Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Coquitlam, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	148,625	...	...
Population, 2016¹	139,284	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	58,683	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	55,949	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,216.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	122.15	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	148,625	73,005	75,620
0 to 14 years	22,400	11,415	10,985
0 to 4 years	6,405	3,280	3,130
5 to 9 years	7,545	3,860	3,690
10 to 14 years	8,445	4,275	4,165
15 to 64 years	101,955	50,185	51,770
15 to 19 years	8,590	4,505	4,085
20 to 24 years	9,280	4,795	4,480
25 to 29 years	9,715	5,100	4,610
30 to 34 years	10,245	5,260	4,990
35 to 39 years	10,730	5,200	5,525
40 to 44 years	10,355	4,885	5,470
45 to 49 years	10,430	4,780	5,655
50 to 54 years	11,480	5,450	6,025
55 to 59 years	11,080	5,420	5,665
60 to 64 years	10,055	4,790	5,265
65 years and over	24,270	11,410	12,860
65 to 69 years	8,390	4,105	4,285
70 to 74 years	6,290	2,975	3,315
75 to 79 years	4,050	1,895	2,155
80 to 84 years	2,880	1,290	1,590
85 years and over	2,660	1,140	1,515
85 to 89 years	1,735	770	965
90 to 94 years	730	320	405
95 to 99 years	175	40	135
100 years and over	20	5	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.1	15.6	14.5
15 to 64 years	68.6	68.7	68.5
65 years and over	16.3	15.6	17.0
85 years and over	1.8	1.6	2.0
Average age of the population	41.4	40.6	42.2
Median age of the population	41.6	40.4	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	55,945	...	...
Single-detached house	19,705	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,635	...	...
Row house	5,510	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,590	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	11,860	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	8,370	...	...
Other single-attached house	35	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	250	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	55,950	...	...
1 person	12,820	...	...
2 persons	17,730	...	...
3 persons	10,600	...	...
4 persons	9,625	...	...
5 or more persons	5,180	...	...
Number of persons in private households	147,465	72,515	74,950
Average household size	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	126,225	61,590	64,630
Married or living common-law	75,515	37,450	38,060
Married	66,955	33,165	33,790
Living common-law	8,560	4,290	4,270
Living common law - Never married	6,390	3,200	3,190
Living common law - Separated	355	195	160
Living common law - Divorced	1,680	835	845
Living common law - Widowed	135	55	80
Not married and not living common-law	50,710	24,140	26,570
Not married and not living common law - Never married	35,730	19,495	16,235
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,975	1,140	1,830
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,815	2,460	4,350
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,195	1,040	4,155
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	43,105	...	...
2 persons	19,745	...	...
3 persons	11,040	...	...
4 persons	9,790	...	...
5 or more persons	2,535	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	43,105	...	...
Total couple families	36,520	...	...
Married couples	32,245	...	...
With children⁶	19,600	...	...
Without children	12,645	...	...
Common-law couples	4,280	...	...
With children⁶	1,340	...	...
Without children	2,940	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,585	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,240	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,345	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	147,465	72,515	74,950
Total - Persons in census families	125,040	61,905	63,135
Married spouses or common-law partners	73,045	36,510	36,535
Parents in one-parent families	6,585	1,350	5,240
Children⁶	45,410	24,045	21,360
In a two-parent family	35,765	18,865	16,905
In a one-parent family	9,640	5,185	4,460
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	22,425	10,610	11,815
Living alone	12,815	5,905	6,915
Living with other relatives⁷	4,120	1,585	2,535
Living with non-relatives only	5,490	3,125	2,370
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	55,950	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	35,505	...	...
Couple-family households	30,485	...	...
With children⁶	17,650	...	...
Without children	12,830	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,030	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,520	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	720	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,230	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,165	...	...
One-person households	12,815	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	125,075	61,105	63,970
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	120,520	58,965	61,555
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,800	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	120,600	59,005	61,595
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,000	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	108,325	53,845	54,475
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	44,800	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,765	44,385	42,380
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,800	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,465	44,870	53,590
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,100	7,050	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,870	4,310	5,560
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	35,035	16,710	18,330
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,500	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	125,070	61,145	63,925
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	120,490	58,940	61,545
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,850	62,100	43,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	120,560	58,975	61,585
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,640	51,250	38,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	108,170	53,950	54,220
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,640	60,000	39,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,760	44,475	42,280
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,800	62,000	41,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,430	44,780	53,645
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,110	9,480	10,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,825	4,340	5,485
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,480	5,630	7,160
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	35,040	16,450	18,595
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,670	9,470	9,850
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	125,070	61,150	63,925
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	41,035	23,725	17,320
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,000	75,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,900	88,900	67,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	34,575	15,675	18,905
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600	20,600	15,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,560	33,760	24,240
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	88.4	78.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	75.4	64.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.6	11.6	21.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5	5.1	8.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.3	4.3	6.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	125,070	61,105	63,965
Without total income	4,550	2,140	2,410
With total income	120,515	58,970	61,550
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,615	6,310	8,305
$10,000 to $19,999	14,270	6,050	8,220
$20,000 to $29,999	17,630	7,520	10,110
$30,000 to $39,999	13,675	5,870	7,805
$40,000 to $49,999	12,035	5,445	6,590
$50,000 to $59,999	10,115	4,735	5,375
$60,000 to $69,999	8,210	4,230	3,985
$70,000 to $79,999	6,295	3,415	2,880
$80,000 to $89,999	5,165	2,980	2,185
$90,000 to $99,999	4,215	2,490	1,725
$100,000 and over	14,285	9,905	4,375
$100,000 to $149,999	9,455	6,180	3,280
$150,000 and over	4,835	3,730	1,100
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	125,070	61,105	63,965
Without after-tax income	4,470	2,095	2,370
With after-tax income	120,600	59,010	61,595
Under $10,000 (including loss)	15,035	6,470	8,565
$10,000 to $19,999	14,730	6,260	8,465
$20,000 to $29,999	19,660	8,395	11,265
$30,000 to $39,999	15,805	6,940	8,865
$40,000 to $49,999	13,940	6,440	7,495
$50,000 to $59,999	11,155	5,640	5,520
$60,000 to $69,999	8,130	4,455	3,670
$70,000 to $79,999	6,280	3,680	2,600
$80,000 to $89,999	4,625	2,740	1,890
$90,000 to $99,999	3,170	2,040	1,130
$100,000 and over	8,060	5,940	2,120
$100,000 to $124,999	4,145	2,945	1,205
$125,000 and over	3,915	3,000	915
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	125,070	61,105	63,965
Without employment income	38,310	16,725	21,585
With employment income	86,760	44,380	42,375
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,820	5,230	6,590
$5,000 to $9,999	7,680	3,165	4,515
$10,000 to $19,999	9,615	4,305	5,310
$20,000 to $29,999	7,155	3,280	3,880
$30,000 to $39,999	6,935	3,170	3,760
$40,000 to $49,999	7,135	3,380	3,760
$50,000 to $59,999	6,925	3,330	3,600
$60,000 to $69,999	5,830	3,140	2,685
$70,000 to $79,999	4,725	2,700	2,025
$80,000 to $89,999	4,135	2,425	1,715
$90,000 to $99,999	3,405	2,045	1,365
$100,000 and over	11,400	8,225	3,175
$100,000 to $124,999	5,160	3,380	1,780
$125,000 and over	6,245	4,845	1,395
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	125,075	61,105	63,970
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	116,155	56,640	59,520
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	46,400	31,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	116,420	56,700	59,720
