Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Surrey, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	568,322
Population, 2016¹	517,887
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.7
Total private dwellings²	195,098
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	185,671
Population density per square kilometre	1,797.9
Land area in square kilometres	316.11
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	568,320
0 to 14 years	94,060
0 to 4 years	27,960
5 to 9 years	31,770
10 to 14 years	34,330
15 to 64 years	387,080
15 to 19 years	34,980
20 to 24 years	45,280
25 to 29 years	41,355
30 to 34 years	40,780
35 to 39 years	41,055
40 to 44 years	39,335
45 to 49 years	37,565
50 to 54 years	37,135
55 to 59 years	36,695
60 to 64 years	32,895
65 years and over	87,180
65 to 69 years	28,175
70 to 74 years	23,195
75 to 79 years	15,580
80 to 84 years	10,300
85 years and over	9,925
85 to 89 years	5,985
90 to 94 years	3,010
95 to 99 years	780
100 years and over	155
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6
15 to 64 years	68.1
65 years and over	15.3
85 years and over	1.7
Average age of the population	39.5
Median age of the population	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	185,670
Single-detached house	60,895
Semi-detached house	3,795
Row house	30,930
Apartment or flat in a duplex	42,540
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	37,470
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	8,835
Other single-attached house	155
Movable dwelling⁴	1,055
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	185,670
1 person	36,850
2 persons	50,710
3 persons	31,895
4 persons	33,690
5 or more persons	32,530
Number of persons in private households	562,560
Average household size	3.0
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	474,265
Married or living common-law	277,380
Married	254,030
Living common-law	23,350
Living common law - Never married	16,335
Living common law - Separated	1,200
Living common law - Divorced	5,270
Living common law - Widowed	545
Not married and not living common-law	196,880
Not married and not living common law - Never married	140,585
Not married and not living common law - Separated	10,630
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	22,985
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	22,685
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	155,155
2 persons	65,705
3 persons	36,080
4 persons	38,430
5 or more persons	14,945
Average size of census families	3.1
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	155,155
Total couple families	132,005
Married couples	120,335
With children⁶	75,800
Without children	44,540
Common-law couples	11,670
With children⁶	4,430
Without children	7,245
Total one-parent families	23,145
in which the parent is a woman+	18,340
in which the parent is a man+	4,805
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	562,565
Total - Persons in census families	472,595
Married spouses or common-law partners	264,015
Parents in one-parent families	23,150
Children⁶	185,430
In a two-parent family	149,935
In a one-parent family	35,500
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	89,965
Living alone	36,855
Living with other relatives⁷	24,590
Living with non-relatives only	28,520
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	185,675
One-census-family households without additional persons	107,675
Couple-family households	92,430
With children⁶	56,995
Without children	35,430
One-parent-family households	15,255
Multigenerational households⁸	17,860
Multiple-census-family households⁹	3,590
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,685
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,000
One-person households	36,855
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	468,615
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	449,735
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	392,870
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	331,280
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	383,000
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	42,980
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	144,550
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	468,615
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	449,410
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	449,675
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	392,375
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,285
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	382,035
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,580
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	43,010
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,550
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	143,415
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,040
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	468,615
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	146,840
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	135,355
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	468,615
Without total income	18,880
With total income	449,735
Under $10,000 (including loss)	47,990
$10,000 to $19,999	57,905
$20,000 to $29,999	72,870
$30,000 to $39,999	58,520
$40,000 to $49,999	50,535
$50,000 to $59,999	40,815
$60,000 to $69,999	30,790
$70,000 to $79,999	23,100
$80,000 to $89,999	17,055
$90,000 to $99,999	12,900
$100,000 and over	37,235
$100,000 to $149,999	25,980
$150,000 and over	11,260
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	468,615
Without after-tax income	18,615
With after-tax income	450,005
Under $10,000 (including loss)	49,385
$10,000 to $19,999	59,675
$20,000 to $29,999	81,750
$30,000 to $39,999	68,050
$40,000 to $49,999	57,225
$50,000 to $59,999	42,600
$60,000 to $69,999	29,400
$70,000 to $79,999	19,845
$80,000 to $89,999	13,935
$90,000 to $99,999	8,610
$100,000 and over	19,530
$100,000 to $124,999	10,435
$125,000 and over	9,095
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	468,615
Without employment income	137,330
With employment income	331,285
Under $5,000 (including loss)	41,570
$5,000 to $9,999	28,920
$10,000 to $19,999	43,130
$20,000 to $29,999	32,945
$30,000 to $39,999	33,155
$40,000 to $49,999	31,665
$50,000 to $59,999	28,725
$60,000 to $69,999	22,365
$70,000 to $79,999	17,210
$80,000 to $89,999	13,000
$90,000 to $99,999	10,335
$100,000 and over	28,260
$100,000 to $124,999	14,085
$125,000 and over	14,175
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	468,615
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	432,925
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	433,805
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	386,140
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	333,990
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	302,975
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,480
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	28,470
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,360
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	468,615
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	432,785
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	433,675
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	385,660
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	334,270
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	302,975
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,455
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	468,615
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	145,240
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	126,250
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0
Market income (%)	88.8
Employment income (%)	75.6
Government transfers (%)	11.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	185,670
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	36,855
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	148,815
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,000
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	185,670
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,600
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	100,100
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	36,780
