Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Saanich, District municipality (DM)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts
	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	117,735	...	...
Population, 2016¹	114,148	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	50,064	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	48,048	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,136.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	103.59	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	117,735	57,450	60,285
0 to 14 years	15,200	7,865	7,335
0 to 4 years	4,100	2,095	2,005
5 to 9 years	5,445	2,805	2,635
10 to 14 years	5,655	2,965	2,685
15 to 64 years	75,375	37,195	38,175
15 to 19 years	6,480	3,295	3,180
20 to 24 years	9,020	4,710	4,305
25 to 29 years	7,550	4,015	3,535
30 to 34 years	6,915	3,455	3,455
35 to 39 years	7,305	3,620	3,685
40 to 44 years	7,145	3,415	3,730
45 to 49 years	7,060	3,340	3,725
50 to 54 years	7,590	3,650	3,940
55 to 59 years	8,175	3,950	4,225
60 to 64 years	8,140	3,740	4,390
65 years and over	27,165	12,385	14,775
65 to 69 years	7,875	3,710	4,165
70 to 74 years	6,945	3,210	3,740
75 to 79 years	4,965	2,315	2,650
80 to 84 years	3,340	1,485	1,855
85 years and over	4,040	1,665	2,370
85 to 89 years	2,260	965	1,290
90 to 94 years	1,300	505	795
95 to 99 years	430	185	250
100 years and over	50	20	35
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.9	13.7	12.2
15 to 64 years	64.0	64.7	63.3
65 years and over	23.1	21.6	24.5
85 years and over	3.4	2.9	3.9
Average age of the population	44.3	43.1	45.5
Median age of the population	44.4	42.4	46.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	48,050	...	...
Single-detached house	22,380	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,200	...	...
Row house	3,660	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,350	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,755	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	630	...	...
Other single-attached house	60	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	48,045	...	...
1 person	13,175	...	...
2 persons	17,710	...	...
3 persons	7,330	...	...
4 persons	6,305	...	...
5 or more persons	3,525	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,505	56,360	59,145
Average household size	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	102,535	49,585	52,950
Married or living common-law	57,370	28,590	28,785
Married	47,535	23,695	23,840
Living common-law	9,840	4,895	4,940
Living common law - Never married	7,190	3,590	3,600
Living common law - Separated	290	145	140
Living common law - Divorced	2,135	1,060	1,075
Living common law - Widowed	225	90	130
Not married and not living common-law	45,160	20,990	24,165
Not married and not living common law - Never married	30,170	16,385	13,785
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,230	900	1,325
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,025	2,435	4,585
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,745	1,270	4,475
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,675	...	...
2 persons	18,560	...	...
3 persons	6,595	...	...
4 persons	5,870	...	...
5 or more persons	1,650	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,670	...	...
Total couple families	27,900	...	...
Married couples	22,980	...	...
With children⁶	11,185	...	...
Without children	11,800	...	...
Common-law couples	4,920	...	...
With children⁶	1,370	...	...
Without children	3,545	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,770	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,690	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,085	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,505	56,360	59,145
Total - Persons in census families	89,030	44,070	44,960
Married spouses or common-law partners	55,800	27,840	27,960
Parents in one-parent families	4,775	1,085	3,690
Children⁶	28,460	15,145	13,310
In a two-parent family	21,740	11,525	10,215
In a one-parent family	6,720	3,620	3,100
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	26,480	12,295	14,180
Living alone	13,175	5,335	7,840
Living with other relatives⁷	2,840	1,130	1,715
Living with non-relatives only	10,460	5,825	4,630
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	48,045	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,210	...	...
Couple-family households	23,545	...	...
With children⁶	10,550	...	...
Without children	12,995	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,665	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,355	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	550	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,265	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,500	...	...
One-person households	13,175	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	100,310	48,500	51,810
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,640	47,110	50,530
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	49,200	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,710	47,140	50,570
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	44,000	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,935	43,995	46,945
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,925	34,485	34,440
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,000	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,110	36,520	43,590
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	8,800	9,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,180	2,790	3,390
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,400	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,695	11,370	12,325
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	100,310	48,500	51,815
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,495	47,045	50,450
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,700	64,800	51,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,560	47,075	50,485
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	52,050	43,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,705	43,840	46,865
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,800	61,350	44,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,925	34,425	34,500
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,800	56,300	43,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,950	36,285	43,665
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,460	9,940	10,890
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,045	2,765	3,280
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,660	6,120	7,110
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,700	11,255	12,450
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,550	8,410	8,680
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	100,315	48,500	51,815
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,310	17,255	14,055
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,500	72,000	62,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,700	83,500	70,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,630	12,870	15,765
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	20,200	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,040	32,080	26,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.2	88.2	81.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.0	63.6	58.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.9	11.8	18.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.6	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	3.8	5.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.6	3.1	4.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	100,310	48,500	51,815
Without total income	2,670	1,390	1,275
With total income	97,645	47,105	50,535
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,305	3,955	4,355
$10,000 to $19,999	10,145	4,335	5,810
$20,000 to $29,999	13,585	5,805	7,780
$30,000 to $39,999	11,650	5,055	6,595
$40,000 to $49,999	10,820	4,795	6,020
$50,000 to $59,999	9,320	4,265	5,055
$60,000 to $69,999	7,620	3,740	3,885
$70,000 to $79,999	6,065	3,185	2,880
$80,000 to $89,999	4,740	2,555	2,180
$90,000 to $99,999	3,810	2,125	1,685
$100,000 and over	11,585	7,300	4,290
$100,000 to $149,999	7,705	4,675	3,035
$150,000 and over	3,885	2,625	1,260
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	100,310	48,500	51,815
Without after-tax income	2,605	1,355	1,245
With after-tax income	97,710	47,140	50,565
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,820	4,115	4,705
$10,000 to $19,999	10,545	4,510	6,040
$20,000 to $29,999	15,345	6,620	8,725
$30,000 to $39,999	13,655	6,020	7,640
$40,000 to $49,999	12,545	5,620	6,930
$50,000 to $59,999	10,165	4,950	5,215
$60,000 to $69,999	7,610	3,965	3,645
$70,000 to $79,999	5,855	3,205	2,645
$80,000 to $89,999	4,020	2,300	1,720
$90,000 to $99,999	2,620	1,555	1,065
$100,000 and over	6,515	4,275	2,240
$100,000 to $124,999	3,240	2,040	1,205
$125,000 and over	3,275	2,240	1,030
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	100,310	48,500	51,815
Without employment income	31,390	14,020	17,370
With employment income	68,925	34,480	34,445
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,675	4,555	5,120
$5,000 to $9,999	5,580	2,495	3,090
$10,000 to $19,999	7,925	3,610	4,315
$20,000 to $29,999	6,180	2,855	3,320
$30,000 to $39,999	5,690	2,700	2,995
$40,000 to $49,999	5,895	2,715	3,180
$50,000 to $59,999	5,695	2,655	3,040
$60,000 to $69,999	4,700	2,340	2,360
$70,000 to $79,999	3,935	2,120	1,820
$80,000 to $89,999	3,390	1,880	1,515
$90,000 to $99,999	2,735	1,580	1,160
$100,000 and over	7,520	4,980	2,535
$100,000 to $124,999	3,610	2,215	1,395
$125,000 and over	3,910	2,765	1,145
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	100,310	48,500	51,810
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,985	45,660	49,330
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	48,400	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	95,125	45,705	49,420
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,400	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,730	43,360	46,365
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	45,200	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,945	35,820	36,125
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	41,600	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,545	27,740	36,805
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,160	4,640	6,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,455	1,915	2,545
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,160	4,520	6,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	100,310	48,500	51,815
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	95,040	45,705	49,330
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,300	63,150	48,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	95,210	45,765	49,440
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,040	51,750	40,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,620	43,390	46,240
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,650	61,350	44,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,955	35,960	35,990
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,680	54,600	40,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,685	27,430	37,255
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,330	8,180	8,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,390	1,945	2,440
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,380	6,125	8,380
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	100,315	48,500	51,815
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,110	17,155	13,955
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	68,000	57,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,700	79,400	64,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,310	12,360	14,950
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	24,000	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,920	38,320	30,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8	92.2	86.8
Employment income (%)	65.2	68.0	61.9
Government transfers (%)	10.2	7.8	13.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	48,045	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,175	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,875	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	48,045	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	117,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,165	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,880	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	48,045	...	...
