Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Burnaby, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	249,125	...	...
Population, 2016¹	232,755	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	107,046	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	101,136	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,750.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	90.57	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	249,120	122,520	126,600
0 to 14 years	32,295	16,690	15,605
0 to 4 years	10,510	5,355	5,155
5 to 9 years	10,980	5,740	5,240
10 to 14 years	10,805	5,595	5,210
15 to 64 years	172,720	85,610	87,115
15 to 19 years	11,190	5,805	5,385
20 to 24 years	17,160	8,840	8,320
25 to 29 years	21,455	11,040	10,410
30 to 34 years	22,270	11,400	10,865
35 to 39 years	19,380	9,835	9,545
40 to 44 years	16,505	8,140	8,365
45 to 49 years	15,510	7,300	8,210
50 to 54 years	16,395	7,635	8,760
55 to 59 years	17,380	8,220	9,165
60 to 64 years	15,475	7,390	8,090
65 years and over	44,110	20,225	23,885
65 to 69 years	13,615	6,460	7,155
70 to 74 years	11,045	5,190	5,855
75 to 79 years	7,240	3,315	3,925
80 to 84 years	5,730	2,590	3,140
85 years and over	6,475	2,665	3,810
85 to 89 years	3,840	1,755	2,080
90 to 94 years	2,040	735	1,305
95 to 99 years	530	150	375
100 years and over	75	25	50
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.0	13.6	12.3
15 to 64 years	69.3	69.9	68.8
65 years and over	17.7	16.5	18.9
85 years and over	2.6	2.2	3.0
Average age of the population	42.0	40.9	43.0
Median age of the population	40.4	38.8	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	101,140	...	...
Single-detached house	19,080	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,885	...	...
Row house	8,770	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	16,650	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	23,835	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	29,715	...	...
Other single-attached house	195	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	101,135	...	...
1 person	29,575	...	...
2 persons	33,180	...	...
3 persons	17,015	...	...
4 persons	13,325	...	...
5 or more persons	8,040	...	...
Number of persons in private households	245,725	121,040	124,680
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	216,825	105,830	110,995
Married or living common-law	120,820	60,220	60,600
Married	105,275	52,365	52,910
Living common-law	15,545	7,860	7,685
Living common law - Never married	12,675	6,415	6,260
Living common law - Separated	435	225	205
Living common law - Divorced	2,260	1,135	1,120
Living common law - Widowed	175	80	100
Not married and not living common-law	96,000	45,605	50,395
Not married and not living common law - Never married	68,445	37,000	31,450
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,980	2,020	2,960
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	12,455	4,610	7,850
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	10,120	1,975	8,150
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	68,355	...	...
2 persons	34,720	...	...
3 persons	16,775	...	...
4 persons	13,275	...	...
5 or more persons	3,585	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	68,355	...	...
Total couple families	57,610	...	...
Married couples	49,835	...	...
With children⁶	28,305	...	...
Without children	21,530	...	...
Common-law couples	7,775	...	...
With children⁶	1,795	...	...
Without children	5,980	...	...
Total one-parent families	10,745	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	8,745	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,005	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	245,725	121,045	124,680
Total - Persons in census families	191,605	94,355	97,250
Married spouses or common-law partners	115,215	57,660	57,550
Parents in one-parent families	10,750	2,000	8,745
Children⁶	65,645	34,690	30,955
In a two-parent family	50,505	26,535	23,975
In a one-parent family	15,140	8,160	6,985
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	54,115	26,685	27,430
Living alone	29,575	14,055	15,525
Living with other relatives⁷	8,245	3,210	5,030
Living with non-relatives only	16,305	9,425	6,880
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	101,135	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	55,410	...	...
Couple-family households	47,280	...	...
With children⁶	24,750	...	...
Without children	22,530	...	...
One-parent-family households	8,135	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,090	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,135	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,110	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	6,815	...	...
One-person households	29,575	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	213,475	104,380	109,095
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	206,675	101,160	105,510
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,200	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	206,730	101,200	105,530
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,200	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	183,615	91,065	92,560
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	41,200	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	146,750	75,115	71,640
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,600	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	172,810	80,150	92,660
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	17,890	7,935	9,955
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,185	29,540	30,645
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	213,475	104,550	108,925
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	206,385	101,105	105,275
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,500	59,200	44,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	206,450	101,140	105,310
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,440	48,800	38,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	183,375	91,095	92,275
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,520	57,450	39,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	146,755	75,265	71,485
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,600	58,600	42,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	172,395	80,060	92,330
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,030	9,390	10,590
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	17,750	7,830	9,920
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,570	5,870	7,120
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,705	29,975	30,725
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,660	9,550	9,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	213,475	104,555	108,925
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	68,465	38,585	29,880
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	71,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,400	85,100	67,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	59,440	27,680	31,755
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000	19,600	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,120	33,120	25,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.8	87.4	79.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8	73.6	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.3	12.6	21.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.7	5.7	8.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.8	6.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	213,475	104,380	109,100
Without total income	6,805	3,220	3,585
With total income	206,670	101,165	105,510
Under $10,000 (including loss)	24,885	11,120	13,770
$10,000 to $19,999	24,795	11,035	13,765
$20,000 to $29,999	32,485	14,075	18,410
$30,000 to $39,999	24,960	11,040	13,920
$40,000 to $49,999	21,115	9,795	11,320
$50,000 to $59,999	17,535	8,230	9,310
$60,000 to $69,999	13,865	7,125	6,735
$70,000 to $79,999	10,615	5,835	4,780
$80,000 to $89,999	8,475	4,930	3,545
$90,000 to $99,999	6,655	3,845	2,810
$100,000 and over	21,285	14,135	7,145
$100,000 to $149,999	14,360	9,125	5,240
$150,000 and over	6,920	5,010	1,905
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	213,475	104,380	109,100
Without after-tax income	6,750	3,180	3,565
With after-tax income	206,730	101,200	105,530
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,555	11,400	14,155
$10,000 to $19,999	25,580	11,385	14,190
$20,000 to $29,999	36,310	15,855	20,450
$30,000 to $39,999	28,600	12,960	15,640
$40,000 to $49,999	24,265	11,290	12,975
$50,000 to $59,999	18,880	9,485	9,400
$60,000 to $69,999	13,640	7,545	6,090
$70,000 to $79,999	10,125	5,830	4,295
$80,000 to $89,999	7,200	4,285	2,915
$90,000 to $99,999	4,820	2,990	1,825
$100,000 and over	11,765	8,170	3,590
$100,000 to $124,999	6,190	4,140	2,050
$125,000 and over	5,570	4,030	1,535
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	213,475	104,380	109,100
Without employment income	66,725	29,260	37,460
With employment income	146,755	75,115	71,635
Under $5,000 (including loss)	18,920	8,680	10,235
$5,000 to $9,999	12,840	5,640	7,205
$10,000 to $19,999	17,105	7,795	9,310
$20,000 to $29,999	12,890	6,025	6,865
$30,000 to $39,999	12,630	5,965	6,670
$40,000 to $49,999	12,765	6,135	6,625
$50,000 to $59,999	12,480	6,080	6,405
$60,000 to $69,999	10,115	5,440	4,680
$70,000 to $79,999	8,015	4,535	3,480
$80,000 to $89,999	6,680	3,990	2,695
$90,000 to $99,999	5,470	3,230	2,240
$100,000 and over	16,845	11,615	5,225
$100,000 to $124,999	7,970	5,125	2,850
$125,000 and over	8,870	6,490	2,380
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	213,475	104,380	109,095
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	199,160	97,180	101,975
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	41,600	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	199,515	97,260	102,265
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	28,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	180,880	89,610	91,270
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,000	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	148,920	75,775	73,145
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	136,470	59,640	76,825
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,000	1,170	3,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	9,810	4,215	5,595
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600	4,720	6,450
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	213,475	104,550	108,925
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	198,815	97,080	101,735
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,760	55,200	40,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	199,145	97,165	101,980
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,120	45,440	35,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	180,600	89,485	91,115
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,560	55,800	39,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	148,920	75,860	73,060
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,480	55,900	40,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	136,005	59,395	76,610
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,690	6,175	7,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,650	4,185	5,465
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,430	6,100	8,440
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	213,475	104,555	108,925
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	67,690	38,060	29,635
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	65,500	54,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,800	78,400	61,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	55,155	25,660	29,490
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	27,600	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,160	37,920	30,880
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.4	93.2	86.8
Employment income (%)	76.0	79.2	72.0
Government transfers (%)	9.6	6.8	13.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	101,135	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	29,575	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	71,565	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	101,135	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	105,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	29,580	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	71,555	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	101,135	...	...
