600	345	255
Ecuadorian	45	20	25
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	40	20	15
Estonian	250	105	150
Kurdish	40	20	15
Fijian	395	215	180
Jatt	135	75	55
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	160	90	75
Coptic	165	85	80
Thai	125	45	85
Dominican	25	0	15
Nepali	55	30	20
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	15	15	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Byelorussian	80	40	45
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	70	30	35
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	15	0	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	10	20
New Zealander	275	130	140
Sudanese	15	0	10
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	15	10	10
Malaysian	95	55	40
Plains Cree	15	10	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	75	30	40
Buddhist	75	30	35
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	20	0	20
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	10	0	0
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	20	0	20
Nicaraguan	50	40	15
Mauritian	30	10	20
Kenyan	20	10	10
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	20	20	0
Jordanian	15	10	0
Manitoban	40	30	10
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	20	15	0
Grenadian	25	10	15
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	25	20	0
Sinhalese	35	20	10
Mayan	25	10	10
Honduran	90	65	25
Cherokee	105	40	60
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	25	10	15
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	20	15	0
Sicilian	0	0	0
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	50	25	20
Goan	10	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	30	15	15
Burmese	15	10	0
Mongolian	45	20	25
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	10	10	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	25	15	10
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	25	10	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	15
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	20	10	15
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	10	10	0
Costa Rican	35	30	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	10	0	0
Singaporean	50	20	30
Karen	65	30	35
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	10	0	10
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	105	45	60
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	130,960	64,245	66,715
Buddhist	1,765	795	970
Christian	55,265	25,555	29,710
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	19,325	9,040	10,290
Anabaptist	1,180	585	590
Anglican	3,290	1,370	1,920
Baptist	1,975	935	1,040
Catholic	13,695	6,545	7,145
Christian Orthodox	1,265	595	670
Jehovah's Witness	705	340	365
Latter Day Saints	415	205	215
Lutheran	1,460	650	810
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	220	105	120
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,075	890	1,185
Presbyterian	1,310	590	720
Reformed	1,300	640	660
United Church	3,535	1,430	2,100
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,505	1,640	1,870
Hindu	1,225	630	595
Jewish	290	150	140
Muslim	1,890	930	960
Sikh	5,170	2,565	2,605
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	65	35	35
Other religions and spiritual traditions	745	295	450
No religion and secular perspectives	64,545	33,285	31,255
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	129,555	63,520	66,030
Non-movers	113,585	55,850	57,735
Movers	15,975	7,675	8,295
Non-migrants	7,205	3,465	3,735
Migrants	8,770	4,210	4,560
Internal migrants	7,880	3,795	4,085
Intraprovincial migrants	7,000	3,410	3,590
Interprovincial migrants	875	380	495
External migrants	895	420	475
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	123,435	60,475	62,960
Non-movers	70,485	34,800	35,685
Movers	52,955	25,680	27,275
Non-migrants	15,930	7,765	8,165
Migrants	37,025	17,915	19,110
Internal migrants	32,190	15,695	16,500
Intraprovincial migrants	29,310	14,360	14,950
Interprovincial migrants	2,880	1,335	1,545
External migrants	4,835	2,215	2,615
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	106,880	51,915	54,965
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,685	8,510	7,175
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	91,200	43,405	47,795
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,015	33,995	36,015
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,525	3,420	2,105
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	64,490	30,575	33,915
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	106,880	51,915	54,965
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,855	7,280	6,575
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,520	17,135	18,390
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,500	27,500	30,000
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	32,900	16,645	16,255
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,410	7,415	1,995
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,680	2,180	1,505
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,730	5,235	495
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,890	7,335	11,555
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,600	1,895	2,710
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,600	10,860	13,745
Bachelor's degree	16,445	7,160	9,285
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,070	770	1,300
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	575	325	250
Master's degree	4,960	2,255	2,705
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	555	350	215
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,015	33,995	36,020
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,445	2,675	1,770
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,565	10,180	10,380
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,005	21,135	23,870
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,640	12,445	12,200
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,895	5,495	1,395
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,620	1,545	1,075
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,270	3,950	325
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,250	5,495	8,755
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,500	1,455	2,045
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,360	8,690	11,670
Bachelor's degree	13,615	5,780	7,835
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,600	540	1,055
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	465	245	225
Master's degree	4,265	1,880	2,380
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	425	245	175
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	106,875	51,915	54,965
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	49,375	24,415	24,965
Education	4,875	1,010	3,865
13. Education	4,875	1,010	3,865
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,115	775	1,340
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	290	200	90
50. Visual and performing arts	1,820	575	1,245
Humanities	3,415	1,505	1,910
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	140	255
23. English language and literature/letters	760	195	570
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	910	375	535
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	15	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	210	125	85
39. Theology and religious vocations	675	435	235
54. History	400	220	180
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,520	2,045	4,475
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	10	55
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	630	270	360
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,180	65	1,115
22. Legal professions and studies	1,035	225	810
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	125	45	80