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,800	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	106,590	52,880	53,710
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	46,000	29,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,280	45,000	43,280
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	48,000	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,965	32,615	44,345
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,800	1,530	3,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,945	2,485	3,460
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,760	6,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	125,070	61,145	63,925
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	116,140	56,735	59,400
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,440	60,450	40,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	116,410	56,770	59,640
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	49,240	35,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	106,610	53,085	53,525
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,000	60,600	39,440
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,405	45,160	43,245
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,680	60,650	40,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,765	32,620	44,145
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,880	6,500	7,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,000	2,520	3,480
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,680	5,820	9,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	125,070	61,150	63,925
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	40,655	23,470	17,190
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	71,000	55,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,600	84,000	61,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,500	14,720	17,780
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	27,800	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,760	40,960	29,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	93.8	87.0
Employment income (%)	76.4	79.8	71.6
Government transfers (%)	9.0	6.2	13.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	55,950	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,815	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	43,130	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	55,950	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	113,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,825	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,250	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	43,125	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	131,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	55,950	...	...
Under $5,000	1,115	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	440	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	570	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	925	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,700	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,445	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,590	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,855	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,740	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,790	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,665	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,685	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,400	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,335	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,005	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,690	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,505	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,970	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,825	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,390	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	55,950	...	...
Under $5,000	1,210	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	455	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	595	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	960	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,790	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,620	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,790	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,140	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,100	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,110	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,330	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,170	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,955	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,655	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,285	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,785	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,855	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,075	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,860	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	41,915	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,455	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	21,010	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,005	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	18,310	9,025	9,275
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,600	44,800	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	40,400	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	41,765	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	130,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,330	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,895	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,030	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	18,340	8,840	9,500
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,200	53,000	45,680
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,880	44,360	39,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	147,465	72,515	74,945
0 to 17 years	27,485	14,025	13,465
0 to 5 years	7,880	4,040	3,835
18 to 64 years	96,525	47,360	49,165
65 years and over	23,455	11,135	12,320
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	16,835	7,795	9,040
0 to 17 years	3,550	1,855	1,695
0 to 5 years	945	490	455
18 to 64 years	9,955	4,570	5,385
65 years and over	3,330	1,370	1,960
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.4	10.8	12.1
0 to 17 years (%)	12.9	13.2	12.6
0 to 5 years (%)	12.0	12.1	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	10.3	9.7	11.0
65 years and over (%)	14.2	12.3	15.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	147,465	72,515	74,950
0 to 17 years	27,485	14,020	13,465
0 to 5 years	7,875	4,045	3,835
18 to 64 years	96,530	47,360	49,165
65 years and over	23,450	11,135	12,320
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,240	5,445	5,800
0 to 17 years	2,280	1,205	1,080
0 to 5 years	550	295	255
18 to 64 years	7,590	3,660	3,930
65 years and over	1,370	585	790
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.6	7.5	7.7
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.6	8.0
0 to 5 years (%)	7.0	7.3	6.7
18 to 64 years (%)	7.9	7.7	8.0
65 years and over (%)	5.9	5.2	6.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	147,465	72,515	74,945
In bottom half of the distribution	64,735	30,930	33,805
In bottom decile	15,920	7,515	8,410
In second decile	12,190	5,690	6,505
In third decile	11,905	5,710	6,195
In fourth decile	12,075	5,860	6,210
In fifth decile	12,645	6,155	6,490
In top half of the distribution	82,725	41,585	41,140
In sixth decile	13,575	6,720	6,860
In seventh decile	14,385	7,175	7,205
In eighth decile	16,595	8,340	8,255
In ninth decile	18,925	9,535	9,390
In top decile	19,245	9,820	9,430
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	147,465	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.338	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.429	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.302	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	147,735	72,585	75,150
English only	131,465	65,705	65,765
French only	55	25	30
English and French	8,895	3,880	5,020
Neither English nor French	7,310	2,975	4,335
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	147,735	72,585	75,150
English	138,155	68,560	69,590
French	1,330	625	705
English and French	1,065	475	590
Neither English nor French	7,185	2,925	4,260
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	147,735	72,585	75,150
Single responses	140,390	69,070	71,320
Official languages	71,490	36,645	34,845
English	70,195	36,035	34,155
French	1,295	610	685
Non-official languages	68,895	32,425	36,470
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5
Algonquian languages	10	5	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	5	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	68,885	32,420	36,470
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,505	770	730
Berber languages	5	0	5
Kabyle	5	0	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	25	10	15
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	5
Somali	15	5	10
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,470	755	710
Amharic	35	20	20
Arabic	1,255	645	610
Aramaic languages	15	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	55	30	25
Maltese	15	5	10
Tigrigna	95	50	40
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	795	355	445
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	15	30
Vietnamese	750	340	410
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	3,400	1,380	2,020
Bikol	10	0	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	20
Cebuano	95	40	55
Fijian	5	0	5
Hiligaynon	80	30	45
Ilocano	165	60	100
Indonesian	420	185	230
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	15	10	10