Under $5,000	570	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	255	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	375	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	810	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,405	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,225	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,295	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,425	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,620	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,675	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,225	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,205	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,090	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,920	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,740	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,215	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,775	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,600	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,915	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,920	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	48,045	...	...
Under $5,000	675	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	265	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	385	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	835	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,475	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,435	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,490	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,780	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,865	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,965	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,820	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,625	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,515	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,285	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,990	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,640	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,080	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,410	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,140	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,210	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,955	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,630	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	153,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,455	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	23,630	11,165	12,470
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	37,200	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	34,400	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,265	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,000	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	123,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,610	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	173,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,480	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	23,540	11,030	12,505
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,480	51,350	45,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,880	37,400	40,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,510	56,365	59,145
0 to 17 years	18,890	9,780	9,110
0 to 5 years	5,155	2,635	2,515
18 to 64 years	71,035	34,795	36,240
65 years and over	25,580	11,785	13,795
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,465	4,445	5,020
0 to 17 years	1,640	875	765
0 to 5 years	445	250	195
18 to 64 years	5,705	2,770	2,935
65 years and over	2,120	800	1,320
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.2	7.9	8.5
0 to 17 years (%)	8.7	8.9	8.4
0 to 5 years (%)	8.6	9.5	7.7
18 to 64 years (%)	8.0	8.0	8.1
65 years and over (%)	8.3	6.8	9.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,505	56,360	59,145
0 to 17 years	18,890	9,775	9,110
0 to 5 years	5,150	2,640	2,515
18 to 64 years	71,035	34,800	36,240
65 years and over	25,575	11,785	13,795
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,160	3,165	3,000
0 to 17 years	865	435	430
0 to 5 years	175	100	70
18 to 64 years	4,830	2,515	2,315
65 years and over	470	215	255
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.6	5.1
0 to 17 years (%)	4.6	4.4	4.7
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.8	2.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	7.2	6.4
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.8	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,510	56,365	59,145
In bottom half of the distribution	47,785	22,850	24,935
In bottom decile	11,175	5,510	5,670
In second decile	8,730	4,030	4,705
In third decile	8,650	4,125	4,520
In fourth decile	9,285	4,415	4,870
In fifth decile	9,940	4,765	5,180
In top half of the distribution	67,720	33,515	34,215
In sixth decile	11,400	5,560	5,835
In seventh decile	12,005	5,885	6,120
In eighth decile	13,410	6,665	6,740
In ninth decile	15,675	7,820	7,860
In top decile	15,235	7,580	7,655
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,505	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.324	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.407	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.286	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,970	56,530	59,440
English only	103,760	51,270	52,480
French only	40	15	25
English and French	10,305	4,490	5,815
Neither English nor French	1,865	755	1,115
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,970	56,530	59,440
English	112,475	55,015	57,460
French	1,320	630	685
English and French	355	160	195
Neither English nor French	1,820	735	1,090
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,970	56,530	59,440
Single responses	112,595	54,965	57,625
Official languages	89,580	44,375	45,200
English	88,270	43,755	44,520
French	1,305	620	685
Non-official languages	23,015	10,590	12,430
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	20
Algonquian languages	10	0	5
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	5	0	5
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	15	10	5
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	5	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	5	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	5	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,985	10,580	12,410
Afro-Asiatic languages	840	440	395
Berber languages	5	5	5
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	45	25	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	5	0
Somali	40	20	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	785	410	370
Amharic	40	20	20
Arabic	625	335	295
Aramaic languages	5	5	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	40	25	20
Maltese	10	5	5
Tigrigna	50	20	25
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	615	265	345
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	25
Vietnamese	570	250	325
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	1,710	675	1,035
Bikol	10	5	5
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	25	35
Cebuano	70	25	50
Fijian	5	0	5
Hiligaynon	30	10	15
Ilocano	75	30	50
Indonesian	30	10	20
Kankanaey	10	5	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	5	5	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	5
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,375	555	825
Waray-Waray	5	5	5
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20
Creole languages	15	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	5	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	260	155	110
Kannada	10	0	5
Malayalam	115	70	45
Tamil	80	50	35
Telugu	50	30	20
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	10,200	4,875	5,320
Albanian	50	30	25
Armenian	20	10	10
Balto-Slavic languages	1,450	645	800
Baltic languages	20	15	5
Latvian	10	5	0
Lithuanian	15	10	10
Slavic languages	1,425	630	790
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	55	25	30
Czech	115	55	60
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	295	120	175
Russian	370	155	220
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	360	170	190
Bosnian	25	10	15
Croatian	230	110	120
Serbian	100	55	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Slovak	40	25	15
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	15
Ukrainian	145	65	85
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	20	5	10
Irish	5	5	0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0
Welsh	5	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	1,830	815	1,020
Frisian	5	0	0
High German languages	1,075	460	615
German	1,030	445	585
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	40	10	25
Yiddish	5	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	585	280	310
Afrikaans	95	45	45
Dutch	470	220	245
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	20	5	5
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5
Scandinavian languages	170	70	100
Danish	80	30	50
Icelandic	5	5	5
Norwegian	35	20	20
Swedish	45	15	30
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	125	70	55
Indo-Iranian languages	4,235	2,145	2,085
Indo-Aryan languages	3,695	1,865	1,825
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	130	75	60
Gujarati	80	40	50
Hindi	495	260	235
Kacchi	5	5	5
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	5	0
Marathi	25	15	10
Nepali	100	55	50
Oriya languages	5	0	5
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,655	1,325	1,330
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	10	5	5
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	20
Urdu	135	65	70
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	535	285	255
