Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Maple Ridge, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	90,990	...	...
Population, 2016¹	82,256	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	34,254	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	33,103	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	339.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	267.82	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	90,990	44,885	46,110
0 to 14 years	16,070	8,325	7,750
0 to 4 years	4,985	2,625	2,355
5 to 9 years	5,500	2,815	2,690
10 to 14 years	5,580	2,880	2,700
15 to 64 years	60,310	30,020	30,290
15 to 19 years	5,250	2,735	2,515
20 to 24 years	4,895	2,570	2,330
25 to 29 years	4,900	2,515	2,380
30 to 34 years	5,975	2,885	3,090
35 to 39 years	6,850	3,375	3,470
40 to 44 years	6,240	3,050	3,190
45 to 49 years	6,130	2,985	3,150
50 to 54 years	6,805	3,390	3,415
55 to 59 years	6,890	3,375	3,515
60 to 64 years	6,375	3,135	3,240
65 years and over	14,615	6,545	8,070
65 to 69 years	4,895	2,355	2,545
70 to 74 years	3,940	1,800	2,145
75 to 79 years	2,470	1,125	1,345
80 to 84 years	1,610	675	935
85 years and over	1,690	595	1,095
85 to 89 years	1,075	410	660
90 to 94 years	450	140	315
95 to 99 years	140	35	100
100 years and over	25	5	15
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.7	18.5	16.8
15 to 64 years	66.3	66.9	65.7
65 years and over	16.1	14.6	17.5
85 years and over	1.9	1.3	2.4
Average age of the population	40.8	39.7	41.8
Median age of the population	41.2	40.0	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	33,100	...	...
Single-detached house	17,410	...	...
Semi-detached house	945	...	...
Row house	4,405	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,375	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,760	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,000	...	...
Other single-attached house	5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	195	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	33,105	...	...
1 person	7,315	...	...
2 persons	10,425	...	...
3 persons	5,740	...	...
4 persons	5,880	...	...
5 or more persons	3,735	...	...
Number of persons in private households	89,840	44,455	45,385
Average household size	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	74,920	36,560	38,360
Married or living common-law	45,305	22,560	22,750
Married	37,570	18,710	18,855
Living common-law	7,735	3,845	3,890
Living common law - Never married	5,360	2,725	2,640
Living common law - Separated	440	210	230
Living common law - Divorced	1,775	835	935
Living common law - Widowed	155	65	90
Not married and not living common-law	29,615	14,000	15,610
Not married and not living common law - Never married	19,140	10,670	8,475
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,180	875	1,310
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,640	1,735	2,900
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,655	720	2,925
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	26,070	...	...
2 persons	12,085	...	...
3 persons	6,000	...	...
4 persons	5,895	...	...
5 or more persons	2,085	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	26,075	...	...
Total couple families	22,160	...	...
Married couples	18,290	...	...
With children⁶	10,830	...	...
Without children	7,465	...	...
Common-law couples	3,865	...	...
With children⁶	1,650	...	...
Without children	2,215	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,915	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,945	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	965	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	89,840	44,455	45,385
Total - Persons in census families	76,805	38,400	38,410
Married spouses or common-law partners	44,320	22,100	22,220
Parents in one-parent families	3,910	965	2,950
Children⁶	28,570	15,335	13,240
In a two-parent family	22,745	12,090	10,660
In a one-parent family	5,825	3,240	2,580
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	13,035	6,060	6,980
Living alone	7,315	3,360	3,960
Living with other relatives⁷	2,525	940	1,590
Living with non-relatives only	3,190	1,765	1,425
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	33,105	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	20,865	...	...
Couple-family households	18,090	...	...
With children⁶	10,265	...	...
Without children	7,825	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,775	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,680	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	480	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,645	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,110	...	...
One-person households	7,315	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	73,775	36,140	37,635
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,240	34,895	36,350
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	56,000	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,305	34,925	36,380
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	49,200	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,430	32,260	32,170
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	54,000	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	53,145	27,405	25,740
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	58,800	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,910	25,475	31,435
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	8,000	10,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,530	2,690	3,840
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,000	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	18,140	8,285	9,855
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	73,805	36,150	37,650
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,340	34,940	36,400
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,200	66,000	44,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,375	34,960	36,415
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,880	54,700	39,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,405	32,225	32,180
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,600	63,750	39,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	53,140	27,405	25,735
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,700	65,400	41,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	56,950	25,445	31,505
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,810	9,940	11,510
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,560	2,615	3,945
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,310	5,400	6,910
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	17,910	8,240	9,670
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,810	8,480	9,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	73,805	36,155	37,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,275	16,185	11,085
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	77,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,700	87,000	64,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	19,915	8,620	11,290
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,000	23,600	17,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,560	37,200	25,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	89.0	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.4	77.8	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.6	11.0	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.6	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.0	3.7	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	3.0	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	73,780	36,135	37,640
Without total income	2,535	1,240	1,290
With total income	71,245	34,890	36,350
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,085	2,430	3,660
$10,000 to $19,999	7,585	3,020	4,570
$20,000 to $29,999	9,820	3,830	5,995
$30,000 to $39,999	8,315	3,325	4,990
$40,000 to $49,999	7,550	3,130	4,420
$50,000 to $59,999	6,425	2,890	3,540
$60,000 to $69,999	5,555	2,925	2,625
$70,000 to $79,999	4,480	2,605	1,880
$80,000 to $89,999	3,560	2,225	1,335
$90,000 to $99,999	2,975	1,905	1,075
$100,000 and over	8,875	6,615	2,260
$100,000 to $149,999	6,375	4,580	1,800
$150,000 and over	2,500	2,040	460
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	73,780	36,135	37,640
Without after-tax income	2,470	1,215	1,260
With after-tax income	71,310	34,925	36,385
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,330	2,505	3,820
$10,000 to $19,999	7,830	3,115	4,715
$20,000 to $29,999	11,125	4,355	6,770
$30,000 to $39,999	9,740	3,990	5,745
$40,000 to $49,999	8,795	3,830	4,970
$50,000 to $59,999	7,520	3,825	3,695
$60,000 to $69,999	5,730	3,395	2,340
$70,000 to $79,999	4,290	2,700	1,595
$80,000 to $89,999	3,345	2,210	1,140
$90,000 to $99,999	2,110	1,480	630
$100,000 and over	4,490	3,525	965
$100,000 to $124,999	2,615	2,000	610
$125,000 and over	1,880	1,530	355
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	73,780	36,135	37,640
Without employment income	20,635	8,735	11,900
With employment income	53,145	27,405	25,735
Under $5,000 (including loss)	6,225	2,680	3,540
$5,000 to $9,999	3,705	1,475	2,235
$10,000 to $19,999	5,575	2,295	3,280
$20,000 to $29,999	4,270	1,740	2,525
$30,000 to $39,999	4,500	1,820	2,680
$40,000 to $49,999	4,400	1,890	2,510
$50,000 to $59,999	4,470	2,120	2,345
$60,000 to $69,999	4,035	2,270	1,765
$70,000 to $79,999	3,440	2,065	1,375
$80,000 to $89,999	2,785	1,800	990
$90,000 to $99,999	2,475	1,635	840
$100,000 and over	7,260	5,615	1,645
$100,000 to $124,999	3,630	2,650	985
$125,000 and over	3,630	2,965	665
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	73,775	36,140	37,635