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	10
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,510	1,005	1,505
Waray-Waray	5	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15
Creole languages	40	20	20
Haitian Creole	10	5	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	20	10	10
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Dravidian languages	260	135	125
Kannada	5	0	5
Malayalam	75	40	35
Tamil	120	55	65
Telugu	55	30	25
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	40	20	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	25,405	12,375	13,030
Albanian	80	45	35
Armenian	85	45	40
Balto-Slavic languages	5,125	2,440	2,680
Baltic languages	40	20	15
Latvian	15	10	10
Lithuanian	20	10	10
Slavic languages	5,090	2,420	2,670
Belarusian	5	0	0
Bulgarian	235	120	120
Czech	180	80	95
Macedonian	20	15	10
Polish	910	430	480
Russian	2,310	1,105	1,205
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	955	480	475
Bosnian	85	40	45
Croatian	485	245	240
Serbian	355	185	175
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	5	15
Slovak	165	65	100
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20
Ukrainian	280	115	160
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	5	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	5	0	5
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,290	620	675
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	780	365	415
German	755	350	400
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	25	10	15
Yiddish	5	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	360	180	180
Afrikaans	120	55	60
Dutch	230	115	110
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0
Scandinavian languages	145	70	75
Danish	75	35	45
Icelandic	5	5	0
Norwegian	25	15	15
Swedish	35	15	20
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	180	100	75
Indo-Iranian languages	12,565	6,250	6,320
Indo-Aryan languages	3,180	1,560	1,620
Assamese	5	0	0
Bengali	145	80	60
Gujarati	365	170	195
Hindi	730	355	370
Kacchi	80	45	35
Kashmiri	10	5	5
Konkani	10	5	5
Marathi	75	40	35
Nepali	85	40	40
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,255	600	655
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	0	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	125	55	70
Urdu	285	155	135
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Iranian languages	9,385	4,690	4,695
Baluchi	5	0	0
Kurdish	385	200	185
Parsi	15	10	10
Pashto	45	30	15
Persian languages	8,920	4,445	4,480
Dari	665	320	340
Iranian Persian	7,500	3,750	3,755
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	760	375	390
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,070	2,875	3,195
Catalan	5	0	0
Italian	1,195	605	595
Portuguese	1,100	515	590
Romanian	935	455	485
Spanish	2,825	1,300	1,525
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Japanese	875	295	585
Korean	10,040	4,705	5,335
Mongolian	25	15	15
Niger-Congo languages	180	90	90
Akan (Twi)	25	15	10
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	5	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	10	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	10	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	20	15
Shona	15	5	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	35	15	20
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	5	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	0
Dinka	5	5	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	20	5
American Sign Language	20	15	5
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	25,310	11,790	13,520
Chinese languages	25,245	11,755	13,490
Hakka	150	65	90
Mandarin	14,380	6,670	7,710
Min Dong	10	5	5
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	705	305	400
Wu (Shanghainese)	205	90	115
Yue (Cantonese)	9,670	4,570	5,100
Chinese, n.o.s.	115	50	65
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	35	30
Burmese	45	25	25
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	40	90
Lao	20	10	10
Thai	105	30	75
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Turkic languages	390	210	175
Azerbaijani	80	45	35
Kazakh	10	5	10
Turkish	235	135	100
Uyghur	10	10	10
Uzbek	30	10	15
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10
Uralic languages	455	195	260
Estonian	10	0	5
Finnish	130	45	85
Hungarian	310	145	170
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	7,340	3,515	3,830
English and French	405	175	230
English and non-official language(s)	5,950	2,895	3,055
French and non-official language(s)	90	35	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	45	70
Multiple non-official languages	780	360	420
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	147,735	72,585	75,150
English	76,285	38,795	37,490
French	250	120	130
Non-official language	25,630	11,835	13,795
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	25,630	11,835	13,795
English and French	1,065	465	600
English and non-official language(s)	41,720	20,115	21,605
French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,000	430	565
Multiple non-official languages	1,750	805	950
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	147,735	72,585	75,150
Single responses	138,850	68,310	70,540
Official languages	93,320	46,805	46,510
English	92,930	46,625	46,300
French	395	185	210
Non-official languages	45,525	21,505	24,030
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,525	21,505	24,030
Afro-Asiatic languages	890	440	450
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	10	0	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	875	430	445
Amharic	20	5	15
Arabic	745	365	380
Aramaic languages	10	5	5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	35	20	15
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	65	35	30
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	445	200	245
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	10
Vietnamese	435	200	240
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,515	665	845
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10
Cebuano	50	20	30
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	60	30	30
Ilocano	85	30	50
Indonesian	155	70	85
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5
Pangasinan	10	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,115	495	625
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Creole languages	10	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	100	50	55
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	20	10	10
Tamil	55	25	25
Telugu	25	15	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	25	15	15
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	14,425	6,990	7,435
Albanian	35	20	10
Armenian	35	20	20
Balto-Slavic languages	2,815	1,375	1,445
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	10	5	5
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	2,800	1,365	1,435
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	145	70	75
Czech	65	30	35
Macedonian	5	5	0
Polish	390	190	200
Russian	1,655	820	840
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	360	170	190
Bosnian	30	15	20
Croatian	150	75	80
Serbian	170	75	90
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Slovak	60	30	35
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	115	55	65
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	160	85	80
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	75	35	40
German	75	35	40
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	40	30
Afrikaans	55	30	25
Dutch	15	10	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	0
Swedish	5	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	55	25	30
Indo-Iranian languages	8,445	4,095	4,350
Indo-Aryan languages	1,455	690	765
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	85	45	45
Gujarati	145	65	85
Hindi	315	155	165
Kacchi	25	10	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	30	10	15
Nepali	65	30	35
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	560	265	295
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	20	30
Urdu	170	90	80
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Iranian languages	6,985	3,400	3,590
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	265	135	130
Parsi	10	0	5
Pashto	30	15	15
Persian languages	6,670	3,235	3,435
Dari	380	170	210
Iranian Persian	5,755	2,810	2,945
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	535	260	280
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,880	1,380	1,500
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	220	95	120
Portuguese	660	325	335
Romanian	415	205	215
Spanish	1,580	755	825
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	410	150	260
Korean	8,275	3,870	4,400
Mongolian	25	15	10
Niger-Congo languages	35	20	15
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	50	30	15
American Sign Language	45	25	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	18,925	8,860	10,065
Chinese languages	18,885	8,835	10,050
Hakka	40	20	20
Mandarin	11,595	5,440	6,160
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	375	165	210
Wu (Shanghainese)	125	55	75
Yue (Cantonese)	6,675	3,130	3,545
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	25	35
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	15
Burmese	25	15	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	15	10	5
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	25
Lao	5	0	0
Thai	45	15	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	205	100	105
Azerbaijani	40	20	25
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	140	70	70
Uyghur	10	5	5
Uzbek	15	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	145	70	75
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	35	15	20
Hungarian	110	55	55
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	8,885	4,275	4,605
English and French	200	90	105
English and non-official language(s)	8,250	3,985	4,270
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	40	50
Multiple non-official languages	320	155	170