Under $5,000	2,800	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,060	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,185	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,240	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,410	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,110	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,235	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,770	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,560	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,495	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,970	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,545	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,440	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,075	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,375	...	...
$100,000 and over	40,870	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,460	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	8,430	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,550	...	...
$200,000 and over	10,430	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	101,135	...	...
Under $5,000	3,015	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,065	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,210	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,315	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,610	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,510	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,625	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,340	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,140	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,130	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	7,975	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,765	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,295	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,595	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,865	...	...
$100,000 and over	33,670	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,555	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,895	...	...
$150,000 and over	14,220	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	66,930	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	23,850	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	30,155	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	9,690	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	45,880	23,475	22,400
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	39,600	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,400	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	66,910	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,745	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	30,110	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,750	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	45,795	23,405	22,385
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,560	49,320	43,680
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,200	41,840	38,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	245,725	121,045	124,680
0 to 17 years	38,640	20,010	18,640
0 to 5 years	12,710	6,485	6,225
18 to 64 years	165,380	81,765	83,620
65 years and over	41,700	19,275	22,425
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	33,175	15,725	17,450
0 to 17 years	5,165	2,735	2,435
0 to 5 years	1,665	845	810
18 to 64 years	20,510	9,910	10,600
65 years and over	7,500	3,080	4,420
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.5	13.0	14.0
0 to 17 years (%)	13.4	13.7	13.1
0 to 5 years (%)	13.1	13.1	13.1
18 to 64 years (%)	12.4	12.1	12.7
65 years and over (%)	18.0	16.0	19.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	245,725	121,045	124,680
0 to 17 years	38,645	20,005	18,635
0 to 5 years	12,710	6,485	6,225
18 to 64 years	165,380	81,760	83,620
65 years and over	41,700	19,275	22,425
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	23,595	11,800	11,795
0 to 17 years	3,180	1,680	1,505
0 to 5 years	950	470	475
18 to 64 years	17,230	8,785	8,450
65 years and over	3,180	1,340	1,840
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.6	9.8	9.5
0 to 17 years (%)	8.2	8.4	8.1
0 to 5 years (%)	7.5	7.3	7.6
18 to 64 years (%)	10.4	10.7	10.1
65 years and over (%)	7.6	7.0	8.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	245,725	121,045	124,680
In bottom half of the distribution	119,695	57,850	61,850
In bottom decile	32,730	15,980	16,755
In second decile	23,105	10,880	12,225
In third decile	20,885	10,070	10,810
In fourth decile	21,180	10,260	10,920
In fifth decile	21,795	10,660	11,135
In top half of the distribution	126,030	63,195	62,835
In sixth decile	21,995	10,865	11,125
In seventh decile	23,425	11,660	11,770
In eighth decile	25,080	12,520	12,560
In ninth decile	27,240	13,665	13,580
In top decile	28,280	14,480	13,800
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	245,725	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.351	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.314	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	246,940	121,625	125,320
English only	218,745	109,470	109,275
French only	95	35	60
English and French	12,040	5,595	6,450
Neither English nor French	16,060	6,525	9,535
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	246,940	121,625	125,320
English	227,915	113,620	114,295
French	1,725	900	825
English and French	1,480	695	790
Neither English nor French	15,825	6,415	9,415
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	246,940	121,625	125,320
Single responses	231,085	113,955	117,130
Official languages	97,495	51,630	45,865
English	95,955	50,810	45,145
French	1,535	825	715
Non-official languages	133,590	62,325	71,270
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	25
Algonquian languages	20	10	10
Blackfoot	5	0	5
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	15	5	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	5
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	5	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	133,545	62,300	71,245
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,310	1,775	1,535
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	5	5	0
Hausa	5	5	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	155	85	70
Bilen	15	5	10
Oromo	35	25	15
Somali	90	50	40
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10
Semitic languages	3,145	1,680	1,460
Amharic	275	135	140
Arabic	2,055	1,090	965
Aramaic languages	30	15	15
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	80	55	30
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	695	385	310
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,280	1,445	1,835
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	35	35
Vietnamese	3,205	1,410	1,800
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	9,165	3,715	5,455
Bikol	25	10	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	105	40	65
Cebuano	245	95	150
Fijian	10	5	5
Hiligaynon	160	55	100
Ilocano	510	205	300
Indonesian	740	330	415
Kankanaey	25	10	15
Kinaray-a	15	5	10
Malagasy languages	5	5	5
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5
Malay	30	15	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95	45	50
Pangasinan	25	15	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,020	2,805	4,215
Waray-Waray	45	20	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60
Creole languages	65	35	35
Haitian Creole	5	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	30	10	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	15
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0
Dravidian languages	1,480	815	665
Kannada	105	60	50
Malayalam	315	165	150
Tamil	585	310	280
Telugu	465	275	185
Tulu	10	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	25	20	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	40,790	20,425	20,370
Albanian	225	110	115
Armenian	215	110	105
Balto-Slavic languages	8,300	4,050	4,250
Baltic languages	40	20	15
Latvian	15	10	5
Lithuanian	25	10	10
Slavic languages	8,260	4,030	4,230
Belarusian	10	5	5
Bulgarian	175	85	85
Czech	270	135	130
Macedonian	50	25	20
Polish	895	445	450
Russian	2,690	1,270	1,420
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	3,535	1,760	1,775
Bosnian	300	150	150
Croatian	1,405	650	750
Serbian	1,775	930	850
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Slovak	165	70	95
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	30	35
Ukrainian	410	200	210
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,700	860	840
Frisian	5	0	5
High German languages	1,115	560	555
German	1,080	545	535
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	35	15	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	355	180	170
Afrikaans	60	30	30
Dutch	275	145	135
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0
Scandinavian languages	225	110	110
Danish	90	45	50
Icelandic	5	0	0
Norwegian	40	20	15
Swedish	90	45	50
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Greek	415	205	210
Indo-Iranian languages	17,440	8,890	8,550
Indo-Aryan languages	11,450	5,695	5,750
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	675	375	300
Gujarati	1,555	775	785
Hindi	2,560	1,290	1,270
Kacchi	345	135	210
Kashmiri	15	5	5
Konkani	25	10	15
Marathi	360	180	175
