Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	New Westminster, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	78,916	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	70,996	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	11.2	...	...	11.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	37,737	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	36,099	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,052.4	...	...	5,052.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	15.62	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	78,915	38,875	40,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	9,925	5,150	4,780	12.6	13.2	11.9
0 to 4 years	3,585	1,815	1,765	4.5	4.7	4.4
5 to 9 years	3,195	1,655	1,540	4.0	4.3	3.8
10 to 14 years	3,150	1,675	1,470	4.0	4.3	3.7
15 to 64 years	56,305	28,015	28,295	71.3	72.1	70.7
15 to 19 years	3,000	1,545	1,450	3.8	4.0	3.6
20 to 24 years	4,415	2,205	2,210	5.6	5.7	5.5
25 to 29 years	6,695	3,255	3,440	8.5	8.4	8.6
30 to 34 years	7,770	3,930	3,835	9.8	10.1	9.6
35 to 39 years	7,190	3,685	3,510	9.1	9.5	8.8
40 to 44 years	5,680	2,865	2,820	7.2	7.4	7.0
45 to 49 years	5,165	2,555	2,610	6.5	6.6	6.5
50 to 54 years	5,570	2,710	2,865	7.1	7.0	7.2
55 to 59 years	5,640	2,775	2,865	7.1	7.1	7.2
60 to 64 years	5,175	2,495	2,685	6.6	6.4	6.7
65 years and over	12,680	5,710	6,970	16.1	14.7	17.4
65 to 69 years	4,255	2,075	2,175	5.4	5.3	5.4
70 to 74 years	3,365	1,550	1,815	4.3	4.0	4.5
75 to 79 years	2,145	945	1,205	2.7	2.4	3.0
80 to 84 years	1,375	600	780	1.7	1.5	1.9
85 years and over	1,545	545	1,000	2.0	1.4	2.5
85 to 89 years	880	350	535	1.1	0.9	1.3
90 to 94 years	485	155	335	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	145	35	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.6	13.2	11.9	12.6	13.2	11.9
15 to 64 years	71.3	72.1	70.7	71.3	72.1	70.7
65 years and over	16.1	14.7	17.4	16.1	14.7	17.4
85 years and over	2.0	1.4	2.5	2.0	1.4	2.5
Average age of the population	41.9	41.0	42.8	41.9	41.0	42.8
Median age of the population	40.4	39.6	41.2	40.4	39.6	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	36,100	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	4,995	...	...	13.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	215	...	...	0.6	...	...
Row house	2,060	...	...	5.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,665	...	...	10.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,565	...	...	34.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,525	...	...	34.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	25	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	13,275	...	...	36.8	...	...
2 persons	12,340	...	...	34.2	...	...
3 persons	4,935	...	...	13.7	...	...
4 persons	3,620	...	...	10.0	...	...
5 or more persons	1,920	...	...	5.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	68,990	33,720	35,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	37,905	19,085	18,820	54.9	56.6	53.4
Married	30,255	15,155	15,100	43.9	44.9	42.8
Living common-law	7,655	3,925	3,725	11.1	11.6	10.6
Living common law - Never married	6,090	3,120	2,965	8.8	9.3	8.4
Living common law - Separated	245	150	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,200	605	595	1.7	1.8	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	120	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	31,085	14,640	16,445	45.1	43.4	46.6
Not married and not living common law - Never married	21,155	11,295	9,855	30.7	33.5	27.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,860	795	1,065	2.7	2.4	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,120	1,975	3,140	7.4	5.9	8.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	2,950	575	2,380	4.3	1.7	6.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	21,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,020	...	...	56.4	...	...
3 persons	4,685	...	...	22.0	...	...
4 persons	3,640	...	...	17.1	...	...
5 or more persons	980	...	...	4.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	21,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	18,375	...	...	86.2	...	...
Married couples	14,550	...	...	68.2	...	...
With children⁶	7,705	...	...	36.1	...	...
Without children	6,845	...	...	32.1	...	...
Common-law couples	3,825	...	...	17.9	...	...
With children⁶	760	...	...	3.6	...	...
Without children	3,065	...	...	14.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	2,945	...	...	13.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,400	...	...	11.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	550	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	57,760	28,705	29,055	74.0	74.6	73.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	36,750	18,525	18,230	47.1	48.1	46.1
Parents in one-parent families	2,945	545	2,400	3.8	1.4	6.1
Children⁶	18,060	9,635	8,425	23.1	25.0	21.3
In a two-parent family	14,065	7,460	6,610	18.0	19.4	16.7
In a one-parent family	3,995	2,180	1,820	5.1	5.7	4.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	20,295	9,795	10,500	26.0	25.4	26.5
Living alone	13,280	6,350	6,930	17.0	16.5	17.5
Living with other relatives⁷	2,320	905	1,420	3.0	2.4	3.6
Living with non-relatives only	4,700	2,545	2,155	6.0	6.6	5.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	36,100	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	18,430	...	...	51.1	...	...
Couple-family households	16,110	...	...	44.6	...	...
With children⁶	7,290	...	...	20.2	...	...
Without children	8,820	...	...	24.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,320	...	...	6.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	900	...	...	2.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	190	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,070	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,225	...	...	6.2	...	...