42. Psychology	1,175	330	850
45. Social sciences	2,305	1,105	1,205
Business, management and public administration	11,720	4,945	6,775
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	585	100	485
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,125	4,845	6,280
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,695	810	880
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	625	250	375
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	510	245	265
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	15	15
40. Physical sciences	435	265	170
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	35	55
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,965	1,220	745
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,610	1,080	540
25. Library science	135	10	125
27. Mathematics and statistics	190	110	85
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	20	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,480	11,635	845
04. Architecture and related services	295	210	80
14. Engineering	2,330	2,015	315
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,115	1,895	220
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	3,595	3,485	105
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,580	2,540	45
48. Precision production	1,570	1,485	85
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,355	615	735
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,070	415	655
03. Natural resources and conservation	285	205	80
Health and related fields	8,130	1,410	6,725
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	750	390	365
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,215	920	6,295
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	160	95	65
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,210	1,515	1,700
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,820	415	1,405
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	710	525	190
49. Transportation and materials moving	655	550	110
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	70,015	33,995	36,020
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,005	12,865	12,150
Education	3,580	675	2,905
13. Education	3,580	675	2,905
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,685	595	1,085
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	205	135	70
50. Visual and performing arts	1,480	455	1,025
Humanities	2,690	1,145	1,545
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	310	95	215
23. English language and literature/letters	620	150	470
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	755	320	435
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	15	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	105	65
39. Theology and religious vocations	460	290	175
54. History	330	185	145
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,450	1,665	3,785
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	0	45
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	515	215	300
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	930	60	870
22. Legal professions and studies	860	150	705
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	95	45	55
42. Psychology	980	245	735
45. Social sciences	2,025	945	1,080
Business, management and public administration	9,300	3,880	5,425
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	455	90	365
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,840	3,790	5,050
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,320	595	725
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	490	180	310
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	395	180	215
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	15	10
40. Physical sciences	360	200	155
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	20	30
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,660	1,025	635
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,415	945	470
25. Library science	95	0	90
27. Mathematics and statistics	135	60	75
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	20	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,590	8,865	725
04. Architecture and related services	250	180	65
14. Engineering	1,920	1,630	285
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,570	1,400	170
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,725	2,635	90
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,980	1,945	35
48. Precision production	1,145	1,075	75
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,045	445	605
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	820	285	530
03. Natural resources and conservation	225	150	75
Health and related fields	6,235	1,110	5,125
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	625	330	290
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,500	715	4,785
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	105	55	50
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,430	1,130	1,295
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,365	310	1,050
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	595	425	170
49. Transportation and materials moving	460	380	80
Other¹⁷⁹	20	15	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	70,015	33,995	36,020
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	25,005	12,865	12,150
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,005	21,130	23,875
Location of study inside Canada	35,160	16,670	18,495
Same as province or territory of residence	30,425	14,350	16,075
Different than province or territory of residence	4,735	2,325	2,415
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,840	4,460	5,375
Americas	1,870	930	945
United States of America	1,290	685	605
Mexico	190	80	115
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	10	0
Brazil	155	65	95
Colombia	55	25	30
Peru	35	20	10
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0
Other locations of study in Americas	115	40	75
Europe	1,595	830	765
Belgium	15	0	15
France	30	10	15
Germany	70	40	30
Netherlands	90	65	25
Switzerland	35	10	20
Hungary	30	15	15
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	90	45	50
Romania	90	50	40
Russian Federation	110	45	65
Ukraine	125	50	80
Ireland⁹⁶	40	20	20
United Kingdom⁸⁷	640	375	260
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	0
Italy	25	15	10
Serbia⁸⁶	35	20	15
Other locations of study in Europe	145	60	85
Africa	385	195	190
Nigeria	40	25	20
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	120	55	60
South Africa, Republic of	185	100	85
Other locations of study in Africa	40	15	20
Asia	5,710	2,355	3,355
Iran⁸⁸	140	70	70
Iraq	35	20	10
Israel	45	25	25
Lebanon	15	10	10
Syria⁸⁹	10	0	0
Turkey	30	20	10
China⁹⁰	1,210	515	685
Taiwan	185	65	120
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	15
Japan	90	10	70
Korea, South⁹²	1,850	710	1,135
Philippines	800	305	495
Viet Nam	35	10	25
Bangladesh	10	0	10
Sri Lanka	35	15	20
India	875	395	480
Pakistan	90	30	55
Other locations of study in Asia	240	120	120
Oceania	275	150	125
Australia	225	130	95
New Zealand	35	15	25
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	0	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	106,880	51,915	54,965
In the labour force	71,315	37,100	34,220
Employed	66,870	35,040	31,830
Unemployed	4,445	2,055	2,390
Not in the labour force	35,565	14,815	20,750
Participation rate	66.7	71.5	62.3
Employment rate	62.6	67.5	57.9
Unemployment rate	6.2	5.5	7.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	106,875	51,915	54,965
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,805	14,885	20,925
Worked	71,070	37,035	34,040
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	40,250	24,230	16,015
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,825	12,800	18,025