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	20	10	10
Parsi	0	0	0
Pashto	15	10	10
Persian languages	495	265	235
Dari	30	15	15
Iranian Persian	420	225	195
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	25
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,470	1,160	1,310
Catalan	5	0	5
Italian	400	195	195
Portuguese	705	320	385
Romanian	120	55	70
Spanish	1,240	585	655
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Japanese	625	180	445
Korean	755	335	420
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	125	60	60
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	5	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5
Ga	5	0	5
Ganda	5	0	5
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5
Lingala	15	5	5
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	5	5	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	20	10	10
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	15	10	5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	25	15	10
American Sign Language	20	10	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,335	3,330	4,005
Chinese languages	7,300	3,310	3,990
Hakka	25	5	15
Mandarin	4,030	1,800	2,225
Min Dong	5	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	55	85
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25
Yue (Cantonese)	2,945	1,375	1,570
Chinese, n.o.s.	105	50	60
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	15	20
Burmese	20	10	10
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	5	0	5
S'gaw Karen	5	0	5
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	5	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	25	75
Lao	5	5	5
Thai	95	20	70
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	105	60	40
Azerbaijani	5	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	85	50	35
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5
Uralic languages	280	140	145
Estonian	5	0	5
Finnish	70	25	45
Hungarian	210	110	95
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0
Multiple responses	3,375	1,570	1,810
English and French	460	220	240
English and non-official language(s)	2,545	1,190	1,360
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	20
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	35
Multiple non-official languages	260	110	155
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,970	56,530	59,440
English	91,950	45,335	46,615
French	235	110	125
Non-official language	5,970	2,755	3,215
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	5,965	2,755	3,210
English and French	1,170	535	640
English and non-official language(s)	15,635	7,360	8,280
French and non-official language(s)	20	5	15
English, French and non-official language(s)	525	225	300
Multiple non-official languages	460	210	250
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,970	56,530	59,440
Single responses	112,470	54,880	57,590
Official languages	100,625	49,295	51,335
English	100,240	49,120	51,120
French	385	175	215
Non-official languages	11,845	5,585	6,255
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	11,840	5,585	6,255
Afro-Asiatic languages	495	245	250
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	20	15	10
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	5	0	0
Somali	20	10	5
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	475	230	240
Amharic	25	10	10
Arabic	405	200	205
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	15	5	10
Maltese	0	0	0
Tigrigna	30	15	20
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	350	165	190
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15
Vietnamese	325	150	175
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	905	410	495
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	5	15
Cebuano	25	10	15
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10
Ilocano	40	15	20
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	780	355	425
Waray-Waray	0	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5
Creole languages	0	5	5
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	5	5
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	125	80	45
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	60	40	15
Tamil	30	20	15
Telugu	20	15	5
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	4,145	2,020	2,125
Albanian	20	10	10
Armenian	5	5	5
Balto-Slavic languages	455	210	250
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	455	210	250
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	30	20	15
Czech	20	5	10
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	70	35	40
Russian	185	80	105
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	110	55	60
Bosnian	10	5	5
Croatian	55	20	35
Serbian	45	20	20
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	15	10	5
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	30	10	15
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Irish	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	225	110	110
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	130	65	65
German	125	65	60
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	5	0	5
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	45	40
Afrikaans	30	15	15
Dutch	55	30	25
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	45	25	15
Indo-Iranian languages	2,465	1,235	1,225
Indo-Aryan languages	2,125	1,060	1,065
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	80	40	40
Gujarati	20	5	10
Hindi	245	140	110
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	0	0	0
Marathi	15	10	5
Nepali	35	20	20
Oriya languages	0	0	0
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,630	800	830
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	5	5	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5
Urdu	80	40	40
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	340	175	165
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	10	5	5
Parsi	5	0	5
Pashto	10	10	5
Persian languages	305	160	145
Dari	15	5	5
Iranian Persian	265	140	125
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	15	15
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	935	430	505
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	70	30	40
Portuguese	260	110	145
Romanian	40	20	15
Spanish	565	270	295
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	245	90	160
Korean	525	250	280
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	35	15	20
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	5	0	5
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	5	5	5
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Sign languages	30	20	10
American Sign Language	25	20	10
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,825	2,220	2,605
Chinese languages	4,805	2,210	2,600
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	2,950	1,375	1,580
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	20	40
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	15
Yue (Cantonese)	1,720	785	935
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	25
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	5
Burmese	15	10	5
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	25
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	40	15	25
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	60	40	25
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Kazakh	0	0	0
Turkish	55	30	20
Uyghur	5	5	5
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	50	20	30
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	15	10	10
Hungarian	35	15	20
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	3,500	1,650	1,845
English and French	170	75	90
English and non-official language(s)	3,210	1,525	1,685
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	10	25
Multiple non-official languages	75	35	45
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,970	56,530	59,435
None	100,995	49,565	51,430
English	4,915	2,375	2,540
French	990	455	530
Non-official language	7,355	3,345	4,005
Indigenous³⁹	40	20	20
Non-Indigenous	7,320	3,330	3,990
English and French	60	25	35
English and non-official language(s)	655	325	335
French and non-official language(s)	300	125	175
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10
Multiple non-official languages	700	315	380
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,510	56,360	59,145
Official languages	113,660	55,530	58,130
English	113,625	55,515	58,105
French	10,360	4,495	5,860
Non-official languages	31,610	14,630	16,980
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	30	65
Algonquian languages	15	0	10
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	10	0	10
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	10
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	10
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0
Tahltan	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	10	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Cayuga	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	10	0	0
Salish languages	30	0	25
Halkomelem	10	0	10
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	20	0	10
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	20	10	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	10	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	31,525	14,605	16,920
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,320	700	620
Berber languages	10	10	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Hausa	0	0	0
Mina	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	60	35	20
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	50	25	20
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	1,280	685	600
Amharic	130	70	60
Arabic	960	535	430
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Harari	0	0	0
Hebrew	145	60	85
Maltese	15	0	10
Tigrigna	90	50	40