Nepali	55	30	25
Oriya languages	30	15	15
Odia	20	10	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,980	2,440	2,535
Rohingya	5	5	0
Sindhi	40	25	20
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	50	55
Urdu	635	335	305
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Iranian languages	5,985	3,185	2,800
Baluchi	10	10	5
Kurdish	515	295	220
Parsi	15	10	5
Pashto	190	115	70
Persian languages	5,240	2,760	2,485
Dari	1,020	540	480
Iranian Persian	3,665	1,920	1,740
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	560	295	265
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,495	6,195	6,300
Catalan	10	5	5
Italian	3,380	1,670	1,705
Portuguese	2,915	1,435	1,475
Romanian	825	420	405
Spanish	5,360	2,655	2,705
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	2,325	780	1,540
Korean	7,690	3,395	4,295
Mongolian	45	25	20
Niger-Congo languages	390	200	190
Akan (Twi)	30	15	10
Bamanankan	5	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0
Ga	5	5	0
Ganda	10	10	5
Gikuyu	10	5	0
Igbo	15	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	10
Lingala	5	0	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	5	5	0
Ndebele	5	0	5
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	5	10
Shona	25	10	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0
Swahili	90	50	40
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	15	0	10
Yoruba	35	20	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	45	35
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	30	40
Dinka	30	15	15
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5
Sign languages	85	50	35
American Sign Language	75	45	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	63,220	28,825	34,390
Chinese languages	63,010	28,740	34,270
Hakka	335	145	190
Mandarin	31,710	14,330	17,380
Min Dong	30	15	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,965	895	1,070
Wu (Shanghainese)	550	255	295
Yue (Cantonese)	28,060	12,940	15,120
Chinese, n.o.s.	350	160	185
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	195	80	110
Burmese	95	40	55
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	75	35	45
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Tai-Kadai languages	315	110	210
Lao	35	15	15
Thai	270	85	185
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Turkic languages	670	385	285
Azerbaijani	60	30	30
Kazakh	20	10	10
Turkish	480	295	185
Uyghur	75	35	40
Uzbek	15	5	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15
Uralic languages	600	275	325
Estonian	30	10	20
Finnish	100	35	60
Hungarian	465	225	245
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Multiple responses	15,860	7,665	8,190
English and French	610	315	295
English and non-official language(s)	13,025	6,365	6,660
French and non-official language(s)	195	90	105
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	95	115
Multiple non-official languages	1,815	805	1,015
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	246,940	121,625	125,320
English	107,955	56,215	51,740
French	320	160	160
Non-official language	46,865	21,450	25,410
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5
Non-Indigenous	46,860	21,450	25,410
English and French	1,390	705	685
English and non-official language(s)	83,915	40,160	43,750
French and non-official language(s)	90	40	55
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,525	715	815
Multiple non-official languages	4,885	2,180	2,705
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	246,940	121,625	125,320
Single responses	228,310	112,700	115,610
Official languages	141,845	72,430	69,415
English	141,300	72,155	69,145
French	545	280	270
Non-official languages	86,460	40,265	46,195
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	86,455	40,265	46,190
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,150	1,090	1,055
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	70	35	40
Bilen	15	5	10
Oromo	15	15	5
Somali	40	15	25
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Semitic languages	2,075	1,060	1,015
Amharic	145	65	75
Arabic	1,300	635	665
Aramaic languages	25	10	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	20	15	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	585	330	250
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,865	840	1,025
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	10
Vietnamese	1,840	825	1,015
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,865	2,135	2,730
Bikol	10	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	25	35
Cebuano	130	50	80
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	75	30	50
Ilocano	265	105	155
Indonesian	300	160	145
Kankanaey	10	5	10
Kinaray-a	5	5	5
Malagasy languages	5	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	20	15
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,895	1,695	2,205
Waray-Waray	20	10	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25
Creole languages	25	10	15
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	10	10	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	920	480	440
Kannada	45	25	20
Malayalam	180	95	90
Tamil	400	205	195
Telugu	285	155	130
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	15	10	5
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	21,925	10,825	11,100
Albanian	60	35	30
Armenian	155	80	75
Balto-Slavic languages	4,540	2,235	2,305
Baltic languages	10	0	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	5
Slavic languages	4,540	2,230	2,305
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	75	35	40
Czech	110	55	55
Macedonian	25	5	10
Polish	350	170	175
Russian	1,895	925	965
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,870	920	945
Bosnian	180	85	95
Croatian	555	260	300
Serbian	1,115	570	545
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Slovak	50	25	25
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5
Ukrainian	150	75	75
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	195	95	100
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	115	55	60
German	115	55	60
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	20
Afrikaans	15	10	5
Dutch	25	15	15
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	35	15	20
Danish	5	0	5
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	5	0
Swedish	25	15	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	160	75	90
Indo-Iranian languages	10,615	5,290	5,325
Indo-Aryan languages	6,330	3,095	3,235
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	405	210	195
Gujarati	810	390	420
Hindi	1,350	695	655
Kacchi	170	65	105
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	5	0	5
Marathi	185	95	90
Nepali	30	15	15
Oriya languages	20	10	10
Odia	15	5	10
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,890	1,380	1,510
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	15	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	30
Urdu	370	195	175
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15
Iranian languages	4,285	2,195	2,090
Baluchi	10	5	0
Kurdish	360	190	165
Parsi	10	5	5
Pashto	140	70	70
Persian languages	3,755	1,915	1,840
Dari	695	370	325
Iranian Persian	2,645	1,335	1,310
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	410	205	210
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,195	3,030	3,165
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	930	415	515
Portuguese	1,835	915	920
Romanian	375	180	195
Spanish	3,045	1,520	1,530
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,170	490	680
Korean	5,975	2,675	3,300
Mongolian	35	20	15
Niger-Congo languages	105	55	55
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	0
Gikuyu	5	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0
Lingala	5	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	30	20	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	5	0	5
Yoruba	5	5	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	15	15
Dinka	10	5	5
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	130	75	50
American Sign Language	110	70	40
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	46,580	21,205	25,370
Chinese languages	46,440	21,145	25,295
Hakka	100	45	55
Mandarin	25,565	11,685	13,875
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,125	510	615
Wu (Shanghainese)	380	175	210
Yue (Cantonese)	19,090	8,645	10,445
Chinese, n.o.s.	155	70	90
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	60	75
Burmese	60	30	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	60	25	35
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	50	65
Lao	5	5	5
Thai	105	50	60
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	370	195	170
Azerbaijani	40	20	20
Kazakh	5	5	5
Turkish	270	155	115
Uyghur	40	20	20
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Uralic languages	175	80	95
Estonian	5	5	0
Finnish	10	5	5
Hungarian	155	75	85
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Multiple responses	18,635	8,930	9,710
English and French	250	120	130
English and non-official language(s)	17,400	8,345	9,050
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	60	45
Multiple non-official languages	830	375	455
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	246,940	121,620	125,315
None	170,400	85,135	85,270
English	30,555	14,670	15,880
French	1,305	630	675
Non-official language	34,730	16,475	18,255
Indigenous³⁹	40	15	25
Non-Indigenous	34,690	16,465	18,230