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	147,730	72,585	75,150
None	109,710	54,395	55,315
English	16,540	8,070	8,475
French	995	420	575
Non-official language	16,365	7,780	8,590
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	15
Non-Indigenous	16,345	7,770	8,580
English and French	170	80	85
English and non-official language(s)	1,860	900	965
French and non-official language(s)	445	185	260
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	20	10
Multiple non-official languages	1,605	735	875
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	147,465	72,515	74,950
Official languages	140,310	69,600	70,705
English	140,285	69,585	70,705
French	9,095	4,010	5,085
Non-official languages	83,260	39,730	43,530
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	30	15
Algonquian languages	20	15	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	10	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	10	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	15	15	0
Halkomelem	10	10	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	83,215	39,695	43,520
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,105	1,125	985
Berber languages	15	10	0
Kabyle	15	10	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	50	15	40
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	35	10	30
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	2,075	1,110	960
Amharic	45	25	25
Arabic	1,745	965	785
Aramaic languages	10	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	230	90	135
Maltese	20	15	10
Tigrigna	90	50	35
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,055	445	610
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	10	65
Vietnamese	985	435	550
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	4,885	2,090	2,800
Bikol	10	0	10
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	20
Cebuano	110	45	60
Fijian	15	10	0
Hiligaynon	130	55	75
Ilocano	255	110	145
Indonesian	540	250	290
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	240	110	125
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	15
Pangasinan	45	20	25
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,995	1,665	2,340
Waray-Waray	70	40	30
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30
Creole languages	115	80	35
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	50	35	15
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	25	10
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10
Dravidian languages	435	210	225
Kannada	15	10	10
Malayalam	130	65	65
Tamil	220	95	120
Telugu	95	50	50
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	33,120	16,410	16,710
Albanian	50	25	20
Armenian	80	40	40
Balto-Slavic languages	5,785	2,855	2,925
Baltic languages	70	40	30
Latvian	45	25	20
Lithuanian	25	15	15
Slavic languages	5,760	2,840	2,915
Belarusian	25	15	15
Bulgarian	225	100	120
Czech	275	145	125
Macedonian	20	10	10
Polish	965	485	480
Russian	3,020	1,470	1,545
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	1,200	640	565
Bosnian	105	55	45
Croatian	800	410	390
Serbian	400	225	175
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15
Slovak	150	55	95
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	20
Ukrainian	625	270	350
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	50	30	15
Irish	20	15	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Germanic languages	2,285	1,085	1,200
Frisian	10	0	0
High German languages	1,440	670	775
German	1,420	645	775
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	45	25	20
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	685	330	345
Afrikaans	370	185	185
Dutch	350	165	185
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	20	10	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	0
Scandinavian languages	235	120	110
Danish	100	50	55
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	60	35	25
Swedish	75	35	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	310	175	135
Indo-Iranian languages	16,105	8,060	8,045
Indo-Aryan languages	5,115	2,590	2,530
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	115	55	60
Gujarati	850	405	445
Hindi	2,365	1,205	1,160
Kacchi	275	140	135
Kashmiri	30	15	20
Konkani	15	0	15
Marathi	115	65	50
Nepali	65	20	40
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,060	1,090	965
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	60	35	25
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	145	75	70
Urdu	780	425	355
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35
Iranian languages	11,125	5,545	5,580
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	545	305	235
Parsi	45	25	20
Pashto	85	65	20
Persian languages	10,755	5,350	5,405
Dari	870	425	450
Iranian Persian	9,130	4,510	4,615
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	915	490	420
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,385	4,595	4,790
Catalan	10	10	0
Italian	2,060	1,025	1,035
Portuguese	1,420	700	725
Romanian	1,205	605	600
Spanish	5,245	2,550	2,690
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,800	785	1,015
Korean	11,550	5,370	6,180
Mongolian	70	40	30
Niger-Congo languages	585	295	295
Akan (Twi)	35	20	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0
Ganda	25	10	15
Gikuyu	15	0	10
Igbo	55	40	20
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	35	15	10
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	10	0	10
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	20
Shona	35	20	15
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0
Swahili	295	130	165
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	25	10	10
Yoruba	35	15	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	30	45
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	15	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	195	105	90
American Sign Language	190	100	90
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	29,320	13,785	15,540
Chinese languages	29,195	13,715	15,480
Hakka	325	145	175
Mandarin	20,625	9,585	11,040
Min Dong	10	0	10
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,555	640	915
Wu (Shanghainese)	220	70	150
Yue (Cantonese)	12,110	5,735	6,375
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	45	35
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	70	60
Burmese	75	40	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	155	70	90
Lao	25	20	10
Thai	135	50	85
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	950	465	480
Azerbaijani	245	110	130
Kazakh	15	0	0
Turkish	785	395	390
Uyghur	15	10	0
Uzbek	15	0	10
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20
Uralic languages	605	265	345
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	160	70	95
Hungarian	440	190	250
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	147,465	72,515	74,950
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,915	1,405	1,510
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,780	1,355	1,425
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,510	700	815
Métis	1,250	655	595
Inuk (Inuit)	20	0	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	80	25	50
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	20	35
Non-Indigenous identity	144,550	71,110	73,440
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	147,465	72,515	74,950
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	865	370	495
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	146,600	72,150	74,455
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	55,950	...	...
Owner	38,790	...	...
Renter	17,155	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	55,950	...	...
Condominium	17,880	...	...
Not condominium	38,070	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	55,950	...	...
No bedrooms	490	...	...
1 bedroom	8,755	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,330	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,825	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	18,550	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	55,950	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	23,135	...	...
5 rooms	6,925	...	...
6 rooms	5,665	...	...
7 rooms	4,765	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,460	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	55,950	...	...
One person or fewer per room	53,890	...	...
More than one person per room	2,060	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	55,950	...	...
Suitable	52,135	...	...
Not suitable	3,815	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	55,950	...	...
1960 or before	3,410	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,125	...	...
1981 to 1990	9,340	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,935	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,305	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,930	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,100	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,800	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	55,950	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	53,475	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,480	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	55,950	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,860	...	...
Two-maintainer household	25,915	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,165	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	55,950	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,265	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,015	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,240	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,765	...	...
55 to 64 years	11,970	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,300	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,030	...	...
85 years and over	1,355	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	55,665	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,445	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,215	...	...