One-person households	13,280	...	...	36.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	68,130	33,350	34,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,335	32,540	33,795	97.4	97.6	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	50,000	40,800	44,800	50,000	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,355	32,550	33,805	97.4	97.6	97.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	44,400	37,200	40,400	44,400	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,005	29,810	30,195	88.1	89.4	86.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	48,400	36,000	42,000	48,400	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	51,030	26,030	24,995	74.9	78.1	71.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,800	40,000	45,200	50,800	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,320	25,140	29,180	79.7	75.4	83.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,800	8,000	7,000	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,395	2,860	3,535	9.4	8.6	10.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,640	5,480	5,440	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	18,595	9,105	9,495	27.3	27.3	27.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,500	8,500	8,500	8,500	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	68,135	33,280	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,265	32,405	33,860	97.3	97.4	97.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,900	61,450	48,560	54,900	61,450	48,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,315	32,435	33,880	97.3	97.5	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,760	49,600	42,040	45,760	49,600	42,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	59,930	29,630	30,300	88.0	89.0	86.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,700	59,200	44,360	51,700	59,200	44,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	51,030	25,985	25,040	74.9	78.1	71.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,950	60,050	45,560	52,950	60,050	45,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,205	25,095	29,115	79.6	75.4	83.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,930	9,480	10,320	9,930	9,480	10,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,375	2,930	3,440	9.4	8.8	9.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,650	5,770	7,410	6,650	5,770	7,410
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	18,465	9,055	9,415	27.1	27.2	27.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,120	9,160	9,080	9,120	9,160	9,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	68,130	33,280	34,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,945	14,160	11,785	38.1	42.5	33.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	71,000	61,200	66,000	71,000	61,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,000	83,100	67,500	76,000	83,100	67,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	19,420	9,115	10,305	28.5	27.4	29.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	24,800	19,600	21,600	24,800	19,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,480	35,280	28,120	31,480	35,280	28,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.2	88.0	81.8	85.2	88.0	81.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	74.2	78.4	69.4	74.2	78.4	69.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.8	11.9	18.2	14.8	11.9	18.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6	1.2	0.9	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.6	4.9	6.5	5.6	4.9	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.2	5.2	4.6	4.2	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	68,130	33,350	34,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	1,795	810	985	2.6	2.4	2.8
With total income	66,330	32,540	33,795	97.4	97.6	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,475	2,360	3,115	8.3	7.3	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	6,210	2,720	3,495	9.4	8.4	10.3
$20,000 to $29,999	9,360	4,040	5,315	14.1	12.4	15.7
$30,000 to $39,999	8,395	3,705	4,690	12.7	11.4	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	7,550	3,510	4,040	11.4	10.8	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	6,705	3,170	3,530	10.1	9.7	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,305	2,680	2,625	8.0	8.2	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,255	2,355	1,895	6.4	7.2	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,260	1,855	1,410	4.9	5.7	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	1,455	1,055	3.8	4.5	3.1
$100,000 and over	7,310	4,690	2,620	11.0	14.4	7.8
$100,000 to $149,999	5,305	3,240	2,070	8.0	10.0	6.1
$150,000 and over	2,005	1,450	550	3.0	4.5	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	68,130	33,350	34,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	1,780	805	975	2.6	2.4	2.8
With after-tax income	66,355	32,550	33,800	97.4	97.6	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,615	2,420	3,200	8.5	7.4	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	6,445	2,825	3,620	9.7	8.7	10.7
$20,000 to $29,999	10,745	4,710	6,030	16.2	14.5	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	9,870	4,445	5,425	14.9	13.7	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	9,040	4,280	4,760	13.6	13.1	14.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,360	3,660	3,700	11.1	11.2	10.9
$60,000 to $69,999	5,320	2,920	2,400	8.0	9.0	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,865	2,210	1,655	5.8	6.8	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,740	1,555	1,190	4.1	4.8	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,675	1,030	645	2.5	3.2	1.9
$100,000 and over	3,690	2,495	1,190	5.6	7.7	3.5
$100,000 to $124,999	2,120	1,360	765	3.2	4.2	2.3
$125,000 and over	1,570	1,140	425	2.4	3.5	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	68,130	33,350	34,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	17,100	7,320	9,785	25.1	21.9	28.1
With employment income	51,025	26,035	24,995	74.9	78.1	71.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	5,390	2,455	2,935	10.6	9.4	11.7
$5,000 to $9,999	3,570	1,555	2,010	7.0	6.0	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	5,320	2,385	2,940	10.4	9.2	11.8
$20,000 to $29,999	4,260	1,960	2,300	8.3	7.5	9.2
$30,000 to $39,999	4,455	2,100	2,355	8.7	8.1	9.4
$40,000 to $49,999	5,020	2,390	2,630	9.8	9.2	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	4,835	2,350	2,485	9.5	9.0	9.9
$60,000 to $69,999	4,105	2,175	1,935	8.0	8.4	7.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,305	1,915	1,390	6.5	7.4	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	2,610	1,530	1,085	5.1	5.9	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,170	1,245	930	4.3	4.8	3.7
$100,000 and over	5,980	3,980	2,000	11.7	15.3	8.0
$100,000 to $124,999	3,010	1,860	1,150	5.9	7.1	4.6
$125,000 and over	2,970	2,125	850	5.8	8.2	3.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	68,130	33,350	34,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,370	31,495	32,875	94.5	94.4	94.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	48,000	38,400	42,800	48,000	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,515	31,525	32,990	94.7	94.5	94.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,400	34,400	38,000	42,400	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,200	29,360	29,835	86.9	88.0	85.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,400	36,800	42,400	48,400	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	51,930	26,245	25,685	76.2	78.7	73.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	49,200	38,800	44,000	49,200	38,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	41,545	17,900	23,640	61.0	53.7	68.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,040	1,660	4,160	3,040	1,660	4,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,885	1,685	2,205	5.7	5.1	6.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	4,520	6,450	5,440	4,520	6,450
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	68,135	33,280	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,110	31,250	32,855	94.1	93.9	94.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,450	59,800	45,480	52,450	59,800	45,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,275	31,290	32,985	94.3	94.0	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,640	48,800	38,760	43,640	48,800	38,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,040	29,145	29,895	86.7	87.6	85.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,900	59,950	44,120	51,900	59,950	44,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	51,870	26,140	25,725	76.1	78.5	73.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,900	59,650	44,040	51,900	59,650	44,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	41,210	17,805	23,400	60.5	53.5	67.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230	6,860	7,520	7,230	6,860	7,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,965	1,695	2,265	5.8	5.1	6.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,260	5,960	8,240	7,260	5,960	8,240
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	68,130	33,280	34,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,735	14,025	11,705	37.8	42.1	33.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	65,500	56,000	61,200	65,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,000	78,100	62,450	71,000	78,100	62,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	18,290	8,495	9,800	26.8	25.5	28.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,600	35,200	25,600	29,600	35,200	25,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,480	44,720	33,080	38,480	44,720	33,080
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.2	93.4	88.2	91.2	93.4	88.2
Employment income (%)	80.0	83.4	75.8	80.0	83.4	75.8
Government transfers (%)	8.9	6.5	11.8	8.9	6.5	11.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.3	0.9	0.5	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	36,095	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,280	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...	47,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	22,820	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	36,095	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...	100,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,290	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,000	...	...	58,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,720	...	...	48,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	22,810	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,600	...	...	125,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,600	...	...	104,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	550	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	210	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	315	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	785	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,460	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,120	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,185	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,335	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,315	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,370	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,740	...	...	7.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,665	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,430	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,350	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,050	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,210	...	...	39.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,245	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,075	...	...	8.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,770	...	...	10.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,120	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	590	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	215	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	330	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	815	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,545	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,310	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,405	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,620	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,590	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,655	...	...	4.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,270	...	...	9.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,045	...	...	8.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,745	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,445	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,175	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,350	...	...	31.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,165	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,830	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,360	...	...	12.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	21,240	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	8,455	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...	137,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	2,740	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,975	8,890	9,085	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	45,600	42,000	44,000	45,600	42,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	40,800	38,400	39,600	40,800	38,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	21,195	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,500	...	...	126,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,800	...	...	104,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,000	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,700	...	...	112,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,500	...	...	94,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,550	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,800	...	...	154,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,900	...	...	124,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	2,630	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,900	...	...	88,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,800	...	...	78,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,900	8,875	9,025	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,450	55,450	51,450	53,450	55,450	51,450
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,320	46,360	44,320	45,320	46,360	44,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	78,060	38,505	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	11,650	6,020	5,630	14.9	15.6	14.2
0 to 5 years	4,250	2,165	2,080	5.4	5.6	5.3
18 to 64 years	54,295	26,920	27,375	69.6	69.9	69.2
65 years and over	12,115	5,560	6,550	15.5	14.4	16.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,900	3,745	4,155	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,185	595	580	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	415	190	225	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,775	2,335	2,440	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,940	815	1,125	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.1	9.7	10.5	10.1	9.7	10.5
0 to 17 years (%)	10.1	9.9	10.4	10.1	9.9	10.4
0 to 5 years (%)	9.8	8.7	10.9	9.8	8.7	10.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8	8.7	8.9	8.8	8.7	8.9
65 years and over (%)	16.0	14.6	17.2	16.0	14.6	17.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	11,655	6,025	5,630	14.9	15.6	14.2
0 to 5 years	4,250	2,170	2,085	5.4	5.6	5.3
18 to 64 years	54,290	26,920	27,370	69.6	69.9	69.2
65 years and over	12,110	5,560	6,555	15.5	14.4	16.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,415	2,705	2,710	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	675	335	335	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	215	95	120	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,940	2,010	1,935	...	...	...