English and French	235	120	120
English and non-official language(s)	4,880	2,300	2,575
French and non-official language(s)	775	365	415
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	30	30
Multiple non-official languages	4,000	1,910	2,095
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	245,725	121,040	124,680
Official languages	229,400	114,410	114,990
English	229,325	114,390	114,930
French	12,325	5,730	6,595
Non-official languages	163,875	77,145	86,730
Indigenous languages³⁹	125	55	65
Algonquian languages	45	20	25
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	25	10	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	10
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	30	15	20
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	15	20
Dakelh (Carrier)	10	0	10
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	10	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	15	0	10
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	10	0	10
Tsimshian	10	0	0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	163,780	77,105	86,675
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,005	2,775	2,235
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	35	20	15
Hausa	30	20	10
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	205	125	85
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	65	45	15
Somali	130	75	55
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	4,835	2,675	2,165
Amharic	495	260	235
Arabic	3,505	1,915	1,585
Aramaic languages	105	55	50
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	75	40	30
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	20	20
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	375	225	145
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	840	505	335
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,090	1,865	2,225
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	40	35
Vietnamese	4,025	1,830	2,195
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	0
Austronesian languages	13,115	5,300	7,815
Bikol	90	45	45
Bisaya, n.o.s.	160	70	90
Cebuano	435	195	240
Fijian	60	30	30
Hiligaynon	235	95	135
Ilocano	845	325	520
Indonesian	1,115	520	595
Kankanaey	20	0	15
Kinaray-a	15	0	10
Malagasy languages	15	0	10
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Malay	375	175	205
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	120	35	85
Pangasinan	110	40	70
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	11,245	4,440	6,800
Waray-Waray	70	30	35
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	350	165	185
Creole languages	200	110	90
Haitian Creole	30	20	10
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	20	10	10
Morisyen	70	30	40
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	30	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20
Dravidian languages	2,530	1,375	1,150
Kannada	320	170	150
Malayalam	520	290	230
Tamil	1,165	620	540
Telugu	885	510	375
Tulu	30	10	20
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	40	30	10
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	55,735	27,855	27,880
Albanian	365	195	170
Armenian	290	150	130
Balto-Slavic languages	10,215	5,115	5,100
Baltic languages	50	30	20
Latvian	15	15	0
Lithuanian	40	25	20
Slavic languages	10,185	5,095	5,090
Belarusian	40	20	20
Bulgarian	235	130	115
Czech	370	170	200
Macedonian	100	50	45
Polish	1,270	635	645
Russian	3,705	1,805	1,905
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	4,435	2,265	2,170
Bosnian	650	325	335
Croatian	2,065	1,010	1,055
Serbian	2,485	1,305	1,185
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	50	40
Slovak	195	95	95
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	35	35
Ukrainian	885	435	445
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15
Celtic languages	80	55	30
Irish	60	40	25
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	25	20	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,365	1,695	1,670
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	2,375	1,230	1,145
German	2,355	1,215	1,140
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	55	30	30
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	625	320	300
Afrikaans	195	105	85
Dutch	425	215	215
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0
Scandinavian languages	430	190	245
Danish	165	75	90
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	90	35	55
Swedish	190	85	105
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	605	325	285
Indo-Iranian languages	24,990	12,745	12,245
Indo-Aryan languages	18,235	9,235	9,000
Assamese	25	15	15
Bengali	855	450	410
Gujarati	2,725	1,310	1,415
Hindi	8,945	4,515	4,425
Kacchi	705	315	395
Kashmiri	20	20	0
Konkani	60	25	35
Marathi	660	330	330
Nepali	70	35	30
Oriya languages	15	0	10
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	10
Punjabi (Panjabi)	7,860	4,080	3,785
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	65	45	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	260	110	150
Urdu	1,650	885	765
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	115	55	60
Iranian languages	7,075	3,685	3,390
Baluchi	15	10	10
Kurdish	805	440	360
Parsi	20	0	15
Pashto	550	315	235
Persian languages	6,150	3,220	2,925
Dari	1,385	695	690
Iranian Persian	4,335	2,280	2,055
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	540	330	210
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	25
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,665	8,520	9,145
Catalan	20	15	10
Italian	4,890	2,225	2,665
Portuguese	3,455	1,735	1,715
Romanian	1,085	570	515
Spanish	9,235	4,495	4,735
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20
Japanese	4,425	1,865	2,560
Korean	9,090	4,020	5,070
Mongolian	20	15	10
Niger-Congo languages	1,225	640	590
Akan (Twi)	90	55	35
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	10	0	10
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	20	10	0
Ganda	35	25	10
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	65	30	35
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	20	15
Lingala	45	15	30
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	10	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	75	25	50
Shona	55	20	30
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	595	305	290
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	20	15	0
Yoruba	110	50	65
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	260	135	130
Nilo-Saharan languages	85	45	45
Dinka	25	10	15
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	460	205	260
American Sign Language	420	190	235
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25
Sino-Tibetan languages	73,280	33,805	39,480
Chinese languages	73,060	33,715	39,345
Hakka	525	215	305
Mandarin	47,170	21,445	25,730
Min Dong	30	15	15
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,065	1,835	2,235
Wu (Shanghainese)	835	335	490
Yue (Cantonese)	35,915	16,510	19,405
Chinese, n.o.s.	300	160	150
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Tibeto-Burman languages	245	95	145
Burmese	100	45	50
Kuki-Chin languages	20	0	20
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	95	35	60
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15
Tai-Kadai languages	425	170	260
Lao	70	30	40
Thai	355	135	220
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10
Turkic languages	1,070	605	470
Azerbaijani	130	90	40
Kazakh	30	20	15
Turkish	870	490	380
Uyghur	65	35	25
Uzbek	15	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	50	15	30
Uralic languages	660	280	385
Estonian	20	10	10
Finnish	125	50	75
Hungarian	525	230	295
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	245,725	121,045	124,685
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,180	2,025	2,150
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,030	1,945	2,080
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,670	1,305	1,360
Métis	1,340	640	700
Inuk (Inuit)	20	0	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	95	50	50
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	30	30
Non-Indigenous identity	241,550	119,020	122,525
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	245,725	121,045	124,685
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,900	925	975
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	243,825	120,120	123,705
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	101,135	...	...
Owner	61,185	...	...
Renter	39,950	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	101,135	...	...
Condominium	42,540	...	...
Not condominium	58,600	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	101,135	...	...
No bedrooms	1,915	...	...
1 bedroom	23,255	...	...
2 bedrooms	34,815	...	...
3 bedrooms	18,005	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	23,140	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	101,135	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	55,760	...	...
5 rooms	12,665	...	...
6 rooms	8,600	...	...
7 rooms	6,925	...	...
8 or more rooms	17,190	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	101,135	...	...
One person or fewer per room	96,080	...	...
More than one person per room	5,055	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	101,135	...	...
Suitable	91,090	...	...
Not suitable	10,045	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	101,135	...	...