30% to less than 100%	13,485	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	55,950	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	20,500	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,455	...	...
Not suitable only	2,545	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,540	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,025	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	690	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	195	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...
Acceptable housing	35,450	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	52,935	...	...
In core need	8,825	...	...
Not in core need	44,115	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	38,785	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,906	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,100,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,147,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	17,155	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,530	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,606	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	147,465	72,520	74,945
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	660	345	315
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	650	345	310
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	485	245	240
Métis single ancestry	170	100	75
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,655	1,300	1,360
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,540	1,245	1,295
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,585	790	790
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	940	450	495
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	110	55	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	110	55	60
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	144,150	70,875	73,275
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	147,465	72,515	74,950
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	123,775	61,455	62,320
Canadian citizens aged under 18	24,090	12,295	11,795
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	99,680	49,165	50,520
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	23,695	11,060	12,635
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	147,465	72,515	74,950
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	73,320	37,285	36,035
Immigrants⁸¹	67,545	32,055	35,485
Before 1980	7,755	3,790	3,960
1980 to 1990	6,695	3,095	3,590
1991 to 2000	16,935	8,165	8,775
2001 to 2010	18,325	8,630	9,695
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,835	8,375	9,465
2011 to 2015	9,235	4,265	4,975
2016 to 2021	8,595	4,110	4,485
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,605	3,175	3,425
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	67,545	32,055	35,490
Under 5 years	5,355	2,795	2,560
5 to 14 years	11,455	6,285	5,170
15 to 24 years	10,065	4,670	5,395
25 to 44 years	32,360	14,325	18,035
45 years and over	8,305	3,975	4,325
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	67,545	32,055	35,490
Americas	4,290	2,005	2,290
Brazil	530	255	280
Colombia	355	175	185
El Salvador	290	125	170
Guyana	80	30	50
Haiti	20	10	10
Jamaica	100	65	35
Mexico	660	300	365
Peru	215	90	125
Trinidad and Tobago	160	80	80
United States of America	1,140	535	610
Other places of birth in Americas	730	350	380
Europe	10,230	5,070	5,160
Bosnia and Herzegovina	220	110	105
Croatia	420	215	200
France	190	110	75
Germany	560	240	315
Greece	135	80	55
Hungary	180	80	105
Italy	765	395	365
Netherlands	215	115	105
Poland	680	325	350
Portugal	275	140	135
Romania	935	465	475
Russian Federation	885	380	505
Serbia⁸⁶	150	95	50
Ukraine	700	330	365
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,300	1,160	1,140
Other places of birth in Europe	1,630	835	800
Africa	2,400	1,220	1,185
Algeria	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	30	15	15
Egypt	265	140	125
Eritrea	50	40	15
Ethiopia	55	25	30
Morocco	30	15	15
Nigeria	135	80	50
Somalia	25	0	25
South Africa, Republic of	600	290	315
Other places of birth in Africa	1,200	605	600
Asia	50,035	23,480	26,550
Afghanistan	605	305	295
Iran⁸⁸	7,585	3,835	3,750
Iraq	460	235	220
Lebanon	160	85	80
Syria⁸⁹	330	205	125
Turkey	140	75	70
China⁹⁰	12,725	5,770	6,955
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,985	2,420	2,565
Korea, South⁹²	8,485	4,025	4,465
Taiwan	2,685	1,210	1,475
Philippines	4,100	1,715	2,385
Viet Nam	895	400	495
Bangladesh	40	20	20
India	2,030	1,045	985
Pakistan	485	245	235
Sri Lanka	210	110	100
Other places of birth in Asia	4,110	1,795	2,315
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	590	285	305
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,600	4,110	4,485
Americas	875	465	410
Brazil	355	185	175
Colombia	30	10	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	25	10	15
Mexico	170	85	85
United States of America	135	90	45
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	10
Other places of birth in Americas	140	75	60
Europe	955	495	460
France	20	15	10
Germany	30	10	15
Ireland⁹⁶	30	30	0
Italy	25	10	10
Russian Federation	245	130	115
Ukraine	175	80	95
United Kingdom⁸⁷	105	60	45
Other places of birth in Europe	330	155	170
Africa	425	240	185
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	40	25	15
Eritrea	30	25	0
Ethiopia	10	10	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	70	45	25
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	135	75	60
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	105	50	60
Asia	6,280	2,870	3,410
Afghanistan	40	20	15
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	1,915	880	1,035
Hong Kong⁹¹	180	95	85
India	375	200	180
Iran⁸⁸	1,105	560	540
Iraq	80	25	55
Israel	45	10	30
Japan	75	0	75
Jordan	10	10	0
Korea, South⁹²	1,100	465	635
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	60	35	30
Philippines	475	180	300
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	40	25	20
Syria⁸⁹	210	130	75
Turkey	30	20	10
United Arab Emirates	25	10	15
Viet Nam	115	40	70
Other places of birth in Asia	390	165	225
Oceania and other⁹³	60	40	25
Australia	40	30	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	0	15
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	147,465	72,515	74,950
First generation¹⁰⁰	75,960	36,205	39,755
Second generation¹⁰¹	34,130	17,330	16,800
Third generation or more¹⁰²	37,375	18,980	18,390
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	59,790	28,265	31,525
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	40,565	20,215	20,345
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	15,110	9,530	5,580
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	25,455	10,685	14,765
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,265	4,470	7,795
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,280	3,260	3,015
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	675	305	365
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	59,790	28,265	31,525
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,845	1,015	825
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,355	2,325	3,030
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,980	1,555	1,425
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,900	1,725	2,175
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	130	55	75
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	45,580	21,585	23,995
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	147,465	72,515	74,950
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	83,330	39,955	43,370
South Asian	7,405	3,665	3,740
Chinese	32,770	15,735	17,040
Black	2,135	1,100	1,035
Filipino	5,330	2,325	3,010
Arab	1,455	810	640
Latin American	3,345	1,635	1,710
Southeast Asian	2,345	1,075	1,275
West Asian	10,625	5,255	5,370
Korean	11,900	5,625	6,275
Japanese	1,705	670	1,030
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	860	445	415
Multiple visible minorities	3,440	1,620	1,820
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	64,140	32,560	31,580
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	147,465	72,515	74,950
Canadian	9,965	5,155	4,810
English	18,620	9,400	9,225
Irish	11,375	5,675	5,700
Scottish	14,360	7,195	7,165
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,570	2,735	2,835
German	8,615	4,290	4,330
Chinese	29,940	14,285	15,660
Italian	6,800	3,530	3,275
Indian (India)	4,840	2,310	2,530
Ukrainian	4,250	2,130	2,115
Dutch	3,005	1,495	1,510
Polish	3,260	1,665	1,585
Québécois	145	90	60
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,410	1,685	1,730
Filipino	5,605	2,455	3,150
French Canadian	950	450	505
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,710	880	830
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	980	485	495
Métis	1,220	595	625
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,210	1,235	975
Russian	3,415	1,650	1,770
Norwegian	2,375	1,150	1,225
Welsh	1,880	925	950
Portuguese	1,635	775	860
American	1,350	660	690
Spanish	2,050	915	1,140
Swedish	1,825	860	965
Hungarian	1,175	545	635
Acadian	120	50	70
Pakistani	580	315	265
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	785	400	390