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,700
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,520
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	148,890
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,200
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,600
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	185,670
Under $5,000	2,030
$5,000 to $9,999	870
$10,000 to $14,999	1,260
$15,000 to $19,999	2,675
$20,000 to $24,999	5,055
$25,000 to $29,999	4,445
$30,000 to $34,999	4,570
$35,000 to $39,999	5,515
$40,000 to $44,999	5,505
$45,000 to $49,999	5,570
$50,000 to $59,999	11,750
$60,000 to $69,999	11,935
$70,000 to $79,999	11,830
$80,000 to $89,999	11,170
$90,000 to $99,999	10,800
$100,000 and over	90,685
$100,000 to $124,999	23,760
$125,000 to $149,999	19,300
$150,000 to $199,999	24,430
$200,000 and over	23,195
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	185,670
Under $5,000	2,345
$5,000 to $9,999	900
$10,000 to $14,999	1,300
$15,000 to $19,999	2,750
$20,000 to $24,999	5,360
$25,000 to $29,999	4,940
$30,000 to $34,999	5,335
$35,000 to $39,999	6,300
$40,000 to $44,999	6,420
$45,000 to $49,999	6,575
$50,000 to $59,999	13,850
$60,000 to $69,999	13,880
$70,000 to $79,999	13,415
$80,000 to $89,999	12,955
$90,000 to $99,999	11,940
$100,000 and over	77,405
$100,000 to $124,999	25,510
$125,000 to $149,999	18,460
$150,000 and over	33,435
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	143,335
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000
Average family size of economic families	3.5
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	37,855
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	79,365
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,000
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.4
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,085
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	65,375
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	143,030
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	130,800
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,100
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	37,695
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,300
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,200
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	79,455
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	152,200
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,400
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,880
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,300
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,600
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	65,550
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	562,560
0 to 17 years	114,065
0 to 5 years	33,980
18 to 64 years	364,890
65 years and over	83,605
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	49,290
0 to 17 years	12,250
0 to 5 years	3,560
18 to 64 years	28,135
65 years and over	8,900
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.7
65 years and over (%)	10.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	562,565
0 to 17 years	114,070
0 to 5 years	33,980
18 to 64 years	364,885
65 years and over	83,610
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	33,465
0 to 17 years	6,165
0 to 5 years	1,680
18 to 64 years	24,010
65 years and over	3,290
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.4
0 to 5 years (%)	4.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.6
65 years and over (%)	3.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	562,560
In bottom half of the distribution	256,025
In bottom decile	50,875
In second decile	46,855
In third decile	48,645
In fourth decile	52,520
In fifth decile	57,125
In top half of the distribution	306,535
In sixth decile	58,855
In seventh decile	62,680
In eighth decile	64,710
In ninth decile	65,355
In top decile	54,935
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	562,565
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.304
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.403
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.272
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	564,230
English only	504,310
French only	220
English and French	21,780
Neither English nor French	37,925
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	564,230
English	521,015
French	3,185
English and French	2,705
Neither English nor French	37,335
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	564,230
Single responses	525,225
Official languages	246,415
English	243,510
French	2,910
Non-official languages	278,810
Indigenous languages³⁹	70
Algonquian languages	30
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	20
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	20
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	10
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	5
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	5
Salish languages	5
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	10
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	278,740
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,325
Berber languages	15
Kabyle	5
Tamazight	5
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5
Chadic languages	15
Hausa	15
Mina	0
Coptic	5
Cushitic languages	960
Bilen	0
Oromo	40
Somali	890
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25
Semitic languages	8,330
Amharic	375
Arabic	6,135
Aramaic languages	1,095
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	360
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	630
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100
Harari	5
Hebrew	40
Maltese	10
Tigrigna	660
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,480
Khmer (Cambodian)	625
Vietnamese	6,860
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	22,930
Bikol	90
Bisaya, n.o.s.	400
Cebuano	755
Fijian	135
Hiligaynon	350
Ilocano	1,495
Indonesian	465
Kankanaey	70
Kinaray-a	15
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	55
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	155
Pangasinan	80
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	18,640
Waray-Waray	60
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	170
Creole languages	255
Haitian Creole	15
Jamaican English Creole	5
Krio	10
Morisyen	145
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	50
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35
Dravidian languages	3,270
Kannada	115
Malayalam	1,275
Tamil	1,245
Telugu	610
Tulu	15
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10
Georgian	10
Hmong-Mien languages	10
Indo-European languages	182,190
Albanian	275
Armenian	140
Balto-Slavic languages	6,810
Baltic languages	45
Latvian	20
Lithuanian	25
Slavic languages	6,760
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	120
Czech	420
Macedonian	15
Polish	2,035
Russian	1,960
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,325
Bosnian	170
Croatian	570
Serbian	555
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25
Slovak	190
Slovene (Slovenian)	70
Ukrainian	635
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	20
Irish	5
Scottish Gaelic	10
Welsh	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	4,840
Frisian	20
High German languages	2,940
German	2,860
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	70
Yiddish	5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,380
Afrikaans	190
Dutch	1,115
Low German, n.o.s.	5
Low Saxon	5
Plautdietsch	45
Vlaams (Flemish)	15
Scandinavian languages	500
Danish	280
Icelandic	20
Norwegian	100
Swedish	105
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5
Greek	485
Indo-Iranian languages	158,375
Indo-Aryan languages	154,250
Assamese	35
Bengali	1,130
Gujarati	2,090
Hindi	14,540
Kacchi	105
Kashmiri	5
Konkani	90
Marathi	325
Nepali	650
Oriya languages	20
Odia	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	128,305
Rohingya	55
Sindhi	95
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	720
Urdu	5,820
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265
Iranian languages	4,110
Baluchi	10
Kurdish	330
Parsi	20
Pashto	620
Persian languages	3,115
Dari	1,840
Iranian Persian	845