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,400	33,935	35,470
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	55,200	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,555	33,955	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	48,000	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,735	31,810	31,925
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	55,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	54,525	27,875	26,650
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	58,000	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	44,620	17,880	26,740
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,360	5,320	6,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,030	2,005	3,025
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,560	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	73,805	36,150	37,650
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,355	33,895	35,460
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,350	65,000	42,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,535	33,915	35,620
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,560	53,250	36,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,640	31,775	31,870
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,150	64,600	39,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,325	27,750	26,580
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,650	65,000	39,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	44,380	17,770	26,600
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,610	8,440	8,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,035	1,975	3,060
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,330	5,575	8,450
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	73,805	36,155	37,650
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,080	16,100	10,985
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	75,500	54,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,400	83,100	59,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	18,715	8,080	10,640
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,200	33,600	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,600	45,560	29,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	93.2	84.6
Employment income (%)	77.2	81.8	70.6
Government transfers (%)	10.3	6.8	15.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.5	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	33,105	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	7,315	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	25,785	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	33,110	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	101,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,325	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,050	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	25,790	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	33,105	...	...
Under $5,000	250	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	125	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	210	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	490	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	995	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	855	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	775	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	885	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	895	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	970	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	1,895	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	1,940	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	1,875	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	1,780	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	1,750	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,405	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,285	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,620	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,005	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,495	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	33,105	...	...
Under $5,000	280	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	130	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	210	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	510	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,055	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	945	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	940	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	950	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,120	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,075	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,380	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,200	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,160	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,195	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,205	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,740	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,815	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,650	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,280	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	25,105	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,190	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,540	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,470	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	10,510	5,120	5,390
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	45,600	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	40,800	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	25,055	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	136,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,175	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	113,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,545	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	163,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,445	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	10,500	5,185	5,315
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,040	52,950	45,240
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,440	45,040	39,960
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	89,840	44,455	45,385
0 to 17 years	19,280	9,970	9,315
0 to 5 years	6,120	3,195	2,925
18 to 64 years	56,725	28,180	28,550
65 years and over	13,830	6,310	7,515
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	6,155	2,830	3,330
0 to 17 years	1,335	710	625
0 to 5 years	400	210	190
18 to 64 years	3,260	1,540	1,715
65 years and over	1,560	575	985
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.9	6.4	7.3
0 to 17 years (%)	6.9	7.1	6.7
0 to 5 years (%)	6.6	6.6	6.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.7	5.5	6.0
65 years and over (%)	11.3	9.1	13.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	89,840	44,455	45,385
0 to 17 years	19,285	9,965	9,320
0 to 5 years	6,120	3,195	2,930
18 to 64 years	56,730	28,175	28,550
65 years and over	13,825	6,310	7,515
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,820	1,920	1,905
0 to 17 years	785	425	360
0 to 5 years	210	110	100
18 to 64 years	2,465	1,260	1,205
65 years and over	575	230	340
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.3	4.3	4.2
0 to 17 years (%)	4.1	4.3	3.9
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4	3.5	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	4.3	4.5	4.2
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.7	4.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	89,840	44,455	45,385
In bottom half of the distribution	34,055	16,215	17,835
In bottom decile	5,955	2,870	3,090
In second decile	5,780	2,535	3,245
In third decile	6,675	3,110	3,565
In fourth decile	7,195	3,425	3,770
In fifth decile	8,450	4,280	4,170
In top half of the distribution	55,785	28,240	27,550
In sixth decile	9,460	4,750	4,715
In seventh decile	10,465	5,280	5,185
In eighth decile	11,715	5,915	5,805
In ninth decile	13,235	6,680	6,555
In top decile	10,915	5,615	5,300
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	89,840	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.286	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.373	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.255	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	89,970	44,515	45,455
English only	83,715	41,775	41,940
French only	25	5	20
English and French	5,125	2,265	2,860
Neither English nor French	1,110	470	635
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	89,970	44,515	45,455
English	87,790	43,550	44,235
French	835	390	445
English and French	290	130	155
Neither English nor French	1,065	445	620
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	89,970	44,515	45,455
Single responses	87,410	43,335	44,080
Official languages	71,520	35,870	35,650
English	70,630	35,450	35,185
French	885	420	470
Non-official languages	15,890	7,460	8,430
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5
Algonquian languages	5	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,890	7,460	8,430
Afro-Asiatic languages	425	230	195
Berber languages	10	5	5
Kabyle	10	5	5
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	5	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	415	225	190
Amharic	10	5	5
Arabic	355	195	160
Aramaic languages	15	5	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	10	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	15	10	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	140	170