65 years and over	800	360	440	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.9	7.0	6.9	6.9	7.0	6.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.8	5.6	6.0	5.8	5.6	6.0
0 to 5 years (%)	5.0	4.3	5.7	5.0	4.3	5.7
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.5	7.1	7.3	7.5	7.1
65 years and over (%)	6.6	6.5	6.7	6.6	6.5	6.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	78,060	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	34,930	16,755	18,175	44.7	43.5	45.9
In bottom decile	7,655	3,685	3,970	9.8	9.6	10.0
In second decile	6,575	3,075	3,500	8.4	8.0	8.8
In third decile	6,685	3,145	3,535	8.6	8.2	8.9
In fourth decile	6,855	3,320	3,530	8.8	8.6	8.9
In fifth decile	7,165	3,520	3,640	9.2	9.1	9.2
In top half of the distribution	43,125	21,745	21,375	55.2	56.5	54.0
In sixth decile	7,560	3,705	3,850	9.7	9.6	9.7
In seventh decile	8,285	4,110	4,175	10.6	10.7	10.6
In eighth decile	8,835	4,520	4,320	11.3	11.7	10.9
In ninth decile	9,740	4,945	4,790	12.5	12.8	12.1
In top decile	8,705	4,465	4,245	11.2	11.6	10.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	78,055	...	...	78,055	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.315	...	...	0.315	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.407	...	...	0.407	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.282	...	...	0.282	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	78,270	38,560	39,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	70,460	35,085	35,370	90.0	91.0	89.1
French only	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	5,555	2,555	2,995	7.1	6.6	7.5
Neither English nor French	2,230	905	1,325	2.8	2.3	3.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	78,270	38,560	39,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	74,875	37,050	37,825	95.7	96.1	95.3
French	755	410	350	1.0	1.1	0.9
English and French	465	225	240	0.6	0.6	0.6
Neither English nor French	2,170	880	1,290	2.8	2.3	3.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	78,270	38,560	39,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	73,820	36,500	37,325	94.3	94.7	94.0
Official languages	45,425	23,265	22,160	58.0	60.3	55.8
English	44,680	22,875	21,810	57.1	59.3	54.9
French	745	395	350	1.0	1.0	0.9
Non-official languages	28,390	13,230	15,160	36.3	34.3	38.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,375	13,225	15,150	36.3	34.3	38.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,380	740	640	1.8	1.9	1.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,335	715	615	1.7	1.9	1.5
Amharic	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Arabic	655	345	315	0.8	0.9	0.8
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	440	250	190	0.6	0.6	0.5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	530	235	290	0.7	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	510	230	280	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,995	1,665	2,330	5.1	4.3	5.9
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	130	55	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	175	65	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,270	1,360	1,915	4.2	3.5	4.8
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	365	205	160	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	95	60	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,365	6,535	6,830	17.1	16.9	17.2
Albanian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,925	1,410	1,510	3.7	3.7	3.8
Baltic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,900	1,400	1,500	3.7	3.6	3.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	155	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	405	190	215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	1,010	475	530	1.3	1.2	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	925	465	460	1.2	1.2	1.2
Bosnian	110	60	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatian	165	75	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	630	320	305	0.8	0.8	0.8
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	60	60	0.1	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	195	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	790	385	410	1.0	1.0	1.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	445	210	235	0.6	0.5	0.6
German	430	200	225	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	245	120	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	5,305	2,605	2,705	6.8	6.8	6.8
Indo-Aryan languages	4,205	2,050	2,155	5.4	5.3	5.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	155	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	180	100	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	735	355	380	0.9	0.9	1.0
Kacchi	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,815	1,365	1,445	3.6	3.5	3.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	110	60	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,100	545	550	1.4	1.4	1.4
Baluchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	70	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	920	440	480	1.2	1.1	1.2
Dari	320	155	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	500	235	265	0.6	0.6	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,130	2,025	2,105	5.3	5.3	5.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	305	155	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	1,325	645	680	1.7	1.7	1.7
Romanian	605	295	305	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	1,890	930	965	2.4	2.4	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	570	180	390	0.7	0.5	1.0
Korean	1,410	575	830	1.8	1.5	2.1
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	150	85	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,000	2,715	3,280	7.7	7.0	8.3
Chinese languages	5,925	2,675	3,255	7.6	6.9	8.2
Hakka	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	2,955	1,325	1,625	3.8	3.4	4.1
Min Dong	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2,645	1,200	1,445	3.4	3.1	3.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	160	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	125	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	285	125	155	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	235	115	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,450	2,065	2,385	5.7	5.4	6.0
English and French	285	150	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	3,595	1,670	1,930	4.6	4.3	4.9
French and non-official language(s)	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	425	175	250	0.5	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	78,270	38,560	39,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	48,150	24,415	23,735	61.5	63.3	59.8
French	130	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	8,005	3,745	4,250	10.2	9.7	10.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,005	3,745	4,250	10.2	9.7	10.7
English and French	655	335	320	0.8	0.9	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	20,065	9,410	10,655	25.6	24.4	26.8
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	500	225	275	0.6	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	755	365	390	1.0	0.9	1.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	78,270	38,560	39,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	73,800	36,490	37,310	94.3	94.6	94.0
Official languages	57,590	28,765	28,825	73.6	74.6	72.6
English	57,400	28,675	28,720	73.3	74.4	72.3
French	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	16,210	7,725	8,485	20.7	20.0	21.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	16,210	7,725	8,485	20.7	20.0	21.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	900	490	415	1.1	1.3	1.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	870	470	405	1.1	1.2	1.0
Amharic	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	360	180	180	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	360	210	145	0.5	0.5	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	275	125	145	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	270	125	145	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,050	920	1,130	2.6	2.4	2.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,745	780	965	2.2	2.0	2.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	250	125	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	135	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,305	3,585	3,720	9.3	9.3	9.4
Albanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,505	735	765	1.9	1.9	1.9
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,500	735	765	1.9	1.9	1.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	655	315	335	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	490	240	250	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	380	195	190	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,245	1,585	1,665	4.1	4.1	4.2
Indo-Aryan languages	2,555	1,250	1,305	3.3	3.2	3.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	395	195	200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,825	880	945	2.3	2.3	2.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	695	335	355	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	580	270	310	0.7	0.7	0.8
Dari	200	95	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iranian Persian	320	150	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,435	1,200	1,235	3.1	3.1	3.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,005	500	505	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	340	165	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,040	520	525	1.3	1.3	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	240	95	140	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korean	990	425	560	1.3	1.1	1.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,905	1,820	2,090	5.0	4.7	5.3
Chinese languages	3,860	1,795	2,065	4.9	4.7	5.2
Hakka	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,205	1,035	1,175	2.8	2.7	3.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	20	0.0	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,520	700	820	1.9	1.8	2.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,470	2,075	2,400	5.7	5.4	6.0