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	430
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10
Italic (Romance) languages	11,240
Catalan	5
Italian	1,145
Portuguese	1,825
Romanian	700
Spanish	7,565
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5
Japanese	1,105
Korean	8,690
Mongolian	15
Niger-Congo languages	1,430
Akan (Twi)	205
Bamanankan	0
Edo	40
Éwé	60
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5
Ga	20
Ganda	25
Gikuyu	15
Igbo	95
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	85
Lingala	30
Luba-Kasai	5
Mòoré	0
Mwani	10
Ndebele	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	65
Shona	65
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5
Swahili	335
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	5
Yoruba	160
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195
Nilo-Saharan languages	105
Dinka	15
Nuer	25
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60
African, n.o.s.	10
Sign languages	140
American Sign Language	130
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15
Sino-Tibetan languages	39,485
Chinese languages	38,555
Hakka	220
Mandarin	28,080
Min Dong	20
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,620
Wu (Shanghainese)	265
Yue (Cantonese)	8,165
Chinese, n.o.s.	170
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	905
Burmese	330
Kuki-Chin languages	165
Karenic languages	280
S'gaw Karen	245
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40
Tibetan	85
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25
Tai-Kadai languages	760
Lao	500
Thai	255
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5
Turkic languages	575
Azerbaijani	15
Kazakh	10
Turkish	395
Uyghur	95
Uzbek	40
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20
Uralic languages	930
Estonian	50
Finnish	165
Hungarian	715
Other languages, n.i.e.	25
Multiple responses	39,005
English and French	1,035
English and non-official language(s)	34,045
French and non-official language(s)	320
English, French and non-official language(s)	440
Multiple non-official languages	3,165
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	564,230
English	253,560
French	520
Non-official language	108,570
Indigenous³⁹	15
Non-Indigenous	108,555
English and French	2,475
English and non-official language(s)	187,700
French and non-official language(s)	155
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,030
Multiple non-official languages	8,220
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	564,230
Single responses	516,220
Official languages	319,050
English	318,180
French	870
Non-official languages	197,175
Indigenous languages³⁹	20
Algonquian languages	10
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	10
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	197,155
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,615
Berber languages	5
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	5
Hausa	0
Mina	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	605
Bilen	0
Oromo	25
Somali	570
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10
Semitic languages	6,000
Amharic	190
Arabic	4,455
Aramaic languages	870
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	285
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	490
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100
Harari	0
Hebrew	5
Maltese	5
Tigrigna	470
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,055
Khmer (Cambodian)	380
Vietnamese	4,670
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0
Austronesian languages	12,760
Bikol	30
Bisaya, n.o.s.	170
Cebuano	430
Fijian	50
Hiligaynon	145
Ilocano	810
Indonesian	155
Kankanaey	35
Kinaray-a	5
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	15
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95
Pangasinan	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,710
Waray-Waray	25
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70
Creole languages	160
Haitian Creole	10
Jamaican English Creole	0
Krio	10
Morisyen	105
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	20
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15
Dravidian languages	2,160
Kannada	60
Malayalam	820
Tamil	875
Telugu	390
Tulu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5
Georgian	15
Hmong-Mien languages	10
Indo-European languages	130,065
Albanian	135
Armenian	65
Balto-Slavic languages	3,025
Baltic languages	5
Latvian	5
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	3,020
Belarusian	0
Bulgarian	45
Czech	105
Macedonian	5
Polish	855
Russian	1,230
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	515
Bosnian	80
Croatian	160
Serbian	265
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10
Slovak	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	210
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Irish	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Welsh	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	425
Frisian	0
High German languages	240
German	235
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	150
Afrikaans	85
Dutch	65
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	35
Danish	15
Icelandic	5
Norwegian	0
Swedish	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	180
Indo-Iranian languages	120,525
Indo-Aryan languages	117,965
Assamese	10
Bengali	720
Gujarati	1,330
Hindi	8,595
Kacchi	40
Kashmiri	0
Konkani	20
Marathi	180
Nepali	460
Oriya languages	5
Odia	5
Oriya, n.o.s.	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	101,690
Rohingya	50
Sindhi	55
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	400
Urdu	4,275
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	135
Iranian languages	2,560
Baluchi	0
Kurdish	225
Parsi	10
Pashto	400
Persian languages	1,920
Dari	1,195
Iranian Persian	480
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	245
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,720
Catalan	0
Italian	215
Portuguese	875
Romanian	310
Spanish	4,315
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	475
Korean	7,100
Mongolian	5
Niger-Congo languages	620
Akan (Twi)	75
Bamanankan	0
Edo	10
Éwé	35
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	10
Ganda	0
Gikuyu	0
Igbo	30
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35
Lingala	10
Luba-Kasai	0
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60
Shona	25
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0
Swahili	170
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	70
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95
Nilo-Saharan languages	35
Dinka	0
Nuer	5
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30
African, n.o.s.	0
Sign languages	240
American Sign Language	210
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,875
Chinese languages	30,160
Hakka	65
Mandarin	23,165
Min Dong	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,015
Wu (Shanghainese)	215
Yue (Cantonese)	5,575
Chinese, n.o.s.	100
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	695
Burmese	260
Kuki-Chin languages	150
Karenic languages	220
S'gaw Karen	200
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15
Tibetan	50
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20
Tai-Kadai languages	370
Lao	280
Thai	90
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	365
Azerbaijani	10
Kazakh	0
Turkish	275
Uyghur	50
Uzbek	25
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	230
Estonian	10
Finnish	15
Hungarian	200
Other languages, n.i.e.	5
Multiple responses	48,005
English and French	465
English and non-official language(s)	45,880
French and non-official language(s)	120
English, French and non-official language(s)	270
Multiple non-official languages	1,275
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	564,230
None	401,355
English	68,390
French	2,525
Non-official language	69,385
Indigenous³⁹	55
Non-Indigenous	69,335
English and French	495
English and non-official language(s)	12,955
French and non-official language(s)	1,295
English, French and non-official language(s)	135
Multiple non-official languages	7,695
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	562,565
Official languages	524,435
English	524,260
French	21,950
Non-official languages	350,315
Indigenous languages³⁹	140
Algonquian languages	60
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	50