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10
Vietnamese	290	130	155
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,575	660	915
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5
Cebuano	55	25	30
Fijian	5	5	0
Hiligaynon	30	10	15
Ilocano	40	15	20
Indonesian	40	20	20
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	0	5
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	0
Pangasinan	5	5	5
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,355	565	790
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20
Creole languages	15	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Dravidian languages	145	80	60
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	35	15	15
Tamil	40	20	15
Telugu	70	40	25
Tulu	5	5	5
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	0
Hmong-Mien languages	40	25	20
Indo-European languages	9,375	4,515	4,860
Albanian	25	15	10
Armenian	30	15	15
Balto-Slavic languages	2,080	985	1,095
Baltic languages	15	10	10
Latvian	5	0	0
Lithuanian	10	10	5
Slavic languages	2,065	980	1,085
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	75	40	35
Czech	140	60	80
Macedonian	5	5	0
Polish	560	260	295
Russian	735	330	400
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	310	165	150
Bosnian	70	35	35
Croatian	130	70	60
Serbian	110	55	55
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	100	45	55
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	5	10
Ukrainian	125	65	60
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	5	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,295	600	695
Frisian	5	5	5
High German languages	685	325	360
German	665	315	350
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	20	10	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	480	215	265
Afrikaans	120	50	65
Dutch	360	165	195
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	120	55	65
Danish	60	30	30
Icelandic	5	5	0
Norwegian	30	10	20
Swedish	30	10	15
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Greek	95	50	45
Indo-Iranian languages	3,550	1,770	1,785
Indo-Aryan languages	2,125	1,020	1,100
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	35	10	20
Gujarati	75	40	40
Hindi	300	155	145
Kacchi	0	0	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	20	10	15
Nepali	55	25	30
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,360	640	720
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20
Urdu	220	110	110
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Iranian languages	1,430	745	685
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	75	40	35
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	20	10	10
Persian languages	1,330	690	640
Dari	345	185	160
Iranian Persian	870	440	430
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	65	50
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,290	1,070	1,220
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	355	190	165
Portuguese	395	170	225
Romanian	480	230	250
Spanish	1,060	485	575
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	200	60	135
Korean	945	440	505
Mongolian	5	5	0
Niger-Congo languages	85	40	40
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	5	5	5
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	5	5	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	5	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5
Swahili	20	5	15
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	10	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	20	15	5
American Sign Language	20	15	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,235	1,005	1,235
Chinese languages	2,225	1,000	1,230
Hakka	10	5	10
Mandarin	1,480	655	825
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	30	45
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5
Yue (Cantonese)	635	300	335
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5
Burmese	5	5	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	0	0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	15	40
Lao	10	5	10
Thai	45	10	40
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	90	55	35
Azerbaijani	20	10	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	65	40	25
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	5	5	5
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	365	170	190
Estonian	10	5	5
Finnish	90	45	45
Hungarian	265	125	140
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,560	1,185	1,370
English and French	290	135	155
English and non-official language(s)	1,990	930	1,060
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	20	30
Multiple non-official languages	200	85	115
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	89,970	44,515	45,455
English	73,370	36,670	36,695
French	140	60	80
Non-official language	4,115	1,945	2,175
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	4,105	1,935	2,175
English and French	620	295	325
English and non-official language(s)	11,075	5,265	5,810
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	315	140	170
Multiple non-official languages	320	140	175
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	89,970	44,515	45,455
Single responses	87,490	43,310	44,175
Official languages	79,180	39,340	39,840
English	78,960	39,240	39,725
French	220	105	120
Non-official languages	8,305	3,970	4,335
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,295	3,965	4,335
Afro-Asiatic languages	225	110	110
Berber languages	5	0	0
Kabyle	5	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	225	115	110
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	195	95	95
Aramaic languages	5	5	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	5	5
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	5	0	5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	200	95	105
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	5
Vietnamese	185	95	95
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	730	345	385
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	35	20	20
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	15	5	5
Ilocano	10	5	5
Indonesian	5	5	5
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	640	305	335
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	80	40	40
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	25	10	10
Tamil	20	10	10
Telugu	40	20	15
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	5	5	5
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15
Indo-European languages	4,405	2,115	2,285
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	10	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	950	455	490
Baltic languages	5	5	5
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	5	5	5
Slavic languages	945	455	490
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	25	15	15
Czech	25	10	15
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	210	95	115
Russian	480	230	250
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	135	70	65
Bosnian	45	20	25
Croatian	45	25	20
Serbian	45	20	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	35	15	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	35	15	20
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	160	70	85
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	60	25	35
German	60	25	35
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	80	40	45
Afrikaans	65	30	35
Dutch	15	5	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	5	0	5
Swedish	5	5	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	30	10	20
Indo-Iranian languages	2,340	1,155	1,185
Indo-Aryan languages	1,405	675	730
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	10	0	0
Gujarati	45	20	25
Hindi	180	85	95
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	5
Nepali	50	25	25
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	955	455	495
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	5
Urdu	155	75	75
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	935	475	460
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	45	20	20
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	10	5	5
Persian languages	875	445	430
Dari	185	100	85
Iranian Persian	620	305	315
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	40	30
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	910	415	500
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	40	10	25
Portuguese	140	65	75
Romanian	240	105	130
Spanish	495	225	275
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	75	30	45
Korean	740	365	380
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	15
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	10	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	40	25	15
American Sign Language	30	20	15
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,595	745	855
Chinese languages	1,595	740	850
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	1,170	545	620
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	15
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	375	170	205
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	0	0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	10	0	5
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	40	20	20
Azerbaijani	5	5	5
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	30	15	15
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	95	40	50
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	5	10
Hungarian	75	35	40
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	2,485	1,205	1,280
English and French	100	50	55
English and non-official language(s)	2,270	1,115	1,155
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	85	35	45
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	89,970	44,515	45,455
None	79,665	39,670	40,000