English and French	110	60	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,205	1,945	2,265	5.4	5.0	5.7
French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	78,270	38,565	39,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	59,950	29,915	30,035	76.6	77.6	75.6
English	6,565	3,170	3,400	8.4	8.2	8.6
French	580	295	290	0.7	0.8	0.7
Non-official language	8,720	4,030	4,695	11.1	10.4	11.8
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,715	4,025	4,685	11.1	10.4	11.8
English and French	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	980	480	500	1.3	1.2	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	305	130	170	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,090	500	590	1.4	1.3	1.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	78,055	38,505	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	75,760	37,500	38,260	97.1	97.4	96.7
English	75,740	37,480	38,255	97.0	97.3	96.7
French	5,530	2,575	2,955	7.1	6.7	7.5
Non-official languages	37,025	17,490	19,535	47.4	45.4	49.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,995	17,475	19,520	47.4	45.4	49.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,035	1,065	970	2.6	2.8	2.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,985	1,045	945	2.5	2.7	2.4
Amharic	425	235	195	0.5	0.6	0.5
Arabic	1,020	505	510	1.3	1.3	1.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	130	85	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	680	380	300	0.9	1.0	0.8
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	615	270	345	0.8	0.7	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	590	265	325	0.8	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,395	2,245	3,150	6.9	5.8	8.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	200	85	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ilocano	410	165	245	0.5	0.4	0.6
Indonesian	200	105	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	50	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,055	2,075	2,980	6.5	5.4	7.5
Waray-Waray	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	750	410	340	1.0	1.1	0.9
Kannada	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	105	60	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	480	240	240	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	225	140	80	0.3	0.4	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,490	9,210	9,275	23.7	23.9	23.4
Albanian	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,725	1,865	1,865	4.8	4.8	4.7
Baltic languages	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Latvian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slavic languages	3,690	1,835	1,855	4.7	4.8	4.7
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	175	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	525	255	270	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian	1,490	730	760	1.9	1.9	1.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,155	590	560	1.5	1.5	1.4
Bosnian	200	120	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Croatian	335	165	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	940	485	460	1.2	1.3	1.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovak	160	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	525	235	295	0.7	0.6	0.7
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Irish	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,390	725	665	1.8	1.9	1.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	980	530	450	1.3	1.4	1.1
German	960	520	435	1.2	1.4	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	145	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	210	90	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	160	85	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	215	105	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	7,525	3,735	3,795	9.6	9.7	9.6
Indo-Aryan languages	6,470	3,195	3,270	8.3	8.3	8.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	190	100	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	395	170	230	0.5	0.4	0.6
Hindi	2,915	1,470	1,445	3.7	3.8	3.7
Kacchi	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Marathi	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,960	1,945	2,010	5.1	5.1	5.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	65	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Urdu	340	195	140	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	1,170	605	570	1.5	1.6	1.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	75	55	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,085	560	530	1.4	1.5	1.3
Dari	390	210	175	0.5	0.5	0.4
Iranian Persian	600	285	315	0.8	0.7	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	125	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,155	3,030	3,130	7.9	7.9	7.9
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	625	295	330	0.8	0.8	0.8
Portuguese	1,525	770	755	2.0	2.0	1.9
Romanian	690	360	335	0.9	0.9	0.8
Spanish	3,745	1,825	1,920	4.8	4.7	4.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,060	455	605	1.4	1.2	1.5
Korean	1,520	630	890	1.9	1.6	2.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	390	205	185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	120	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dinka	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	215	95	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	205	85	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,380	3,365	4,025	9.5	8.7	10.2
Chinese languages	7,225	3,275	3,940	9.3	8.5	10.0
Hakka	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	4,725	2,115	2,610	6.1	5.5	6.6
Min Dong	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	450	185	265	0.6	0.5	0.7
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,660	1,680	1,980	4.7	4.4	5.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	155	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	125	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	160	70	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	375	205	165	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	275	160	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	310	135	180	0.4	0.4	0.5
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	230	100	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,425	1,130	1,295	3.1	2.9	3.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,340	1,095	1,245	3.0	2.8	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,275	545	735	1.6	1.4	1.9
Métis	1,015	535	480	1.3	1.4	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	75,630	37,370	38,255	96.9	97.1	96.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	845	355	490	1.1	0.9	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	77,210	38,145	39,070	98.9	99.1	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	19,740	...	...	54.7	...	...
Renter	16,360	...	...	45.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	16,735	...	...	46.4	...	...
Not condominium	19,365	...	...	53.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	960	...	...	2.7	...	...
1 bedroom	12,280	...	...	34.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,415	...	...	37.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	4,970	...	...	13.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	4,470	...	...	12.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	22,670	...	...	62.8	...	...
5 rooms	4,740	...	...	13.1	...	...
6 rooms	2,510	...	...	7.0	...	...
7 rooms	1,910	...	...	5.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,265	...	...	11.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	34,595	...	...	95.8	...	...
More than one person per room	1,505	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	32,700	...	...	90.6	...	...
Not suitable	3,400	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	6,715	...	...	18.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,100	...	...	22.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,395	...	...	12.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,325	...	...	14.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,460	...	...	4.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,605	...	...	10.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,410	...	...	6.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,090	...	...	11.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	33,640	...	...	93.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,460	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,265	...	...	53.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	14,975	...	...	41.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,865	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	36,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	950	...	...	2.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,785	...	...	18.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,190	...	...	19.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,470	...	...	17.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	6,715	...	...	18.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	4,760	...	...	13.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,300	...	...	6.4	...	...
85 years and over	925	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	35,975	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,350	...	...	70.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,630	...	...	29.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,530	...	...	26.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	36,100	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,840	...	...	41.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,240	...	...	25.6	...	...
Not suitable only	2,470	...	...	6.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,530	...	...	4.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	675	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	670	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	210	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	21,260	...	...	58.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	34,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,980	...	...	20.0	...	...