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	910	370	535
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	35	35
Vietnamese	845	340	500
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	2,340	940	1,400
Bikol	20	0	15
Bisaya, n.o.s.	70	15	50
Cebuano	135	45	90
Fijian	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	55	15	35
Ilocano	150	60	95
Indonesian	65	15	45
Kankanaey	10	0	0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Merina	0	0	0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Malay	65	30	35
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	0
Pangasinan	10	0	10
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,115	850	1,265
Waray-Waray	35	15	20
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40
Creole languages	55	25	30
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Krio	0	0	0
Morisyen	35	15	20
Sango	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	430	245	190
Kannada	45	25	20
Malayalam	170	105	70
Tamil	215	120	95
Telugu	90	60	40
Tulu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	15,765	7,500	8,265
Albanian	60	15	50
Armenian	20	0	15
Balto-Slavic languages	1,885	870	1,015
Baltic languages	50	35	20
Latvian	15	10	0
Lithuanian	30	20	15
Slavic languages	1,835	835	1,000
Belarusian	0	0	0
Bulgarian	75	25	45
Czech	115	65	50
Macedonian	10	0	0
Polish	375	160	215
Russian	625	260	370
Rusyn	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	455	220	230
Bosnian	35	20	15
Croatian	345	165	180
Serbian	105	55	50
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	45	30	20
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20
Ukrainian	280	125	150
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	30	10	15
Irish	15	10	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Welsh	15	0	10
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	3,270	1,510	1,760
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	2,155	1,015	1,135
German	2,095	1,000	1,090
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	90	30	60
Yiddish	30	15	15
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	885	410	475
Afrikaans	270	160	110
Dutch	620	250	365
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	360	165	200
Danish	140	40	100
Icelandic	15	10	10
Norwegian	95	60	40
Swedish	145	70	70
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	220	110	110
Indo-Iranian languages	5,585	2,850	2,730
Indo-Aryan languages	4,955	2,530	2,425
Assamese	0	0	0
Bengali	170	95	75
Gujarati	145	55	90
Hindi	1,850	965	885
Kacchi	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Konkani	15	15	0
Marathi	65	35	35
Nepali	125	75	55
Oriya languages	15	0	10
Odia	0	0	0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,700	1,875	1,820
Rohingya	0	0	0
Sindhi	20	10	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	30	15
Urdu	240	115	125
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0
Iranian languages	635	330	305
Baluchi	0	0	0
Kurdish	30	25	10
Parsi	20	0	15
Pashto	15	0	10
Persian languages	600	310	290
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	560	290	275
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	10
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,210	2,345	2,870
Catalan	15	0	10
Italian	825	400	420
Portuguese	1,020	450	575
Romanian	175	70	105
Spanish	3,510	1,530	1,980
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	1,490	545	945
Korean	895	420	480
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	255	145	105
Akan (Twi)	20	0	15
Bamanankan	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Éwé	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	25	10	15
Gikuyu	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	10
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10
Lingala	0	0	0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0
Mòoré	0	0	0
Mwani	0	0	0
Ndebele	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	20	15	10
Soninke	0	0	0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0
Swahili	115	70	45
Wojenaka	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	30	20	10
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nuer	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
African, n.o.s.	10	10	0
Sign languages	225	90	135
American Sign Language	190	60	125
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	30	10
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,355	3,875	4,480
Chinese languages	8,260	3,830	4,430
Hakka	75	25	50
Mandarin	5,590	2,580	3,015
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	300	120	180
Wu (Shanghainese)	90	40	50
Yue (Cantonese)	3,635	1,655	1,980
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	40	30
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	100	50	50
Burmese	60	30	30
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	25	10	20
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	190	70	120
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	190	70	120
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	230	125	115
Azerbaijani	25	15	10
Kazakh	10	0	0
Turkish	200	105	90
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	275	135	145
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	85	40	45
Hungarian	190	90	100
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,505	56,360	59,145
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,015	1,900	2,110
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,860	1,830	2,035
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,080	980	1,100
Métis	1,755	820	930
Inuk (Inuit)	30	25	10
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	85	35	50
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60	30	25
Non-Indigenous identity	111,495	54,465	57,035
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,505	56,360	59,145
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,380	695	690
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,125	55,670	58,455
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	48,045	...	...
Owner	33,270	...	...
Renter	14,775	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	48,045	...	...
Condominium	7,775	...	...
Not condominium	40,270	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	48,045	...	...
No bedrooms	515	...	...
1 bedroom	6,125	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,440	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,685	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,285	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	48,045	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	14,005	...	...
5 rooms	6,390	...	...
6 rooms	6,125	...	...
7 rooms	6,110	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,415	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	48,045	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,320	...	...
More than one person per room	725	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	48,045	...	...
Suitable	46,235	...	...
Not suitable	1,815	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	48,045	...	...
1960 or before	11,465	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,605	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,305	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,870	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,960	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,665	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,235	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,935	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	48,045	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,545	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,505	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	48,045	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,575	...	...
Two-maintainer household	22,530	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,945	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	48,045	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,145	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,600	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,035	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,180	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,180	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,745	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,945	...	...
85 years and over	2,215	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	47,775	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	36,530	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,245	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,860	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	48,045	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,385	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,190	...	...
Not suitable only	1,350	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,690	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	340	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	685	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,665	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	46,395	...	...
In core need	4,800	...	...
Not in core need	41,595	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	33,140	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	16.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,678	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	930,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,011,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,765	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,520	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,505	56,360	59,145
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,000	490	515
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	975	480	495