English	3,535	1,720	1,810
French	525	250	275
Non-official language	5,105	2,330	2,775
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5
Non-Indigenous	5,095	2,325	2,775
English and French	45	25	25
English and non-official language(s)	435	210	220
French and non-official language(s)	160	70	95
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10
Multiple non-official languages	490	240	245
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	89,860	44,470	45,390
Official languages	88,655	43,965	44,690
English	88,640	43,965	44,670
French	5,090	2,255	2,830
Non-official languages	21,485	9,955	11,530
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	15
Algonquian languages	10	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	10	10	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,475	9,950	11,520
Afro-Asiatic languages	675	350	325
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	675	350	325
Amharic	10	0	0
Arabic	590	305	285
Aramaic languages	10	0	10
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	70	40	30
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	10	0	10
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	325	145	180
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	325	145	180
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,160	860	1,295
Bikol	10	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10
Cebuano	140	60	80
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	30	10	15
Ilocano	145	50	90
Indonesian	75	35	40
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	70	40	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10
Pangasinan	20	0	15
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,970	770	1,200
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35
Creole languages	15	10	10
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	245	120	125
Kannada	35	15	15
Malayalam	90	40	50
Tamil	85	35	50
Telugu	100	50	45
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	10	0	10
Hmong-Mien languages	90	55	35
Indo-European languages	13,410	6,345	7,065
Albanian	15	10	0
Armenian	40	25	20
Balto-Slavic languages	2,580	1,225	1,355
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	2,575	1,225	1,350
Belarusian	15	0	10
Bulgarian	60	25	35
Czech	150	75	75
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	740	350	390
Russian	1,070	505	570
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	525	285	240
Bosnian	105	40	65
Croatian	240	150	95
Serbian	215	115	100
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	70	25	40
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	200	80	120
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	10	10
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	10	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	2,095	980	1,115
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	1,260	615	640
German	1,240	610	625
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	15	25
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	695	310	390
Afrikaans	235	110	125
Dutch	435	180	255
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	210	80	130
Danish	100	30	65
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	35	15	25
Swedish	75	40	40
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	145	60	85
Indo-Iranian languages	5,200	2,480	2,720
Indo-Aryan languages	3,480	1,645	1,830
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	80	35	45
Gujarati	170	85	90
Hindi	1,310	640	675
Kacchi	25	20	10
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	10	0	0
Marathi	50	15	30
Nepali	105	45	55
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,215	1,040	1,175
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	25	40
Urdu	330	170	165
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0
Iranian languages	1,830	900	930
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	125	65	60
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	25	25	0
Persian languages	1,730	845	880
Dari	520	255	260
Iranian Persian	1,075	520	560
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	75	85
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,760	1,800	1,965
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	635	310	330
Portuguese	525	270	255
Romanian	610	290	320
Spanish	2,150	1,015	1,135
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	420	185	235
Korean	1,085	495	590
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	240	110	130
Akan (Twi)	10	0	0
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	30	10	20
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	10	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	30	15	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	15	10	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	10	10	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	60	25	35
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	40	20	15
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	10	35
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	175	80	100
American Sign Language	160	65	100
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,835	1,300	1,540
Chinese languages	2,830	1,295	1,535
Hakka	50	25	25
Mandarin	2,170	985	1,185
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	180	80	105
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10
Yue (Cantonese)	945	415	530
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	15
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	10
Burmese	10	0	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	30	30
Lao	10	0	0
Thai	60	25	30
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	165	70	95
Azerbaijani	15	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	135	60	75
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	355	155	200
Estonian	10	0	0
Finnish	120	55	65
Hungarian	225	90	130
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	89,860	44,470	45,395
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,205	2,000	2,205
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,000	1,905	2,090
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,940	885	1,060
Métis	2,025	1,005	1,020
Inuk (Inuit)	30	20	15
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	125	45	85
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	80	45	35
Non-Indigenous identity	85,660	42,470	43,190
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	89,860	44,470	45,395
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,055	490	565
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	88,805	43,975	44,830
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	33,115	...	...
Owner	26,205	...	...
Renter	6,910	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	33,115	...	...
Condominium	5,575	...	...
Not condominium	27,535	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	33,115	...	...
No bedrooms	105	...	...
1 bedroom	3,370	...	...
2 bedrooms	6,385	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,995	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,250	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	33,115	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	7,850	...	...
5 rooms	4,755	...	...
6 rooms	4,720	...	...
7 rooms	4,155	...	...
8 or more rooms	11,635	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	33,115	...	...
One person or fewer per room	32,520	...	...
More than one person per room	585	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	33,115	...	...
Suitable	31,800	...	...
Not suitable	1,310	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	33,115	...	...
1960 or before	2,750	...	...
1961 to 1980	6,730	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,775	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,245	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,630	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,950	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,575	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,450	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	33,115	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	31,515	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,600	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	33,115	...	...
One-maintainer household	14,010	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,315	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,780	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	33,115	...	...
15 to 24 years	415	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,645	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,455	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,850	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,430	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,095	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,325	...	...
85 years and over	890	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	32,975	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,570	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,410	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,640	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	33,115	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	9,535	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,710	...	...
Not suitable only	1,035	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,030	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	190	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	490	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...
Acceptable housing	23,575	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	32,215	...	...
In core need	4,160	...	...