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	50
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	30
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	15
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	20
Northern Athabaskan languages	20
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	10
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0
Tahltan	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Cayuga	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	15
Salish languages	25
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	15
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	350,175
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,315
Berber languages	10
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	85
Hausa	80
Mina	0
Coptic	50
Cushitic languages	1,215
Bilen	0
Oromo	80
Somali	1,140
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	11,255
Amharic	800
Arabic	9,150
Aramaic languages	1,630
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	605
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	820
Aramaic, n.o.s.	225
Harari	0
Hebrew	235
Maltese	25
Tigrigna	920
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20
Austro-Asiatic languages	10,050
Khmer (Cambodian)	900
Vietnamese	9,230
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15
Austronesian languages	32,095
Bikol	115
Bisaya, n.o.s.	420
Cebuano	1,315
Fijian	410
Hiligaynon	670
Ilocano	2,650
Indonesian	655
Kankanaey	85
Kinaray-a	35
Malagasy languages	0
Merina	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0
Malay	575
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	385
Pangasinan	180
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	29,750
Waray-Waray	165
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	800
Creole languages	765
Haitian Creole	75
Jamaican English Creole	60
Krio	50
Morisyen	340
Sango	0
Creole, n.o.s.	145
Creole languages, n.i.e.	130
Dravidian languages	5,155
Kannada	465
Malayalam	1,815
Tamil	2,465
Telugu	1,005
Tulu	80
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15
Georgian	0
Hmong-Mien languages	20
Indo-European languages	233,380
Albanian	475
Armenian	140
Balto-Slavic languages	8,435
Baltic languages	45
Latvian	15
Lithuanian	30
Slavic languages	8,405
Belarusian	20
Bulgarian	145
Czech	565
Macedonian	25
Polish	2,415
Russian	3,135
Rusyn	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,675
Bosnian	245
Croatian	965
Serbian	705
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45
Slovak	290
Slovene (Slovenian)	100
Ukrainian	1,025
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	70
Irish	25
Scottish Gaelic	25
Welsh	20
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	7,255
Frisian	10
High German languages	4,605
German	4,535
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	100
Yiddish	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,045
Afrikaans	575
Dutch	1,410
Low German, n.o.s.	10
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	60
Vlaams (Flemish)	10
Scandinavian languages	855
Danish	375
Icelandic	45
Norwegian	190
Swedish	310
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10
Greek	840
Indo-Iranian languages	200,600
Indo-Aryan languages	196,220
Assamese	35
Bengali	1,505
Gujarati	3,255
Hindi	61,500
Kacchi	235
Kashmiri	25
Konkani	230
Marathi	665
Nepali	715
Oriya languages	60
Odia	25
Oriya, n.o.s.	35
Punjabi (Panjabi)	164,825
Rohingya	55
Sindhi	175
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,270
Urdu	11,290
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	675
Iranian languages	5,370
Baluchi	40
Kurdish	480
Parsi	20
Pashto	1,175
Persian languages	4,070
Dari	2,510
Iranian Persian	1,200
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	415
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30
Italic (Romance) languages	18,360
Catalan	35
Italian	2,380
Portuguese	2,480
Romanian	970
Spanish	13,335
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65
Japanese	2,460
Korean	9,835
Mongolian	30
Niger-Congo languages	3,220
Akan (Twi)	525
Bamanankan	0
Edo	55
Éwé	155
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	70
Ganda	80
Gikuyu	35
Igbo	175
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	185
Lingala	65
Luba-Kasai	10
Mòoré	0
Mwani	0
Ndebele	55
Rundi (Kirundi)	90
Shona	160
Soninke	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10
Swahili	1,170
Wojenaka	0
Wolof	20
Yoruba	545
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	540
Nilo-Saharan languages	140
Dinka	20
Nuer	10
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	110
African, n.o.s.	10
Sign languages	740
American Sign Language	655
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105
Sino-Tibetan languages	46,015
Chinese languages	44,880
Hakka	465
Mandarin	36,980
Min Dong	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,075
Wu (Shanghainese)	410
Yue (Cantonese)	11,875
Chinese, n.o.s.	175
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	65
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,160
Burmese	650
Kuki-Chin languages	200
Karenic languages	355
S'gaw Karen	320
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55
Tibetan	60
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	95
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100
Tai-Kadai languages	1,105
Lao	670
Thai	500
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40
Turkic languages	975
Azerbaijani	50
Kazakh	0
Turkish	810
Uyghur	80
Uzbek	75
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45
Uralic languages	1,145
Estonian	45
Finnish	170
Hungarian	925
Other languages, n.i.e.	130
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	562,565
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,180
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,645
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,370
Métis	5,160
Inuk (Inuit)	115
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	345
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	185
Non-Indigenous identity	550,390
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	562,565
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,020
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	558,540
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	185,670
Owner	129,100
Renter	56,575
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	185,670
Condominium	40,330
Not condominium	145,345
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	185,670
No bedrooms	1,515
1 bedroom	23,605
2 bedrooms	47,855
3 bedrooms	48,825
4 or more bedrooms	63,875
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	185,670
1 to 4 rooms	67,455
5 rooms	27,495
6 rooms	22,145
7 rooms	18,505
8 or more rooms	50,075
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	185,670
One person or fewer per room	171,410
More than one person per room	14,260
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	185,670
Suitable	163,120
Not suitable	22,555
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	185,670
1960 or before	7,990
1961 to 1980	28,485
1981 to 1990	32,095
1991 to 2000	36,435
2001 to 2005	18,110
2006 to 2010	22,650
2011 to 2015	18,825
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	21,090
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	185,670
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	178,630
Major repairs needed	7,045
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	185,670
One-maintainer household	77,530
Two-maintainer household	84,900
Three-or-more-maintainer household	23,245
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	185,670
15 to 24 years	5,770
25 to 34 years	24,100
35 to 44 years	36,535
45 to 54 years	39,345
55 to 64 years	37,245
65 to 74 years	25,625
75 to 84 years	12,665
85 years and over	4,385
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	184,940
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	136,720
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	48,210
30% to less than 100%	42,835
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	185,670
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	70,980
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	42,425
Not suitable only	17,875
Major repairs needed only	4,055
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	3,630