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	770	365	405
Métis single ancestry	200	110	90
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	15	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	25	15	15
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,830	1,720	2,115
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,700	1,665	2,030
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,440	1,075	1,360
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,195	545	655
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	40	15
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	135	50	80
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	125	50	70
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	110,670	54,150	56,520
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,505	56,360	59,145
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	105,170	51,360	53,810
Canadian citizens aged under 18	17,810	9,275	8,535
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	87,365	42,090	45,280
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,335	5,000	5,330
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,505	56,360	59,145
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	85,745	42,400	43,340
Immigrants⁸¹	26,045	11,965	14,075
Before 1980	7,705	3,580	4,125
1980 to 1990	3,205	1,555	1,645
1991 to 2000	3,905	1,720	2,185
2001 to 2010	4,950	2,170	2,790
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,280	2,945	3,330
2011 to 2015	2,870	1,355	1,520
2016 to 2021	3,405	1,590	1,815
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,720	1,990	1,725
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,045	11,965	14,075
Under 5 years	2,325	1,115	1,205
5 to 14 years	4,205	2,190	2,020
15 to 24 years	5,260	2,340	2,915
25 to 44 years	11,435	5,030	6,400
45 years and over	2,825	1,285	1,540
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,045	11,965	14,075
Americas	3,005	1,330	1,680
Brazil	105	45	65
Colombia	155	50	105
El Salvador	95	45	50
Guyana	60	20	35
Haiti	15	0	10
Jamaica	85	35	55
Mexico	270	155	115
Peru	25	10	20
Trinidad and Tobago	95	35	55
United States of America	1,655	725	930
Other places of birth in Americas	450	210	240
Europe	8,070	3,895	4,175
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	0	20
Croatia	180	85	95
France	130	55	75
Germany	730	340	385
Greece	120	65	55
Hungary	135	60	75
Italy	255	140	115
Netherlands	390	180	210
Poland	255	150	110
Portugal	505	225	280
Romania	175	80	100
Russian Federation	195	90	110
Serbia⁸⁶	80	55	25
Ukraine	205	100	105
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,760	1,820	1,945
Other places of birth in Europe	920	455	470
Africa	1,195	640	555
Algeria	15	10	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	15
Egypt	85	50	40
Eritrea	45	30	20
Ethiopia	85	50	30
Morocco	45	35	15
Nigeria	50	20	25
Somalia	35	20	15
South Africa, Republic of	380	205	175
Other places of birth in Africa	440	220	215
Asia	13,350	5,885	7,465
Afghanistan	10	10	0
Iran⁸⁸	425	215	210
Iraq	25	10	10
Lebanon	85	45	40
Syria⁸⁹	195	80	115
Turkey	105	70	40
China⁹⁰	4,110	1,795	2,320
Hong Kong⁹¹	720	350	365
Korea, South⁹²	490	235	250
Taiwan	340	130	205
Philippines	1,995	790	1,200
Viet Nam	540	225	310
Bangladesh	70	30	40
India	2,650	1,305	1,345
Pakistan	115	65	55
Sri Lanka	70	35	35
Other places of birth in Asia	1,415	500	915
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	420	210	205
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,405	1,590	1,815
Americas	345	140	210
Brazil	35	15	25
Colombia	25	10	20
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	0	0	0
Mexico	20	0	15
United States of America	210	90	120
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Americas	55	25	30
Europe	250	140	105
France	10	0	0
Germany	20	15	0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0
Italy	15	15	0
Russian Federation	15	0	10
Ukraine	0	0	0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	65	35
Other places of birth in Europe	85	35	45
Africa	210	110	95
Algeria	0	0	0
Burundi	0	0	0
Cameroon	0	0	0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0
Egypt	20	15	0
Eritrea	0	0	0
Ethiopia	0	0	0
Morocco	10	0	0
Nigeria	35	20	15
Somalia	0	0	0
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10
Sudan⁹⁷	45	15	25
Tunisia	0	0	0
Other places of birth in Africa	50	25	30
Asia	2,550	1,160	1,385
Afghanistan	0	0	0
Bangladesh	15	0	10
China⁹⁰	740	290	445
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0
India	505	285	220
Iran⁸⁸	50	25	25
Iraq	10	10	0
Israel	0	0	0
Japan	95	30	65
Jordan	0	0	0
Korea, South⁹²	120	55	60
Lebanon	20	10	10
Nepal	70	45	25
Pakistan	10	0	10
Philippines	505	230	275
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
Syria⁸⁹	155	70	80
Turkey	75	35	40
United Arab Emirates	15	0	10
Viet Nam	70	20	50
Other places of birth in Asia	75	25	45
Oceania and other⁹³	50	35	15
Australia	30	15	10
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	15	0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,510	56,360	59,145
First generation¹⁰⁰	31,910	15,005	16,900
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,365	12,815	13,550
Third generation or more¹⁰²	57,235	28,540	28,690
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	18,340	8,385	9,950
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	10,095	5,035	5,065
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,495	2,635	1,860
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,600	2,405	3,205
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,740	2,560	4,180
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,370	720	650
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	125	70	55
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	18,340	8,385	9,950
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	325	190	130
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,760	1,185	1,575
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	860	420	440
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,605	745	860
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	110	35	75
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	12,670	5,805	6,870
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,505	56,360	59,145
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	28,845	13,865	14,975
South Asian	6,605	3,340	3,270
Chinese	10,105	4,830	5,270
Black	1,510	835	675
Filipino	2,895	1,235	1,660
Arab	805	440	365
Latin American	1,225	580	650
Southeast Asian	1,590	750	835
West Asian	610	300	305
Korean	940	465	470
Japanese	1,380	510	870
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	255	120	130
Multiple visible minorities	935	460	480
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	86,660	42,495	44,170
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,505	56,360	59,145
Canadian	12,525	6,570	5,955
English	33,100	16,175	16,925
Irish	19,200	8,855	10,345
Scottish	24,650	11,795	12,860
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,845	3,710	4,140
German	12,705	6,080	6,630
Chinese	10,175	4,835	5,340
Italian	3,680	1,825	1,855
Indian (India)	4,305	2,135	2,170
Ukrainian	5,015	2,420	2,595
Dutch	4,565	2,220	2,350
Polish	3,220	1,555	1,665
Québécois	265	150	120
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	7,165	3,415	3,750
Filipino	2,855	1,250	1,600
French Canadian	1,165	550	615
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,390	1,240	1,155
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,495	700	805
Métis	1,550	720	830
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,995	1,470	1,530
Russian	2,365	1,100	1,260
Norwegian	3,325	1,555	1,775
Welsh	3,745	1,865	1,885
Portuguese	1,495	710	785
American	2,350	1,065	1,285
Spanish	1,185	550	635
Swedish	2,730	1,240	1,485
Hungarian	1,275	615	665
Acadian	225	100	120
Pakistani	245	125	125
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	470	265	210
Jewish	970	485	475
Punjabi	910	450	460
Vietnamese	975	440	540
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	420	210	210
Greek	730	345	380
Jamaican	250	105	140
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	860	400	460
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	510	190	315
Korean	960	490	470
Romanian	700	300	400
Lebanese	230	125	110
Iranian	625	320	305
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	220	130	90
Danish	1,750	885	865
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	280	110	170
Sikh	780	395	385
Austrian	1,290	620	670
Belgian	665	325	340
Haitian	10	0	10
Hindu	315	140	175
Mexican	560	310	260
Mennonite	310	180	130
Swiss	805	350	450
Finnish	825	400	425
Sri Lankan	95	45	50
Croatian	795	375	415
Japanese	1,585	595	990
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	240	135	105
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	100	35	55
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	780	385	395
Muslim	140	75	65
Egyptian	120	75	45
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	275	125	150
Tamil	100	50	50
Icelandic	670	335	335
Colombian	200	80	120
Moroccan	70	35	30
Czech	490	260	240
Syrian	195	90	100
Guyanese	45	20	25
Afghan	30	15	20
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	100	55	45
Serbian	155	85	70
Ojibway	95	35	60
Newfoundlander	105	65	35
Hong Konger	175	70	105
Ontarian	160	70	85
Persian	215	95	115
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	125	65	60
Turkish	295	170	125
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	60	30	25
Bangladeshi	95	45	50
Algerian	45	35	0
Brazilian	255	130	120
Nigerian	70	35	35
Armenian	45	25	20
Slovak	260	110	145
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	310	120	185
Somali	70	45	25
Taiwanese	335	150	185
Iraqi	30	15	15
Salvadorean	115	45	70
African Caribbean	55	20	30