1960 or before	11,045	...	...
1961 to 1980	24,810	...	...
1981 to 1990	14,235	...	...
1991 to 2000	14,465	...	...
2001 to 2005	6,435	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,405	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,035	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	12,710	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	101,135	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	95,090	...	...
Major repairs needed	6,045	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	101,135	...	...
One-maintainer household	50,765	...	...
Two-maintainer household	42,300	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,075	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	101,135	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,880	...	...
25 to 34 years	17,750	...	...
35 to 44 years	18,255	...	...
45 to 54 years	17,530	...	...
55 to 64 years	18,755	...	...
65 to 74 years	14,115	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,465	...	...
85 years and over	3,380	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	100,625	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	69,470	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	31,155	...	...
30% to less than 100%	24,960	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	101,135	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	42,240	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	26,990	...	...
Not suitable only	6,845	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,640	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,360	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,560	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	595	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	245	...	...
Acceptable housing	58,900	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	94,430	...	...
In core need	17,745	...	...
Not in core need	76,680	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	61,185	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,360	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,744	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	980,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,175,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	39,950	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,536	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	245,725	121,045	124,680
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,460	725	735
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,425	705	720
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,215	630	585
Métis single ancestry	205	75	135
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	20	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	30	15	10
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,180	1,590	1,590
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,095	1,565	1,530
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,185	1,085	1,100
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	890	470	415
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	85	30	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	30	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	241,085	118,730	122,355
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	245,725	121,045	124,680
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	195,540	96,700	98,835
Canadian citizens aged under 18	33,795	17,440	16,350
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	161,750	79,265	82,485
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	50,185	24,345	25,845
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	245,725	121,045	124,680
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	105,170	55,160	50,005
Immigrants⁸¹	123,795	57,210	66,585
Before 1980	17,225	8,080	9,145
1980 to 1990	14,020	6,535	7,485
1991 to 2000	31,380	14,405	16,975
2001 to 2010	28,525	12,880	15,655
2011 to 2021⁸²	32,645	15,315	17,325
2011 to 2015	13,720	6,280	7,440
2016 to 2021	18,920	9,030	9,890
Non-permanent residents⁸³	16,765	8,675	8,090
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	123,800	57,210	66,585
Under 5 years	8,805	4,590	4,215
5 to 14 years	19,335	9,940	9,400
15 to 24 years	21,815	10,235	11,575
25 to 44 years	58,535	25,465	33,075
45 years and over	15,300	6,975	8,325
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	123,800	57,210	66,585
Americas	7,285	3,585	3,700
Brazil	1,020	505	520
Colombia	420	195	220
El Salvador	390	205	185
Guyana	100	45	55
Haiti	25	15	10
Jamaica	215	145	70
Mexico	1,160	525	635
Peru	330	165	170
Trinidad and Tobago	155	75	75
United States of America	1,885	970	915
Other places of birth in Americas	1,590	740	850
Europe	15,990	7,965	8,020
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,040	510	535
Croatia	995	495	500
France	270	175	90
Germany	705	345	360
Greece	220	110	115
Hungary	260	110	145
Italy	2,295	1,120	1,170
Netherlands	250	115	140
Poland	860	405	450
Portugal	695	355	335
Romania	865	435	435
Russian Federation	1,230	550	680
Serbia⁸⁶	845	415	430
Ukraine	850	400	450
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,225	1,235	990
Other places of birth in Europe	2,375	1,185	1,190
Africa	5,380	2,680	2,700
Algeria	45	25	15
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	90	35	55
Egypt	230	145	85
Eritrea	705	440	265
Ethiopia	355	185	170
Morocco	120	70	55
Nigeria	315	160	155
Somalia	70	25	45
South Africa, Republic of	490	245	240
Other places of birth in Africa	2,965	1,350	1,615
Asia	93,220	42,075	51,145
Afghanistan	1,195	625	575
Iran⁸⁸	3,210	1,700	1,515
Iraq	695	365	330
Lebanon	180	110	70
Syria⁸⁹	735	340	395
Turkey	265	175	95
China⁹⁰	30,860	13,520	17,335
Hong Kong⁹¹	11,010	5,070	5,940
Korea, South⁹²	6,380	2,855	3,520
Taiwan	7,750	3,650	4,105
Philippines	11,235	4,475	6,755
Viet Nam	3,380	1,490	1,890
Bangladesh	385	190	195
India	7,540	3,790	3,745
Pakistan	835	445	390
Sri Lanka	445	200	250
Other places of birth in Asia	7,120	3,085	4,035
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,925	900	1,020
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	18,920	9,030	9,890
Americas	1,970	965	1,005
Brazil	755	360	395
Colombia	75	40	35
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	30	20	0
Mexico	285	125	160
United States of America	430	220	210
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	30	40
Other places of birth in Americas	320	165	160
Europe	1,645	865	775
France	60	45	15
Germany	30	10	15
Ireland⁹⁶	75	35	40
Italy	90	55	35
Russian Federation	180	65	120
Ukraine	280	155	120
United Kingdom⁸⁷	200	115	90
Other places of birth in Europe	730	395	340
Africa	1,315	770	545
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	25	10	15
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	10
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	60	45	15
Eritrea	560	365	195
Ethiopia	125	75	50
Morocco	20	0	15
Nigeria	170	95	75
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	100	40	60
Sudan⁹⁷	25	15	10
Tunisia	35	10	20
Other places of birth in Africa	170	85	80
Asia	13,850	6,345	7,505
Afghanistan	400	225	170
Bangladesh	85	40	40
China⁹⁰	4,805	2,055	2,750
Hong Kong⁹¹	250	120	125
India	2,525	1,315	1,205
Iran⁸⁸	580	285	300
Iraq	205	115	90
Israel	45	30	20
Japan	230	70	155
Jordan	55	40	20
Korea, South⁹²	835	325	515
Lebanon	15	10	10
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	265	160	100
Philippines	1,560	670	890
Saudi Arabia	75	40	35
Sri Lanka	55	20	35
Syria⁸⁹	480	220	255
Turkey	85	65	20
United Arab Emirates	30	10	20
Viet Nam	285	110	175
Other places of birth in Asia	995	415	580
Oceania and other⁹³	140	90	55
Australia	115	75	45
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	10	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	245,725	121,045	124,685
First generation¹⁰⁰	143,545	67,350	76,200
Second generation¹⁰¹	59,270	30,690	28,580
Third generation or more¹⁰²	42,910	23,005	19,900
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	106,570	49,130	57,440
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	66,710	32,170	34,540
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	27,095	15,395	11,700
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	39,620	16,775	22,845
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	26,965	10,295	16,665
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,960	5,820	5,140
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,935	845	1,095
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	106,570	49,130	57,440
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,575	1,410	1,170
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	9,595	3,575	6,015
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,710	2,350	2,365
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	8,715	3,990	4,730
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	350	160	190
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	80,620	37,640	42,980
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	245,725	121,045	124,685
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	166,690	79,680	87,010
South Asian	23,155	11,800	11,360
Chinese	81,795	38,605	43,190
Black	4,985	2,745	2,240
Filipino	14,290	6,080	8,210
Arab	2,540	1,340	1,200
Latin American	6,155	3,050	3,100
Southeast Asian	6,270	2,895	3,375
West Asian	6,435	3,400	3,040
Korean	9,335	4,235	5,100
Japanese	3,765	1,555	2,210
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,565	790	775
Multiple visible minorities	6,400	3,180	3,210
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	79,035	41,360	37,675
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	245,725	121,040	124,680
Canadian	11,280	6,015	5,265
English	18,665	9,960	8,705
Irish	12,470	6,430	6,040
Scottish	14,610	7,440	7,175
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,405	3,360	3,045
German	10,445	5,310	5,135