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,940
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	835
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	215
Acceptable housing	114,695
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	179,560
In core need	27,705
Not in core need	151,855
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	128,910
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.1
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.0
% in core housing need⁶³	10.2
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,820
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,018
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,102,000
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	56,560
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.9
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.9
% in core housing need⁶³	27.6
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,434
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	562,560
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	3,790
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	3,645
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,545
Métis single ancestry	1,075
Inuit single ancestry	30
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	140
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	130
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	9,500
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	9,130
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,910
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,155
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	370
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	350
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	549,275
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	562,565
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	449,005
Canadian citizens aged under 18	102,065
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	346,940
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	113,555
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	562,565
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	276,945
Immigrants⁸¹	250,870
Before 1980	28,165
1980 to 1990	25,840
1991 to 2000	52,225
2001 to 2010	68,225
2011 to 2021⁸²	76,410
2011 to 2015	36,505
2016 to 2021	39,905
Non-permanent residents⁸³	34,750
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	250,870
Under 5 years	17,230
5 to 14 years	36,475
15 to 24 years	57,275
25 to 44 years	104,885
45 years and over	35,000
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	250,870
Americas	12,515
Brazil	545
Colombia	990
El Salvador	1,470
Guyana	250
Haiti	50
Jamaica	805
Mexico	1,200
Peru	410
Trinidad and Tobago	345
United States of America	3,725
Other places of birth in Americas	2,720
Europe	22,780
Bosnia and Herzegovina	380
Croatia	465
France	260
Germany	1,830
Greece	310
Hungary	510
Italy	1,025
Netherlands	1,050
Poland	1,805
Portugal	770
Romania	755
Russian Federation	950
Serbia⁸⁶	285
Ukraine	825
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,320
Other places of birth in Europe	3,245
Africa	8,915
Algeria	80
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	320
Egypt	580
Eritrea	645
Ethiopia	605
Morocco	120
Nigeria	925
Somalia	635
South Africa, Republic of	940
Other places of birth in Africa	4,070
Asia	197,360
Afghanistan	1,940
Iran⁸⁸	1,090
Iraq	3,090
Lebanon	600
Syria⁸⁹	1,755
Turkey	255
China⁹⁰	23,850
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,980
Korea, South⁹²	6,995
Taiwan	5,540
Philippines	29,510
Viet Nam	6,425
Bangladesh	840
India	95,905
Pakistan	5,710
Sri Lanka	1,435
Other places of birth in Asia	9,445
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	9,300
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	39,905
Americas	2,120
Brazil	295
Colombia	210
Haiti	0
Jamaica	250
Mexico	215
United States of America	655
Venezuela⁹⁵	25
Other places of birth in Americas	465
Europe	1,440
France	25
Germany	65
Ireland⁹⁶	55
Italy	245
Russian Federation	150
Ukraine	125
United Kingdom⁸⁷	350
Other places of birth in Europe	430
Africa	2,160
Algeria	0
Burundi	0
Cameroon	45
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	115
Côte d'Ivoire	10
Egypt	110
Eritrea	340
Ethiopia	135
Morocco	45
Nigeria	475
Somalia	95
South Africa, Republic of	185
Sudan⁹⁷	45
Tunisia	0
Other places of birth in Africa	540
Asia	33,910
Afghanistan	395
Bangladesh	215
China⁹⁰	4,425
Hong Kong⁹¹	195
India	18,235
Iran⁸⁸	105
Iraq	760
Israel	55
Japan	125
Jordan	145
Korea, South⁹²	1,005
Lebanon	110
Nepal	100
Pakistan	905
Philippines	4,000
Saudi Arabia	110
Sri Lanka	150
Syria⁸⁹	1,360
Turkey	80
United Arab Emirates	170
Viet Nam	460
Other places of birth in Asia	800
Oceania and other⁹³	280
Australia	140
Other places of birth⁹⁸	140
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	562,565
First generation¹⁰⁰	290,745
Second generation¹⁰¹	145,495
Third generation or more¹⁰²	126,320
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	222,705
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	104,340
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	42,025
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	62,310
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	93,225
Refugees¹⁰⁸	23,605
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,540
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	222,705
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,140
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	18,970
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,670
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	10,400
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	995
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	181,535
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	562,565
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	377,235
South Asian	212,680
Chinese	48,350
Black	12,870
Filipino	39,285
Arab	7,420
Latin American	8,830
Southeast Asian	15,350
West Asian	5,200
Korean	10,140
Japanese	2,870
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,765
Multiple visible minorities	9,475
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	185,330
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	562,565
Canadian	36,070
English	57,255
Irish	34,695
Scottish	42,740
French, n.o.s.¹²²	16,935
German	31,585
Chinese	47,270
Italian	9,735
Indian (India)	117,765
Ukrainian	13,970
Dutch	10,920
Polish	9,345
Québécois	300
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	11,340
Filipino	37,580
French Canadian	2,330
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	5,580
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	4,525
Métis	4,720
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	6,130
Russian	6,970
Norwegian	8,100
Welsh	5,785
Portuguese	3,625
American	3,810
Spanish	6,070
Swedish	5,700
Hungarian	3,510
Acadian	305
Pakistani	8,010
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,890
Jewish	1,305
Punjabi	49,065
Vietnamese	10,650
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,055
Greek	1,665
Jamaican	1,510
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	7,145
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,170
Korean	9,895
Romanian	2,050
Lebanese	985
Iranian	1,180
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,060
Danish	2,970
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,120
Sikh	36,770
Austrian	2,635
Belgian	895
Haitian	155
Hindu	7,905
Mexican	2,380
Mennonite	1,195
Swiss	1,210
Finnish	1,730
Sri Lankan	1,525
Croatian	1,855
Japanese	3,920
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	7,785
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	200
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,700
Muslim	2,660
Egyptian	725
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,715
Tamil	795
Icelandic	1,760
Colombian	1,175
Moroccan	130
Czech	1,260
Syrian	1,320
Guyanese	300
Afghan	3,085
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	730
Serbian	865
Ojibway	240
Newfoundlander	195
Hong Konger	1,185
Ontarian	160
Persian	895
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	495
Turkish	615
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	120