Not in core need	27,895	...	...	80.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,740	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.3	...	...	65.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.0	...	...	24.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.7	...	...	11.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,866	...	...	1,866	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	862,000	...	...	862,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,355	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.3	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.2	...	...	36.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.3	...	...	30.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,398	...	...	1,398	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	750	350	405	1.0	0.9	1.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	730	340	395	0.9	0.9	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	580	265	310	0.7	0.7	0.8
Métis single ancestry	155	70	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,065	1,000	1,065	2.6	2.6	2.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,020	980	1,040	2.6	2.5	2.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,200	565	635	1.5	1.5	1.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	770	385	385	1.0	1.0	1.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	75,240	37,150	38,085	96.4	96.5	96.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	78,060	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	65,700	32,600	33,105	84.2	84.7	83.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	10,635	5,575	5,060	13.6	14.5	12.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	55,065	27,020	28,045	70.5	70.2	70.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	12,355	5,905	6,455	15.8	15.3	16.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	78,060	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	44,760	22,765	21,990	57.3	59.1	55.6
Immigrants⁸¹	29,265	13,685	15,580	37.5	35.5	39.4
Before 1980	4,065	1,935	2,125	5.2	5.0	5.4
1980 to 1990	2,825	1,390	1,430	3.6	3.6	3.6
1991 to 2000	6,600	3,010	3,590	8.5	7.8	9.1
2001 to 2010	7,295	3,330	3,970	9.3	8.6	10.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,475	4,015	4,460	10.9	10.4	11.3
2011 to 2015	3,425	1,615	1,810	4.4	4.2	4.6
2016 to 2021	5,050	2,400	2,645	6.5	6.2	6.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,040	2,050	1,985	5.2	5.3	5.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	29,265	13,685	15,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,080	1,060	1,020	7.1	7.7	6.5
5 to 14 years	4,985	2,545	2,445	17.0	18.6	15.7
15 to 24 years	5,130	2,410	2,725	17.5	17.6	17.5
25 to 44 years	14,230	6,365	7,865	48.6	46.5	50.5
45 years and over	2,830	1,300	1,530	9.7	9.5	9.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	29,265	13,685	15,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,020	1,380	1,640	10.3	10.1	10.5
Brazil	540	245	290	1.8	1.8	1.9
Colombia	220	95	130	0.8	0.7	0.8
El Salvador	240	120	120	0.8	0.9	0.8
Guyana	60	20	40	0.2	0.1	0.3
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	115	50	60	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexico	370	165	205	1.3	1.2	1.3
Peru	65	20	45	0.2	0.1	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	110	35	75	0.4	0.3	0.5
United States of America	785	365	415	2.7	2.7	2.7
Other places of birth in Americas	510	255	260	1.7	1.9	1.7
Europe	5,830	2,925	2,900	19.9	21.4	18.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	315	175	145	1.1	1.3	0.9
Croatia	125	60	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
France	95	25	65	0.3	0.2	0.4
Germany	305	165	140	1.0	1.2	0.9
Greece	50	35	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
Hungary	110	30	75	0.4	0.2	0.5
Italy	200	120	85	0.7	0.9	0.5
Netherlands	125	45	85	0.4	0.3	0.5
Poland	340	160	180	1.2	1.2	1.2
Portugal	125	60	65	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	580	285	300	2.0	2.1	1.9
Russian Federation	400	180	220	1.4	1.3	1.4
Serbia⁸⁶	355	185	175	1.2	1.4	1.1
Ukraine	425	210	220	1.5	1.5	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,285	675	605	4.4	4.9	3.9
Other places of birth in Europe	985	520	465	3.4	3.8	3.0
Africa	1,865	975	890	6.4	7.1	5.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	25	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Egypt	80	45	35	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	480	290	190	1.6	2.1	1.2
Ethiopia	290	150	140	1.0	1.1	0.9
Morocco	80	30	50	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	80	35	50	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somalia	25	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	200	100	95	0.7	0.7	0.6
Other places of birth in Africa	590	285	305	2.0	2.1	2.0
Asia	17,845	8,030	9,815	61.0	58.7	63.0
Afghanistan	270	155	110	0.9	1.1	0.7
Iran⁸⁸	470	215	255	1.6	1.6	1.6
Iraq	215	120	95	0.7	0.9	0.6
Lebanon	65	30	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	90	35	55	0.3	0.3	0.4
Turkey	95	50	45	0.3	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	2,880	1,240	1,635	9.8	9.1	10.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,250	615	635	4.3	4.5	4.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,085	480	605	3.7	3.5	3.9
Taiwan	725	290	435	2.5	2.1	2.8
Philippines	5,050	2,090	2,960	17.3	15.3	19.0
Viet Nam	435	205	235	1.5	1.5	1.5
Bangladesh	75	30	45	0.3	0.2	0.3
India	3,135	1,540	1,590	10.7	11.3	10.2
Pakistan	170	105	65	0.6	0.8	0.4
Sri Lanka	180	95	85	0.6	0.7	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	1,665	730	935	5.7	5.3	6.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	710	375	335	2.4	2.7	2.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,050	2,400	2,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	815	385	425	16.1	16.0	16.0
Brazil	385	175	205	7.6	7.3	7.7
Colombia	65	30	35	1.3	1.3	1.3
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	115	60	50	2.3	2.5	1.9
United States of America	145	75	65	2.9	3.1	2.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	95	40	50	1.9	1.7	1.9
Europe	680	365	315	13.5	15.2	11.9
France	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Germany	40	10	30	0.8	0.4	1.1
Ireland⁹⁶	75	55	20	1.5	2.3	0.8
Italy	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Russian Federation	65	35	35	1.3	1.5	1.3
Ukraine	125	60	65	2.5	2.5	2.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	90	65	25	1.8	2.7	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	265	135	125	5.2	5.6	4.7
Africa	670	380	285	13.3	15.8	10.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	355	220	140	7.0	9.2	5.3
Ethiopia	105	55	45	2.1	2.3	1.7
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	55	30	25	1.1	1.3	0.9
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0	0.4	0.6	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	25	0	20	0.5	0.0	0.8
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	75	40	35	1.5	1.7	1.3
Asia	2,820	1,235	1,585	55.8	51.5	59.8
Afghanistan	70	40	25	1.4	1.7	0.9
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
China⁹⁰	540	215	320	10.7	9.0	12.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	20	45	1.4	0.8	1.7
India	800	400	405	15.8	16.7	15.3
Iran⁸⁸	65	25	40	1.3	1.0	1.5
Iraq	45	15	30	0.9	0.6	1.1
Israel	40	30	0	0.8	1.3	0.0
Japan	55	15	35	1.1	0.6	1.3
Jordan	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	200	65	135	4.0	2.7	5.1
Lebanon	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	20	10	0.6	0.8	0.4
Philippines	445	205	240	8.8	8.5	9.1
Saudi Arabia	40	25	15	0.8	1.0	0.6
Sri Lanka	30	10	20	0.6	0.4	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	75	30	50	1.5	1.3	1.9
Turkey	30	20	10	0.6	0.8	0.4
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	75	25	55	1.5	1.0	2.1
Other places of birth in Asia	175	45	125	3.5	1.9	4.7
Oceania and other⁹³	65	30	35	1.3	1.3	1.3
Australia	65	30	30	1.3	1.3	1.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	34,100	16,115	17,990	43.7	41.9	45.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	19,025	9,715	9,315	24.4	25.2	23.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	24,925	12,670	12,250	31.9	32.9	31.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	25,200	11,745	13,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	14,825	7,025	7,800	58.8	59.8	58.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,490	3,390	3,095	25.8	28.9	23.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,335	3,635	4,700	33.1	30.9	34.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,920	2,820	4,100	27.5	24.0	30.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,225	1,805	1,420	12.8	15.4	10.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	230	95	130	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	25,200	11,745	13,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	835	490	350	3.3	4.2	2.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,205	1,155	2,050	12.7	9.8	15.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	750	320	430	3.0	2.7	3.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,855	815	1,040	7.4	6.9	7.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	115	40	80	0.5	0.3	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,440	8,925	9,515	73.2	76.0	70.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	36,550	17,375	19,170	46.8	45.1	48.5
South Asian	8,105	4,035	4,070	10.4	10.5	10.3
Chinese	8,530	3,950	4,575	10.9	10.3	11.6
Black	2,695	1,425	1,270	3.5	3.7	3.2
Filipino	6,775	2,950	3,830	8.7	7.7	9.7
Arab	640	325	315	0.8	0.8	0.8
Latin American	2,560	1,235	1,320	3.3	3.2	3.3
Southeast Asian	1,290	620	670	1.7	1.6	1.7
West Asian	1,135	600	535	1.5	1.6	1.4
Korean	1,555	655	905	2.0	1.7	2.3
Japanese	990	370	620	1.3	1.0	1.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	640	385	255	0.8	1.0	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	1,635	830	805	2.1	2.2	2.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	41,510	21,125	20,385	53.2	54.9	51.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	78,060	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,540	2,890	2,655	7.1	7.5	6.7
English	12,705	6,480	6,225	16.3	16.8	15.7
Irish	9,065	4,495	4,575	11.6	11.7	11.6
Scottish	10,815	5,260	5,550	13.9	13.7	14.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	4,045	2,135	1,910	5.2	5.5	4.8
German	6,325	3,175	3,150	8.1	8.2	8.0
Chinese	8,275	3,860	4,415	10.6	10.0	11.2
Italian	2,730	1,365	1,365	3.5	3.5	3.5
Indian (India)	4,890	2,460	2,430	6.3	6.4	6.1
Ukrainian	3,280	1,550	1,735	4.2	4.0	4.4
Dutch	1,980	1,065	915	2.5	2.8	2.3
Polish	2,365	1,100	1,265	3.0	2.9	3.2
Québécois	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,340	1,250	1,090	3.0	3.2	2.8
Filipino	6,265	2,775	3,500	8.0	7.2	8.8