Jewish	705	355	350
Punjabi	665	350	310
Vietnamese	1,430	685	745
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	605	310	295
Greek	650	325	320
Jamaican	260	145	115
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,745	1,350	1,395
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	295	145	155
Korean	11,480	5,395	6,085
Romanian	1,455	735	715
Lebanese	335	155	180
Iranian	8,015	3,975	4,050
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	540	265	275
Danish	945	460	485
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	200	95	105
Sikh	315	160	160
Austrian	750	410	335
Belgian	420	215	205
Haitian	50	25	25
Hindu	630	315	310
Mexican	1,215	585	630
Mennonite	195	110	85
Swiss	505	250	255
Finnish	865	405	460
Sri Lankan	220	115	105
Croatian	1,455	735	725
Japanese	2,060	830	1,230
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	405	190	215
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	95	55	45
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	490	250	235
Muslim	505	265	240
Egyptian	330	165	165
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	560	300	260
Tamil	120	45	80
Icelandic	600	285	320
Colombian	425	215	210
Moroccan	30	15	15
Czech	570	295	275
Syrian	335	195	140
Guyanese	95	45	50
Afghan	1,025	515	510
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	185	85	100
Serbian	455	270	190
Ojibway	110	80	35
Newfoundlander	55	25	30
Hong Konger	2,115	1,040	1,075
Ontarian	100	45	50
Persian	2,605	1,310	1,295
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	150	65	85
Turkish	390	210	180
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	10	20
Bangladeshi	35	15	20
Algerian	20	15	0
Brazilian	560	280	285
Nigerian	150	115	30
Armenian	185	115	70
Slovak	300	125	170
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	340	160	175
Somali	70	15	45
Taiwanese	2,460	1,120	1,340
Iraqi	250	130	120
Salvadorean	410	185	220
African Caribbean	50	30	20
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	705	350	360
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	405	195	210
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	120	60	60
Algonquin	25	20	0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	90	55	40
Lithuanian	185	75	110
South African	340	175	165
Australian	310	170	145
Palestinian	115	65	50
Chilean	190	75	120
Congolese	25	10	20
Nova Scotian	50	20	30
Ethiopian	65	20	45
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	235	115	120
Peruvian	195	85	110
Yoruba	45	25	20
Cambodian (Khmer)	135	40	100
Berber	10	10	0
Albanian	45	15	25
Maltese	150	50	100
Macedonian	35	20	15
Slovenian	145	65	80
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	160	90	75
New Brunswicker	10	0	0
Gujarati	210	115	95
Eritrean	50	30	20
African Canadian	30	10	20
Israeli	125	65	55
Mohawk	60	20	40
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	255	120	135
Bulgarian	245	115	135
Albertan	40	15	20
Ghanaian	60	30	30
Barbadian	60	20	45
African American	165	100	65
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	155	80	75
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	200	100	100
Cuban	30	15	15
Bosnian	165	100	70
Venezuelan	100	55	45
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	120	65	50
Bengali	15	0	10
Cameroonian	15	10	10
Guatemalan	120	90	30
Indonesian	445	200	245
Laotian	50	25	25
Ilocano	105	45	60
Northern Irish	100	60	40
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	90	45	40
British Columbian	460	225	235
Ecuadorian	0	0	0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	70	40	25
Estonian	130	70	60
Kurdish	460	275	190
Fijian	425	205	220
Jatt	30	15	10
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	65	30	35
Coptic	35	15	20
Thai	130	40	85
Dominican	30	15	15
Nepali	80	25	55
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	35	30	10
Byelorussian	160	85	85
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	65	30	35
Abenaki	15	0	15
Moldovan	90	40	45
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	10	0
New Zealander	145	70	70
Sudanese	10	0	0
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	35	15	20
Malaysian	455	220	235
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	25	20
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	50	20	30
Buddhist	95	35	55
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	35	25	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	105	55	50
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	10	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	10	10
Burundian	40	30	10
Tigrinya	50	30	20
Nicaraguan	105	45	60
Mauritian	55	25	35
Kenyan	105	55	50
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	20	0	20
Manitoban	65	30	35
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	35	20	15
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	45	35	10
Mayan	30	20	10
Honduran	45	25	20
Cherokee	50	25	25
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	25	0	15
Flemish	30	10	25
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	150	65	85
Sicilian	10	0	10
Pashtun	25	10	15
Malay	80	45	35
Goan	25	10	15
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	0	10
Tibetan	25	10	15
Zimbabwean	35	10	25
Burmese	110	60	60
Mongolian	170	85	80
Azorean	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	10	0	10
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	90	35	55
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	65	40	30
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	45	30	15
Basque	35	30	0
Uruguayan	35	20	15
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	15
Igorot	25	15	10
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	30	10	20
Roma	35	25	10
Costa Rican	15	10	0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	45	30	20
Singaporean	240	115	130
Karen	20	10	10
Edo	30	15	15
Tajik	50	25	25
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	10	0	10
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	147,465	72,515	74,950
Buddhist	3,110	1,280	1,830
Christian	55,150	25,510	29,645
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	15,095	6,865	8,235
Anabaptist	390	195	195
Anglican	2,160	1,005	1,155
Baptist	1,485	635	845
Catholic	23,630	11,135	12,490
Christian Orthodox	2,685	1,315	1,375
Jehovah's Witness	455	200	255
Latter Day Saints	225	90	130
Lutheran	1,190	485	705
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	385	170	215
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	985	495	490
Presbyterian	1,345	620	720
Reformed	100	60	40
United Church	2,740	1,190	1,555
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,290	1,035	1,255
Hindu	1,955	990	965
Jewish	405	215	190
Muslim	9,315	4,670	4,645
Sikh	1,855	855	995
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	45	20	25
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,685	680	1,010
No religion and secular perspectives	73,945	38,305	35,640
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	146,310	71,960	74,350
Non-movers	126,490	62,150	64,340
Movers	19,825	9,810	10,010
Non-migrants	9,430	4,595	4,835
Migrants	10,390	5,215	5,175
Internal migrants	8,125	4,065	4,060
Intraprovincial migrants	6,870	3,395	3,480
Interprovincial migrants	1,255	675	585
External migrants	2,260	1,145	1,115
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	141,005	69,275	71,730
Non-movers	81,315	40,015	41,300
Movers	59,690	29,260	30,430
Non-migrants	18,150	8,965	9,185
Migrants	41,535	20,295	21,240
Internal migrants	29,875	14,830	15,045
Intraprovincial migrants	25,835	12,760	13,070
Interprovincial migrants	4,040	2,070	1,970
External migrants	11,665	5,470	6,195
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	125,070	61,145	63,925
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,125	7,470	6,660
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	110,945	53,680	57,265
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	83,885	40,660	43,225
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,965	2,825	2,145
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	78,920	37,835	41,085
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	125,075	61,145	63,920
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,775	6,645	6,130
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	34,305	16,445	17,860
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	77,985	38,055	39,930
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	32,990	16,500	16,490
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,525	5,470	2,050
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,135	1,785	1,355
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,385	3,690	700
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	20,235	8,695	11,540
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,235	2,340	2,895
Bachelor's degree or higher	45,000	21,555	23,445
Bachelor's degree	30,385	14,175	16,210
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,070	1,395	1,675
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	985	510	475
Master's degree	8,945	4,455	4,485
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,615	1,020	595
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	83,885	40,660	43,225