Not in core need	28,055	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	26,135	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,924	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	955,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,905	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,472	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	89,865	44,465	45,395
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	955	405	550
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	930	395	530
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	585	255	335
Métis single ancestry	330	140	190
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	10
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	10	20
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	30	10	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,680	1,775	1,910
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,515	1,695	1,815
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,265	1,100	1,160
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,235	590	650
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	165	75	90
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	155	65	90
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	85,225	42,290	42,935
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	89,865	44,465	45,395
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	84,490	42,000	42,485
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,550	9,615	8,935
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	65,935	32,385	33,550
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	5,375	2,470	2,910
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	89,865	44,465	45,395
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	68,805	34,625	34,180
Immigrants⁸¹	20,230	9,465	10,770
Before 1980	4,445	1,975	2,470
1980 to 1990	2,095	1,080	1,020
1991 to 2000	3,895	1,800	2,100
2001 to 2010	4,870	2,345	2,525
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,930	2,275	2,650
2011 to 2015	2,770	1,235	1,530
2016 to 2021	2,160	1,040	1,115
Non-permanent residents⁸³	825	380	445
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	20,235	9,465	10,770
Under 5 years	2,100	1,060	1,035
5 to 14 years	3,640	1,810	1,835
15 to 24 years	3,870	1,685	2,185
25 to 44 years	8,735	4,050	4,685
45 years and over	1,885	850	1,035
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	20,235	9,465	10,770
Americas	2,120	1,065	1,055
Brazil	140	55	90
Colombia	110	40	65
El Salvador	200	100	100
Guyana	35	20	15
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	85	40	45
Mexico	245	110	135
Peru	50	20	30
Trinidad and Tobago	90	40	45
United States of America	735	375	360
Other places of birth in Americas	430	260	170
Europe	6,945	3,250	3,690
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	70	45
Croatia	155	70	80
France	60	30	25
Germany	555	235	320
Greece	40	20	25
Hungary	120	50	65
Italy	205	110	100
Netherlands	345	155	190
Poland	515	240	275
Portugal	165	80	85
Romania	500	220	285
Russian Federation	440	200	245
Serbia⁸⁶	90	40	45
Ukraine	155	75	85
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,570	1,240	1,330
Other places of birth in Europe	910	415	495
Africa	1,065	520	540
Algeria	15	10	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	15
Egypt	100	60	45
Eritrea	10	0	10
Ethiopia	15	10	10
Morocco	25	0	15
Nigeria	100	50	55
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	440	205	235
Other places of birth in Africa	340	180	160
Asia	9,580	4,380	5,200
Afghanistan	380	175	210
Iran⁸⁸	995	515	485
Iraq	105	50	50
Lebanon	80	40	45
Syria⁸⁹	45	25	15
Turkey	50	25	20
China⁹⁰	1,410	620	790
Hong Kong⁹¹	315	145	175
Korea, South⁹²	860	415	450
Taiwan	225	115	110
Philippines	2,000	820	1,175
Viet Nam	255	110	140
Bangladesh	35	15	25
India	1,615	790	825
Pakistan	165	80	90
Sri Lanka	90	35	55
Other places of birth in Asia	960	405	555
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	520	245	270
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,155	1,040	1,115
Americas	330	140	190
Brazil	90	25	60
Colombia	10	0	10
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	25	0	25
United States of America	145	75	75
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10
Other places of birth in Americas	45	30	15
Europe	365	190	175
France	0	0	0
Germany	0	0	0
Ireland⁹⁶	35	20	10
Italy	0	0	0
Russian Federation	30	15	15
Ukraine	30	15	15
United Kingdom⁸⁷	105	50	55
Other places of birth in Europe	165	85	80
Africa	125	70	55
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	10	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	35	20	15
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Nigeria	0	0	0
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	0	15
Sudan⁹⁷	15	10	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	25	20	10
Asia	1,310	615	690
Afghanistan	60	25	35
Bangladesh	0	0	0
China⁹⁰	175	60	115
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
India	310	160	155
Iran⁸⁸	125	70	55
Iraq	20	15	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	20	0	15
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	90	50	40
Lebanon	0	0	0
Nepal	0	0	0
Pakistan	20	10	10
Philippines	335	145	195
Saudi Arabia	10	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	10	10	0
Turkey	0	0	0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0
Viet Nam	30	15	20
Other places of birth in Asia	90	40	50
Oceania and other⁹³	20	20	0
Australia	15	10	0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	89,860	44,470	45,395
First generation¹⁰⁰	21,965	10,250	11,720
Second generation¹⁰¹	19,710	9,720	9,990
Third generation or more¹⁰²	48,185	24,500	23,690
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	15,785	7,490	8,290
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	8,755	4,330	4,425
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,480	2,135	1,350
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,270	2,200	3,070
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	4,645	1,895	2,755
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,260	1,215	1,040
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	130	55	75
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	15,785	7,490	8,290
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	525	265	260
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,030	820	1,210
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	510	280	230
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	595	255	335
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	60	20	40
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	12,070	5,850	6,220
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	89,860	44,470	45,395
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	19,425	9,165	10,265
South Asian	4,245	2,015	2,235
Chinese	3,465	1,590	1,870
Black	1,440	765	680
Filipino	2,965	1,265	1,695
Arab	445	235	200
Latin American	1,310	640	675
Southeast Asian	905	420	485
West Asian	1,820	890	935
Korean	1,150	550	595
Japanese	610	270	340
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	295	150	150
Multiple visible minorities	780	380	405
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	70,435	35,305	35,130
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	89,860	44,465	45,395
Canadian	11,765	5,910	5,855
English	23,550	11,755	11,800
Irish	14,075	6,790	7,285
Scottish	17,470	8,845	8,625
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,720	3,270	3,445
German	10,950	5,480	5,470
Chinese	3,500	1,620	1,880
Italian	4,065	2,120	1,950
Indian (India)	2,635	1,265	1,370
Ukrainian	5,170	2,595	2,575
Dutch	4,145	2,020	2,125
Polish	3,360	1,650	1,705
Québécois	65	25	35
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,140	2,105	2,035
Filipino	3,050	1,310	1,745
French Canadian	985	445	540
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,610	880	730
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,550	735	815
Métis	1,765	815	950
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,990	1,015	975
Russian	2,600	1,290	1,305
Norwegian	3,235	1,525	1,705
Welsh	2,220	1,130	1,095
Portuguese	1,125	545	585
American	1,240	635	605
Spanish	1,045	480	570
Swedish	2,125	970	1,155
Hungarian	1,460	705	760
Acadian	100	50	50
Pakistani	315	160	160
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	365	205	155
Jewish	315	180	135
Punjabi	490	235	255
Vietnamese	425	200	230
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	155	90	70
Greek	485	245	240
Jamaican	315	155	160
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	580	300	280
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	385	175	210