Bangladeshi	915
Algerian	75
Brazilian	805
Nigerian	895
Armenian	345
Slovak	660
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	705
Somali	1,265
Taiwanese	5,065
Iraqi	1,720
Salvadorean	1,620
African Caribbean	385
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,155
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	685
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	410
Algonquin	135
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	275
Lithuanian	285
South African	820
Australian	895
Palestinian	670
Chilean	580
Congolese	360
Nova Scotian	115
Ethiopian	625
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	565
Peruvian	450
Yoruba	315
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,105
Berber	45
Albanian	435
Maltese	215
Macedonian	70
Slovenian	415
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	420
New Brunswicker	40
Gujarati	765
Eritrean	760
African Canadian	235
Israeli	100
Mohawk	125
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	440
Bulgarian	160
Albertan	210
Ghanaian	470
Barbadian	230
African American	495
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	345
Tunisian	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	365
Cuban	125
Bosnian	355
Venezuelan	200
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0
Latvian	325
Bengali	320
Cameroonian	80
Guatemalan	640
Indonesian	845
Laotian	875
Ilocano	1,320
Northern Irish	270
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	150
British Columbian	1,325
Ecuadorian	70
Franco Ontarian	0
Argentinian	215
Estonian	280
Kurdish	360
Fijian	7,775
Jatt	4,355
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	135
Coptic	235
Thai	470
Dominican	120
Nepali	610
Kabyle	0
Assyrian	310
Igbo	210
Byelorussian	150
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	150
Abenaki	25
Moldovan	175
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	40
New Zealander	410
Sudanese	250
Breton	10
Pennsylvania Dutch	35
Malaysian	650
Plains Cree	20
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	70
Huron (Wendat)	25
Saskatchewanian	190
Buddhist	520
Gaspesian	0
Norman	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	90
Ivorian	10
Saulteaux	35
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	25
Burundian	115
Tigrinya	190
Nicaraguan	390
Mauritian	245
Kenyan	425
Oji-Cree	0
Vincentian	65
Jordanian	260
Manitoban	120
Cape Bretoner	35
Rwandan	105
Grenadian	60
Malayali	175
Chaldean	585
Sinhalese	570
Mayan	365
Honduran	385
Cherokee	100
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10
Indo-Caribbean	90
Flemish	105
United Empire Loyalist	60
Senegalese	15
Azerbaijani	45
Sicilian	80
Pashtun	280
Malay	530
Goan	95
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	45
Tibetan	100
Zimbabwean	180
Burmese	690
Mongolian	190
Azorean	0
Atikamekw	0
Bamileke	0
Indo-Guyanese	0
Ugandan	140
Oromo	60
Tanzanian	75
Yemeni	65
Central African	0
Libyan	30
Basque	30
Uruguayan	25
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	135
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	75
Igorot	280
Fulani	20
Woodland Cree	0
Guinean	0
St. Lucian	25
Prince Edward Islander	15
Maliseet	0
Beninese	0
Telugu	145
Roma	95
Costa Rican	75
African Nova Scotian	10
Malagasy	0
Kashmiri	220
Singaporean	250
Karen	400
Edo	120
Tajik	180
Amhara	90
Paraguayan	50
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	562,565
Buddhist	10,745
Christian	170,115
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	49,585
Anabaptist	1,130
Anglican	7,815
Baptist	6,315
Catholic	66,285
Christian Orthodox	4,700
Jehovah's Witness	2,510
Latter Day Saints	930
Lutheran	3,210
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	530
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	6,030
Presbyterian	2,810
Reformed	1,025
United Church	7,460
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	9,780
Hindu	30,455
Jewish	900
Muslim	31,095
Sikh	154,415
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	205
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,770
No religion and secular perspectives	161,860
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	557,165
Non-movers	477,360
Movers	79,810
Non-migrants	52,285
Migrants	27,530
Internal migrants	18,845
Intraprovincial migrants	14,370
Interprovincial migrants	4,470
External migrants	8,680
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	534,315
Non-movers	295,100
Movers	239,215
Non-migrants	116,785
Migrants	122,435
Internal migrants	67,210
Intraprovincial migrants	54,260
Interprovincial migrants	12,945
External migrants	55,225
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	468,615
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	82,975
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	385,640
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	304,955
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	36,350
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	268,605
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	468,615
No certificate, diploma or degree	77,370
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	148,395
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	242,855
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	118,615
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,895
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,740
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,155
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	70,100
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,615
Bachelor's degree or higher	124,235
Bachelor's degree	82,085
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,340
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,230
Master's degree	26,985
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,590
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	304,955
No certificate, diploma or degree	32,975
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	84,370
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	187,610
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	84,640
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	18,550
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,870
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,680
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	51,140
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,950
Bachelor's degree or higher	102,965
Bachelor's degree	67,075
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,475
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,725
Master's degree	23,745
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,945
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	468,615
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	225,760
Education	13,925
13. Education	13,925
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,510
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,010
50. Visual and performing arts	6,495
Humanities	20,880
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,905
23. English language and literature/letters	3,070
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	12,225
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	205
38. Philosophy and religious studies	595
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,215
54. History	1,395
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	270
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,140
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	280
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,370
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,740
22. Legal professions and studies	4,040
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	475
42. Psychology	3,995
45. Social sciences	11,230
Business, management and public administration	55,155
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,840
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	53,230
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,780
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,650
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,155
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110
40. Physical sciences	2,440
41. Science technologies/technicians	430
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,120