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	165	95	70
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	85	45	40
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	85	55	30
Algonquin	50	25	20
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	35	25
Lithuanian	365	185	175
South African	400	185	225
Australian	505	245	260
Palestinian	70	50	15
Chilean	125	65	60
Congolese	20	20	0
Nova Scotian	75	45	30
Ethiopian	85	40	45
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	90	50	45
Peruvian	65	15	50
Yoruba	0	0	0
Cambodian (Khmer)	85	45	40
Berber	15	15	0
Albanian	75	15	65
Maltese	85	35	50
Macedonian	30	20	10
Slovenian	150	65	80
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	235	95	135
New Brunswicker	50	20	25
Gujarati	95	45	50
Eritrean	100	55	45
African Canadian	30	15	20
Israeli	80	50	30
Mohawk	50	25	30
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	110	40	70
Bulgarian	95	40	55
Albertan	130	55	75
Ghanaian	45	30	15
Barbadian	45	30	15
African American	105	60	45
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	100	55	45
Tunisian	0	0	0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	65	85
Cuban	25	15	15
Bosnian	65	35	30
Venezuelan	25	10	15
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	10	10
Latvian	110	70	45
Bengali	15	10	0
Cameroonian	0	0	0
Guatemalan	65	35	30
Indonesian	205	95	110
Laotian	10	0	10
Ilocano	50	30	15
Northern Irish	160	100	60
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	235	100	135
British Columbian	655	320	335
Ecuadorian	40	0	40
Franco Ontarian	35	15	15
Argentinian	105	65	40
Estonian	105	30	75
Kurdish	30	25	10
Fijian	85	50	35
Jatt	45	20	30
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	65	25	35
Coptic	0	0	0
Thai	220	115	105
Dominican	10	0	0
Nepali	110	70	40
Kabyle	0	0	0
Assyrian	0	0	0
Igbo	10	0	10
Byelorussian	65	25	40
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	15	15
Abenaki	0	0	0
Moldovan	0	0	0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	10	25
New Zealander	255	115	140
Sudanese	45	20	30
Breton	0	0	0
Pennsylvania Dutch	65	35	30
Malaysian	85	35	55
Plains Cree	0	0	0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0
Huron (Wendat)	15	0	10
Saskatchewanian	115	65	50
Buddhist	15	0	10
Gaspesian	0	0	0
Norman	35	20	10
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	30	20	10
Ivorian	0	0	0
Saulteaux	15	0	10
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	40	10	30
Burundian	0	0	0
Tigrinya	0	0	0
Nicaraguan	40	10	25
Mauritian	30	10	15
Kenyan	55	35	20
Oji-Cree	25	10	20
Vincentian	0	0	0
Jordanian	50	40	10
Manitoban	35	10	25
Cape Bretoner	30	0	25
Rwandan	0	0	0
Grenadian	20	0	15
Malayali	20	15	10
Chaldean	0	0	0
Sinhalese	0	0	0
Mayan	35	0	30
Honduran	0	0	0
Cherokee	65	30	35
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	10
Flemish	60	35	25
United Empire Loyalist	30	0	30
Senegalese	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	35	10	20
Sicilian	15	0	15
Pashtun	0	0	0
Malay	75	30	40
Goan	25	20	10
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0
Tibetan	20	0	20
Zimbabwean	25	20	10
Burmese	45	25	20
Mongolian	20	10	10
Azorean	45	25	20
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Bamileke	0	0	0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0
Ugandan	30	10	15
Oromo	0	0	0
Tanzanian	10	0	0
Yemeni	0	0	0
Central African	0	0	0
Libyan	35	25	10
Basque	40	35	15
Uruguayan	10	0	10
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	20	20
Igorot	35	20	20
Fulani	0	0	0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0
Guinean	0	0	0
St. Lucian	0	0	0
Prince Edward Islander	10	10	0
Maliseet	0	0	0
Beninese	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Roma	50	25	25
Costa Rican	55	25	30
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0
Malagasy	0	0	0
Kashmiri	0	0	0
Singaporean	55	40	15
Karen	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Tajik	0	0	0
Amhara	10	0	0
Paraguayan	0	0	0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,505	56,365	59,145
Buddhist	1,520	620	910
Christian	38,645	17,465	21,180
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,915	3,760	4,155
Anabaptist	160	75	80
Anglican	5,460	2,350	3,110
Baptist	1,470	620	845
Catholic	12,415	5,745	6,670
Christian Orthodox	785	370	415
Jehovah's Witness	260	95	165
Latter Day Saints	500	240	260
Lutheran	980	425	555
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	290	125	165
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	905	440	465
Presbyterian	840	395	440
Reformed	240	125	120
United Church	4,160	1,590	2,570
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,260	1,105	1,160
Hindu	1,370	720	650
Jewish	760	340	415
Muslim	1,855	965	890
Sikh	3,250	1,615	1,640
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	100	35	65
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,540	565	975
No religion and secular perspectives	66,460	34,035	32,430
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,855	56,000	58,855
Non-movers	98,490	47,960	50,530
Movers	16,370	8,040	8,325
Non-migrants	10,715	5,290	5,425
Migrants	5,650	2,750	2,900
Internal migrants	4,365	2,105	2,265
Intraprovincial migrants	2,685	1,235	1,450
Interprovincial migrants	1,680	870	815
External migrants	1,285	645	635
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	111,460	54,300	57,160
Non-movers	67,410	32,480	34,930
Movers	44,050	21,815	22,235
Non-migrants	14,355	7,180	7,175
Migrants	29,705	14,640	15,060
Internal migrants	24,210	11,835	12,375
Intraprovincial migrants	18,585	9,030	9,565
Interprovincial migrants	5,625	2,810	2,815
External migrants	5,490	2,805	2,690
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,315	48,500	51,815
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,775	6,065	5,705
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	88,535	42,430	46,110
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,195	28,710	30,485
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,675	2,010	1,665
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	55,520	26,695	28,820
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,310	48,500	51,810
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,430	5,265	5,160
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,330	13,960	14,370
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,555	29,275	32,280
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,630	12,590	13,040
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,035	4,555	1,480
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,315	1,330	985
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,725	3,230	490
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,385	6,785	9,600
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,210	1,245	1,965
Bachelor's degree or higher	35,920	16,680	19,235
Bachelor's degree	21,735	9,840	11,885
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,225	955	1,270
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,210	685	525
Master's degree	8,560	3,765	4,795
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,195	1,430	765
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,190	28,710	30,485
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,990	1,625	1,365
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,530	7,370	6,160
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,670	19,705	22,960
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,875	8,410	8,470
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,930	2,975	960
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,455	825	625
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,480	2,145	330
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,945	4,650	6,295
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,000	785	1,215
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,795	11,295	14,495
Bachelor's degree	15,690	6,895	8,795
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,560	635	920
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	800	385	420
Master's degree	6,415	2,600	3,820
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,325	790	540
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100,310	48,500	51,810
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,755	19,225	19,535
Education	4,495	1,265	3,230
13. Education	4,495	1,265	3,230
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,230	885	1,345
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	115	75	35
50. Visual and performing arts	2,115	810	1,305
Humanities	4,235	1,570	2,660
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	510	95	420
23. English language and literature/letters	1,185	280	905
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,025	415	610
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	185	50	145
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	145	70
39. Theology and religious vocations	255	165	85
54. History	715	395	320
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	140	25	115
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,040	3,440	5,600
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	205	90	110
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	745	270	475
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	955	65	885
22. Legal professions and studies	1,245	445	800
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	235	60	175
42. Psychology	1,840	520	1,315
45. Social sciences	3,815	1,985	1,835
Business, management and public administration	11,430	4,665	6,765
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	15	10
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,210	285	925
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,195	4,365	5,825
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,685	2,000	1,685