Korean	1,115	530	585
Romanian	1,110	515	595
Lebanese	230	95	130
Iranian	945	475	465
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	245	135	110
Danish	1,245	610	640
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	405	185	225
Sikh	375	180	195
Austrian	1,055	555	500
Belgian	460	225	230
Haitian	30	30	0
Hindu	195	95	105
Mexican	610	295	310
Mennonite	235	125	105
Swiss	400	225	180
Finnish	1,035	490	545
Sri Lankan	120	35	80
Croatian	675	330	350
Japanese	810	340	465
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	230	85	140
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	70	35	35
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	735	375	360
Muslim	90	55	30
Egyptian	155	80	75
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	340	180	155
Tamil	15	15	0
Icelandic	630	320	310
Colombian	115	65	55
Moroccan	15	10	0
Czech	400	200	200
Syrian	110	55	55
Guyanese	45	20	30
Afghan	630	325	300
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	115	55	60
Serbian	275	140	135
Ojibway	115	45	70
Newfoundlander	80	35	45
Hong Konger	110	50	55
Ontarian	35	20	15
Persian	460	240	220
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	130	70	60
Turkish	115	60	55
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	20	20
Bangladeshi	50	25	25
Algerian	20	10	10
Brazilian	175	90	85
Nigerian	120	40	80
Armenian	95	55	40
Slovak	255	125	125
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	200	90	105
Somali	0	0	0
Taiwanese	250	130	120
Iraqi	105	30	70
Salvadorean	270	120	150
African Caribbean	10	0	10
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	45	40
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	55	25	35
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	50	40	10
Algonquin	60	25	35
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	75	35	40
Lithuanian	125	80	40
South African	420	190	225
Australian	355	185	170
Palestinian	35	20	10
Chilean	135	90	45
Congolese	40	10	30
Nova Scotian	70	30	45
Ethiopian	25	10	15
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	125	55	65
Peruvian	50	15	40
Yoruba	25	10	15
Cambodian (Khmer)	0	0	0
Berber	0	0	0
Albanian	25	0	15
Maltese	50	20	25
Macedonian	20	10	10
Slovenian	95	35	60
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	90	50	40
New Brunswicker	60	40	20
Gujarati	20	0	15
Eritrean	25	10	20
African Canadian	45	20	15
Israeli	20	0	15
Mohawk	100	60	45
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	155	80	75
Bulgarian	65	35	35
Albertan	120	75	50
Ghanaian	15	15	0
Barbadian	25	10	20
African American	125	80	40
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	145	50	95
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	125	55	75
Cuban	20	15	0
Bosnian	135	75	65
Venezuelan	70	35	35
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0
Latvian	85	40	45
Bengali	0	0	0
Cameroonian	30	15	15
Guatemalan	100	50	55
Indonesian	115	40	75
Laotian	45	25	20
Ilocano	85	20	65
Northern Irish	165	90	70
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	50	20	30
British Columbian	670	340	335
Ecuadorian	20	0	15
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0
Argentinian	65	40	25
Estonian	115	75	40
Kurdish	130	65	70
Fijian	340	160	180
Jatt	0	0	0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	50	20	30
Coptic	20	10	10
Thai	90	45	40
Dominican	0	0	0
Nepali	95	40	50
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	15	0	10
Igbo	15	10	0
Byelorussian	55	35	25
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	45	15	25
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	30	15	15
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0
New Zealander	145	75	75
Sudanese	0	0	0
Breton	20	15	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	35	10	25
Malaysian	105	55	50
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0
Saskatchewanian	30	10	20
Buddhist	50	15	35
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	10	10	0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	0	10
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	0	0	0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0
Mauritian	30	15	15
Kenyan	50	25	30
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	0	0	0
Manitoban	50	35	15
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	0	0	0
Malayali	0	0	0
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	10	0	10
Mayan	50	25	20
Honduran	30	10	20
Cherokee	90	55	35
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0
Flemish	25	15	10
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	20	10	15
Sicilian	40	20	25
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	35	15	15
Goan	10	0	0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Zimbabwean	15	0	10
Burmese	25	15	15
Mongolian	10	0	10
Azorean	30	20	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	30	15	15
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	30	10	15
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	40	35	10
Yemeni	20	10	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	0	0	0
Basque	0	0	0
Uruguayan	10	0	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	10	25
Igorot	0	0	0
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	25	20	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	15	10	10
Roma	40	20	25
Costa Rican	35	20	15
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	20	10	0
Singaporean	40	15	25
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	0	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	89,860	44,470	45,395
Buddhist	520	200	315
Christian	33,120	15,265	17,860
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,935	4,245	4,690
Anabaptist	265	115	145
Anglican	2,255	965	1,290
Baptist	1,370	610	765
Catholic	11,945	5,630	6,315
Christian Orthodox	1,265	600	670
Jehovah's Witness	510	210	300
Latter Day Saints	190	105	90
Lutheran	910	395	515
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	150	70	75
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,000	465	535
Presbyterian	535	220	310
Reformed	120	70	55
United Church	2,015	780	1,230
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,655	785	875
Hindu	890	415	480
Jewish	145	50	95
Muslim	2,105	1,050	1,050
Sikh	1,925	915	1,010
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	80	35	45
Other religions and spiritual traditions	945	375	565
No religion and secular perspectives	50,135	26,160	23,975
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	89,040	44,020	45,020
Non-movers	77,990	38,755	39,235
Movers	11,055	5,265	5,790
Non-migrants	5,045	2,365	2,675
Migrants	6,005	2,895	3,110
Internal migrants	5,540	2,725	2,810
Intraprovincial migrants	5,015	2,465	2,545
Interprovincial migrants	520	260	260
External migrants	470	175	300
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	84,990	41,875	43,125
Non-movers	48,590	24,000	24,590
Movers	36,405	17,870	18,535
Non-migrants	13,105	6,445	6,660
Migrants	23,300	11,425	11,875
Internal migrants	20,945	10,345	10,595
Intraprovincial migrants	19,045	9,395	9,650
Interprovincial migrants	1,905	955	950
External migrants	2,355	1,075	1,275
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,805	36,155	37,650
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,250	6,125	5,125
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	62,550	30,025	32,525
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	49,745	24,470	25,275
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,765	2,850	1,920
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	44,980	21,625	23,355
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,805	36,150	37,655
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,595	5,120	4,480
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,205	12,240	12,965
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	39,005	18,795	20,210
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,990	12,725	12,260
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,830	6,150	1,680
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,775	1,660	1,115
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,055	4,490	565
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,650	5,630	9,015
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,515	950	1,570
Bachelor's degree or higher	14,015	6,070	7,945
Bachelor's degree	9,290	4,005	5,280
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,370	500	875
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	260	115	145
Master's degree	2,725	1,225	1,500
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	370	225	140
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	49,750	24,475	25,270
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,745	2,270	1,480