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,095
25. Library science	390
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,450
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	44,165
04. Architecture and related services	1,235
14. Engineering	14,930
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,990
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	8,715
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,430
48. Precision production	3,865
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,630
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,770
03. Natural resources and conservation	855
Health and related fields	36,345
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,030
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	33,620
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	635
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,170
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,130
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35
43. Security and protective services	1,640
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,345
Other¹⁷⁹	40
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	304,955
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	117,345
Education	9,605
13. Education	9,605
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,815
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	715
50. Visual and performing arts	5,100
Humanities	15,115
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,570
23. English language and literature/letters	2,345
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,415
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	160
38. Philosophy and religious studies	455
39. Theology and religious vocations	900
54. History	1,075
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	195
Social and behavioural sciences and law	20,800
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	215
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,930
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,925
22. Legal professions and studies	3,305
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	355
42. Psychology	3,120
45. Social sciences	8,950
Business, management and public administration	43,790
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,475
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	42,260
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,765
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,690
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,830
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100
40. Physical sciences	1,860
41. Science technologies/technicians	280
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,095
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,555
25. Library science	255
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,125
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	160
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	33,270
04. Architecture and related services	985
14. Engineering	12,360
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,775
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0
46. Construction trades	6,280
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,240
48. Precision production	2,635
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,690
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,085
03. Natural resources and conservation	605
Health and related fields	28,980
30.37 Design for human health	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,560
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	26,865
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	505
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,635
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,600
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15
43. Security and protective services	1,230
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,780
Other¹⁷⁹	35
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	304,955
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	117,345
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	187,610
Location of study inside Canada	110,565
Same as province or territory of residence	96,075
Different than province or territory of residence	14,495
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	77,040
Americas	6,590
United States of America	4,365
Mexico	570
Cuba	50
Haiti	0
Jamaica	145
Brazil	425
Colombia	250
Peru	95
Venezuela⁹⁵	95
Other locations of study in Americas	580
Europe	6,260
Belgium	30
France	110
Germany	260
Netherlands	105
Switzerland	90
Hungary	85
Moldova¹⁸³	80
Poland	375
Romania	330
Russian Federation	490
Ukraine	420
Ireland⁹⁶	140
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,785
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70
Italy	145
Serbia⁸⁶	75
Other locations of study in Europe	660
Africa	1,720
Nigeria	310
Algeria	35
Morocco	45
Tunisia	0
Egypt	225
South Africa, Republic of	390
Other locations of study in Africa	715
Asia	60,855
Iran⁸⁸	255
Iraq	470
Israel	45
Lebanon	100
Syria⁸⁹	190
Turkey	105
China⁹⁰	9,220
Taiwan	1,410
Hong Kong⁹¹	270
Japan	455
Korea, South⁹²	2,550
Philippines	12,250
Viet Nam	365
Bangladesh	300
Sri Lanka	410
India	29,050
Pakistan	1,795
Other locations of study in Asia	1,610
Oceania	1,620
Australia	880
New Zealand	270
Other locations of study in Oceania	470
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	468,615
In the labour force	308,190
Employed	281,715
Unemployed	26,470
Not in the labour force	160,425
Participation rate	65.8
Employment rate	60.1
Unemployment rate	8.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	468,615
Did not work¹⁸⁶	171,560
Worked	297,055
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	152,155
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	144,900
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	308,190
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,460
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	300,730
Employee	254,605
Permanent position	213,885
Temporary position	40,725
Fixed term (1 year or more)	14,045
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	26,680
Self-employed¹⁹²	46,125
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	308,190
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,460
All occupations¹⁹¹	300,730
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,415
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	49,520
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	18,990
3 Health occupations	22,495
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	28,120
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	7,385
6 Sales and service occupations	82,830
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	68,505
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,105
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	15,365
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	308,190
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,460
All industries¹⁹¹	300,730
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,350
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	495
22 Utilities	1,495
23 Construction	30,510
31-33 Manufacturing	23,535
41 Wholesale trade	11,770
44-45 Retail trade	36,410
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	30,035
51 Information and cultural industries	5,945
52 Finance and insurance	11,305
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,755
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	21,005
55 Management of companies and enterprises	550
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	16,070
61 Educational services	17,120
62 Health care and social assistance	34,785
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,530
72 Accommodation and food services	19,825
81 Other services (except public administration)	12,895
91 Public administration	12,355
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	327,795
English	275,560
French	180
Non-official language	12,215
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	12,215
English and French	1,310
English and non-official language(s)	37,925