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,710	775	930
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	595	290	305
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	40	45
40. Physical sciences	1,205	850	355
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	40	60
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,075	2,135	935
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,275	1,685	585
25. Library science	235	65	170
27. Mathematics and statistics	495	320	170
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	65	10
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,730	8,755	975
04. Architecture and related services	395	255	135
14. Engineering	2,855	2,375	480
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,115	1,885	225
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	2,385	2,330	60
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,210	1,165	50
48. Precision production	765	745	20
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,510	875	630
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	790	420	370
03. Natural resources and conservation	720	455	260
Health and related fields	9,720	2,390	7,330
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	780	380	400
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,545	1,780	6,765
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	385	235	150
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,375	1,280	1,100
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,450	555	900
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	50	45	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	50	0
43. Security and protective services	440	285	155
49. Transportation and materials moving	380	350	30
Other¹⁷⁹	35	15	20
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,195	28,705	30,485
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,525	9,005	7,520
Education	2,495	675	1,825
13. Education	2,495	675	1,825
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,625	630	995
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	65	30	35
50. Visual and performing arts	1,560	600	960
Humanities	2,785	995	1,790
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	350	55	300
23. English language and literature/letters	780	155	630
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	730	330	410
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	115	40	75
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	120	45
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	80	35
54. History	445	215	230
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	10	75
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,730	2,335	4,390
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	180	85	100
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	635	220	415
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	700	60	645
22. Legal professions and studies	920	285	635
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	170	45	125
42. Psychology	1,255	265	985
45. Social sciences	2,865	1,380	1,485
Business, management and public administration	8,335	3,290	5,045
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0
44. Public administration and social service professions	800	160	650
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,520	3,125	4,400
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,395	1,185	1,210
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,155	465	695
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	370	160	210
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	30	30
40. Physical sciences	740	510	230
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	25	45
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,340	1,650	695
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,895	1,395	505
25. Library science	105	20	85
27. Mathematics and statistics	300	195	105
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	35	0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,585	5,845	740
04. Architecture and related services	270	165	105
14. Engineering	2,060	1,670	390
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,405	1,245	160
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0
46. Construction trades	1,615	1,570	40
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	795	770	25
48. Precision production	435	420	15
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,095	560	540
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	620	315	310
03. Natural resources and conservation	475	240	235
Health and related fields	6,580	1,655	4,930
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	570	270	300
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,785	1,270	4,515
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	215	120	100
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,675	880	800
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,045	405	645
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	15	10
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0
43. Security and protective services	355	235	120
49. Transportation and materials moving	225	200	25
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	10
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,195	28,705	30,485
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,525	9,005	7,520
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,670	19,705	22,965
Location of study inside Canada	34,410	16,100	18,310
Same as province or territory of residence	26,590	12,405	14,180
Different than province or territory of residence	7,825	3,690	4,130
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,255	3,605	4,650
Americas	1,800	875	920
United States of America	1,315	650	670
Mexico	140	70	70
Cuba	0	0	0
Haiti	0	0	0
Jamaica	10	0	10
Brazil	115	65	50
Colombia	60	30	35
Peru	30	10	20
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0
Other locations of study in Americas	115	55	65
Europe	1,675	800	880
Belgium	30	15	15
France	85	35	50
Germany	115	50	65
Netherlands	60	20	35
Switzerland	40	15	20
Hungary	0	0	0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0
Poland	30	10	25
Romania	40	25	20
Russian Federation	75	30	45
Ukraine	100	30	70
Ireland⁹⁶	55	35	25
United Kingdom⁸⁷	820	390	425
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	0
Italy	45	35	10
Serbia⁸⁶	25	15	0
Other locations of study in Europe	155	85	65
Africa	300	145	155
Nigeria	25	10	15
Algeria	0	0	0
Morocco	15	10	10
Tunisia	0	0	0
Egypt	35	20	15
South Africa, Republic of	110	60	55
Other locations of study in Africa	105	45	60
Asia	4,160	1,635	2,525
Iran⁸⁸	180	75	105
Iraq	25	15	10
Israel	20	0	10
Lebanon	20	0	15
Syria⁸⁹	20	10	15
Turkey	60	30	30
China⁹⁰	980	395	585
Taiwan	110	40	70
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	20	35
Japan	265	60	215
Korea, South⁹²	285	110	180
Philippines	935	335	600
Viet Nam	75	25	45
Bangladesh	30	15	15
Sri Lanka	0	0	0
India	880	430	450
Pakistan	25	15	15
Other locations of study in Asia	180	55	125
Oceania	330	155	175
Australia	250	105	145
New Zealand	75	40	30
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	100,310	48,500	51,810
In the labour force	62,535	31,695	30,835
Employed	58,280	29,445	28,835
Unemployed	4,255	2,250	2,005
Not in the labour force	37,775	16,800	20,975
Participation rate	62.3	65.4	59.5
Employment rate	58.1	60.7	55.7
Unemployment rate	6.8	7.1	6.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	100,310	48,500	51,810
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,370	16,635	20,735
Worked	62,940	31,865	31,080
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	32,330	17,895	14,435
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,615	13,970	16,645
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	42.1	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,535	31,700	30,840
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,025	520	505
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	61,510	31,180	30,335
Employee	50,820	24,905	25,905
Permanent position	41,855	20,795	21,060
Temporary position	8,960	4,115	4,850
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,675	1,255	1,420
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,285	2,855	3,430
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,695	6,270	4,425
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,535	31,700	30,840
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,025	520	505
All occupations¹⁹¹	61,510	31,180	30,335
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	820	485	335
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,710	3,225	7,485
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,060	4,605	1,455
3 Health occupations	5,905	1,480	4,420
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,455	3,490	5,970
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,505	1,125	1,385
6 Sales and service occupations	15,450	7,395	8,050
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,280	7,600	685
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,315	960	360
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,005	815	190
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,535	31,700	30,840
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,025	520	505
All industries¹⁹¹	61,510	31,180	30,335
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	625	345	280
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	60	10
22 Utilities	200	155	45
23 Construction	4,630	4,130	500
31-33 Manufacturing	1,970	1,440	530
41 Wholesale trade	935	655	280
44-45 Retail trade	7,090	3,595	3,490
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,225	1,730	495
51 Information and cultural industries	950	585	360
52 Finance and insurance	1,865	840	1,030