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,255	7,785	7,465
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	30,750	14,420	16,330
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,075	9,495	9,575
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,730	4,535	1,195
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,945	1,145	800
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,785	3,390	395
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,410	4,225	7,185
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,930	735	1,195
Bachelor's degree or higher	11,675	4,930	6,750
Bachelor's degree	7,780	3,315	4,465
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,140	410	735
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	205	75	130
Master's degree	2,265	975	1,290
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	285	150	135
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	73,805	36,150	37,655
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	34,800	17,355	17,445
Education	2,850	565	2,285
13. Education	2,850	565	2,285
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,430	620	810
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	215	170	45
50. Visual and performing arts	1,210	450	765
Humanities	1,805	700	1,110
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	195	30	170
23. English language and literature/letters	440	125	315
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	555	210	340
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	20	30
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	85	35
39. Theology and religious vocations	195	120	75
54. History	215	110	110
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	45	0	40
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,300	1,260	3,040
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	30	0	30
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	415	215	200
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	860	65	800
22. Legal professions and studies	735	105	625
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	40	30	15
42. Psychology	715	210	510
45. Social sciences	1,500	645	855
Business, management and public administration	7,505	2,805	4,700
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	15	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	440	110	325
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,040	2,675	4,365
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,085	610	480
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	440	205	235
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	300	160	145
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0	0	0
40. Physical sciences	325	235	90
41. Science technologies/technicians	10	0	10
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,345	905	440
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,135	830	305
25. Library science	55	0	50
27. Mathematics and statistics	140	65	80
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,510	8,815	700
04. Architecture and related services	175	100	80
14. Engineering	1,550	1,300	250
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,570	1,405	165
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,860	2,750	100
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,040	1,990	50
48. Precision production	1,315	1,260	50
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	895	390	505
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	655	250	410
03. Natural resources and conservation	240	140	95
Health and related fields	5,815	920	4,890
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	505	255	250
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,215	615	4,595
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	80	45	30
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,455	1,210	1,250
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,485	385	1,100
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0
43. Security and protective services	425	330	90
49. Transportation and materials moving	530	470	60
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	49,745	24,475	25,275
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	18,995	10,055	8,940
Education	2,165	395	1,770
13. Education	2,165	395	1,770
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,130	455	675
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	140	105	25
50. Visual and performing arts	995	350	650
Humanities	1,325	495	825
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	140	30	110
23. English language and literature/letters	330	80	250
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	410	145	260
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	15
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	65	30
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	90	40
54. History	180	85	95
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	25	0	25
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,635	1,005	2,640
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	25	0	25
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	355	175	185
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	755	60	700
22. Legal professions and studies	630	85	540
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	35	15	15
42. Psychology	595	160	440
45. Social sciences	1,240	505	735
Business, management and public administration	6,135	2,275	3,860
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	315	80	235
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,795	2,180	3,615
Physical and life sciences and technologies	825	445	375
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	355	165	190
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	215	105	105
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	0	0	0
40. Physical sciences	250	175	80
41. Science technologies/technicians	0	0	0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,190	810	380
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,015	750	270
25. Library science	25	0	25
27. Mathematics and statistics	135	60	80
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,290	6,690	605
04. Architecture and related services	130	60	70
14. Engineering	1,320	1,100	220
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,155	1,005	150
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,165	2,075	90
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,560	1,525	35
48. Precision production	970	915	50
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	670	250	415
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	495	165	330
03. Natural resources and conservation	170	85	90
Health and related fields	4,595	725	3,875
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	470	225	250
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,070	480	3,595
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	50	20	30
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,785	875	910
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,050	265	780
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0
43. Security and protective services	370	285	90
49. Transportation and materials moving	355	315	40
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	49,745	24,475	25,275
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,995	10,055	8,940
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	30,750	14,420	16,330
Location of study inside Canada	24,415	11,465	12,950
Same as province or territory of residence	21,260	9,850	11,410
Different than province or territory of residence	3,150	1,610	1,540
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,335	2,955	3,380
Americas	1,105	550	560
United States of America	730	375	355
Mexico	115	45	65
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Brazil	95	40	55
Colombia	30	20	10
Peru	20	0	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	90	50	40
Europe	1,735	915	815
Belgium	10	0	10
France	40	10	25
Germany	60	45	15
Netherlands	35	20	10
Switzerland	10	0	10
Hungary	30	15	15
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	115	60	60
Romania	225	95	130
Russian Federation	265	135	130
Ukraine	100	60	35
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	10
United Kingdom⁸⁷	625	360	265
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	0
Italy	0	0	0
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	10
Other locations of study in Europe	160	85	75
Africa	305	155	145
Nigeria	50	30	20
Algeria	10	10	0
Morocco	0	0	0
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	50	30	20