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,150	2,340	1,810
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,190	8,995	9,195
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,540	29,320	32,220
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,240	11,970	12,270
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,285	3,885	1,400
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,120	1,235	890
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,165	2,650	510
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,045	6,375	8,670
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,910	1,715	2,200
Bachelor's degree or higher	37,305	17,350	19,955
Bachelor's degree	24,870	11,305	13,565
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,535	1,115	1,420
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	810	385	425
Master's degree	7,785	3,765	4,020
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,305	785	515
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	125,070	61,150	63,920
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	47,085	23,095	23,990
Education	4,270	950	3,320
13. Education	4,270	950	3,320
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,655	1,445	2,210
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	465	340	130
50. Visual and performing arts	3,190	1,105	2,085
Humanities	4,460	1,525	2,935
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	805	200	605
23. English language and literature/letters	1,260	345	920
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,310	415	895
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	40	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	180	100	80
39. Theology and religious vocations	320	215	100
54. History	360	190	165
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	175	30	150
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,230	3,655	6,575
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	30	80
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,285	510	775
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,285	140	1,145
22. Legal professions and studies	1,495	430	1,065
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	190	70	125
42. Psychology	1,645	450	1,200
45. Social sciences	4,210	2,020	2,195
Business, management and public administration	17,605	7,800	9,805
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	15
44. Public administration and social service professions	575	135	440
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,005	7,655	9,345
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,055	2,105	1,945
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,555	670	880
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	965	470	495
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	10	50
40. Physical sciences	1,400	930	475
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	25	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,890	3,270	1,620
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,895	2,745	1,150
25. Library science	165	25	140
27. Mathematics and statistics	725	425	300
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	100	75	30
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	15,260	13,110	2,155
04. Architecture and related services	670	430	240
14. Engineering	6,530	5,165	1,365
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,645	2,315	335
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,595	2,530	70
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,825	1,770	60
48. Precision production	990	905	85
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,300	640	665
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	795	350	450
03. Natural resources and conservation	500	290	215
Health and related fields	9,325	2,205	7,120
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	900	445	460
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,220	1,635	6,585
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	205	130	80
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,925	1,345	1,580
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,980	580	1,400
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	355	270	85
49. Transportation and materials moving	550	465	85
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	83,885	40,660	43,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,340	11,335	11,005
Education	2,965	600	2,365
13. Education	2,965	600	2,365
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,890	1,130	1,760
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	330	230	100
50. Visual and performing arts	2,560	900	1,660
Humanities	3,515	1,170	2,340
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	650	160	495
23. English language and literature/letters	1,015	245	775
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,025	345	685
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	20	10
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125	70	60
39. Theology and religious vocations	235	155	80
54. History	300	165	135
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	120	15	105
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,380	2,935	5,445
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	100	30	75
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,055	425	635
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	965	115	855
22. Legal professions and studies	1,275	335	935
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	55	100
42. Psychology	1,360	335	1,030
45. Social sciences	3,465	1,645	1,820
Business, management and public administration	14,365	6,180	8,180
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	455	100	350
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,905	6,070	7,830
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,105	1,555	1,550
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,230	535	700
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	740	345	395
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	10	50
40. Physical sciences	1,010	650	365
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	15	35
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,210	2,850	1,365
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,455	2,455	1,000
25. Library science	115	15	100
27. Mathematics and statistics	560	320	240
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	60	30
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,605	9,725	1,880
04. Architecture and related services	555	335	215
14. Engineering	5,205	3,985	1,220
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,885	1,605	285
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,925	1,865	55
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,345	1,305	40
48. Precision production	690	630	60
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	985	440	545
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	595	225	370
03. Natural resources and conservation	390	210	175
Health and related fields	7,290	1,705	5,585
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	705	350	355
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,415	1,265	5,155
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	165	90	75
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,230	1,035	1,195
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,525	470	1,055
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	290	215	70
49. Transportation and materials moving	390	315	70
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	83,885	40,660	43,225
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	22,340	11,335	11,005
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	61,545	29,325	32,220
Location of study inside Canada	38,370	19,075	19,300
Same as province or territory of residence	32,475	15,955	16,525
Different than province or territory of residence	5,895	3,120	2,775
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	23,170	10,250	12,925
Americas	3,040	1,600	1,435
United States of America	1,750	980	770
Mexico	430	205	225
Cuba	10	10	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	10	0
Brazil	370	170	200
Colombia	150	65	75
Peru	55	20	40
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	45	35
Other locations of study in Americas	180	100	85
Europe	3,455	1,740	1,710
Belgium	20	15	10
France	165	80	90
Germany	140	75	65
Netherlands	25	10	15
Switzerland	30	15	20
Hungary	35	15	20
Moldova¹⁸³	50	30	25
Poland	185	70	115
Romania	360	195	165
Russian Federation	390	160	235
Ukraine	385	200	185
Ireland⁹⁶	115	60	55
United Kingdom⁸⁷	945	510	440
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	20	25
Italy	40	35	10
Serbia⁸⁶	50	40	10
Other locations of study in Europe	450	225	230
Africa	540	265	280
Nigeria	60	35	20
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	100	50	55
South Africa, Republic of	260	115	150
Other locations of study in Africa	110	60	55
Asia	15,695	6,435	9,260
Iran⁸⁸	2,830	1,260	1,570
Iraq	150	80	70
Israel	95	45	55
Lebanon	10	10	0
Syria⁸⁹	45	30	15
Turkey	70	45	25
China⁹⁰	4,520	1,900	2,620
Taiwan	560	170	385