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.6	44.1	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	71,315	37,095	34,220
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,085	420	665
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	70,230	36,675	33,550
Employee	57,515	29,030	28,490
Permanent position	50,285	25,895	24,390
Temporary position	7,230	3,130	4,100
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,310	1,065	1,245
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,920	2,065	2,850
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,715	7,650	5,065
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	71,315	37,095	34,220
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,085	420	665
All occupations¹⁹¹	70,230	36,675	33,550
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,000	810	190
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,965	3,555	9,405
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,395	3,495	905
3 Health occupations	4,460	810	3,645
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,015	3,125	5,895
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,505	1,020	1,485
6 Sales and service occupations	16,375	7,295	9,080
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,615	13,375	1,245
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,455	1,460	1,000
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,445	1,735	715
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	71,315	37,095	34,220
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,085	420	665
All industries¹⁹¹	70,230	36,675	33,550
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,170	1,125	1,040
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	210	160	55
22 Utilities	525	375	155
23 Construction	8,665	7,285	1,380
31-33 Manufacturing	5,190	3,675	1,510
41 Wholesale trade	3,380	2,205	1,175
44-45 Retail trade	7,615	3,635	3,980
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,975	2,805	1,170
51 Information and cultural industries	1,490	850	640
52 Finance and insurance	2,635	1,035	1,600
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,350	710	640
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,905	2,505	2,400
55 Management of companies and enterprises	225	85	140
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,425	1,415	1,010
61 Educational services	5,475	1,510	3,970
62 Health care and social assistance	7,150	1,120	6,025
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,560	750	810
72 Accommodation and food services	3,885	1,595	2,290
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,440	1,650	1,790
91 Public administration	3,955	2,160	1,800
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	76,355	39,570	36,780
English	71,795	37,330	34,465
French	20	0	15
Non-official language	1,160	590	565
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,160	590	565
English and French	430	135	295
English and non-official language(s)	2,855	1,445	1,405
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	35	15
Multiple non-official languages	45	25	20
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	76,355	39,570	36,780
Single responses	75,780	39,295	36,485
Official languages	73,830	38,270	35,565
English	73,770	38,255	35,510
French	65	15	50
Non-official languages	1,945	1,030	920
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,945	1,030	920
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	10	10	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	10	10	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	320	145	175
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	320	145	175
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	355	225	130
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	15
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	15	0	15
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	15	0	15
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	260	175	85
Indo-Aryan languages	250	170	80
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	250	165	80
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	70	45	30
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	10	0	10
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	55	40	20
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	20	10	15
Korean	685	360	320
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	0	0
American Sign Language	10	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	535	270	265
Chinese languages	535	270	265
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	490	240	250
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	35	30	10
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	10	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	10	10	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	575	275	300
English and French	25	10	25
English and non-official language(s)	525	265	260
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	76,355	39,570	36,780
None	73,495	38,190	35,310
English	785	405	380
French	360	120	240
Non-official language	1,545	755	790
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	1,545	755	790
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	30	15	15
French and non-official language(s)	40	35	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	100	55	45
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	66,870	35,040	31,830
Worked at home	13,850	6,180	7,670
Worked outside Canada	220	130	90
No fixed workplace address	11,045	8,395	2,655
Usual place of work	41,755	20,340	21,405
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	41,750	20,340	21,410
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	15,560	6,485	9,075
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	22,915	12,220	10,695
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,185	1,580	1,605
Commute to a different province or territory	85	55	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	52,795	28,730	24,065
Car, truck or van	48,515	26,820	21,695
Car, truck or van - as a driver	45,360	25,505	19,860
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,150	1,315	1,835
Public transit	1,435	650	790
Walked	1,755	705	1,050
Bicycle	240	175	65
Other method	850	385	465
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	52,795	28,730	24,065
Less than 15 minutes	12,865	5,780	7,085
15 to 29 minutes	17,900	8,935	8,965
30 to 44 minutes	12,295	7,335	4,955
45 to 59 minutes	5,520	3,705	1,815
60 minutes and over	4,215	2,970	1,245
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	52,795	28,730	24,065
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,270	3,880	1,385
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,280	6,300	2,970
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	13,480	6,930	6,550
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,530	4,795	5,735
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,370	3,065	4,310
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,875	3,760	3,110
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	29,855	15,265	14,590
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,365	675	685
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,490	14,590	13,900
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,845	11,110	10,735
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,075	530	545
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	495	245	250
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	580	285	295
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,765	10,575	10,190

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 6, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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