French and non-official language(s)	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	150
Multiple non-official languages	445
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	327,795
Single responses	318,785
Official languages	296,900
English	296,560
French	335
Non-official languages	21,895
Indigenous languages³⁹	0
Algonquian languages	0
Blackfoot	0
Cree-Innu languages	0
Atikamekw	0
Cree languages	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0
Naskapi	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0
Mi'kmaq	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0
Oji-Cree	0
Ojibway languages	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0
Athabaskan languages	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0
Gwich'in	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0
Tahltan languages	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0
Tutchone languages	0
Northern Tutchone	0
Southern Tutchone	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0
Tlingit	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0
Haida	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0
Inuinnaqtun	0
Inuvialuktun	0
Inuktitut	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0
Iroquoian languages	0
Mohawk	0
Oneida	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0
Michif	0
Salish languages	0
Halkomelem	0
Lillooet	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0
Squamish	0
Straits	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0
Siouan languages	0
Assiniboine	0
Dakota	0
Stoney	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tsimshian languages	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0
Nisga'a	0
Tsimshian	0
Wakashan languages	0
Haisla	0
Heiltsuk	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,895
Afro-Asiatic languages	190
Berber languages	0
Kabyle	0
Tamazight	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0
Chadic languages	0
Coptic	0
Cushitic languages	10
Bilen	0
Oromo	0
Somali	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Semitic languages	170
Amharic	0
Arabic	145
Aramaic languages	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0
Hebrew	0
Tigrigna	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	555
Khmer (Cambodian)	10
Vietnamese	550
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0
Austronesian languages	225
Bikol	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0
Cebuano	0
Hiligaynon	0
Ilocano	0
Indonesian	0
Kankanaey	0
Malagasy languages	0
Malay	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0
Pangasinan	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	205
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0
Creole languages	0
Haitian Creole	0
Jamaican English Creole	0
Morisyen	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0
Dravidian languages	25
Kannada	0
Malayalam	0
Tamil	20
Telugu	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0
Georgian	0
Indo-European languages	14,770
Albanian	0
Armenian	0
Balto-Slavic languages	90
Baltic languages	0
Latvian	0
Lithuanian	0
Slavic languages	90
Bulgarian	0
Czech	0
Macedonian	0
Polish	10
Russian	65
Serbo-Croatian	0
Bosnian	0
Croatian	0
Serbian	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0
Slovak	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0
Ukrainian	10
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0
Celtic languages	0
Scottish Gaelic	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0
Germanic languages	15
Frisian	0
High German languages	15
German	15
Pennsylvania German	0
Swiss German	0
Yiddish	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0
Afrikaans	0
Dutch	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0
Low Saxon	0
Plautdietsch	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0
Scandinavian languages	0
Danish	0
Icelandic	0
Norwegian	0
Swedish	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0
Greek	0
Indo-Iranian languages	14,165
Indo-Aryan languages	14,110
Bengali	0
Gujarati	0
Hindi	355
Kacchi	0
Marathi	0
Nepali	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,695
Sindhi	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0
Urdu	50
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0
Iranian languages	55
Kurdish	0
Pashto	0
Persian languages	45
Dari	30
Iranian Persian	10
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0
Italic (Romance) languages	490
Catalan	0
Italian	0
Portuguese	20
Romanian	10
Spanish	460
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0
Japanese	110
Korean	1,080
Mongolian	0
Niger-Congo languages	0
Akan (Twi)	0
Edo	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0
Ga	0
Ganda	0
Igbo	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0
Lingala	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0
Shona	0
Swahili	0
Wolof	0
Yoruba	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0
Dinka	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0
Sign languages	40
American Sign Language	40
Quebec Sign Language	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,875
Chinese languages	4,855
Hakka	0
Mandarin	3,960
Min Dong	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	0
Yue (Cantonese)	850
Chinese, n.o.s.	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25
Burmese	0
Karenic languages	0
S'gaw Karen	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0
Tibetan	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10
Lao	0
Thai	10
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0
Turkic languages	10
Azerbaijani	0
Turkish	10
Uyghur	0
Uzbek	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0
Uralic languages	0
Estonian	0
Finnish	0
Hungarian	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0
Multiple responses	9,010
English and French	175
English and non-official language(s)	8,720
French and non-official language(s)	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	95
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	327,795
None	295,855
English	8,785
French	1,020
Non-official language	18,375
Indigenous³⁹	0
Non-Indigenous	18,370
English and French	0
English and non-official language(s)	700
French and non-official language(s)	110
English, French and non-official language(s)	0
Multiple non-official languages	2,950
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	281,715
Worked at home	47,035
Worked outside Canada	1,420
No fixed workplace address	55,215
Usual place of work	178,045
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	178,040
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	82,955
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	91,335
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,290
Commute to a different province or territory	465
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	233,260
Car, truck or van	191,725
Car, truck or van - as a driver	172,265
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	19,460
Public transit	30,485
Walked	6,205
Bicycle	660
Other method	4,180
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	233,260
Less than 15 minutes	41,315
15 to 29 minutes	76,465
30 to 44 minutes	65,210
45 to 59 minutes	24,875
60 minutes and over	25,400
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	233,260
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	19,000
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	39,375
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	50,260
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	43,310
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	37,540
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	43,760
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	116,405
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,085
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	110,320
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	86,375
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,045
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,330
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,715
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	81,330

Symbol legend

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Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 3, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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