French Canadian	655	305	355	0.8	0.8	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,025	575	455	1.3	1.5	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	825	380	445	1.1	1.0	1.1
Métis	980	480	495	1.3	1.2	1.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,175	615	565	1.5	1.6	1.4
Russian	2,090	1,015	1,070	2.7	2.6	2.7
Norwegian	1,835	800	1,035	2.4	2.1	2.6
Welsh	1,355	680	675	1.7	1.8	1.7
Portuguese	885	420	465	1.1	1.1	1.2
American	1,000	515	485	1.3	1.3	1.2
Spanish	1,425	655	770	1.8	1.7	1.9
Swedish	1,165	485	685	1.5	1.3	1.7
Hungarian	810	375	440	1.0	1.0	1.1
Acadian	105	75	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pakistani	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	705	370	335	0.9	1.0	0.8
Jewish	540	250	290	0.7	0.6	0.7
Punjabi	1,310	660	655	1.7	1.7	1.7
Vietnamese	905	425	480	1.2	1.1	1.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	335	155	185	0.4	0.4	0.5
Greek	405	190	210	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	235	125	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,060	530	530	1.4	1.4	1.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	280	150	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
Korean	1,585	685	895	2.0	1.8	2.3
Romanian	845	440	405	1.1	1.1	1.0
Lebanese	180	100	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian	525	270	255	0.7	0.7	0.6
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	250	140	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Danish	530	295	235	0.7	0.8	0.6
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	225	85	135	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sikh	885	435	455	1.1	1.1	1.2
Austrian	650	285	365	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belgian	265	135	130	0.3	0.4	0.3
Haitian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	315	150	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexican	770	365	405	1.0	0.9	1.0
Mennonite	230	100	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	305	175	130	0.4	0.5	0.3
Finnish	490	250	240	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sri Lankan	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	355	185	170	0.5	0.5	0.4
Japanese	1,275	540	735	1.6	1.4	1.9
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	505	230	275	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	410	205	205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	190	100	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egyptian	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	470	245	225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	435	200	235	0.6	0.5	0.6
Colombian	290	150	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	430	235	200	0.6	0.6	0.5
Syrian	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afghan	345	180	160	0.4	0.5	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	190	60	125	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbian	830	460	370	1.1	1.2	0.9
Ojibway	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	555	265	290	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ontarian	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	260	145	110	0.3	0.4	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	125	85	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkish	245	145	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	800	390	410	1.0	1.0	1.0
Nigerian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	290	135	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	200	95	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Somali	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	830	375	455	1.1	1.0	1.2
Iraqi	115	60	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	255	120	140	0.3	0.3	0.4
African Caribbean	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	255	100	150	0.3	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lithuanian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	145	60	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	260	145	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Palestinian	85	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chilean	135	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Congolese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopian	260	160	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	130	55	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	355	215	140	0.5	0.6	0.4
African Canadian	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Israeli	75	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	190	110	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Albertan	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	45	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	50	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	220	115	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuban	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	250	140	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Venezuelan	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	295	140	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Laotian	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	145	55	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	125	45	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
British Columbian	255	135	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ecuadorian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	60	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	360	205	155	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jatt	130	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	120	55	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	45	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	45	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malaysian	170	105	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	245	145	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nicaraguan	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	40	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mayan	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cherokee	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malay	140	50	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Goan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	135	80	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Zimbabwean	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	25	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igorot	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	125	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Paraguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	78,055	38,500	39,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,455	665	790	1.9	1.7	2.0
Christian	30,345	14,100	16,245	38.9	36.6	41.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,905	3,265	3,640	8.8	8.5	9.2
Anabaptist	200	100	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	1,500	610	890	1.9	1.6	2.3
Baptist	670	280	390	0.9	0.7	1.0
Catholic	13,255	6,295	6,960	17.0	16.4	17.6
Christian Orthodox	2,655	1,335	1,325	3.4	3.5	3.3
Jehovah's Witness	275	140	135	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latter Day Saints	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	640	270	375	0.8	0.7	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	120	55	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	555	270	290	0.7	0.7	0.7
Presbyterian	560	210	350	0.7	0.5	0.9
Reformed	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	1,285	515	770	1.6	1.3	1.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,545	690	855	2.0	1.8	2.2
Hindu	2,000	1,035	970	2.6	2.7	2.5
Jewish	255	145	110	0.3	0.4	0.3
Muslim	2,655	1,350	1,305	3.4	3.5	3.3
Sikh	3,750	1,835	1,915	4.8	4.8	4.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	980	415	570	1.3	1.1	1.4
No religion and secular perspectives	36,595	18,960	17,635	46.9	49.2	44.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	77,335	38,160	39,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	65,105	32,110	32,995	84.2	84.1	84.2
Movers	12,225	6,055	6,175	15.8	15.9	15.8
Non-migrants	5,085	2,520	2,565	6.6	6.6	6.5
Migrants	7,135	3,535	3,605	9.2	9.3	9.2
Internal migrants	6,035	3,015	3,010	7.8	7.9	7.7
Intraprovincial migrants	5,110	2,545	2,565	6.6	6.7	6.5
Interprovincial migrants	920	470	445	1.2	1.2	1.1
External migrants	1,110	515	595	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	74,360	36,645	37,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	39,160	19,120	20,040	52.7	52.2	53.1
Movers	35,195	17,525	17,675	47.3	47.8	46.9
Non-migrants	8,430	4,250	4,180	11.3	11.6	11.1
Migrants	26,765	13,270	13,495	36.0	36.2	35.8
Internal migrants	20,000	10,010	9,980	26.9	27.3	26.5
Intraprovincial migrants	17,345	8,615	8,735	23.3	23.5	23.2
Interprovincial migrants	2,650	1,405	1,250	3.6	3.8	3.3
External migrants	6,770	3,260	3,515	9.1	8.9	9.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,135	33,280	34,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,210	4,390	3,815	12.0	13.2	10.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	59,925	28,885	31,035	88.0	86.8	89.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,635	24,035	24,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,705	2,185	1,515	7.6	9.1	6.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	44,930	21,850	23,085	92.4	90.9	93.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,130	33,280	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,100	3,700	3,400	10.4	11.1	9.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,960	9,225	8,735	26.4	27.7	25.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,070	20,355	22,720	63.2	61.2	65.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,185	9,480	9,705	28.2	28.5	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,375	3,140	1,235	6.4	9.4	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,095	1,255	835	3.1	3.8	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,285	1,885	400	3.4	5.7	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,080	5,255	6,825	17.7	15.8	19.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,725	1,080	1,650	4.0	3.2	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	23,890	10,875	13,005	35.1	32.7	37.3
Bachelor's degree	15,815	7,160	8,650	23.2	21.5	24.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,820	705	1,115	2.7	2.1	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	415	170	245	0.6	0.5	0.7
Master's degree	5,090	2,405	2,685	7.5	7.2	7.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	745	430	310	1.1	1.3	0.9