Chinese	73,760	35,000	38,760
Italian	11,680	5,970	5,715
Indian (India)	15,000	7,465	7,535
Ukrainian	5,495	2,810	2,685
Dutch	2,990	1,580	1,410
Polish	3,915	1,900	2,010
Québécois	210	125	90
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,585	2,440	2,145
Filipino	14,050	6,105	7,945
French Canadian	990	530	465
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,305	1,210	1,090
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,610	800	810
Métis	1,205	585	620
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,775	1,445	1,330
Russian	3,870	1,910	1,955
Norwegian	2,375	1,235	1,135
Welsh	1,855	930	925
Portuguese	2,805	1,435	1,365
American	1,510	855	655
Spanish	3,445	1,710	1,735
Swedish	1,880	945	935
Hungarian	1,555	720	835
Acadian	165	105	65
Pakistani	1,115	625	495
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,425	805	620
Jewish	1,025	495	530
Punjabi	2,200	1,120	1,085
Vietnamese	5,440	2,590	2,850
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,170	625	550
Greek	1,215	645	570
Jamaican	550	330	225
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,765	2,710	3,055
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	435	220	215
Korean	9,325	4,225	5,100
Romanian	1,445	795	650
Lebanese	400	205	200
Iranian	3,805	1,980	1,825
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,015	520	490
Danish	985	505	480
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	505	280	225
Sikh	1,555	810	740
Austrian	1,260	615	640
Belgian	435	250	185
Haitian	20	0	15
Hindu	1,395	755	640
Mexican	2,015	980	1,030
Mennonite	315	155	160
Swiss	520	290	225
Finnish	765	385	380
Sri Lankan	455	205	250
Croatian	2,440	1,160	1,275
Japanese	4,955	2,140	2,815
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,320	650	670
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	70	35	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	585	300	285
Muslim	1,025	510	515
Egyptian	330	180	150
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	900	420	480
Tamil	285	155	130
Icelandic	460	260	205
Colombian	615	315	305
Moroccan	150	80	70
Czech	670	330	340
Syrian	630	310	325
Guyanese	100	60	45
Afghan	1,565	800	760
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	345	195	150
Serbian	2,225	1,205	1,020
Ojibway	80	40	40
Newfoundlander	70	55	15
Hong Konger	4,285	2,125	2,165
Ontarian	35	35	0
Persian	1,455	785	670
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	235	120	110
Turkish	650	395	255
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	10	20
Bangladeshi	560	300	260
Algerian	55	35	15
Brazilian	1,375	720	660
Nigerian	320	170	150
Armenian	470	250	220
Slovak	475	225	250
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	465	210	250
Somali	150	95	55
Taiwanese	7,110	3,305	3,810
Iraqi	415	235	180
Salvadorean	390	175	220
African Caribbean	125	60	65
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,005	475	530
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	475	275	200
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	170	100	70
Algonquin	40	10	25
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	110	40	70
Lithuanian	185	85	95
South African	305	150	155
Australian	515	280	235
Palestinian	285	145	140
Chilean	380	175	205
Congolese	145	70	70
Nova Scotian	45	35	15
Ethiopian	335	160	170
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	420	205	220
Peruvian	280	155	125
Yoruba	110	55	60
Cambodian (Khmer)	180	90	90
Berber	55	35	20
Albanian	375	215	160
Maltese	105	65	40
Macedonian	100	50	50
Slovenian	250	120	135
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	185	110	75
New Brunswicker	0	0	0
Gujarati	305	140	165
Eritrean	365	190	175
African Canadian	115	50	65
Israeli	165	85	80
Mohawk	90	60	35
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	90	40	45
Bulgarian	350	185	165
Albertan	75	35	45
Ghanaian	110	75	35
Barbadian	100	70	30
African American	130	65	65
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	255	145	110
Tunisian	90	40	50
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	390	195	200
Cuban	180	90	90
Bosnian	640	330	310
Venezuelan	150	70	80
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	85	50	30
Bengali	105	60	45
Cameroonian	20	20	0
Guatemalan	170	120	55
Indonesian	1,070	505	565
Laotian	190	60	130
Ilocano	320	125	195
Northern Irish	115	45	65
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	125	70	55
British Columbian	450	255	195
Ecuadorian	50	30	20
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	110	60	50
Estonian	120	70	50
Kurdish	585	335	250
Fijian	960	430	530
Jatt	120	75	40
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	85	50	30
Coptic	25	15	10
Thai	375	125	245
Dominican	50	30	25
Nepali	110	55	55
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	80	45	30
Igbo	60	40	15
Byelorussian	170	85	85
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	15	25
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	145	60	90
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	20	15
New Zealander	200	95	105
Sudanese	115	80	35
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	20	0
Malaysian	630	305	325
Plains Cree	25	20	10
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	20	25
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	85	45	40
Buddhist	285	150	135
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	25	20	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	360	165	195
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	25	10	15
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	15	20
Burundian	55	25	30
Tigrinya	350	225	125
Nicaraguan	190	55	135
Mauritian	55	20	35
Kenyan	245	140	105
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	15	10	0
Jordanian	110	35	75
Manitoban	55	30	25
Cape Bretoner	35	10	20
Rwandan	15	15	0
Grenadian	30	15	15
Malayali	75	40	35
Chaldean	35	30	10
Sinhalese	65	35	30
Mayan	205	135	75
Honduran	100	55	40
Cherokee	50	15	35
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	35	15	25
Flemish	50	20	20
United Empire Loyalist	20	0	10
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	100	65	35
Sicilian	30	10	20
Pashtun	195	95	100
Malay	240	110	125
Goan	30	10	25
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	70	30	35
Tibetan	70	30	40
Zimbabwean	95	45	45
Burmese	90	50	45
Mongolian	105	55	55
Azorean	20	10	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	15	0	0
Ugandan	140	55	85
Oromo	65	40	25
Tanzanian	165	75	90
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	120	75	45
Basque	75	60	10
Uruguayan	10	10	0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	0	10
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	20
Igorot	80	35	40
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	55	25	30
St. Lucian	20	10	10
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	15	10	0
Telugu	115	65	50
Roma	80	50	30
Costa Rican	60	40	25
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	10	0	10
Kashmiri	20	10	10
Singaporean	210	90	115
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	90	40	50
Amhara	70	35	40
Paraguayan	15	10	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	245,725	121,045	124,685
Buddhist	9,140	3,785	5,350
Christian	86,490	39,605	46,880
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,730	10,175	12,560
Anabaptist	660	315	350
Anglican	2,575	1,135	1,445
Baptist	2,280	970	1,310
Catholic	40,000	18,515	21,485
Christian Orthodox	5,825	2,995	2,830
Jehovah's Witness	1,050	430	620
Latter Day Saints	265	140	125
Lutheran	1,160	515	645
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	445	200	240
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,525	675	850
Presbyterian	1,195	535	660
Reformed	175	60	110
United Church	2,610	1,035	1,575
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,000	1,920	2,075
Hindu	7,505	3,910	3,590
Jewish	620	340	280
Muslim	13,735	6,995	6,740
Sikh	6,905	3,420	3,485
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	130	60	70
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,325	1,050	1,275
No religion and secular perspectives	118,890	61,880	57,010
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	243,610	119,920	123,690
Non-movers	206,085	100,925	105,155
Movers	37,525	18,995	18,535
Non-migrants	18,520	9,385	9,130
Migrants	19,010	9,610	9,400
Internal migrants	13,330	6,775	6,555
Intraprovincial migrants	10,840	5,370	5,465
Interprovincial migrants	2,490	1,400	1,085
External migrants	5,680	2,830	2,850
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	235,295	115,765	119,530
Non-movers	135,210	65,165	70,050
Movers	100,080	50,600	49,480
Non-migrants	31,905	15,985	15,915
Migrants	68,180	34,610	33,570
Internal migrants	42,875	21,905	20,970
Intraprovincial migrants	35,750	18,025	17,725
Interprovincial migrants	7,120	3,880	3,240
External migrants	25,310	12,710	12,600
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	213,475	104,555	108,925
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	26,375	12,975	13,405
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	187,100	91,580	95,520
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,825	70,715	73,110
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,640	5,190	4,450
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	134,190	65,525	68,660
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	213,475	104,550	108,920
No certificate, diploma or degree	24,105	11,595	12,510
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,365	27,595	27,770
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	134,010	65,365	68,645
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	52,430	26,265	26,165
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,870	7,605	3,260
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,235	2,980	2,255
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,635	4,630	1,005
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	32,740	14,665	18,075