South Africa, Republic of	165	80	85
Other locations of study in Africa	30	15	15
Asia	3,025	1,245	1,775
Iran⁸⁸	310	150	160
Iraq	35	20	10
Israel	25	15	10
Lebanon	30	15	15
Syria⁸⁹	15	0	10
Turkey	25	15	10
China⁹⁰	555	230	325
Taiwan	60	25	30
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	0	35
Japan	55	15	45
Korea, South⁹²	320	130	190
Philippines	825	300	525
Viet Nam	0	0	0
Bangladesh	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	15	10	10
India	495	200	295
Pakistan	55	35	20
Other locations of study in Asia	155	70	85
Oceania	170	90	85
Australia	135	70	65
New Zealand	30	15	15
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	73,805	36,150	37,655
In the labour force	49,875	26,325	23,555
Employed	46,530	24,665	21,860
Unemployed	3,345	1,655	1,695
Not in the labour force	23,935	9,835	14,100
Participation rate	67.6	72.8	62.6
Employment rate	63.0	68.2	58.1
Unemployment rate	6.7	6.3	7.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	73,805	36,150	37,655
Did not work¹⁸⁶	24,280	10,005	14,270
Worked	49,525	26,150	23,380
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	28,185	16,770	11,415
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	21,340	9,375	11,965
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	43.6	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	49,870	26,320	23,555
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	905	390	515
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	48,970	25,930	23,035
Employee	41,215	21,145	20,070
Permanent position	36,460	19,020	17,440
Temporary position	4,760	2,130	2,630
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,425	650	770
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,340	1,480	1,855
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,750	4,780	2,965
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	49,870	26,320	23,555
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	905	390	515
All occupations¹⁹¹	48,970	25,930	23,035
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	540	360	180
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,310	2,190	6,120
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,140	2,445	700
3 Health occupations	3,165	580	2,590
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,150	1,850	4,305
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,670	845	825
6 Sales and service occupations	11,730	5,080	6,650
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,575	10,640	940
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	955	660	295
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,735	1,295	440
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	49,870	26,320	23,555
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	905	390	515
All industries¹⁹¹	48,970	25,930	23,035
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	515	295	220
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	150	130	20
22 Utilities	320	260	60
23 Construction	6,300	5,345	955
31-33 Manufacturing	3,335	2,455	880
41 Wholesale trade	2,415	1,630	780
44-45 Retail trade	5,910	2,755	3,155
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,785	2,180	605
51 Information and cultural industries	1,325	935	390
52 Finance and insurance	1,720	610	1,110
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,070	510	555
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,015	1,540	1,475
55 Management of companies and enterprises	145	40	100
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,225	1,320	900
61 Educational services	3,795	1,015	2,775
62 Health care and social assistance	5,665	955	4,710
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	985	495	490
72 Accommodation and food services	2,480	990	1,490
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,170	1,090	1,080
91 Public administration	2,660	1,380	1,280
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	52,970	27,700	25,270
English	50,740	26,595	24,145
French	65	10	55
Non-official language	375	180	195
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	375	180	195
English and French	295	115	185
English and non-official language(s)	1,430	775	655
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	52,970	27,700	25,270
Single responses	52,605	27,460	25,155
Official languages	51,910	27,100	24,810
English	51,805	27,085	24,715
French	110	15	95
Non-official languages	700	355	345
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	700	355	345
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	0	0	0
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	0	0	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	10	0	10
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	185	105	80
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	40	25	15
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	40	25	15
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	30	20	15
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	0	0	0
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	0	0	0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	120	75	45
Indo-Aryan languages	85	50	35
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	85	50	35
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	30	25	10
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	30	25	10
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	15	10	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	25	0	25
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	20	0	10
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	10	0	10
Korean	185	90	90
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	280	150	130
Chinese languages	280	150	130
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	190	95	90
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	50	35
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	360	245	115
English and French	40	10	30
English and non-official language(s)	310	220	90
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	52,970	27,700	25,270
None	51,510	27,005	24,510
English	330	165	170
French	215	100	115
Non-official language	780	375	405
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	780	375	405
English and French	0	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	20	10	10
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	75	35	40
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	46,530	24,670	21,865
Worked at home	8,605	3,745	4,860
Worked outside Canada	110	75	35
No fixed workplace address	8,525	6,475	2,055
Usual place of work	29,285	14,370	14,910
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,285	14,370	14,910
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	11,140	4,145	6,995
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	16,690	9,500	7,190
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,380	680	700
Commute to a different province or territory	75	50	25
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,810	20,845	16,970
Car, truck or van	34,075	19,205	14,870
Car, truck or van - as a driver	31,710	18,235	13,475
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,360	970	1,390
Public transit	1,700	720	980
Walked	1,210	480	735
Bicycle	170	120	45
Other method	660	320	335
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,810	20,845	16,970
Less than 15 minutes	9,015	3,460	5,555
15 to 29 minutes	9,465	4,985	4,485
30 to 44 minutes	9,100	5,505	3,595
45 to 59 minutes	5,265	3,450	1,810
60 minutes and over	4,965	3,445	1,525
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,810	20,845	16,970
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,675	3,625	1,045
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,205	4,905	2,295
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,430	4,690	4,745
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,410	2,610	3,800
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,410	1,715	2,695
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,680	3,300	2,385
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	19,700	10,175	9,525
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,000	495	500
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,705	9,680	9,025
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,300	7,355	6,940
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	730	375	355
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	335	175	160
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	395	200	195
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,565	6,985	6,580

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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