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	48,635	24,035	24,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,010	1,790	1,220	6.2	7.4	5.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,645	5,940	4,710	21.9	24.7	19.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	34,975	16,305	18,670	71.9	67.8	75.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,465	7,150	7,315	29.7	29.7	29.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,995	2,160	830	6.2	9.0	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,400	825	575	2.9	3.4	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,595	1,335	255	3.3	5.6	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,435	4,175	5,260	19.4	17.4	21.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,035	820	1,215	4.2	3.4	4.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,510	9,155	11,355	42.2	38.1	46.2
Bachelor's degree	13,605	6,040	7,565	28.0	25.1	30.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,535	595	945	3.2	2.5	3.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	345	125	225	0.7	0.5	0.9
Master's degree	4,445	2,080	2,370	9.1	8.7	9.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	575	320	260	1.2	1.3	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	68,130	33,275	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,060	12,925	12,135	36.8	38.8	34.8
Education	2,570	580	1,990	3.8	1.7	5.7
13. Education	2,570	580	1,990	3.8	1.7	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,495	1,225	1,265	3.7	3.7	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	425	270	150	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	2,070	955	1,115	3.0	2.9	3.2
Humanities	2,465	925	1,540	3.6	2.8	4.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	380	105	280	0.6	0.3	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	750	225	530	1.1	0.7	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	580	225	355	0.9	0.7	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	110	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	135	75	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	305	165	140	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	0	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,695	2,075	3,625	8.4	6.2	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	80	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	775	265	510	1.1	0.8	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	660	100	560	1.0	0.3	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	850	295	560	1.2	0.9	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	170	55	115	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,015	280	730	1.5	0.8	2.1
45. Social sciences	2,155	1,070	1,085	3.2	3.2	3.1
Business, management and public administration	9,185	3,705	5,480	13.5	11.1	15.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	455	135	320	0.7	0.4	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,715	3,570	5,150	12.8	10.7	14.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,845	955	890	2.7	2.9	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	855	385	475	1.3	1.2	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	375	190	175	0.6	0.6	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	530	355	180	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,635	1,770	865	3.9	5.3	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,235	1,610	620	3.3	4.8	1.8
25. Library science	130	20	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	245	130	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,670	6,535	1,130	11.3	19.6	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	420	255	165	0.6	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	2,825	2,230	595	4.1	6.7	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,445	1,220	225	2.1	3.7	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,440	1,370	65	2.1	4.1	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,030	965	60	1.5	2.9	0.2
48. Precision production	515	490	20	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	710	350	360	1.0	1.1	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	415	205	215	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	295	150	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	5,850	1,255	4,600	8.6	3.8	13.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	450	225	225	0.7	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,265	985	4,285	7.7	3.0	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	130	40	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,945	965	975	2.9	2.9	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,315	480	835	1.9	1.4	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	280	175	100	0.4	0.5	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	350	305	40	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	48,630	24,035	24,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,660	7,730	5,930	28.1	32.2	24.1
Education	1,845	385	1,460	3.8	1.6	5.9
13. Education	1,845	385	1,460	3.8	1.6	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,035	1,030	1,010	4.2	4.3	4.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	330	215	115	0.7	0.9	0.5
50. Visual and performing arts	1,705	810	895	3.5	3.4	3.6
Humanities	1,975	705	1,265	4.1	2.9	5.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	305	65	240	0.6	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	635	180	455	1.3	0.7	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	460	190	270	0.9	0.8	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	80	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	55	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	240	120	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,860	1,765	3,100	10.0	7.3	12.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	15	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	690	235	455	1.4	1.0	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	525	85	440	1.1	0.4	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	750	235	515	1.5	1.0	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	150	50	100	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	850	230	615	1.7	1.0	2.5
45. Social sciences	1,835	925	910	3.8	3.8	3.7
Business, management and public administration	7,635	3,065	4,570	15.7	12.8	18.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	335	80	250	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,290	2,980	4,315	15.0	12.4	17.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,420	665	755	2.9	2.8	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	720	295	430	1.5	1.2	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	255	110	150	0.5	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	380	240	135	0.8	1.0	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,365	1,610	755	4.9	6.7	3.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,060	1,490	565	4.2	6.2	2.3
25. Library science	100	20	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	190	95	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,055	5,060	1,000	12.5	21.1	4.1
04. Architecture and related services	350	200	150	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	2,480	1,920	555	5.1	8.0	2.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,080	905	175	2.2	3.8	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,095	1,035	65	2.3	4.3	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	710	670	35	1.5	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	345	325	25	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	565	265	305	1.2	1.1	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	320	145	175	0.7	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	240	110	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health and related fields	4,745	1,000	3,740	9.8	4.2	15.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	365	175	190	0.8	0.7	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,270	805	3,470	8.8	3.3	14.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	105	30	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,475	755	720	3.0	3.1	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,000	390	610	2.1	1.6	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	205	140	70	0.4	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	270	225	35	0.6	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	48,630	24,035	24,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,660	7,730	5,930	28.1	32.2	24.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	34,975	16,305	18,670	71.9	67.8	75.9
Location of study inside Canada	23,730	11,260	12,470	48.8	46.8	50.7
Same as province or territory of residence	19,690	9,090	10,600	40.5	37.8	43.1
Different than province or territory of residence	4,035	2,165	1,870	8.3	9.0	7.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,245	5,045	6,200	23.1	21.0	25.2
Americas	2,470	1,205	1,265	5.1	5.0	5.1
United States of America	1,105	565	540	2.3	2.4	2.2
Mexico	350	145	200	0.7	0.6	0.8
Cuba	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	710	345	365	1.5	1.4	1.5
Colombia	125	50	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,360	1,200	1,155	4.9	5.0	4.7
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	120	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	70	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	25	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	30	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	295	145	150	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	255	120	140	0.5	0.5	0.6
Ukraine	275	105	170	0.6	0.4	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	115	80	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	535	300	235	1.1	1.2	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	130	70	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Europe	315	165	150	0.6	0.7	0.6
Africa	375	200	180	0.8	0.8	0.7
Nigeria	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	55	40	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	85	30	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	165	100	65	0.3	0.4	0.3
Asia	5,780	2,300	3,480	11.9	9.6	14.1
Iran⁸⁸	205	85	120	0.4	0.4	0.5
Iraq	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	800	350	445	1.6	1.5	1.8
Taiwan	170	40	135	0.3	0.2	0.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	45	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	205	45	165	0.4	0.2	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	435	160	265	0.9	0.7	1.1
Philippines	2,060	740	1,320	4.2	3.1	5.4
Viet Nam	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	70	40	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
India	1,110	515	595	2.3	2.1	2.4
Pakistan	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	330	145	185	0.7	0.6	0.8
Oceania	265	145	120	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	200	110	95	0.4	0.5	0.4
New Zealand	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	68,130	33,280	34,855	...	...	...