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,820	3,990	4,830
Bachelor's degree or higher	81,580	39,095	42,480
Bachelor's degree	55,085	25,935	29,150
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,275	2,295	2,975
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,750	860	890
Master's degree	17,050	8,490	8,560
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,420	1,515	900
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,825	70,710	73,110
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,345	4,445	3,900
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,295	15,365	13,930
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	106,190	50,900	55,285
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	38,310	19,010	19,300
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,210	5,100	2,110
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,425	2,015	1,410
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,780	3,085	695
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	24,545	10,975	13,565
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,555	2,930	3,625
Bachelor's degree or higher	67,880	31,895	35,985
Bachelor's degree	45,155	20,975	24,175
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,230	1,785	2,450
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,440	655	790
Master's degree	15,105	7,325	7,780
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,950	1,155	790
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	213,480	104,555	108,920
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	79,470	39,185	40,275
Education	6,550	1,465	5,090
13. Education	6,550	1,465	5,090
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,250	3,405	3,850
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,055	735	325
50. Visual and performing arts	6,195	2,665	3,525
Humanities	7,880	2,780	5,100
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,380	295	1,090
23. English language and literature/letters	2,085	550	1,540
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,585	980	1,605
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	25	50
38. Philosophy and religious studies	325	200	125
39. Theology and religious vocations	540	340	200
54. History	715	360	355
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	170	30	140
Social and behavioural sciences and law	16,705	6,195	10,510
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	245	70	180
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,245	830	1,410
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,870	215	1,650
22. Legal professions and studies	2,140	690	1,445
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	385	145	235
42. Psychology	2,930	815	2,115
45. Social sciences	6,895	3,425	3,475
Business, management and public administration	32,215	13,935	18,275
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55	25	35
44. Public administration and social service professions	955	260	690
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	31,200	13,655	17,540
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,120	3,740	3,380
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,740	1,205	1,540
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,715	915	800
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	140	20	120
40. Physical sciences	2,390	1,565	825
41. Science technologies/technicians	140	45	100
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,135	6,875	3,260
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,545	6,155	2,390
25. Library science	310	55	260
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,015	510	505
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	265	155	105
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	24,220	20,160	4,060
04. Architecture and related services	1,155	710	445
14. Engineering	11,395	8,700	2,695
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,415	3,770	645
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10
46. Construction trades	3,455	3,335	125
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,565	2,480	85
48. Precision production	1,215	1,160	55
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,005	930	1,075
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,220	505	715
03. Natural resources and conservation	785	430	360
Health and related fields	15,220	3,770	11,455
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,070	600	475
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,625	2,900	10,725
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	500	270	230
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,680	2,100	2,580
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,515	1,230	2,285
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0
43. Security and protective services	390	250	135
49. Transportation and materials moving	755	595	155
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	143,825	70,715	73,110
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,635	19,810	17,830
Education	4,470	945	3,525
13. Education	4,470	945	3,525
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,950	2,775	3,175
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	870	610	255
50. Visual and performing arts	5,085	2,160	2,920
Humanities	5,930	1,955	3,970
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,045	165	880
23. English language and literature/letters	1,630	380	1,255
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,985	750	1,240
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	20	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	230	130	95
39. Theology and religious vocations	365	250	120
54. History	495	235	260
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	120	25	90
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,785	5,005	8,780
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185	50	140
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,955	705	1,250
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,465	170	1,295
22. Legal professions and studies	1,790	535	1,250
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	315	120	190
42. Psychology	2,405	665	1,745
45. Social sciences	5,670	2,765	2,910
Business, management and public administration	26,445	11,260	15,185
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	15	25
44. Public administration and social service professions	710	180	535
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	25,690	11,060	14,630
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,570	2,830	2,740
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,200	935	1,265
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,340	680	655
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110	10	100
40. Physical sciences	1,825	1,180	640
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	30	75
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,825	6,065	2,765
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,630	5,520	2,110
25. Library science	215	35	180
27. Mathematics and statistics	745	370	380
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	225	140	85
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	18,355	14,905	3,455
04. Architecture and related services	910	535	375
14. Engineering	9,345	6,970	2,380
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,205	2,690	515
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10
46. Construction trades	2,440	2,355	80
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,730	1,675	60
48. Precision production	710	675	30
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,560	680	880
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	910	340	570
03. Natural resources and conservation	655	340	315
Health and related fields	11,885	2,960	8,925
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	840	470	375
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,630	2,295	8,335
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	20
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	390	190	200
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,415	1,530	1,885
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,590	930	1,665
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0
43. Security and protective services	305	200	105
49. Transportation and materials moving	510	395	115
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	143,825	70,715	73,110
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	37,635	19,810	17,830
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	106,185	50,905	55,285
Location of study inside Canada	67,140	33,435	33,705
Same as province or territory of residence	57,075	27,950	29,125
Different than province or territory of residence	10,070	5,485	4,580
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	39,045	17,470	21,575
Americas	6,370	3,255	3,110
United States of America	3,425	1,875	1,550
Mexico	865	395	470
Cuba	50	20	25
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	15	15	10
Brazil	1,130	550	580
Colombia	260	110	150
Peru	95	50	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	55	45
Other locations of study in Americas	425	190	230
Europe	5,550	2,895	2,655
Belgium	30	25	0
France	205	120	85
Germany	170	75	95
Netherlands	65	40	30
Switzerland	95	45	50
Hungary	60	30	25
Moldova¹⁸³	80	40	40
Poland	235	105	130
Romania	370	190	175
Russian Federation	660	300	360
Ukraine	425	230	195
Ireland⁹⁶	185	110	75
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,570	825	745
Bosnia and Herzegovina	180	100	80
Italy	115	85	30
Serbia⁸⁶	315	175	140
Other locations of study in Europe	805	405	400
Africa	790	415	375
Nigeria	60	35	25
Algeria	10	10	0
Morocco	60	35	20
Tunisia	40	20	20
Egypt	105	55	50
South Africa, Republic of	180	95	85
Other locations of study in Africa	340	165	170