Hong Kong⁹¹	625	255	370
Japan	305	75	230
Korea, South⁹²	3,190	1,235	1,955
Philippines	1,555	590	965
Viet Nam	105	30	75
Bangladesh	20	10	10
Sri Lanka	25	10	15
India	770	350	420
Pakistan	165	70	90
Other locations of study in Asia	660	275	385
Oceania	445	205	240
Australia	370	175	195
New Zealand	65	30	35
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	0	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	125,075	61,145	63,925
In the labour force	81,265	42,580	38,680
Employed	73,920	39,010	34,910
Unemployed	7,345	3,575	3,770
Not in the labour force	43,805	18,565	25,240
Participation rate	65.0	69.6	60.5
Employment rate	59.1	63.8	54.6
Unemployment rate	9.0	8.4	9.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	125,070	61,145	63,920
Did not work¹⁸⁶	45,120	19,350	25,775
Worked	79,950	41,800	38,150
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	42,725	24,820	17,910
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	37,230	16,980	20,245
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	42.2	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	81,265	42,580	38,685
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,130	1,005	1,120
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	79,140	41,575	37,565
Employee	65,790	33,505	32,285
Permanent position	55,065	28,620	26,445
Temporary position	10,725	4,885	5,835
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,100	1,970	2,130
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,630	2,915	3,710
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,350	8,070	5,280
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	81,265	42,580	38,685
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,130	1,005	1,120
All occupations¹⁹¹	79,140	41,575	37,565
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	975	700	275
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	16,085	5,645	10,440
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,215	7,165	2,045
3 Health occupations	5,450	1,405	4,045
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,265	3,075	6,190
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,175	1,615	1,560
6 Sales and service occupations	20,520	9,190	11,330
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,895	10,915	980
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	520	415	105
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,035	1,440	600
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	81,265	42,580	38,685
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,130	1,005	1,120
All industries¹⁹¹	79,140	41,575	37,565
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	240	145	95
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	215	160	50
22 Utilities	615	395	215
23 Construction	6,805	5,760	1,045
31-33 Manufacturing	4,625	3,220	1,405
41 Wholesale trade	3,195	2,110	1,080
44-45 Retail trade	9,385	4,175	5,215
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,580	2,760	820
51 Information and cultural industries	3,030	1,985	1,045
52 Finance and insurance	4,190	1,930	2,260
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,210	1,175	1,030
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,155	5,385	3,770
55 Management of companies and enterprises	235	135	100
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,785	1,665	1,120
61 Educational services	6,190	2,140	4,055
62 Health care and social assistance	8,740	1,830	6,905
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,535	780	755
72 Accommodation and food services	5,035	2,385	2,645
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,435	1,365	2,070
91 Public administration	3,955	2,080	1,875
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	86,520	45,010	41,510
English	76,165	40,270	35,895
French	70	10	60
Non-official language	2,345	1,075	1,270
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	2,345	1,075	1,270
English and French	590	235	350
English and non-official language(s)	7,115	3,325	3,790
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	30	85
Multiple non-official languages	120	65	60
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	86,520	45,010	41,510
Single responses	84,865	44,190	40,665
Official languages	80,370	42,125	38,245
English	80,160	42,070	38,090
French	210	55	160
Non-official languages	4,490	2,065	2,425
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,490	2,065	2,425
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	15	25
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	40	15	25
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	15	10	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	10	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	570	270	300
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	125	60	65
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	125	60	65
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	10	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	20	0	15
Russian	85	50	40
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	10
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	10	0	10
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	280	145	140
Indo-Aryan languages	30	0	25
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	0	20
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	255	130	125
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	250	125	125
Dari	15	0	10
Iranian Persian	225	115	110
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	170	70	100
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	45	10	30
Romanian	10	10	0
Spanish	115	45	65
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	50	0	40
Korean	1,475	685	790
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	10	10	0
American Sign Language	10	10	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,300	1,065	1,240
Chinese languages	2,290	1,060	1,235
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,635	775	855
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	660	275	375
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	1,655	815	845
English and French	95	45	50
English and non-official language(s)	1,510	745	760
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	0	20
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	15
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	86,520	45,010	41,510
None	79,995	42,050	37,945
English	2,005	930	1,080
French	390	170	220
Non-official language	3,230	1,470	1,760
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	3,230	1,470	1,760
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	180	65	115
French and non-official language(s)	55	0	50
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	650	315	335
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	73,920	39,010	34,910
Worked at home	20,070	10,130	9,940
Worked outside Canada	490	325	165
No fixed workplace address	9,710	7,320	2,395
Usual place of work	43,650	21,235	22,415
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	43,650	21,240	22,415
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	12,820	5,325	7,495
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	30,225	15,520	14,705
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	485	320	165
Commute to a different province or territory	115	70	45
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	53,360	28,555	24,805
Car, truck or van	42,780	23,985	18,795
Car, truck or van - as a driver	39,505	22,885	16,620
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,270	1,100	2,170
Public transit	6,805	2,935	3,870
Walked	2,405	925	1,480
Bicycle	255	180	80
Other method	1,120	535	585
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	53,360	28,555	24,805
Less than 15 minutes	10,720	4,470	6,250
15 to 29 minutes	16,240	8,375	7,865
30 to 44 minutes	13,850	8,465	5,385
45 to 59 minutes	6,740	4,015	2,720
60 minutes and over	5,810	3,230	2,580
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	53,360	28,555	24,805
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,365	2,410	955
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,630	5,650	2,980
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,225	6,485	5,740
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,020	5,170	5,855
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,500	4,765	5,730
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,620	4,075	3,545
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	28,085	14,330	13,755
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,505	735	770
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,575	13,595	12,985
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,175	10,800	10,375
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,170	570	600
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	685	325	365
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	480	245	235
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,005	10,230	9,780

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 23, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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