In the labour force	47,565	24,475	23,085	...	...	...
Employed	43,600	22,530	21,070	...	...	...
Unemployed	3,965	1,940	2,020	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	20,565	8,805	11,765	...	...	...
Participation rate	69.8	73.5	66.2	69.8	73.5	66.2
Employment rate	64.0	67.7	60.5	64.0	67.7	60.5
Unemployment rate	8.3	7.9	8.8	8.3	7.9	8.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	68,130	33,275	34,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	21,045	9,085	11,960	30.9	27.3	34.3
Worked	47,085	24,190	22,895	69.1	72.7	65.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	26,490	14,495	11,995	38.9	43.6	34.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	20,605	9,695	10,905	30.2	29.1	31.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.4	40.9	41.7	42.4	40.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	47,565	24,480	23,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	385	565	2.0	1.6	2.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	46,610	24,090	22,520	98.0	98.4	97.5
Employee	40,890	20,585	20,305	86.0	84.1	87.9
Permanent position	34,960	17,845	17,120	73.5	72.9	74.1
Temporary position	5,925	2,745	3,180	12.5	11.2	13.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,205	1,055	1,155	4.6	4.3	5.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,720	1,690	2,030	7.8	6.9	8.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,720	3,505	2,215	12.0	14.3	9.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	47,565	24,480	23,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	385	565	2.0	1.6	2.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	46,610	24,090	22,520	98.0	98.4	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	375	280	100	0.8	1.1	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,205	3,025	6,180	19.4	12.4	26.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,205	3,910	1,295	10.9	16.0	5.6
3 Health occupations	3,500	720	2,780	7.4	2.9	12.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,450	1,785	3,665	11.5	7.3	15.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,550	1,260	1,290	5.4	5.1	5.6
6 Sales and service occupations	11,050	5,130	5,920	23.2	21.0	25.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,485	6,730	755	15.7	27.5	3.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	435	325	110	0.9	1.3	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,360	930	430	2.9	3.8	1.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	47,565	24,480	23,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	955	385	565	2.0	1.6	2.4
All industries¹⁹¹	46,610	24,090	22,520	98.0	98.4	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	185	105	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	105	65	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
22 Utilities	370	200	170	0.8	0.8	0.7
23 Construction	3,785	3,175	610	8.0	13.0	2.6
31-33 Manufacturing	2,880	1,950	925	6.1	8.0	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	1,765	1,145	615	3.7	4.7	2.7
44-45 Retail trade	4,795	2,325	2,465	10.1	9.5	10.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,960	2,240	720	6.2	9.2	3.1
51 Information and cultural industries	2,290	1,530	765	4.8	6.3	3.3
52 Finance and insurance	1,890	905	985	4.0	3.7	4.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	835	425	415	1.8	1.7	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,115	2,785	2,335	10.8	11.4	10.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	65	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,090	1,095	995	4.4	4.5	4.3
61 Educational services	3,425	1,215	2,210	7.2	5.0	9.6
62 Health care and social assistance	5,820	1,145	4,670	12.2	4.7	20.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,010	460	550	2.1	1.9	2.4
72 Accommodation and food services	2,635	1,170	1,470	5.5	4.8	6.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,045	855	1,190	4.3	3.5	5.2
91 Public administration	2,490	1,240	1,250	5.2	5.1	5.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	50,370	25,735	24,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	46,160	23,770	22,390	91.6	92.4	90.9
French	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	750	325	425	1.5	1.3	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	750	325	425	1.5	1.3	1.7
English and French	505	235	270	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,755	1,305	1,450	5.5	5.1	5.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	50,370	25,735	24,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	49,825	25,485	24,335	98.9	99.0	98.8
Official languages	48,460	24,845	23,615	96.2	96.5	95.9
English	48,335	24,800	23,540	96.0	96.4	95.6
French	125	45	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	1,360	640	725	2.7	2.5	2.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,360	640	725	2.7	2.5	2.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	330	175	160	0.7	0.7	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	135	75	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	125	70	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	115	70	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	85	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	130	85	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	55	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korean	170	95	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	675	315	365	1.3	1.2	1.5
Chinese languages	675	315	365	1.3	1.2	1.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	420	175	245	0.8	0.7	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	250	135	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	545	255	295	1.1	1.0	1.2
English and French	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	460	200	260	0.9	0.8	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	50,370	25,735	24,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	47,420	24,305	23,120	94.1	94.4	93.9
English	535	260	270	1.1	1.0	1.1
French	380	175	205	0.8	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	1,530	765	760	3.0	3.0	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,525	765	760	3.0	3.0	3.1
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	105	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	340	145	195	0.7	0.6	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	43,600	22,535	21,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	11,460	5,715	5,750	26.3	25.4	27.3
Worked outside Canada	165	110	50	0.4	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	5,440	4,115	1,325	12.5	18.3	6.3
Usual place of work	26,540	12,595	13,945	60.9	55.9	66.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,540	12,595	13,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	5,940	2,230	3,705	22.4	17.7	26.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	20,335	10,195	10,140	76.6	80.9	72.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	205	140	65	0.8	1.1	0.5
Commute to a different province or territory	65	30	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,975	16,710	15,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	21,830	12,310	9,520	68.3	73.7	62.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	20,240	11,750	8,490	63.3	70.3	55.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,590	565	1,025	5.0	3.4	6.7
Public transit	7,180	3,145	4,035	22.5	18.8	26.4
Walked	2,015	715	1,300	6.3	4.3	8.5
Bicycle	300	255	50	0.9	1.5	0.3
Other method	650	285	365	2.0	1.7	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,975	16,710	15,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,340	2,390	2,955	16.7	14.3	19.4
15 to 29 minutes	10,650	5,755	4,890	33.3	34.4	32.0
30 to 44 minutes	9,160	5,040	4,120	28.6	30.2	27.0
45 to 59 minutes	4,105	2,150	1,955	12.8	12.9	12.8
60 minutes and over	2,720	1,370	1,350	8.5	8.2	8.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,975	16,710	15,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,175	1,520	650	6.8	9.1	4.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,530	3,390	2,140	17.3	20.3	14.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,925	4,015	3,915	24.8	24.0	25.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,750	3,020	3,735	21.1	18.1	24.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,890	2,220	2,670	15.3	13.3	17.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,705	2,540	2,165	14.7	15.2	14.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	11,860	6,125	5,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	630	315	310	5.3	5.1	5.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,225	5,810	5,425	94.6	94.9	94.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	8,035	4,180	3,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	445	230	215	5.5	5.5	5.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	200	100	100	2.5	2.4	2.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	245	130	115	3.0	3.1	3.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,590	3,950	3,640	94.5	94.5	94.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 20, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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