Asia	25,480	10,495	14,985
Iran⁸⁸	1,375	685	700
Iraq	190	115	70
Israel	60	35	25
Lebanon	50	20	30
Syria⁸⁹	90	50	40
Turkey	160	105	55
China⁹⁰	8,050	3,385	4,665
Taiwan	1,625	530	1,100
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,050	430	620
Japan	850	195	655
Korea, South⁹²	2,320	825	1,495
Philippines	4,605	1,695	2,910
Viet Nam	205	50	155
Bangladesh	155	70	80
Sri Lanka	55	20	35
India	3,335	1,670	1,665
Pakistan	250	130	120
Other locations of study in Asia	1,050	490	565
Oceania	860	410	450
Australia	730	345	380
New Zealand	110	50	60
Other locations of study in Oceania	25	15	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	213,475	104,550	108,920
In the labour force	137,320	71,885	65,435
Employed	124,155	65,415	58,740
Unemployed	13,165	6,470	6,695
Not in the labour force	76,160	32,675	43,485
Participation rate	64.3	68.8	60.1
Employment rate	58.2	62.6	53.9
Unemployment rate	9.6	9.0	10.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	213,480	104,555	108,920
Did not work¹⁸⁶	78,775	34,330	44,445
Worked	134,700	70,225	64,475
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	70,995	40,175	30,815
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	63,710	30,050	33,655
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.5	39.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	137,320	71,880	65,435
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,600	1,695	1,905
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	133,720	70,185	63,535
Employee	113,360	57,575	55,790
Permanent position	93,825	48,210	45,615
Temporary position	19,535	9,365	10,175
Fixed term (1 year or more)	7,775	3,855	3,915
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	11,765	5,505	6,265
Self-employed¹⁹²	20,350	12,610	7,740
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	137,320	71,880	65,435
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,600	1,695	1,905
All occupations¹⁹¹	133,720	70,185	63,535
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,210	850	355
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	27,230	8,990	18,240
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	17,890	13,530	4,360
3 Health occupations	9,155	2,425	6,730
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	13,785	4,610	9,180
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	6,515	3,485	3,030
6 Sales and service occupations	34,510	16,235	18,280
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	18,640	16,885	1,760
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,025	765	255
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,755	2,405	1,345
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	137,320	71,880	65,435
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,600	1,695	1,905
All industries¹⁹¹	133,720	70,185	63,535
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	465	255	210
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	275	165	105
22 Utilities	1,030	710	325
23 Construction	9,805	8,400	1,405
31-33 Manufacturing	7,330	4,850	2,480
41 Wholesale trade	5,180	3,190	1,990
44-45 Retail trade	15,230	7,515	7,710
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,455	4,850	1,605
51 Information and cultural industries	6,345	4,130	2,215
52 Finance and insurance	6,960	3,190	3,770
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,835	2,095	1,735
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	17,000	10,000	6,995
55 Management of companies and enterprises	390	180	210
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,670	3,115	2,555
61 Educational services	9,895	3,620	6,280
62 Health care and social assistance	14,725	3,195	11,535
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,605	1,425	1,180
72 Accommodation and food services	9,335	4,355	4,975
81 Other services (except public administration)	5,830	2,435	3,400
91 Public administration	5,360	2,505	2,855
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	146,375	76,075	70,300
English	125,485	66,090	59,390
French	110	50	60
Non-official language	5,085	2,590	2,500
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,085	2,590	2,500
English and French	780	320	455
English and non-official language(s)	14,310	6,730	7,580
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	50	85
Multiple non-official languages	465	245	220
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	146,375	76,075	70,300
Single responses	142,910	74,360	68,545
Official languages	133,880	69,970	63,905
English	133,665	69,910	63,755
French	215	65	145
Non-official languages	9,030	4,385	4,640
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,025	4,385	4,640
Afro-Asiatic languages	45	30	15
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	45	30	15
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	25	20	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	10	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	210	75	140
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	210	75	140
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	95	35	65
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	10	0	10
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	70	20	50
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	950	500	450
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	15	0	10
Balto-Slavic languages	120	55	65
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	120	55	65
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	75	25	55
Serbo-Croatian	35	25	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	35	25	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	10	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	10	0	0
German	10	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	20	10	10
Indo-Iranian languages	410	265	150
Indo-Aryan languages	195	135	55
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	35	20	15
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	145	115	40
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	220	130	85
Kurdish	10	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	210	130	85
Dari	45	35	10
Iranian Persian	145	75	65
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	375	160	215
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	20	0	20
Portuguese	80	30	50
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	270	125	150
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	175	30	145
Korean	870	435	430
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	45	15	30
American Sign Language	45	15	30
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,625	3,260	3,365
Chinese languages	6,625	3,260	3,365
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	4,020	1,895	2,130
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	30
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,525	1,325	1,205
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,465	1,715	1,750
English and French	115	50	65
English and non-official language(s)	3,265	1,615	1,650
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	85	45	40
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	146,375	76,075	70,300
None	133,460	70,125	63,330
English	3,125	1,375	1,750
French	605	280	325
Non-official language	7,130	3,395	3,730
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	7,125	3,395	3,725
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	540	240	300
French and non-official language(s)	95	30	70
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	1,425	630	795
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	124,155	65,415	58,735
Worked at home	36,340	18,675	17,665
Worked outside Canada	875	620	260
No fixed workplace address	16,145	12,085	4,060
Usual place of work	70,790	34,040	36,750
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	70,790	34,040	36,750
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,685	12,420	14,270
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	43,300	21,135	22,165
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	575	350	225
Commute to a different province or territory	220	135	85
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	86,940	46,125	40,815
Car, truck or van	61,745	35,195	26,550
Car, truck or van - as a driver	56,400	33,565	22,835
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	5,345	1,630	3,720
Public transit	18,735	7,795	10,935
Walked	4,090	1,795	2,295
Bicycle	790	600	190
Other method	1,575	740	840
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	86,940	46,125	40,815
Less than 15 minutes	14,165	6,920	7,250
15 to 29 minutes	30,030	16,085	13,940
30 to 44 minutes	27,530	15,565	11,965
45 to 59 minutes	8,830	4,405	4,425
60 minutes and over	6,385	3,150	3,235
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	86,940	46,125	40,815
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,430	2,965	1,465
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	12,615	7,895	4,720
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	19,200	10,125	9,075
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	19,895	9,485	10,410
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,470	8,880	9,590
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	12,320	6,770	5,550
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	39,425	20,405	19,020
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,870	960	910
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	37,560	19,445	18,115
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	28,125	14,655	13,470
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,450	735	715
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	870	430	445
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	580	310	270
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,675	13,915	12,755

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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