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,195	585	615
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,055	3,535	2,520
55 Management of companies and enterprises	65	50	15
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,580	1,645	940
61 Educational services	5,750	2,200	3,545
62 Health care and social assistance	9,380	2,230	7,150
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,485	745	740
72 Accommodation and food services	4,535	2,200	2,340
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,490	1,015	1,470
91 Public administration	7,410	3,445	3,970
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	67,960	34,315	33,650
English	65,260	33,035	32,220
French	95	25	65
Non-official language	485	300	185
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous	480	300	180
English and French	575	260	315
English and non-official language(s)	1,465	635	830
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	45	35
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	67,960	34,315	33,650
Single responses	67,655	34,170	33,485
Official languages	66,865	33,730	33,135
English	66,700	33,695	33,005
French	165	35	130
Non-official languages	795	440	355
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Blackfoot	0	0	0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0
Atikamekw	0	0	0
Cree languages	0	0	0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0
Naskapi	0	0	0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Gwich'in	0	0	0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0
Tlingit	0	0	0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Haida	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0
Inuktitut	0	0	0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0
Mohawk	0	0	0
Oneida	0	0	0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0
Michif	0	0	0
Salish languages	0	0	0
Halkomelem	0	0	0
Lillooet	0	0	0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0
Squamish	0	0	0
Straits	0	0	0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Siouan languages	0	0	0
Assiniboine	0	0	0
Dakota	0	0	0
Stoney	0	0	0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0
Nisga'a	0	0	0
Tsimshian	0	0	0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0
Haisla	0	0	0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Non-Indigenous languages	790	440	350
Afro-Asiatic languages	45	30	15
Berber languages	0	0	0
Kabyle	0	0	0
Tamazight	0	0	0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Chadic languages	0	0	0
Coptic	0	0	0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0
Bilen	0	0	0
Oromo	0	0	0
Somali	0	0	0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Semitic languages	45	30	15
Amharic	0	0	0
Arabic	15	15	0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Hebrew	0	0	0
Tigrigna	0	0	0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0
Vietnamese	0	0	0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0
Bikol	0	0	0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Cebuano	0	0	0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0
Ilocano	0	0	0
Indonesian	0	0	0
Kankanaey	0	0	0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0
Malay	0	0	0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0
Pangasinan	0	0	0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Creole languages	0	0	0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0
Morisyen	0	0	0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0
Kannada	0	0	0
Malayalam	0	0	0
Tamil	0	0	0
Telugu	0	0	0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Georgian	0	0	0
Indo-European languages	130	85	50
Albanian	0	0	0
Armenian	0	0	0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0
Baltic languages	0	0	0
Latvian	0	0	0
Lithuanian	0	0	0
Slavic languages	0	0	0
Bulgarian	0	0	0
Czech	0	0	0
Macedonian	0	0	0
Polish	0	0	0
Russian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0
Bosnian	0	0	0
Croatian	0	0	0
Serbian	0	0	0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Slovak	0	0	0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0
Ukrainian	0	0	0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Celtic languages	0	0	0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Germanic languages	15	0	15
Frisian	0	0	0
High German languages	0	0	0
German	0	0	0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0
Swiss German	0	0	0
Yiddish	0	0	0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	0	10
Afrikaans	0	0	0
Dutch	15	0	10
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Low Saxon	0	0	0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0
Danish	0	0	0
Icelandic	0	0	0
Norwegian	0	0	0
Swedish	0	0	0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Greek	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	20	20
Indo-Aryan languages	30	15	10
Bengali	0	0	0
Gujarati	0	0	0
Hindi	0	0	0
Kacchi	0	0	0
Marathi	0	0	0
Nepali	0	0	0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	10
Sindhi	0	0	0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0
Urdu	0	0	0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Iranian languages	10	0	0
Kurdish	0	0	0
Pashto	0	0	0
Persian languages	10	0	0
Dari	0	0	0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Italic (Romance) languages	70	65	10
Catalan	0	0	0
Italian	0	0	0
Portuguese	0	0	0
Romanian	0	0	0
Spanish	70	65	10
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Japanese	60	25	35
Korean	105	65	40
Mongolian	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0
Edo	0	0	0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0
Ga	0	0	0
Ganda	0	0	0
Igbo	0	0	0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0
Lingala	0	0	0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0
Shona	0	0	0
Swahili	0	0	0
Wolof	0	0	0
Yoruba	0	0	0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0
Dinka	0	0	0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sign languages	0	0	0
American Sign Language	0	0	0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages	425	225	200
Chinese languages	425	225	200
Hakka	0	0	0
Mandarin	285	150	135
Min Dong	0	0	0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0
Yue (Cantonese)	135	75	60
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0
Burmese	0	0	0
Karenic languages	0	0	0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tibetan	0	0	0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0
Lao	0	0	0
Thai	0	0	0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Turkic languages	0	0	0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0
Turkish	0	0	0
Uyghur	0	0	0
Uzbek	0	0	0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Uralic languages	0	0	0
Estonian	0	0	0
Finnish	0	0	0
Hungarian	0	0	0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0
Multiple responses	305	145	165
English and French	65	30	35
English and non-official language(s)	235	110	125
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	67,960	34,315	33,650
None	66,110	33,495	32,615
English	345	130	210
French	460	235	225
Non-official language	845	350	495
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10
Non-Indigenous	830	345	485
English and French	10	0	0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	15
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	25
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0
Multiple non-official languages	115	60	55
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	58,280	29,445	28,835
Worked at home	15,810	7,510	8,300
Worked outside Canada	140	85	60
No fixed workplace address	7,440	5,390	2,050
Usual place of work	34,890	16,460	18,430
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,890	16,460	18,430
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,805	6,125	7,680
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	20,430	9,930	10,500
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	540	330	210
Commute to a different province or territory	110	75	30
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	42,325	21,850	20,480
Car, truck or van	32,655	17,060	15,595
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,295	16,150	14,145
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,355	910	1,445
Public transit	3,710	1,580	2,130
Walked	2,660	1,215	1,450
Bicycle	2,160	1,325	835
Other method	1,140	670	475
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	42,325	21,850	20,480
Less than 15 minutes	13,860	6,700	7,160
15 to 29 minutes	21,215	11,075	10,140
30 to 44 minutes	5,400	3,085	2,320
45 to 59 minutes	955	480	475
60 minutes and over	895	505	380
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	42,325	21,850	20,480
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,385	935	455
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,620	3,545	2,080
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,260	5,915	5,345
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,840	5,125	5,715
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,180	3,155	4,025
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,040	3,180	2,860
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	19,310	9,995	9,315
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,205	610	595
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,105	9,390	8,715
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,830	7,715	7,115
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	950	485	460
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	510	255	255
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	440	235	205
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,885	7,225	6,660

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 25, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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